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CHAPTER
T
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
16 DUE TO TEMPERATURE
LOADING

16.1 INTRODUCTION
In a bridge structures temperature change has very significant influence to its response. Temperature
change cause additional strain to structural element. For unconstrained structural element temperature
change cause zero stress, but for constrained structural element that temperature change cause
stress. For that reason we shall to placing release to a joint of element of bridge like expansion joint so
the joint free to expand.

We can use matrix method for structural analysis under temperature change. Same like other modeling
technique we need to transform the temperature change to equivalent joint loads.

16.2 TEMPERATURE CHANGE ON STRUCTURAL ELEMENT

Uniform change in temperature cause extensional strain in all direction but no shearing strain arises in
freely deforming body. The extensional strain due to temperature change can be calculated with the
equation below

εT = α T T 16.1

Where :
εT = thermal strain

αT = coefficient of thermal expansion (unit of strain)

T = temperature change

The coefficient of thermal expansion is described in table below

MATERIAL COEFFICIENT OF
THERMAL EXPANSION
Concrete 10E-6
Steel 12E-6
Wood 5E-6 (parallel fiber)
50E-6 (perpendicular fiber)

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Structural Analysis Do To Temperature Loading

Thermal stress due to temperature change is

σT = E(ε − εT ) 16.2

Where :
σT = actual thermal stress

E = modulus of elasticity
ε = actual thermal strain

εT = thermal strain

If the body is constrained then εT =0 then thermal stress becomes σT = −εTE . For that reason we can

control the thermal stress by placing releases, expansion joint in a structure.

This chapter discussed about temperature change at the centroidal axis of structural element. Thermal
strain subjected to temperature change consists of thermal axial strain and thermal curvature strain.

Thermal axial strain is

ε0 = α T T0 16.3

Where :
ε0 = thermal strain at centriodal axis

αT = coefficient of thermal expansion (unit of strain)

T0 = temperature change at centroidal axis

Thermal curvature strain is

2 16.4
φ0 = − α T ΔT
h

Where :
φ0 = thermal curvature

h = depth of element
αT = coefficient of thermal expansion (unit of strain)

ΔT = difference of top and bottom fiber of element section

The equation above assumes that temperature change linearly to element depth, if the temperature
change is uniform then ΔT = 0 produce only axial strain. In other word the temperature difference
between top and bottom fiber is null.

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16.3 MODELING TECHNIQUE

16.3.1 General
In matrix method for structural analysis subjected to temperature change we need to transform the
temperature loading to equivalent joint loads or fixed end forces. For uniform temperature change to
element depth there are only normal fixed end forces. For linearly temperature change to element
depth there are normal and flexure fixed end forces. In any condition of temperature change there is no
shear fixed end forces.

16.3.2 Temperature Change Modeling

Normal fixed end force due to temperature change is
NT = EAε0 16.5
NT = EA (α T T0 )

Where :
NT = normal fixed end force
E = modulus of elasticity
A = axial area
αT = coefficient of thermal expansion (unit of strain)

T0 = temperature change at centroidal axis

Flexure fixed end force due to temperature change is

MT = EIφ0 16.6
⎛2 ⎞
MT = EI⎜ α T ΔT ⎟
⎝h ⎠

Where :
MT = flexure fixed end force
E = modulus of elasticity
I = moment of inertia
αT = coefficient of thermal expansion (unit of strain)

ΔT = temperature difference top and bottom fiber of section

Fixed end forces matrix due to uniform temperature change is

⎧NT ⎫ 16.7
{FTC } = ⎪⎨ 0⎪⎬
⎪ 0⎪
⎩ ⎭

Fixed end forces matrix due to linearly temperature change is

⎧ NT ⎫ 16.8
{FTC } = ⎪⎨ 0⎪⎬
⎪M ⎪
⎩ T⎭
2

MT 1 MT
NT 3 NT

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Structural Analysis Do To Temperature Loading

Figure 16.1 Fixed End Force Due to Temperature Change

Sign convention for positive temperature change can be seen in the figure above

16.4 EXAMPLE
16.4.1 Structural Model

1500 kg/m
15/30

30/30

3,5

Element 2 has constant temperature change 30oC

30 Deg

+
30

15

16.4.2 Units, Material and Section Properties

Units = kg-m-rad
Material = Reinforced Concrete
kg
E = 2.1E9
m2
AREA MOMENT OF INERTIA
DIMENSION
(m2) (m4)
30/30 0.3 × 0.3 = 0.09 1
× 0.3 × 0.33 = 0.000675
12
15/30 0.15 × 0.3 = 0.045 1
× 0.15 × 0.33 = 0.0003375
12

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16.4.3 Joint, Element and DOF Numbering

2
2
NJOINT =3
3 1 1
2 3 3 NR =6
2
1 NDOF = 3(3)-6
= 3 DOF
2

3,5
Y

1
X
3

16.4.4 Joint Coordinates

JOINT X Y
1 0.00 0.00
2 0.00 3.50
3 3.00 3.50

16.4.5 M-Code Matrix

⎧0 1⎫
⎪ ⎪
⎪0 2⎪
⎪⎪0 3⎪⎪
M=⎨ ⎬
⎪1 0⎪
⎪2 0⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎩⎪3 0⎪⎭

16.4.6 Local Element Stiffness Matrix

⎡ AL2 AL2 ⎤
⎢ 0 0 − 0 0⎥
⎢ I I
⎢ 0 12 6L 0 − 12 6 L⎥⎥
[ke ] = EI3 ⎢⎢ 0 − 6L 2 L2 ⎥
2
0 6L 4L
L − AL2 AL2 ⎥
⎢ 0 0 0 0⎥
⎢ I I ⎥
⎢ 0 − 12 − 6 L 0 12 − 6 L⎥
⎢⎣ 0 6L 2 L2 0 − 6L 4 L2 ⎥⎦

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Structural Analysis Do To Temperature Loading

L STIFFNESS MATRIX
ID
(m) (kg/m)
1 3.5 ⎡ 16333 .33 0 0 −16333.33 0 0⎤ 0
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 12 21 0 − 12 12⎥ 0
⎢ 0 − 21 24.5⎥ 0
[k e ]1 = 33061.22⎢ 0 21 49
⎥
⎢− 16333 .33 0 0 16333.33 0 0⎥ 1
⎢ 0 − 12 − 21 0 12 − 21⎥ 2
⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 0 21 24.5 0 − 21 49⎦⎥ 3
⎡ 54000000 0 0 −54000000 0 0⎤ 0
⎢ 0 396734 .69 694285 .71 0 − 396734 .69 396734 .69 ⎥ 0
⎢ ⎥
[k e ]1 = ⎢− 540000000 694285 .71 1620000 0 − 694285 .71 810000 0
⎥
⎢ 0 0 54000000 0 0⎥ 1
⎢ 0 − 396734 .69 − 694285 .71 0 396734 .69 − 694285 .71⎥ 2
⎢⎣ 0 694285 .71 810000 0 − 694285 .71 1620000 ⎥⎦ 3

2 3.0 ⎡ 12000 0 0 −12000 0 0⎤ 1

⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 12 18 0 − 12 18 ⎥2
⎢ 0 − 18 18⎥ 3
[k e ]2 = 26250 ⎢
0 18 36
⎥
⎢− 12000 0 0 12000 0 0⎥ 0
⎢ 0 − 12 − 18 0 12 − 18⎥ 0
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 18 18 0 − 18 36⎥⎦ 0
⎡ 31500000 0 0 −31500000 0 0⎤ 1
⎢ 0 315000 472500 0 − 315000 472500 ⎥ 2
⎢ ⎥
[k e ]2 = ⎢− 315000000 472500 945000 0 − 472500 472500 3
⎥
⎢ 0 0 31500000 0 0⎥ 0
⎢ 0 − 315000 − 472500 0 315000 − 472500 ⎥ 0
⎢⎣ 0 472500 472500 0 − 472500 945000 ⎥⎦ 0

16.4.7 Transformation Matrix

L
ID TRANSFORMATION MATRIX
(m)
1 3.5 0−0 ⎡ 0 1 0 0 0 0⎤
cos θ = =0 ⎢ ⎥
3 .5 ⎢− 1 0 0 0 0 0⎥
3 .5 − 0 ⎢ 0 0 0⎥
sin θ = =1 [T]1 = ⎢ 0 0 1
⎥
3 .5 ⎢ 0 0 0 0 1 0⎥
⎢ 0 0 0 − 1 0 0⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 0 0 0 0 0 1⎦⎥
2 3.0 3−0 ⎡1 0 0 0 0 0⎤
cos θ = =1 ⎢ ⎥
3 ⎢0 1 0 0 0 0⎥
3 .5 − 3 .5 ⎢0 0 1 0 0 0⎥
sin θ = =0 [T]2 =⎢ ⎥
3 ⎢0 0 0 1 0 0⎥
⎢0 0 0 0 1 0⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 0 0 0 0 1⎥⎦

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16.4.8 Global Element Stiffness Matrix

[KE ] i= [T] iT[k e ] i[T] i

STIFFNESS MATRIX
ID
(kg/m)
1 [KE ]1 = [T]1T [k e ]1[T]1
⎡ 396734 .69 0 −694285 .71 −396734 .69 0 −396734 .69 ⎤ 0
⎢ 0 54000000 0 0 − 54000000 0⎥ 0
⎢ − 694285 .71 ⎥
[KE ]1 = ⎢− 396734.69 0 1620000 694285 .71 0 810000 0
⎥
⎢ 0 694285 .71 396734 .69 0 694285 .71⎥ 1
⎢ 0 − 54000000 0 0 54000000 0⎥ 2
⎣⎢ − 694285 .71 0 810000 694285 .71 0 1620000 ⎦⎥ 3

2 [KE ]2 = [T]2T [k e ]2 [T]2

⎡ 31500000 0 0 −31500000 0 0⎤ 1
⎢ 0 315000 472500 0 − 315000 472500 ⎥ 2
⎢ ⎥
[KE ]2 = ⎢− 31500000
0 472500 945000 0 − 472500 472500 3
⎥
⎢ 0 0 31500000 0 0⎥ 0
⎢ 0 − 315000 − 472500 0 315000 − 472500 ⎥ 0
⎢⎣ 0 472500 472500 0 − 472500 945000 ⎥⎦ 0

16.4.9 Generalized Element Stiffness Matrix

STIFFNESS MATRIX
ID
(kg/m)
1 ⎡ 396734 .69 0 −694285 .71 −396734 .69 0 −396734 .69 ⎤ 0
⎢ 0 54000000 0 0 − 54000000 0⎥ 0
⎢ − 694285 .71 ⎥
[KE ]1 = ⎢− 396734.69 0 1620000 694285 .71 0 810000 0
⎥
⎢ 0 694285 .71 396734 .69 0 694285 .71⎥ 1
⎢ 0 − 54000000 0 0 54000000 0⎥ 2
⎢⎣ − 694285 .71 0 810000 694285 .71 0 1620000 ⎥⎦ 3

⎡396734 .69 0 694285 .71⎤ 1

[KE ]1 ⎯⎯→
M
[KES ]1 = ⎢⎢ 0 54000000
⎥
0⎥ 2
⎢ 694285 .71 0 1620000 ⎥⎦ 3
⎣
2 ⎡ 31500000 0 0 −31500000 0 0⎤ 1
⎢ 0 315000 472500 0 − 315000 472500 ⎥ 2
⎢ ⎥
[KE ]2 = ⎢− 31500000
0 472500 945000 0 − 472500 472500 3
⎥
⎢ 0 0 31500000 0 0⎥ 0
⎢ 0 − 315000 − 472500 0 315000 − 472500 ⎥ 0
⎢⎣ 0 472500 472500 0 − 472500 945000 ⎥⎦ 0

⎡31500000 0 0⎤ 1
[KE ]2 ⎯⎯→
M
[KES ]2 = ⎢⎢ ⎥
0 315000 472500⎥ 2
⎢ 0 472500 945000⎥⎦ 3
⎣

16.4.10 Structure Stiffness Matrix

⎡31896734 .69 0 694285 .71⎤ 1
[K ]3x3 = ⎢⎢ 0 54315000
⎥
472500 ⎥ 2
⎢ 694285 .71 472500 2565000 ⎥⎦ 3
⎣

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Structural Analysis Do To Temperature Loading

16.4.11 Load Matrix

ELEMENT LOAD
MATRIX
1500 kg/m

1125 kgm 1125 kgm

2250 kg 2250 kg

LOCAL
ID GLOBAL GENERALIZED
FEF FEF FEF
2 ⎧ 0⎫ 1 {Q̂ } = [T] {Q̂ } T ⎧ 0⎫ 1
⎪
⎪ 2250 ⎪ 2
⎪ FE 2
⎧
2
0⎫ 1
fe 2
{Q̂ } ⎯⎯→{Q̂ } = ⎪⎨2250⎪⎬ 2
FE 2
M
FES 2

{Q̂ }
fe 2
⎪⎪ 1125 ⎪⎪ 3
=⎨ ⎬
0⎪ 0
⎪
⎪ 2250
⎪
⎪2
⎪1125 ⎪ 3
⎩ ⎭
⎪
⎪ 2250 ⎪ 0
⎪ ⎪
{Q̂ }
FE 2
⎪⎪ 1125⎪⎪ 3
=⎨ ⎬
0⎪ 0
⎪
⎩⎪− 1125 ⎭⎪ 0 ⎪ 2250⎪ 0
⎪ ⎪
⎪⎩− 1125⎪⎭ 0
2 ⎧ 28350 ⎫ 1 ⎧ 28350 ⎫ 1 ⎧28350 ⎫ 1
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎪ 0⎪ 2 ⎪ 0⎪ 2 {FTCS }2 ⎯⎯→
M
{FTCS }2 = ⎪⎨ ⎪
0⎬ 2
⎪⎪ 0⎪⎪ 3 ⎪⎪ 0⎪⎪ 3 ⎪ 0⎪⎭ 3
{ftc }2 =⎨ ⎬ {FTC }2 =⎨ ⎬ ⎩
⎪− 28350 ⎪ 0 ⎪− 28350 ⎪ 0
⎪ 0⎪ 0 ⎪ 0⎪ 0
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎩⎪ 0⎭⎪ 0 ⎩⎪ 0⎭⎪ 0
⎧28350 ⎫ 1
{Q̂ }= ⎪⎨ 2250⎪⎬ 2
FE
⎪ 1125 ⎪ 3
⎩ ⎭

{Q} = {Q}− {Q̂FE }

⎧0⎫ ⎧28350 ⎫ ⎧−28350 ⎫ 1
{Q} = ⎪⎨0⎪⎬ − ⎪⎨ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
2250 ⎬ = ⎨ − 2250 ⎬ 2
⎪0⎪ ⎪ 1125 ⎪ ⎪ − 1125 ⎪ 3
⎩ ⎭ ⎩ ⎭ ⎩ ⎭

16.4.12 Load-Displacement Matrix

[K ]{q} = {Q}
⎡31896734 .69 0 694285 .71⎤ ⎧D1 ⎫ ⎧−28350 ⎫
⎢ ⎥⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎢ 0 54315000 472500 ⎥ ⎨D2 ⎬ = ⎨ − 2250 ⎬
⎢ 694285 .71
⎣ 472500 2565000 ⎥⎦ ⎪⎩D3 ⎪⎭ ⎪⎩ − 1125 ⎪⎭

⎧D1 ⎫ ⎧ −0.000885 ⎫
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎨D2 ⎬ = ⎨− 0.000040 ⎬
⎪D ⎪ ⎪− 0.000192 ⎪
⎩ 3⎭ ⎩ ⎭

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16.4.13 Element Displacement Matrix

GLOBAL DISPLACEMENT LOCAL DISPLACEMENT
ID
(m) (m)
1 ⎧ 0⎫ 0 {d}1 = [T]1{D}1
⎪ ⎪
⎪ 0⎪ 0 ⎧ 0⎫ 0
⎪ 0⎪⎪ 0 ⎪ ⎪
{D}1 = ⎪⎨ ⎬ ⎪ 0⎪ 0
⎪− 0.000885 ⎪ 1 ⎪ 0⎪⎪ 0
⎪− 0.000040 ⎪ 2 {d}1 = ⎪⎨ ⎬
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ − 0 . 000040 ⎪1
⎩⎪− 0.000192 ⎭⎪ 3 ⎪− 0.000885 ⎪ 2
⎪ ⎪
⎪⎩− 0.000192 ⎪⎭ 3
2 ⎧ −0.000885 ⎫ 1 {d}2 = [T]2 {D}2
⎪ ⎪
⎪− 0.000040 ⎪ 2 ⎧ 0.000885 ⎫ 1
⎪⎪− 0.000192 ⎪⎪ 3 ⎪ ⎪
{D}2 =⎨ ⎬ ⎪− 0.000040 ⎪ 2
⎪ 0⎪ 0 ⎪⎪− 0.000192 ⎪⎪ 3
⎪ 0⎪ 0 {d}2 =⎨ ⎬
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ 0⎪ 0
⎩⎪ 0⎭⎪ 0 ⎪ 0⎪ 0
⎪ ⎪
⎩⎪ 0⎭⎪ 0

16.4.14 Element Nodal Forces

GLOBAL LOCAL LOCAL
ID
NODAL FORCES NODAL FORCES-#1 NODAL FORCES-#2
1 {F}1 = [KE ]1{D}1 {f }1 = [k e ]1{d}1 + {Q̂fe }1 {f }1 = [T]1{F}1
⎧ 484.14⎫ 0 ⎧ 2146.84⎫ 0 ⎧ 2146.84⎫ 0
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎪ 2146.84⎪ 0 ⎪ − 484.14⎪ 0 ⎪ − 484.14⎪ 0
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
{F}1 = ⎪⎨ − 769.56⎪⎬ 0 ⎪⎪ − 769.56⎪⎪ 0
{f }1 = ⎨ ⎬
{f }1 = ⎪⎨ − 769.56⎪⎬ 0
− ⎪ − 2146 .84 ⎪1
⎪− 2146.84⎪ 1
⎪ 484 . 14 ⎪1
⎪− 2146.84⎪ 2 ⎪ 484.14⎪ 2 ⎪ 484.14⎪ 2
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎪⎩ − 924.94⎪⎭ 3 ⎪⎩ − 924.94⎪⎭ 3
⎩⎪ − 924.94⎭⎪ 3
2 {F}2 = [KE ]2 {D}2 {f }2 = [k e ]2 {d}2 {f }2 = [T]2 {F}2
+ {Q̂FE }2 + +{FTC }2 + {Q̂fe }2 + {ftc }2
⎧ 484.14⎫ 1
⎧ 484.14⎫ 1 ⎧ 484.14⎫ 1 ⎪ ⎪
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ 2146.84⎪ 2
⎪ 2146.84⎪ 2 ⎪ 2146.84⎪ 2 ⎪⎪ 924.94⎪⎪ 3
⎪⎪ 924.94⎪⎪ 3 ⎪⎪ 924.94⎪⎪ 3 {f }2 =⎨ ⎬
{F}2 =⎨ ⎬ {f }2 =⎨ ⎬ ⎪ − 484.14⎪ 0
⎪ − 484.14⎪ 0 ⎪ − 484.14⎪ 0 ⎪ 2353.16⎪ 0
⎪ 2353.16⎪ 0 ⎪ 2353.16⎪ 0 ⎪ ⎪
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎩⎪− 1234.42⎭⎪ 0
⎪⎩− 1234.42⎪⎭ 0 ⎪⎩− 1234.42⎪⎭ 0

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Structural Analysis Do To Temperature Loading

16.4.15 Internal Forces

ID INTERNAL FORCES
1 2
x1

769.56 3
1 924.94
2146.84 1 2 2146.84
1 484.14

484.14
3,5

Px1 = −2146.84 Q x1 = −484.14 Mx1 = −484.14(x1) + 769.56

x1 Px1 x1 Qx1 x1 Mx1

0 -2146.84 0 -484.14 0 769.56
1 -2146.84 1 -484.14 1 285.42
2 -2146.84 2 -484.14 2 -198.72
3 -2146.84 3 -484.14 3 -682.86
3.5 -2146.84 3.5 -484.14 3.5 -924.94
2 x2 1500 kg/m
2

924.94 3
1 1234.42
484.14 2 3 484.14
2
2146.84 2353.16

Px 2 = −484.14 Q x 2 = 2146.84 Mx 2 = 2146.84(x 2 ) − 924.94

− 1500 (x 2 )
1500 (x 2 )
1 2
−
2

x2 Px2 x2 Qx2 x2 Mx2

0 -484.14 0 2146.84 0 -924.94
1 -484.14 1 646.84 1 471.90
2 -484.14 2 -853.16 2 368.74
3 -484.14 3 -2353.16 3 -1234.42

16.4.16 Support Reactions and Apply Joint Loads

⎧ 484.14⎫ 0 ⎧ 484.14⎫ 1
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎪ 2146.84⎪ 0 ⎪ 2146.84⎪ 2
⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎪ 924.94⎪⎪ 3
{F}1 = ⎪⎨ − 769.56⎪⎬ 0 {F}2 =⎨ ⎬
⎪ − 484 . 14 ⎪1 ⎪ − 484.14⎪ 0
⎪− 2146.84⎪ 2 ⎪ 2353.16⎪ 0
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎪⎩ − 924.94⎪⎭ 3 ⎪⎩− 1234.42⎪⎭ 0

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SUPPORT REACTIONS &

ID
APPLY JOINT LOADS
1 ⎧ 484.14⎫ 0
{R}1 = ⎪⎨ 2146.84⎪⎬ 0
⎪− 769.56⎪ 0
⎩ ⎭
2 ⎧ −484.14⎫ 1 ⎧ 484.14⎫ 1 ⎧0⎫ 1
{R}2 = ⎪⎨− 2146.84⎪⎬ 2 + ⎪⎨2146.84⎪⎬ 2 = ⎪⎨0⎪⎬ 2
⎪ − 924.94⎪ 3 ⎪ 924.94⎪ 3 ⎪0⎪ 3
⎩ ⎭ ⎩ ⎭ ⎩ ⎭
3 ⎧ −484.14⎫ 0
{R}3 = ⎪⎨ ⎪
2353.16⎬ 0
⎪− 1234.42⎪ 0
⎩ ⎭

1500 kg/m

1234.42
484.14
2353.16

3,5

769.56
484.14
3
2146.84

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