SYSTEM DESCRIPTION AND PROBLEM FORMULATION

3.1 System Representation

IEEE 14, 30 and 33-bus system has been considering for placing the capacitors at optimal location
which is determined by GA optimization method and LSF technique. The system is considered at
12.66 kV as a base voltage and 100 MVA as a base MVA. The computational work required to
determine power flows in branch of distribution system and voltage levels at each bus resulting
from a single operating condition for even a small network is all but insurmountable if performed
by manual methods.
One of the most common computational procedures used in power system analysis is the load flow
calculation. The planning, design, and operation of power systems require such calculations to
analyze the steady-state (quiescent) performance of the power system under various operating
conditions and to study the effects of changes in equipment configuration. These load flow
solutions are performed using computer programs designed specifically for this purpose. The basic
load flow question is this: Given the load power consumption at all buses of a known electric
power system configuration and the power production at each generator, find the power flow in
each line and transformer of the interconnecting network and the voltage magnitude and phase
angle at each bus. Analyzing the solution of this problem for numerous conditions helps ensure
that the power system is designed to satisfy its performance criteria while incurring the most
favorable investment and operation costs.
Some examples that uses load flow studies are following:
Component or circuit loadings
Steady-state bus voltages
Reactive power flows
Transformer tap settings
System losses
Generator exciter/regulator voltage set points
Performance under emergency conditions
A simplified visual means of representing the complete system is essential in understanding the
operation of the system under its various possible operating modes. The system single-line diagram

serves this purpose; the Single Line Diagram of 14,30 and 33 has been shown in this. The singleline diagram consists of a drawing identifying buses and interconnecting lines. Loads, generators,
transformers, reactors, capacitors, etc., are all shown in their respective places in the system. It is
necessary to show equipment parameters as well as their relationship to each other.
3.2 Input data
The system information, shown on the single-line diagram and in appendix A of 14, 30 and 33 bus
system, defines the system configuration and the location and size of loads. It is organized into a
list of data that defines the mathematical model for each power system component and how the
components are connected together. The preparation of this data file is the foundation of all load
flow analysis, as well as other analysis requiring the network model, such as short circuit and
stability analysis. It is therefore essential that the data preparation be performed in a consistent,
thorough manner. The details of the datas of all three system components are addressed in
appendix A. The data is divided into the following categories, system data, bus data, generator
data, branch data, and transformer data. In my work the input data is divided into bus data and line
data
3.3 System data
The most load flow programs perform their calculations using a per unit representation of the
system to make easier calculation rather than working with original volts, amperes, and impedance.
According to program we can give the input of data either be in per unit or in physical units.
Converting the system data to a per unit representation requires the selection of a base kVA and
base voltage. The system data specifies the base kVA (or MVA) for the entire system. The base
kV is chosen for each voltage level.
3.4 Bus data
The bus data describes each bus and the load and shunts connected to that bus. The data
includes the following:
Bus number
Bus name
Bus type
Load

 Shunt
Per unit voltage and angle
Bus base kV
And typically, the four bus types are as follows:
Load buses
Generator buses
Swing buses
Disconnected buses
The bus number is normally the primary index to the information about the bus. Load Bus is
consider at which the real power PD and reactive power QD at each bus are known and voltage
magnitude & phase angle are unknown. The bus type is a program code to allow the program to
properly organize the buses for load flow solution. This organization varies among programs and
may be handled internally by the program.
3.5 Branch data
Data is also entered for each branch in the system. Here the term branch refers to all elements
that connect two buses including transmission lines, cables, series reactors, series capacitors, and
transformers. The data items include the following and are addressed in appendix A.
Resistance
Reactance
Charging susceptance (shunt capacitance)
Line ratings
Line in-service/out-of-service code
Line-connected shunts

3.6 Problem Description:

The capacitor placement problem is a well research topic that has been addressed by many authors
in the past. All approaches differ from each other by way of their problem formulation and problem
solution methods employed. In this research we had calculate the location and size of capacitor
through two different procedures by varying the loading conditions and then both results have been
compared. The first method finds the location and optimal size of the capacitor through GA
algorithm for three different systems (IEEE 14, 30 and 33) for optimizing the losses. In the second
method the capacitor locations are identified through loss sensitivity factor then the optimal
capacitor size at each selected location is determined and optimizing the loss saving equation. The
objective is aimed to reduce the energy losses in the system and maintain the voltage magnitudes
of the system within prescribed maximum and minimum allowable values for different load levels.
Power flow evaluation in the system includes the calculation of bus voltages and line flows of a
network. As power systems are usually balanced therefore single-phase representation is adequate.
Associated with each bus, there are four quantities to be determined or specified: the real and
reactive powers, the voltage magnitude and phase angle. The objective function of the problem
can be expressed as follows to minimize the system energy loss:
b

Min Ploss
i 1

(3.1)

Subject to ViminViVimax (voltage constraints)

Where
Ploss is the power loss in the ith branch, b is the total number of branch. Vi is voltage magnitude of
node i, Vimin and Vi max are the minimum and maximum voltage limits of node i respectively.
The power loss in each branch is given by:
Ploss(i,i+1)= Ri,i+1[(Vi,i+1-Vi)*Yi,i+1]2
total power loss of the system is given by:

(3.2)

Ploss =

(3.3)

loss ( i , i 1)

i 1

Where m is the total no. of buses

The objective is aimed to reduce the energy losses in the system and retain the voltage magnitudes
of the system within prescribed maximum and minimum allowable values for different load levels
and for three different system (14, 30 and 33 bus system).
l

Objective function = Min Ploss

j 1

where
b

Ploss=
i 1

mi 1
ri, j 1( P 2 i, j Q 2 i, j ) /V 2 i, j
j 0

where
ri , j 1 - is the resistance of the (j+l)th node of the ith branch

b - is the number of branch

mi - is the number of nodes of the ith branch.
3.7 Solution Algorithm
Solution method for capacitor placement problem by GA is determining the location of capacitors.
The solution methodology and flow chart is given as under:
1) Step1-Read system data (Bus data and line data).
2) Step2 Calculate Ybus and perform load flow analysis through Newton Raphson method
and find out the voltage magnitude and power flow in branches.
3) Step3- Perform GA and find optimal location and size of capacitor that has to be placed.
4) Step4- Place the capacitor at appropriate location which determine in previous.
5) Step5- Perform load flow analysis and compare result before and after placement of
capacitors.

Fig 3.1 power loss calculation using GA technique

3.8 Solution Algorithm using combination of LSF and GA

In order to determine the bus location for placing the capacitor at that particular node in the radial
distribution system, sensitivity analysis method is employed. The evaluation of these locations
helps in reducing the search space during optimization process as it has to optimize the size of
capacitor not location. The sensitivity analysis is a method to select location that reduces the
system real power losses when we place the capacitor at those locations.
The loss sensitivity factor is calculated (LSF) at all the buses using the equation given as
LSF Ploss

3.4

After the calculation of LSF at all the buses, all the values of arrange in descending order so as to
find out the most sensitive node where capacitor has to be placed.

Solution method for capacitor placement problem by determining the location through LSF and
then sizing is determined through GA. The solution methodology and flow chart as given under :
1) Step1-Read system data (Bus data and line data).

Fig 3.2 power loss calculation using combination of LSF and GA

2) Step2 Calculate Ybus and perform load flow analysis through Newton Raphson method
and find out the voltage magnitude and power flow in branches.
3) Step3- Determine Node location through LSF and then perform GA to find optimal size of
capacitor that has to be placed on that particular node.
4) Step4- Place the capacitor at appropriate location which determine in previous.
5) Step5- Perform load flow analysis and compare result before and after placement of
capacitors.