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1 1 ,
2 1 ,
3 1
E
E
E
Where,
1 Principal strain in the direction of the principal stress
Poissons ratio for the material
E Modulus of elasticity for the material
1
1 2 ,
E
1
2 1 , and
E
1
1 2
E
(2)
(3)
(4)
Substituting the three strains 1 , 2 , and 3 in equations (1),(2) and (3) into equation (4)
yields:
1
(5)
12 2 2 3 2 2 1 2 2 3 1 3
U
2E
1
3 av 2 2 3 av 2
2E
(7)
Mechanical Engineering Design; Shigley, Joseph, pg 124, McGraw Hill, Seventh Edition, 2004
U v 3 av
2E
1 2 =
31 2
av 2
2E
(8)
Substituting the value of av from equation (6) into equation (8) yields:
= 31 2 2
1
2
3
9 * 2E
2 3
U v 31 2 1
2E
1 2
Uv
6E
2 32=
1 2
6E
2 2 3 2 2 1 2 2 3 1 3
1 2 2
1 2 2 3 2 2 1 2 2 3 1 3 (9)
6E
Uv
This U v is the strain energy per unit volume caused by the uniform (hydrostatic) stress,
which is part of the three principal stresses 1 , 2 , 3 .
Distortion Energy at the location of principal stresses 1 , 2 , 3
The distortion energy can then be obtained as the difference between the total strain energy at
the location of principal stresses, and the strain energy due to the hydrostatic portion of the
stresses at the same location. The distortion energy is then derived from the expression:
U d U -Uv
Where,
U d Distortion energy in the element at the location of principal stresses 1 , 2 , 3
1
(5)
12 2 2 3 2 2 1 2 2 3 1 3
U
2E
1 2 2
1 2 2 3 2 2 1 2 2 3 1 3
6E
Uv
Therefore,
Ud =
(9)
1
12 2 2 3 2 2 1 2 2 3 1 3 2E
1 2 2
1 2 2 3 2 2 1 2 2 3 1 3
6E
Ud =
1
3 12 2 2 3 2 6 1 2 2 3 1 3 6E
1
12 2 2 3 2 2 1 2 2 3 1 3 2 * 12 2 2 3 2 2 * 2 1 2 2 3 1 3
6E
Ud =
1 3 2 2 2 6 2 2 2
1 2 3 12 23 13 1 2 3
6E 2 2 * 2 2 2 2 * 2
1 2 2 3 1 3 1 2 3 1 2 2 3 1 3
Ud =
1 2 2 2 2 2
1 2 3 12 23 13
6E 2 2 * 2 2 2
12 23 13 1 2 3
Ud =
1
12 2 2 3 2 2 2 1 2 2 3 1 3 2 2
6E
Ud =
1 2 2
12 2 2 3 2 1 2 2 3 1 3
6E
Ud =
1
3E
But
2 2 3 2 1 2 2 3 1 3
2
2
1 2 3 1 2 2 3 1 3 =
2
Ud =
1
6E
1 2
(10)
1 2 2 2 3 2 1 3 2
Therefore
1 2 2 2
Ud =
1
2
2
3
1
3
2 * 3E
2 2 3 2 1 3 2
(11)
(12)
For the simple tension test specimen, the three principal stresses when yielding occurs are:
1 = S y ,
2 =0,
3 =0
Substituting for the principal stresses in equation (12) yields
1 S 0 2 0 0 2 S 0 2
Ud =
y
y
6E
Ud =
1 2 S
6E
(13)
(12)
(13)
1 2 2 2 3 2 1 3 2 = 2S y 2
1 2 2 2 3 2 1 3 2
= Sy
2
(14)
e =
(15)
2 2 2
Sy
1
2
2
3
1
3
=
f .s.
2
e =
(16)
Working Stress, page 527,Handbook, Metals Engineering Design, American Society of Mechanical
Engineers (ASME)