Exam III Study Guide

Post-War 1812-War with Mexico

1. Purpose of protective tariffs funding for transportation; taxed imports
2. Adams-Onis Treaty (Florida purchase treaty) Spain ceded FL and set boundary between US and New
Spain after Jackson overstepped authority
3. Missouri Compromise - MO would be admitted as slave state, ME (previously part of MA) would be
admitted as a free state, Slavery would be prohibited north of the 36 30 line, Balance of power = 12 free
& 12 slave, lasted 34 years
4. Era of Good Feelings - Monroe toured the Federalist stronghold of New England and was welcomed,
universal manhood suffrage had become the norm; nicknamed for Monroes presidency
5. Marshall Court and strengthening of federal government - Marshall asserted the power of the
federal government over state governments with his Supreme Court decisions
6. Andrew Jackson in Florida - given authority to go to FL to punish Native Americans and capture
runaway slaves, overstepped authority: Hanged 2 chiefs, executed two British subjects, took over St.
Marks and Pensacola, Deposed the Spanish governor of FL
7. Monroe Doctrine - Wanting to keep these European powers and their military forces out of North and
South America in 1823 the US issued the Monroe Doctrine (Written by John Quincy Adams; Announced
by President Monroe) It stated that further efforts by European nations to colonize land or interfere with
states in North or South America would be viewed as acts of aggression, requiring U.S. intervention
8. American System introduced Strong national bank, Strong protective tariff, Internal improvements;
caused sectionalism between north & south because of the support or opposition of parts of the
American System
9. Election of 1824 (corrupt bargain) 4 candidates all were Republicans: Andrew Jackson TN, won
popular vote but not majority; John Q. Adams MA, 2nd in popular & electoral; William Crawford GA, 4th
in popular & 3rd in electoral; Henry Clay KY, 3rd in popular & 4th in electoral.
10. Formation of the Democratic-Republicans 1824 split from Republican party Jacksonian
11. Corrupt bargain - 12th amendment = top 3 electoral vote getters would go to House to decide who was
president, Clay was out of running, but involved because he is Speaker of the House, Crawford out
because of a stroke, In the end Adams became president and Clay was appointed Secretary of State (the
traditional stepping stone to the presidency) Adams won the election in the house of representatives
12. John Quincy Adams and internal improvements Adams wanted to expand federal funding of
internal improvements
13. Marbury v. Madison declared congressional act unconstitutional; court asserts power of judicial
review
14. Fletcher v. Peck protected contracts from legislative interference; court could overturn state laws that
opposed specific provisions of the Constitution
15. Gibbons v. Ogden revoked existing state monopoly; court gave congress the right to regulate interstate
commerce
16. Cohens v. Virginia reasserted federal judicial authority over state courts; argued that when states
ratified constitution, they gave up some sovereignty to federal courts
17. Election of 1828 very nasty campaigning on both sides, Jackson won both popular &electoral vote,
Age of the Common Man Adams supporters said that Jackson's mom was a prostitute and his wife an
adulterer and bigamist. Jackson's supporters said that Adams won the presidency through corruption,
gambled in the White House, criticized the amount of $$ he had made, and suggested that he had
pimped for the tsar of Russia.
18. Spoils system (patronage) introduced by Jackson = awarding political supporters with public office
rotation in office (replaced by the civil service commission in 1880s)
19. South Carolina Exposition - Tariff of 1828 passed angering Southerners> "Black Tariff" or "Tariff of
Abominations, South Carolina led the protest against the tariff. The South Carolina Exposition (John C.

Calhoun>Jackson's VP) said the tariff was unjust and unconstitutional and should be nullified (VA and
KY Resolutions) asserted states rights
20. Nullification Crisis of 1832-33 - SC nullified the tariff and threatened to secede from the Union if the
federal government tried to collect the tariff. Jackson started preparing to invade SC. Started over tariff
policy, ended with the compromise of 1833 by Henry Clay
21. Force Bill of 1833 - authorizing the use of the military to collect tariff payments from SC
22. Jackson and Native American policy - 1830 Congress passed the Indian Removal Act. All Native
1
Americans east of the MS River were to be moved to OK Territory. Cherokee Trail of Tears (1838) 4
of the Cherokee died on the forced march; "Mr. (John) Marshall has made his decision; now let him
enforce it."
23. Jackson and the destruction of the Bank of the US - BUS charter was due to expired in 1836. Jackson
wanted to kill it early = 1833 began withdrawing US funds from the BUS. Jackson replaced 2 secretaries
of the treasury before he found one who would withdraw the funds=Roger B. Taney. Money was then
put in pet banks (state banks which supported the Democratic party)
24. American settlement of Texas - Stephen Austin was granted a huge tract of land with the understanding
he would bring 300 families to settle it = will come from South and Southwest. Settlers had to agree to
become Mexican citizens, become Catholic, & to live under Mexican law. Americans invited TX
because Mexicans would not move closer to the Native Americans.
25. Battle of the Alamo Texas defeated (Travis, Crocket, & Bowie died)
26. Battle of Goliad Texas defeated
27. Battle of San Jacinto Mexican troops & Santa Anna defeated was forced to sign the Treaty of
Velasco, withdrawing troops from Texas, granting Texas independence and establishing the Rio Grande
as the Southern Border (Later Santa Anna said treaty was illegal because he was made to sign it under
duress)
28. Polks platform in the election of 1844 - for annexation of Texas, Oregon and planned to purchase
California (Manifest Destiny)
29. Fifty-Four Forty or Fight - Polk called for expansion that included Texas, California, and the entire
Oregon territory. The northern boundary of Oregon was the latitude line of 54 degrees, 40 minutes.
"Fifty-four forty or fight!" was the popular slogan that led Polk to victory against all odds.
30. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (Nicholas P. Trist sent to negotiate) Received all the disputed territory.
Received CA. MX gave up its claim to TX. US agreed to pay $15 million, MX lost 1/2 of their country
in the war.
31. Claims to Oregon Britain and US still had claims on Oregon (Anglo-American Convention) Britain
wanted peaceful treaty negotiations so problems wouldnt arise (Oregon fever)
32. 1840 slogan Tippecanoe and Tyler too - Harrison a war hero (Battle of Tippecanoe and the Battle of
Thames) and viewed as a commoner, running mate was John Tyler
33. Tylers joining of the Whig Party - This was a problem for the Whigs (under the leadership of Webster
and Clay) because he was really a Democrat at heart. Had only left the Democratic Party because he
didn't agree with many of Jackson's actions. He was anti-BUS, anti-protective tariff, and anti-internal
improvements (all thing which the Whigs supported), supported states rights (was kicked out shortly)
34. Polk and acquisition of California - US wanted CA (Manifest Destiny), MX had it. John Slidell was
sent to MX to buy CA for $25 million. The Mexican government refused to see him. Polk ordered troops
to cross the Nueces River into territory that was in dispute and very close to MX troops. (was hoping to
provoke war)
35. Wilmont Proviso - No slavery in the Mexican Cession (passed north controlled house 2x and failed to
pass south controlled senate)

Union in Crisis
1. 1849 Gold Rush - 1848 gold was discovered near Sutter's Mill, CA; Thousands of 49ers rushed to CA,
1850 CA applied for statehood as a free state (pres. Taylor could no longer ignore slavery issue)

2. Kansas-Nebraska Act and its consequences - would let popular sovereignty decide the issue of slavery
and provide for a northern RR route, After the passage act settlers began to move into Kansas. 1855
Kansas was to vote on a territorial government. Pro- slave won and anti slave made their own
government = 2 govt. Violence starts = bleeding Kansas, 1857 applies for statehood = 2 constitutions
submitted to congress; Missouri Compromise line would be repeated; Northerners moved to Kansas to
create an anti slave majority
3. Crittendens Compromise - Revive the 36 30 Line of the MO Compromise (no slavery north of the
line; south of the line could decide for themselves; slavery protected where it existed) Lincoln opposed
this; South rejected the compromise
4. Underground Railroad - Northerners were helping slaves escape to Canada (cost the south money);
network of homes who helped slaves hide on the way to freedom
5. Harriet Tubman - freed more 300 slaves and made 19 trips into the south, never lost anyone, never
caught even though there was a big reward for her capture; most famous of the conductors
6. Harriet Beecher Stowe - published Uncle Tom's Cabin, Awakened the passions of the North toward the
evils of slavery. The book was widely read North and banned in the South
7. Dred Scott Decision - 1857 Dred Scott sued (Dred Scott v. Sanford) for his freedom on grounds that he
had lived on free soil in Illinois and Wisconsin (His master had died and he sued his new master). Slaves
were not citizens of the US and could not sue. Slavery could not be outlaw because that violated due
process as protected by the 5th Amendment. The MO Compromise was unconstitutional. Free soil was
unconstitutional
8. John Browns raid at Harpers Ferry - intentions were to invade the South, seize arms, call upon the
slaves to revolt, take over South and free slaves, establish a black republic; Slaves didn't revolt. Brown
was captured by Robert E. Lee. Brown was convicted of treason and hanged. North saw Brown as a
martyr; South saw Brown as a murderer who faced justice.
9. States that seceded from the Union SC, AL, MS, FL, GA, LA, TX, VA, AR, NC, TN
10. Popular sovereignty - the people get to decide the issue of slavery
11. Controversy over admission of California to the Union - demanding admission to the union as a free
state; South began to threaten secession because the balance of free and slave was no longer a balance;
discovery of gold had risen the population
12. Compromise of 1850 and its passage Taylor who opposed compromise died & Fillmore who
supported it became president
13. Terms of Compromise of 1850 CA admitted to union as a free state, popular sovereignty in Utah &
New Mexico, Texas border issue resolved & gains $10 million, slave trade not slavery abolished in DC,
strong federal enforcement of the new Fugitive slave act
14. Fugitive Slave Law of 1850
a. Person claiming African American was an escaped slave had only to point out that person
b. Sworn statement asserting that the captive had escaped from a slaveholder or testimony by a
white witness was all that was need to send the accused south.
c. African Americans had no right to testify or no right to a trial.
d. Federal commission supervising these proceedings was given $10 for every African American
sent to the south and $5 for every African American allowed to go free.
e. People could be compelled to help catch suspected fugitives.
15. Consequence of the Election of 1860 South seceded = SC succeeding first
16. Fort Sumter - After fall of Fort Sumter the Upper South seceded, 1st shots of Civil War, Fired by CSA,
Confederate Victory
17. Advantages and Disadvantages for the North and South during the Civil War
North (Union)
South (Confederacy)
Advantages
Disadvantages
Advantages
Disadvantages

Industry
Transportation
(especially RR)
National Treasury
Tariff Revenue
Cash Reserves
Navy

Enemy Fighting for

independence

18. Military strategies of the North and South

North (Union)
***Anaconda***
1. Blockade S. ports on Atlantic
2. Cut off CSA from European aid
3. Cut off supplies, equipment, $, food, Cotton

1.
2.
3.

4. Exhaust S. resources, forcing surrender

4.

5.
6.
7.
8.

Fighting for
independence
Food production

Lack of industry
Lack of
transportation
Debt
Limited cash

South (confederacy)
***Defensive War of Attrition***
Pick battles carefully
Attack and retreat when necessary
Avoid large battles that might cause heavy
losses
Force Union to spend resources until it
became tired of war and ready to negotiate

Control MS R. with Union boats

Divide E. part of CSA from Western
Capture New Orleans, Vicksburg, Memphis
Cut off shipping to and from interior

19. Importance of the Battle of Antietam, New Orleans, Vicksburg, Gettysburg

Battle of Antietam - Bloodiest one-day battle in American history; Union Victory; emancipation
proclamation issued

New Orleans - Most important port in the South; Union Victory

Vicksburg - Union victory; Cut Confederacy in two
Gettysburg - Turning point, Lee lost over 1/3 of his men, Union victory, Gettysburg Address
20. Shermans March - Sherman burned Atlanta to Savannah. Battle of Atlanta secured Lincolns reelection in 1864
21. Emancipation Proclamation - Freed slaves in the states in rebellion Issued by Lincoln
22. Appomattox Court House - Lee surrendered to Grant
23. Feelings of the North and South in regards to each of the following:
ISSUES
NORTH
SOUTH
Federal funding of internal
opposed
supported
improvements
The Bank of the United States
supported
opposed
Protective Tariffs
supported
opposed
Fugitive Slave Law
opposed
supported
Wilmont Proviso
supported
opposed
Dred Scott Decision
opposed
supported
Kansas Nebraska Act
opposed
supported
Election of Lincoln
supported
opposed

American the Story of Us: Disunion

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