vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

DECLARATION

ii

CERTIFICATION

iii - iv

ACKNOWLEDMENT

ABSTRACT

vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS

vii - x

LIST OF TABLES

xi

LIST OF FIGURES

xii

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

CHAPTER 2

Background of Study
Problem Statement
Scopes Research
Objective of Research

1-2
2
3
3

LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1

Overview of Gaharu

4-5

2.2

Formation of Gaharu

5-6

2.3

Harvesting of Gaharu

6-7

2.4

Grading and Pricing of Gaharu

79

2.5

Uses of Gaharu

2.5.1

Medicinal Uses

10

2.5.1.1 Traditional Chinese Medicine

10

2.5.2.2 Tibetan

10

2.5.2.3 Ayurveda

11

viii

2.5.2
2.6
2.7

2.8
2.9
2.10
2.11
2.12

CHAPTER 3

Incense

2.5.3 Aromatheraphy
Chemical Component and Structure in Gaharu
Solvents Involved in the Extraction
2.7.1 Hexane
2.7.1.1 Chemical Identity
2.7.1.2 Chemical and Physical Properties
2.7.2 Acetonitrile
2.7.2.1 Chemical Identity
2.7.2.2 Chemical and Physical Properties
2.7.3 n-Butanol
2.7.3.1 Chemical Identity
2.7.3.2 Chemical and Physical Properties
2.7.4 Methanol
2.7.4.1 Chemical Identity
2.7.4.2 Chemical and Physical Properties
2.7.5 Ethanol
2.7.5.1 Chemical Identity
2.7.5.2 Chemical and Physical Properties
2.7.6 Water Base
2.7.6.1 Chemical Identity
2.7.6.2 Chemical and Physical Properties
Polarity of Solvents
Soxhlet Extractor
Separator Funnel
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometer
High Performance Liquid Chromatography

11
11 - 12
12 14

14 15
15 16
16
17
17 18
18
19
19 -20
20
20 - 21
21
22
22 - 23
23 - 24
25
26 -27
27 - 29

METHODOLOGY
3.1

Introduction

3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8

Preparation of the Sample

Procedure
Materials
Apparatus
Procedure of Handling Soxhlet Extractor
Procedure of Handling Separator Funnel
Procedure of Handling GCMS

30
31
31
31
32
32
33
33 - 34

ix

CHAPTER 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

36 46

CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1
Conclusion
5.2
Recommendations

47
47 - 48

REFFERENCES

APPENDIX A

49 -51

Chromatogram of Leaves Compound Extracted

52

using Acetonitrile Solvent

APPENDIX B

Chromatogram of Leaves Compound Extracted

53

using n-Butanol Solvent

APPENDIX C

Chromatogram of Leaves Compound Extracted

54

using Ethanol Solvent

APPENDIX D

Chromatogram of Leaves Compound Extracted

55

using Water Solvent

APPENDIX E

Chromatogram of Leaves Compound Extracted

56

using Methanol Solvent

APPENDIX F

Leaves Samples of Aquilaria Malaccencis Species

57

APPENDIX G

Samples of Aquilaria Malaccencis Species in

57

the Soxhlet Extractor

APPENDIX H

Solvent in the Round-Bottomed Flask of the

58

Soxhlet Extractor
APPENDIX I

Layer between the Organic Phase and Aqueous Phase

58

LIST OF TABLES
TABLES
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
2.10
2.11

Guidelines for Grading Gaharu Based on Size,

8
Shape and Weight of Wood
Price of Gaharu in Kelantan
9
Agarwood Grades and Market Prices in Terengganu
9
Chemicals Comparison between Gaharu of
12
Different Origins
Chemical Structure of Components in Gaharu
13 - 14
Essential Oil
Formula of Hexane
15
Summary of Physical and Chemical Properties of
16
n-Hexane
Summary of Chemical and Physical Properties of
17
Acetonitrile
Summary of Chemical and Physical Properties of
18
n-Butanol
Summary of Chemical and Physical Properties of
19
Methanol
Summary of Chemical and Physical Properties of Ethanol 21

xi

2.12
2.13

Summary of Chemical and Physical Properties of Water

Properties Table of the Solvents

22
23

4.1

Compounds Present in Leaves of Aquilaria Malaccencis

36

sp Extracted by Different Types of Solvents

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURES
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
3.1

Cell Structure within a Gaharu Tree,

White Areas Indicate Resin Deposits
A Schematic of Soxhlet Extractor
Two Possibilities for Aqueous Extraction
GC-MS Schematic Diagram
HPLC Schematic Diagram
Schematic Diagram of the Process

6
24
26
27
29
35