A

DISSERTATION PRESENTATION
ON
LOAD SHARING BETWEEN UTILITY AND GRID-CONNECTED MICROGRID

Guided By:
Mr. PRAVEEN KR. AGARWAL
Associate Professor

Presented By:
ASHISH KR. DUBEY
2009PEE109

MALVIYA NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, JAIPUR

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

TOPICS TO BE COVERED

INTRODUCTION
PROPOSED PROBLEM AND SOLUTION
MICROGRID TECHNOLOGIES
POWER CONTROL METHODS FOR MICROGRID
PROPOSED METHODOLOGY OF LOAD SHARING
CASE STUDY AND RESULTS
CONCLUSION
REFRENCES

INTRODUCTION
In distribution levels, many smaller renewable generators
(e.g. photovoltaic, fuel cells, micro hydro etc.) will be
connected to the networks. These are called distributed
generators (DGs) or distributed energy resources (DERs).
Organized form of (DERs) and load developed the concept of
Microgrid. It has more capacity and control flexibilities to
fulfil system reliability and power quality requirement.
Here Grid-connected Mirogrid system is analyzed in different
real conditions as normal,faulty and low power generation by
microgrid subsystem and utilty.
Analysis of load flow parameter may be very helpful to
develop efficient and reliable model of grid-connected
microgrid system.

PROPOSED PROBLEM
A Grid-connected microgrid is an alternate for
power system reliability. But there may arise
problem like fault and lack of generation from
either side. Hence reliability of power supply
becomes major issue.

PROPOSED SOLUTION
To develop efficient and reliable model of gridconnected microgrid system by calculating
load flow parameter.
Proposed
methodology
analyze
load
distribution in different considerd cases which
may be helpful to develop efficient and
reliable model of grid-connected microgrid
system.

MICROGRID : A CONCEPT

Microgrid is a localized grouping of electrical

generation,storage and loads.Some features
are:
Stable operation during faults and various
network disturbances.
Plug and play functionality.
Cost-effective & environment friendly.
Used as back-up power
CHP(Combined heat & power)

MICROGRID TECHNOLOGY
Microgrids consist of several basic
technologies for operation
these
include:
distributed
generation (photovoltaic,
wind, fuel cells, micro-turbines, and
reciprocating
internal
combustion
engines with generators.).
distributed storage(batteries, supercapacitors, and flywheels).
interconnection switches, and
control Systems.

Fig. Microgrid

CONSTRUCTION OF MICROGRID
It consist of PV simulator, wind
simulator and battery storage
connected to the AC grid via
flexible
power
electronic
interface. Also there is a
Microgrid Central Controller
(MGCC) which is responsible
for the optimization of the
microgrid operation.

Distributed generators simulator (PV Simulator)

PV simulator is based on
the IV curves of a PV
module.
The PV simulator is
actually a DC voltage
source,
which
is
connected to the AC grid
by means of a DC-AC
inverter.

Distributed generators simulator

(Wind energy storage system)
wind turbine can
be simulated by a
driving
motor
which is controlled
by a frequency
converter in torque
mode

Grid-connected microgrid system

POWER CONTROL METHODS FOR MICROGRID

1. FREQUENCY DROOP METHOD FOR

CONTROL OF LOAD SHARING :The conventional droop control method is

given by
w = ws mP
(1)
V = V* - nQ
(2)
Where m and n are the droop
coefficients, ws is the synchronous
frequency, V is the magnitude of the
converter output voltage and w is its
frequency, while P and Q respectively
denote the active and reactive power
supplied by the converter. Thus the
frequency and the voltage are being
controlled by the active and reactive power
output of the DG sources.

2. ANGLE DROOP CONTROL :The average real power is denoted

by P and the reactive power by Q. These
powers, from the DG to the microgrid, can then
be calculated as
(1)
(2)

Therefore the real power can be

controlled by controlling d, while the reactive
power can be controlled by controlling voltage
magnitude.

Power flow between Microgrid and utility

Converter are used as power electronics interface.
The converter is compatible in voltage and frequency with the
electric power system.
These power electronic interfaces provide a unique capability
to the DG units and can enhance the operations of a
microgrid.

Converter structure: The advantage of this

structure is that power
flow can be controlled
independently in the
three phases and the
phases are magnetically
decoupled from each
other.

Contd..

Converter control: The equivalent circuit of one

phase of the converter is
shown in Fig. In this, uVdc1
represents the converter
output voltage, where u = 1.
The main aim of the
converter control is to
generate u.

PROPOSED METHODOLOGY OF LOAD

SHARING
Methodology is proposed for load sharing
between utility and grid-connected microgrid.
The methodology is developed for four
different cases.
The microgrid subsystem consist of two DGs.
Some assumption are taken for calculation
simplification.Which are following:

Cont

All the connecting lines are loss less i.e. resistance of

lines are ignored.
Voltage and angle at pcc Vp=1(pu)); p=0 rad
(pcc is point of common coupling between
microgrid & utility)
In normal condition half of the total load is shared
by each side.
Base voltage=11KV and base MVA=1MVA are
defined.
From utility side PTmax=1(pu), QTmax=1(pu)

Cont

Case-1:
In this case 50% load is supplied by each side.
load sharing is achieved in normal condition.
Hence system operate in mode-1.
From utility side

Cont

From microgrid side

Rated powers and currents are assumed in the inverse ratio of given value of
droop coefficients.Values of rated powers are so chosen that sum of rated power
of the two DGs is approaching to total active power demand by load but
somewhat lesser than total load demand.

Cont

Powers shared by both DGs are

Angle,voltage & reactive power

Cont

Case-2:
Both DGs supply their rated load and rest of
load demand is supplied by utility.
From Microgrid side
P=
and rated values of voltage and reactive
power can be find out by using

Cont

From utility side

Angle,reactive power & voltage magnitude can
be find out using

Cont

for this some intermediate values can be find

out using eqns. given below

Cont

Case-3:
DG-2 is cut off then power supplied by only DG-1,the
rated power of DG-1 is less than half of the load
demand. Hence mode-2 is invoked.

From Microgrid side

all the value , V, P, Q would be rated as DG-1 is
supplying its rated power.

From Utility side

rest of load demand would be supplied
Corresponding values of T, QT and VT can be
calculated using eqns. as applied in case-2.

Cont

Case-4:
DG-1 is cut off then power supplied by only DG-2,the
rated power of DG-2 is more than half of the load
demand. Hence system would operate in mode-1.

From utility side

Half of the total power would be supplied as in
normal condition.Hence calculated values are same
as in case-1.

From Microgrid side

DG-2 supply half of the load demand and values of
and V can be calculated using eqns. respectively

Cont

CASE STUDY AND RESULT

System Data:
RL= 100, LL =300mH,
base voltage=11 kV, base MVA=1,
PL =1.21 p.u. , QL =1.2838 p.u. ,
PTref =0.605, Qtref =0.6419
P1/P2= P1rated /P2rated =m2/m1=0.24/3=0.8
Hence assume P1rated =0.5, P2rated =0.625
Hence assume rated current of DG1 =40A, DG2 =50A
X(transformer)=0.05(p.u.),
XL1 =0.052, XL2 =0.0415,
XLine1 =0.1021, XLine2 =0.0915,
XG =.075,

Result
Case 1

TABLE I
LOAD DISTRIBUTION PARAMETER UNDER CASE 1

Load Flow Utility

Parameter

DG-1

DG-2

Load

Losses

0.0432

0.026

0.0285

1.05

1.055

1.08

0.605

0.2688

0.3361

1.21

NO

0.6419

0.571

0.9490

1.2838

0.8781

Result
Case 2

TABLE II
LOAD DISTRIBUTION PARAMETER UNDER CASE 2

Load Flow
Parameter

Utility

DG-1

DG-2

Load

Losses

0.006

0.0482

0.053

0.898

1.06

1.08

0.085

0.5

0.625

1.21

NO

0.833

0.635

0.960

1.2838

1.144

Result
Case 3

TABLE III
LOAD DISTRIBUTION PARAMETER UNDER CASE 3

Load Flow Utility

Parameter

DG-1

DG-2

Load

Losses

0.05

0.0482

0.915

1.06

0.71

0.5

1.21

NO

0.854

0.635

1.2838

0.2052

Result
Case 4

TABLE IV
LOAD DISTRIBUTION PARAMETER UNDER CASE 4

Load Flow Utility

Parameter

DG-1

DG-2

Load

Losses

0.0432

0.051

1.05

1.085

0.605

0.605

1.21

NO

0.6419

1.02

1.2838

0.3781

Graphical representation :
1.4
1.2
Real Power
1
(p.u.)

Case 1

0.8

Case 2
Case 3

0.6

Case 4
0.4
0.2
0
1

Bus Number

Fig. Real power at four buses in considered cases

Cont

1.2

0.8
voltage p.u.

Case1

0.6

Case2
Case3
0.4

Case 4

0.2

0
1

Bus Number

Fig. Voltage profile at four buses in considered cases

CONCLUSION

The conclusions are based on the work carried out and reported in the earlier
chapters. The summarized conclusions of the thesis are
In case of converter interfaced sources, power sharing can be achieved with
drooping, the output voltage angles of the converters. Angle droop controllers
provide desirable power sharing with much lower frequency deviations compared
to that of frequency droop controller.
From study of load distribution analysis we can predict need of reserve capacity
required in case of fault or low generation from either side.
Power quality of distributed generation can be improved significantly by proper
reference generation for the DGs. In this the compensating DG can perform load
balancing, harmonic filtering and reactive power compensation while supplying
real power
The reliability in a microgrid can be improved with the application of back-to-back
converters for bidirectional power flow and voltage and frequency isolation
between the microgrid and the utility.
High droop gains can improve power sharing. However it can also have detrimental
effect on system stability. A supplementary controller, which takes real power as
input, can improve the system stability significantly.
The study of load distribution analysis may be very helpful to develop efficient and
reliable model of grid-connected microgrid system.

FUTURE SCOPE

The angle droop control scheme can be modified to share power in a microgrid
with inertial and non inertial DG.
Protection of back-to-back converters in case of fault in utility or microgrid faults
can be investigated.
Improvement in supplementary droop control for enhanced system damping
under weak operating conditions. The improvement can be achieved by selection
of more appropriate input signals or controller gains.
A modified droop control can be derived for frequency dependent loads.
Optimal power flow control technique can be achieved
Needed storage capacity can be determined.

REFERENCES

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Power Flow Control with Back-to-Back Converters in a Utility Connected
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Based Distributed Generation Units Operating In a Low Voltage Microgrid, IEEE
General meeting on Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE-2009),
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Yun Wei Li and Ching-Nan Kao, An Accurate Power Control Strategy for PowerElectronics-Interfaced Distributed Generation Units Operating in a Low-Voltage
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2977-2988, 2009.
Zhe Zhang, Gengyin Li and Ming Zhou, Application of Microgrid in Distributed
Generation Together with the Benefit Research, IEEE Power and Energy Society
General Meeting, pp. 1 - 5, 2010.
S. Bando, Y. Sasaki, H. Asano and S. Tagami, Balancing control method of a
microgrid with intermittent renewable energy generators and small battery
storage, IEEE Power and Energy Society , pp. 1 - 6 , 2008.

Cont

Yanbo Che, Zhangang Yang and K.W. Eric Cheng, Construction, Operation and
Control of a Laboratory-Scale Microgrid, 2009 3rd International Conference on
Power Electronics Systems and Applications. International Conference
on Sustainable Power Generation and Supply, (SUPERGEN '09), pp. 1-5, 2009.
Shervin Mizani and Amirnaser Yazdani, Design and Operation of a Remote
Microgrid, IEEE International Conference on Industrial Electronics (IECON-09), pp.
4299 4304, 2009.
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2009, pp. 1-5, 2009.
Wencong Su1, Zhiyong Yuan and Mo-Yuen Chow, Microgrid Planning and
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Meeting, pp. 1-7, 2010.
Benjamin Kroposki, Thomas Basso and Richard DeBlasio, Microgrid Standards and
Technologies, IEEE Power Eng. Soc. General Meeting, pp. 1-4, 2008.
F. Katiraei and M. R. Iravani, Power Management Strategies for a Microgrid With
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THANK YOU