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15thcentury
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

The15thcenturywasthecenturywhichspanstheJulian
years1401to1500.
InEuropeanhistory,the15thcenturyisseenasthebridge
betweentheLateMiddleAges,theEarlyRenaissance,and
theEarlymodernperiod.Manytechnological,socialand
culturaldevelopmentsofthe15thcenturycaninretrospect
beseenasheraldingthe"Europeanmiracle"ofthefollowing
centuries.Inreligioushistory,theRomanPapacywassplit
intwopartsinEuropefordecades(thesocalledWestern
Schism),untiltheCouncilofConstance.Thedivisionofthe
CatholicChurchandtheunrestassociatedwiththeHussite
movementwouldbecomefactorsintheriseoftheProtestant
Reformationinthefollowingcentury.
Constantinople,thecapitaloftheEasternRoman
Empire,fallstoemergingOttomanTurks,forcing
WesternEuropeanstofindanewtraderoute.At
thesametime,thebeginningAgeofSailallows
SpanishandPortugueseexplorationsledtothefirst
EuropeansightingsoftheAmericas(theNew
World)andtheseapassagealongCapeofGood
HopetoIndia,inthelastdecadeofthecentury.
TheSpanishReconquistaleadstothefinalfallof
theEmirateofGranadabytheendofthecentury.

TheItalianChristoperColumbusarrivesin
AmericabyGergioDeluci(1493).

Millennium:

2ndmillennium

Centuries:

14thcentury15thcentury16thcentury

Decades:

1400s1410s1420s1430s1440s
1450s1460s1470s1480s1490s

Categories:

BirthsDeaths
EstablishmentsDisestablishments

InAsia,undertheruleoftheYongleEmperor,whobuilttheForbiddenCityandcommandedZhengHe
toexploretheworldoverseas,theMingDynasty'sterritoryreacheditspinnacle.Tamerlaneestablisheda
majorempireintheMiddleEastandCentralAsia,inordertorevivetheMongolianEmpire.
InAfrica,thespreadofIslamleadstothedestructionoftheChristiankingdomsofNubia,bytheendof
thecenturyleavingonlyAlodia(whichwastocollapsein1504).TheformerlyvastMaliEmpireteeters
onthebrinkofcollapse,underpressurefromtherisingSonghaiEmpire.
IntheAmericas,boththeIncaEmpireandtheAztecTripleAlliancereachthepeakoftheirinfluence.

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Portraitofthefounderofaccounting,Luca
Pacioli,byJacopode'Barbari(Museodi
Capodimonte).

Contents
1Events
2Significantpeople
2.1Visualartists,architects,sculptors,printmakers,illustrators
2.2Literature
2.3MusiciansandComposers
2.4Exploration
2.5Science,inventionandphilosophy
3Inventions,discoveries,introductions
4Importantpersonages
5References
6Decadesandyears

Events
1400s
1401:DilawarKhanestablishestheMalwaSultanateinpresentdaycentralIndia
1402:OttomanandTimuridEmpiresfightattheBattleofAnkararesultinginTimur'scaptureof
BayezidI.
1402:SultanateofMalaccafoundedbyParameshwara.
1403:TheYongleEmperormovesthecapitalofChinafromNanjingtoBeijing.
1403:ThesettlementoftheCanaryIslandssignalsthebeginningoftheSpanishEmpire.
14051433:ZhengHeofChinasailsthroughtheIndianOceantoIndia,Arabia,andEastAfricato
spreadChina'sinfluenceandsovereignty.
1405:Paregregwar,MajapahitcivilwarofsuccessionbetweenWikramawardhanaagainst
Wirabhumi.(to1406)
14051407:ThefirstvoyageofZhengHe,amassiveMingdynastynavalexpeditionvisitedJava,
Palembang,Malacca,Aru,SamuderaandLambri.[1](to1433)
1410s
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1410:TheBattleofGrunwaldisthedecisivebattleofthePolish
LithuanianTeutonicWarleadingtothedownfalloftheTeutonic
Knights.
14101413:FoundationofStAndrewsUniversityinScotland.
1414:KhizrKhan,deputisedbyTimurtobethegovernorof
Multan,takesoverDelhifoundingtheSayyiddynasty.
1415:HenrytheNavigatorleadstheconquestofCeutafromthe
MoorsmarkingthebeginningofthePortugueseEmpire.
1415:BattleofAgincourtfoughtbetweentheKingdomofEngland
andFrance.
1415:JanHusisburnedatthestakeasahereticattheCouncilof
Constance.
1420s
1420:ConstructionoftheChineseForbiddenCityiscompletedin
Beijing.
14201434:HussiteWarsinBohemia.
1424:JamesIreturnstoScotlandafterbeingheldhostageunder
threeKingsofEnglandsince1406.
1424:DevaRayaIIsucceedshisfatherVeeraVijayaBukkaRaya
asmonarchoftheVijayanagaraEmpire.
1425:CatholicUniversityofLeuven(Belgium)foundedbyPope
MartinV.
1429:JoanofArcendstheSiegeofOrlansandturnsthetideof
theHundredYears'War.
1429:QueenSuhitasucceedsWikramawardhanaasrulerof
Majapahit.[2]

JoanofArc,aFrench
peasantgirl,directly
influencedtheresultofthe
HundredYears'War.

1430s
1431
January9PretrialinvestigationsforJoanofArcbeginin
Rouen,FranceunderEnglishoccupation.
March3PopeEugeneIVsucceedsPopeMartinV,to
FilippoBrunelleschi,oneof
becomethe207thpope.
thegreatestengineersand
March26ThetrialofJoanofArcbegins.
architectsofalltime.
May30NineteenyearoldJoanofArcisburnedatthe
stake.
June16theTeutonicKnightsandvitrigailasigntheTreatyofChristmemel,creating
antiPolishalliance
SeptemberBattleofInverlochy:DonaldBallochdefeatstheRoyalists.
October30TreatyofMedinadelCampo,consolidatingpeacebetweenPortugaland
Castille.
December16HenryVIofEnglandiscrownedKingofFrance.
1438:PachacutifoundstheIncaEmpire.
1440s
1440:EtonCollegefoundedbyHenryVI.
1440s:TheGoldenHordebreaksupintotheSiberiaKhanate,theKhanateofKazan,the
AstrakhanKhanate,theCrimeanKhanate,andtheGreatHorde.
14401469:UnderMoctezumaI,theAztecsbecomethedominantpowerinMesoamerica.
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1440:ObaEwuarecomestopowerintheWestAfricancityof
Benin,andturnsitintoanempire.
1441:JanvanEyck,Flemishpainter,dies.
1441:PortuguesenavigatorscruiseWestAfricaandreestablishthe
EuropeanslavetradewithashipmentofAfricanslavessent
directlyfromAfricatoPortugal.
1441:AcivilwarbetweenTheTutulXiuesandCocombreaksout
inTheLeagueofMayapan.Asaconsequencetheleaguebeginsto
disintegrate.
1443:AbdurRazzaqvisitsIndia.
1443:KingSejongtheGreatpublishesthehangul,thenative
phoneticalphabetsystemfortheKoreanlanguage.
1444:TheAlbanianleagueisestablishedinLezha,Skanderbegis
electedleader.AwarbeginsagainstOttomanempire.AnAlbanian
Therenaissanceking
stateissetupandlastsuntil1479.
MatthiasCorvinusof
1444:OttomanEmpireunderSultanMuradIIdefeatsthePolish
Hungary.Hismercenary
andHungarianarmiesunderWadysawIIIofPolandandJnos
standingarmy(theBlack
HunyadiattheBattleofVarna.
Army)hadthestrongest
1445:TheKazanKhanatedefeatstheGrandDuchyofMoscowat
militarypotentialofitsera.
theBattleofSuzdal.
1446:MallikarjunaRayasucceedshisfatherDevaRayaIIas
monarchoftheVijayanagaraEmpire.
1447:Wijayaparakramawardhana,succeedsSuhitaasrulerofMajapahit.[2]
1449:SaintSrimantaSankardevawasborn.
1449:EsenTayisileadsanOiratMongolinvasionofChinawhichculminateinthecaptureofthe
ZhengtongEmperoratBattleofTumuFortress.
1450s
1450s:MachuPicchuconstructed.
1451:BahlulKhanLodhiascendsthethroneoftheDelhi
sultanatestartingtheLodhidynasty
1451:Rajasawardhana,bornBhrePamotan,styled
BrawijayaIIsucceedsWijayaparakramawardhanaasruler
ofMajapahit.[2]
1453:TheFallofConstantinoplemarkstheendofthe
ByzantineEmpireandthedeathofthelastRoman
EmperorConstantineXIandthebeginningoftheGrowth
oftheOttomanEmpire.
ModernpaintingofMehmedII
1453:TheBattleofCastillonisthelastengagementofthe
marchingonConstantinoplein1453
HundredYears'WarandthefirstbattleinEuropean
historywherecannonswereamajorfactorindecidingthe
battle.
1453:ReignofRajasawardhanaends.[2]
14541466:AfterdefeatingtheTeutonicKnightsintheThirteenYears'War,Polandannexes
RoyalPrussia.
14551485:WarsoftheRosesEnglishcivilwarbetweentheHouseofYorkandtheHouseof
Lancaster.
1456:JoanofArcisposthumouslyacquittedofheresybytheCatholicChurch,redeemingher
statusastheheroineofFrance.
1456:TheSiegeofBelgradehaltstheOttomans'advanceintoEurope.
1456:Girindrawardhana,styledBrawijayaVIbecomesrulerofMajapahit.[2]
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1460s
1461:TheLeagueofMayapandisintegrates.
1461
February2BattleofMortimer'sCross:YorkisttroopsledbyEdward,DukeofYork
defeatLancastriansunderOwenTudorandhissonJasperTudor,EarlofPembrokein
Wales.
February17SecondBattleofStAlbans,England:TheEarlofWarwick'sarmyisdefeated
byaLancastrianforceunderQueenMargaret,whorecoverscontrolofherhusband.
March4TheDukeofYorkseizesLondonandproclaimshimselfKingEdwardIVof
England.
March5HenryVIofEnglandisdeposedbythe
DukeofYorkduringwaroftheRoses.
March29BattleofTowton:EdwardIVdefeats
QueenMargarettomakegoodhisclaimtothe
Englishthrone(thoughttobethebloodiestbattle
everfoughtinEngland).
June28Edward,RichardofYork'sson,is
crownedasEdwardIV,KingofEngland(reigns
until1483).
JulyByzantinegeneralGraitzasPalaiologos
honourablysurrendersSalmenikoCastle,last
garrisonoftheDespotateoftheMorea,toinvading
forcesoftheOttomanEmpireafterayearlong
siege.
DetailofTheEmperor'sApproach
July22LouisXIofFrancesucceedsCharlesVII
showingtheXuandeEmperor'sroyal
ofFranceasking(reignsuntil1483).
carriage.MingDynastyofChina.
1462:SonniAliBer,theruleroftheSonghai(orSonghay)
Empire,alongtheNigerRiver,conquersMaliinthe
centralSudanbydefeatingtheTuaregcontingentatTombouctou
(orTimbuktu)andcapturingthecity.Hedevelopsbothhisown
capital,Gao,andthemaincentresofMali,TimbuktuandDjenn,
intomajorcities.AliBercontrolstradealongtheNigerRiverwith
anavyofwarvessels.
1462:MehmedtheConquerorisdrivenbackbyWallachianprince
VladIIIDraculaatTheNightAttack.
1464:EdwardIVofEnglandsecretlymarriesElizabethWoodville
1466:Singhawikramawardhana,succeedsGirindrawardhanaas
rulerofMajapahit.[2]
1467:UzunHasandefeatstheBlackSheepTurkomanleaderJahn
Shh.
14671615:TheSengokuperiodisoneofcivilwarinJapan.
1469:ThemarriageofFerdinandIIofAragonandIsabellaIof
RichardIIIofEngland
CastileleadstotheunificationofSpain.
1469:MatthiasCorvinusofHungaryconquerssomepartsof
Bohemia.
1469:BirthofGuruNanakDev.BesidefollowersofSikhism,GuruNanakisreveredbyHindus
andMuslimSufisacrosstheIndiansubcontinent.
1470s
1470:TheMoldavianforcesunderStephentheGreatdefeattheTatarsoftheGoldenHordeatthe
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BattleofLipnic.
1471:ThekingdomofChampasuffersamassivedefeatbytheVietnamesekingLThnhTng.
14741477:BurgundyWarsofFrance,Switzerland,LorraineandSigismundIIofHabsburg
againsttheCharlestheBold,DukeofBurgundy.
1478:MuscovyconquersNovgorod.
1478:ReignofSinghawikramawardhanaends.[2]
1478:TheGreatMosqueofDemakistheoldestmosqueinJava,
builtbytheWaliSongoduringthereignofSultanPatah.
1479:BattleofBreadfield,MatthiasCorvinusofHungarydefeated
theTurks.
1480s
1480:AftertheGreatstandingontheUgrariver,Muscovygained
independencefromtheGreatHorde.
1481:SpanishInquisitionbeginsinpracticewiththefirstautoda
f.
1485:MatthiasCorvinusofHungarycapturedVienna,Frederick
III,HolyRomanEmperorranaway.
1485:HenryVIIdefeatsRichardIIIattheBattleofBosworth.and
becomesKingofEngland.
1485:IvanIIIofRussiaconqueredTver.
1485:SaluvaNarasimhaDevaRayadrivesoutPraudhaRaya
endingtheSangamaDynasty.
1486:SherShahSuri,isborninSasaram,Bihar.
1488:PortugueseNavigatorBartolomeuDiassailsaround
theCapeofGoodHope.

KingHenryVII,(1457
1509),thefounderofthe
royalhouseofTudor

1490s1500
1492:ThedeathofSunniAliBerleftaleadershipvoidin
theSonghaiEmpire,andhissonwassoondethronedby
MamadouTourewhoascendedthethronein1493under
thenameAskia(meaning"general")Muhammad.Askia
MuhammadmadeSonghaithelargestempireinthehistory
ofWestAfrica.Theempirewentintodecline,however,
after1528,whenthenowblindAskiaMuhammadwas
dethronedbyhisson,AskiaMusa.
1492:Boabdil'ssurrenderofGranadamarkstheendofthe
TheseventeenKuchkabalsofYucatn
SpanishReconquistaandAlAndalus.
afterTheLeagueofMayapanin
1492:JewsexpelledfromSpain.
1461.
1492:ChristopherColumbuslandedintheAmericasfrom
Spain.
1494:SpainandPortugalsigntheTreatyofTordesillasandagreetodividetheWorldoutsideof
Europebetweenthemselves.
14941559:TheItalianWarsleadtothedownfalloftheItaliancitystates.
14971499:VascodaGama'sfirstvoyagefromEuropetoIndiaandback.
1499:OttomanfleetdefeatsVenetiansattheBattleofZonchio.
1499:ThePietaismadeinRome
1500:IslambecomesIndonesia'sdominantreligion.
1500:Aroundlate15thcenturyBujanggaManikmanuscriptwascomposed,tellthestoryofJaya
PakuanBujanggaManik,aSundaneseHinduhermitjourneysthroughoutJavaandBali.[3]
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Significantpeople
AbuSa'idalAfif,aSamaritanphysician.
AfonsodeAlbuquerque(14531515)wasaPortuguesenobleman,navalgeneralofficerwhose
militaryandadministrativeactivitiesconqueredandestablishedthePortuguesecolonialempirein
theIndianocean.Generallyconsideredasaworldconquestmilitarygeniusbymeansofhis
successfulstrategy.
AhXiuXupanlastrulerUxmal
MatthiasCorvinusofHungary,Renaissanceruler(14431490).
GeorgeKastrioti,SkenderbegAlbanianPrincewhoresistedthe
Ottomansforalmost30years(14431468).
FerdinandIIofAragon,corulerofSpainwithIsabellaIofCastile
andresponsiblewithherfortheunificationofSpain(14521516).
JohannesGutenberg,Europeaninventorofprintingwithmovable
type(c.13981468)
ConstantineXI,thelastByzantineEmperorandRomanEmperor.
Helivedfrom14041453.
HenrytheNavigatorInfanteHenrique,DukeofViseu
(13941460)infante(prince)ofthePortugueseHouseofAvizand
animportantfigureintheearlydaysofthePortugueseEmpire,
beingresponsibleforthebeginningoftheEuropeanworldwide
explorations.
HenryVofEngland,theEnglishKingwhowonthefamousBattle
ofAgincourtin1415(13871422).
HenryVIIofEngland,EnglishKingandfoundertheTudor
TheSiegeofRhodes(1480).
dynasty(14571509).
ShipsoftheHospitaliersin
ThePrincesintheTower,EdwardVofEngland(14701483?)and
theforefront,andTurkish
hisbrother,RichardofShrewsbury,1stDukeofYork
campinthebackground.
(14731483?),twosonsofEdwardIVofEnglandandElizabeth
Woodville.
JohnHunyadi,RegentofKingdomofHungary,wontheSiegeof
Belgradein1456(13871456)
JanHus,Bohemianreligiousthinkerandreformer(c.13691415).
IsabellaIofCastile,corulerofSpainwithFerdinandIIofAragon
andresponsiblefortheunificationofSpainandthediscoveryof
theNewWorld(14511504).
IvanIIIofRussia,GrandDukeofMoscowwhoendedthe
dominanceoftheGoldenHordeovertheRus(14401505)
JoanofArc,militarycommanderandnationalheroineofFrance
(14121431).
KazimierzIVJagiellonKingofPolandandGrandDukeof
Lithuania(14271492).
LouisXI,KingofFrance(14231483).
MehmedII,SultanoftheOttomanEmpireandConquerorof
Constantinople(14321481).
CharlestheBold
Babur,thefounderoftheMughalempire(14831530).
ChaitanyaMahaprabhu,Vaishnavsaintandimportantsocial
reformer(14861534).
GuruNanak,founderoftheSikhReligion(1469).
SrimantaSankardeva,founderofEkasaranaReligionpreacherofVaishnavism,creatorofSattriya
Dance,AnkiyaNat,Satrasetc.
SejongtheGreatofJoseon,aKoreanmonarchwhodevelopedhangul,thenativeKoreanalphabet
(13971450).
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StephenIIIofMoldavia,alsoknownasStephentheGreat,rulerofMoldavia,nationalheroof
RomaniansforlongresistancetotheOttomans(14371504)
RichardIIIofEngland,lastEnglishKingoftheHouseofYork,lastoftheHouseofPlantagenet
(14521485).
MirChakarKhanRind(14681565),aBalochking.
VladIIIDracula,PrinceofWallachiawholedthedefenseofhisterritoryagainsttheexpanding
OttomanEmpire(14311476).
ObaEwuare,transformedthecitystateofBeninintotheBenin
Empire.

Visualartists,architects,sculptors,printmakers,
illustrators
Seealso:ThematicdevelopmentofItalianRenaissancepainting,
ItalianRenaissancepainting,Renaissancesculptureand
Renaissancepainting
BartolomBermejo(c.14401498),Spanishpainterwhoadopted
Dutchpaintingtechniquesandconventions.
PedroBerruguete(c.14501504),Spanishpainter.
HieronymusBosch(c.14501516),EarlyNetherlandishpainter.
Manyofhisworksdepictsinandhumanmoralfailings.
SandroBotticelli(c.14451510),Italianpainter.
DirkBouts(c.1410/14201475),EarlyNetherlandishpainter.
FilippoBrunelleschi(13771446),inventsonepointperspective,
leadsinnovationinItalianarchitecture.
RobertCampin(c.13751444),theMasterofFlmalle,first
greatmasterofEarlyNetherlandishpainting.
PetrusChristus(c.1410/14201475/1476),EarlyNetherlandish
painter.
GerardDavid(c.14601523),EarlyNetherlandishpainterand
manuscriptilluminatorknownforhisbrilliantuseofcolor.
AlbrechtDrer(14711528)[4]wasaGermanpainter,printmaker
andtheoristfromNuremberg,Germany.
Barthlemyd'Eyck[5](c.1420after1470)[6]wasanEarly
NetherlandishartistwhoworkedinFranceandprobablyin
BurgundyEarlyNetherlandishpainterandmanuscriptilluminator.
Hewasactivebetweenabout1440toabout1469.[7]
Dionisius(c.14401502),Russianpainter
HubertvanEyck(c.13661426),Flemishpainterandolder
brotherofJanvanEyck.
JanvanEyck(beforec.1395before1441),EarlyNetherlandish
painter,consideredoneofthebestNorthernEuropeanpaintersof
the15thcentury.
JuandeFlandes(14601519),EarlyNetherlandishpainterwho
wasactiveinSpainfrom1496to1519atthecourtofIsabellaIof
Castile.
JeanFouquet(14201481)Frenchpainterofbothpanelpainting
andmanuscriptillumination,inventoroftheportraitminiature.
PierodellaFrancesca(c.14151492)Italianpainter
NicolasFroment(c.1435c.1486),Frenchpainter.
LorenzoGhiberti(13781455)wasanItalianartistoftheearly
Renaissancebestknownforworksinsculptureandmetalworking.
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IvanIII,GrandDukeof
Moscow.

Lorenzode'Medici

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HugovanderGoes(c.14401482or1483),EarlyNetherlandish
painter.
JeanHey(c.1475c.1505),[8]nowgenerallyidentifiedwiththe
artistformerlyknownastheMasterofMoulins,Early
Netherlandishpainter.
HansHolbeintheElder(c.14601524),Germanpainter,
woodcutartist,illustratorofbooksandchurchwindowdesigner.[9]
HeandhisbrotherSigismundHolbeinpaintedreligiousworksin
thelateGothicstyle.
Limbourgbrothers,(Herman,Paul,andJohan13851416),Dutch
RenaissanceminiaturepaintersfromthecityofNijmegen.
SimonMarmion(c.14251489)French,orBurgundian,painter
ofpanelsandilluminatedmanuscripts.
Masaccio,(c.14011428),Italianpainter.
HansMemling(c.14301494),EarlyNetherlandishpainter,born
inGermany.
Michelozzo(13961472),Italianarchitectandsculptor.
AndreiRublev(c.1360c.1430),Russianpainter.
EnguerrandQuarton(c.1410c.1466)wasaFrenchpainterand
manuscriptilluminator.
LeonardodaVinci,(14521519),Italianpolymath,scientist,
mathematician,engineer,inventor,anatomist,painter,sculptor,
architect,botanist,musicianandwriter.
RogiervanderWeyden(1399/14001464),consideredoneofthe
greatestexponentsofEarlyNetherlandishpainting.

MaximilianI

SeelinksaboveforItalianRenaissancepaintingandRenaissance
sculpture.

Literature

IsabellaIofCastile

LeonBattistaAlberti(14041472)wasanItalianauthor,artist,
architect,poet,linguist,philosopher,andcryptographer,and
generalRenaissancehumanistpolymath.
JosephAlbo(c.13801444)wasaJewishphilosopherandrabbi
wholivedinSpain.
JohnArgyropoulos(14151487),Greeklecturer,philosopherand
humanist.
AntonioBeccadelli(13941471),Italianpoet,canonlawyer,
scholar,diplomat,andchronicler.
VespasianodaBisticci(14211498),Italianhumanistand
librarian.
MatteoMariaBoiardo(1440/11494),Italianpoet.
PoggioBracciolini(13801459),Italianwriterandhumanist.
LeonardoBruni(c.13701444),Italianhumanist,historianand
JanvanEyck
statesman.
LaonikosChalkokondyles(14231490),Greekscholar.
PalEngjlli(14161470)wasanAlbanianCatholicclergyman,
ArchbishopofDurrsandCardinalofAlbania.
MarsilioFicino(14331499),Italianhumanistandwriter.
ConstantineLascaris(14341501),Greekscholarandgrammarian.
AntoniodeLebrija(14411522),Spanishscholar,historian,teacher,astronomerandpoet.
JohnLydgate(c.1370c.1451),Englishmonkandpoet.
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SirThomasMalory(14051471),Englishwriter.
JorgeManrique(c.14401479),Spanishpoet.
CountGiovanniPicodellaMirandola(14631494),ItalianRenaissancephilosopher.
IigoLpezdeMendoza(13981458)Castilian(Spanish)politicianandpoet.
AfanasyNikitin(?1472),Russianmerchant,travelerandwriter.
ThomasOccleve(c.13681426),Englishpoet.
ReginaldPecock(c.13951460),wasanEnglishprelateand
writer.
ChristinedePizan,Frenchwriter(13641430).
Poliziano(14541494),Italianclassicalscholarandpoet.
GiovanniPontano(14261503),Italianhumanistandpoet.
LuigiPulci(14321484),Italianpoet.
BartolomeoSacchi(14211481),Italianhumanistwriterand
gastronomist.
LorenzoValla(c.14071457),Italianhumanist,rhetorician,and
educator.
GilVicente(c.1465c.1536),Portuguesepoet.
FranoisVillon(c.14311474),Frenchpoet.

MusiciansandComposers
Seealso:ListofRenaissancecomposers,FrancoFlemishSchool,
BurgundianSchool,RenaissancemusicandMedievalmusic
JuandeAnchieta(14621523,Spanishcomposerofthe
Renaissance.
LeonBattistaAlberti
AdrienBasin(c.14571476diedafter1498),FrancoFlemish
composer,singer,anddiplomatoftheBurgundianschoolofthe
earlyRenaissance.
GillesBinchois,(c.14001460),FrancoFlemishcomposer,one
oftheearliestmembersoftheBurgundianSchool.
AntoineBusnois(c.14301492),Frenchcomposerandpoetof
theearlyRenaissanceBurgundianSchool.
GuillaumeDufay,(c.13971474),FrancoFlemishcomposerand
musictheorist.
JohnDunstaple(c.13901453),Englishcomposerofpolyphonic
music.
JuandelEncina(14681530),Spanishcomposer,poetand
playwright.
HaynevanGhizeghem(c.14451472orpossiblylaterNew
Grovesayshediedbetween1472and1497),Flemishcomposerof
theearlyRenaissanceBurgundianSchool.
PicodellaMirandola
NicolasGrenon(c.13751456),Frenchcomposeroftheearly
Renaissance.
RobertMorton(c.14301479),EnglishcomposeroftheearlyRenaissance.
JohannesOckeghem,(c.14101497),Flemishcomposer.
FranciscodePealosa(c.14701528),SpanishcomposerofthemiddleRenaissance..
LeonelPower(c.1370to13851445),EnglishcomposerofthelateMedievalandearly
Renaissanceeras.
JohannesTapissier(c.13701408to1410),FrenchcomposerandteacherofthelateMiddle
Ages.
JacobusVide(c.14051433),FrancoFlemishcomposerofthetransitionalperiodbetweenthe
medievalperiodandearlyRenaissance.
JosquindesPrez(c.14501521),FrancoFlemishcomposeroftheRenaissance.
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Exploration
Seealso:Exploration,ExplorationofAsiaandListofexplorers
JohannSchiltberger(1381c.1440),Germantravellerthroughout
theMiddleEastandCentralAsia.
DiogodeAzambuja(14321518)Portugueseexplorerofthe
Africancoast.
JohnCabot(c.14501499)ItalianexplorerforEngland.
DiscoveredNewfoundlandandclaimeditfortheKingdomof
England.
PedrolvaresCabral(c.1467c.1520),Portuguesenavigator
andexplorer.
ProVazdeCaminha(c.14501500),Portugueseexplorerthat
accompaniedPedrolvaresCabralinthediscoveryofBrazil.
ChristopherColumbus(14511506)ItalianexplorerforSpain.
Sailedin1492anddiscoveredthe"NewWorld"oftheAmericas.
NiccolDaConti(13951469),Venetianmerchantandexplorer,
borninChioggia,whotraveledtoIndiaandSoutheastAsia.
BartolomeuDias(c.14501500)Portugueseexplorer.Hesailed
fromPortugalandreachedtheCapeofGoodHope.
VascodaGamareachesIndiaforPortugal,creatingthefirst
maritimealternativefortheSilkRoad(c.14691524)
ZhengHe,Chineseeunuchadmiralandexplorer(13711433).
JooFernandesLavrador(1445?1501)Portugueseexplorer.
OneofthefirstEuropean'storeachNewfoundlandandLabrador.
JoodaNova(c.14601509),PortugueseexploreroftheAtlantic
andIndianOcean.
AmerigoVespucci(c.14541512)ItalianexplorerforSpain.
Sailedin1499and1502.HeexploredtheeastcoastofSouth
America.

JohannesOckeghem

VascodaGama

Science,inventionandphilosophy
Seealso:ScientificRevolutionandHistoryofscienceinthe
Renaissance
JohannesGutenberg(c.14001468)wasaGermangoldsmithand
printerwhoiscreditedwithinventingmovabletypeprintingin
Europearound1439,andmechanicalprintingglobally.
PietroPomponazzi(14621525),Italianphilosopher.
GeorgvonPeuerbach(14231461),German/Austrianastronomer
andmathematician.
NicolausCopernicus(14731543),Fatherofmodernastronomy

ChristopherColumbus

Inventions,discoveries,introductions
Listof15thcenturyinventions
Renaissanceaffectsphilosophy,scienceandart.
AgeofDiscoverybegins.
RiseofModernEnglishlanguagefromMiddleEnglish.
IntroductionofthenoonbellintheCatholicworld.
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Publicbanks
YongleEncyclopediaover22,000volumes
HangulalphabetinKorea
Scotchwhisky
Psychiatrichospitals
Developmentofthewoodcutforprintingbetween14001450
MovabletypefirstusedbyKingTaejongofJoseon1403(Movabletype,whichallowed
individualcharacterstobearrangedtoformwords,wasinventedinChinabyBiShengbetween
1041to1048.)
AlthoughpioneeredearlierinKoreaandbytheChineseofficialWangZhen(withtin),bronze
metalmovabletypeprintingiscreatedinChinabyHuaSuiin1490.
JohannesGutenbergadvancestheprintingpressinEurope(c.1455).
LinearperspectivedrawingperfectedbyFilippoBrunelleschi14101415
Inventionoftheharpsichordc.1450
DiscoveryoftheAmericasbyChristopherColumbus1492

Importantpersonages

ConstantineXI

DomenicoGhirlandaio,
AmerigoVespucci,
partoftheMadonna
dellaMisericordiaat
theOgnissantichurch
inFlorence,c.late15th
century

References
1. ModerninterpretationoftheplacenamesrecordedbyChinesechroniclescanbefounde.g.inSomeSoutheast
AsianPolitiesMentionedintheMSL(http://www.epress.nus.edu.sg/msl/polities.html)byGeoffreyWade
2. Ricklefs(1991),page18.
3. Noorduyn,J.(2006).ThreeOldSundanesepoems.KITLVPress.p.437.
4. Mueller,PeterO.(1993)SubstantivDerivationinDenSchriftenAlbrechtDurers,WalterdeGruyter.ISBN
3110128152.
5. alsosometimesincontemporarydocumentsBarthlemydeCler,derClers,Deickd'Ecle,d'EilzHarthan,
John,TheBookofHours,p.93,1977,ThomasYCrowellCompany,NewYork,ISBN0690016549
6. Unterkircher,Franz(1980).KingRen'sBookofLove(LeCueurd'AmoursEspris).NewYork:G.Braziller.
ISBN0807609897.
7. Tolley
8. Brigstocke,2001,p.338
9. "HansHolbein".CatholicEncyclopedia.Archivedfromtheoriginalon6February2007.Retrieved
20070218.
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Tolley,Thomas(2001)."Eyck,Barthlemyd' ".InHughBrigstocke.TheOxfordCompaniontoWestern
Art.Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress.ISBN0198662033.

Decadesandyears
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Categories: 2ndmillennium 15thcentury Centuries
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