Académique Documents
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The amateur mechanic,
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original of
tliis
book
is in
restrictions in
text.
http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924003595141
The
AMATEUR MECHANIC
By A. Frederick
Collins
How to Fly
The Home Handy Book
Keeping Up with Your
The
The
The
The
Motor Car
Book of Wireless
Book of Stars
Book of Magic
Book of Electricity
D. Applbton
Publishers
& Company
New York
The
AMATEUR MECHANIC
BY
A.
FREDERICK COLLINS
tTP WITH TOUB HOTOB CAB/' "HOW TO FLT/
"the BOOE 07 ELECTBICtIT," BIC.
AXITHOB OF "eEEPINO
FULLY ILLUSTRATED
1919
COPTMGHT,
1918,
BT
TO
MT NIECE AND NEPHEW
A WORD TO YOU
Don't do anything until you have read this book
I might qualify the above statement by saying
that if you are an amateur
it
pay you
will
to scan
You
how
to
run
it
it,
exactly
how
know, of
he drives
it
works,
to get the
on the road
know how
to use
few that
mode
how
to
make
the various
gone into
is
how
how
to
make
how
fuel,
how
to
run
it
to get the
most
A WORD TO YOU
it
buy
and,
lastly,
how
to
it.
A further
is to tell
about the
home
farm so that if you are a householder or a husbandman you can enjoy all the benefits of the electrical and mechanical arts known that make for the
comfort, convenience, economy and safety of yourself and family and so make life worth living.
A. rBEDEEiCK Collins.
or a
New York
City.
'
viu
CONTENTS
...
I.
The
The protractor
When You
II.
planimeter.
'
...
25
Where
to
III.
to
air,
ix
46
CONTENTS
PAGE
CHAPTEB
pumps
To
IV.
freezing
work on
What
63
ventUation.
V.
How
To
75
the speed of a shaft, pulley or flywheel How to find the size of a puUey ^How
to figure the size of belt needed ^How to splice
good belt dressing Gears and toothed
a belt
wheels Figuring the size of gears Friction
and what it does How to reduce friction Figuring the size of gears Friction and what it
does How to reduce friction The use of lubricants How to find the H.P. needed to drive a
find
machine.
YI.
94
is
jet
is
find
find
How steam
madeThe
is
boiler is
steam engine
The
is
is
made
latent heat of
How a steam
a boiler How a
the engine works
measured
fittings of
How
steamWhat
the flywheel
112
CONTENTS
OHAfTEB
PAGE
does
Vin.
UsiiTG
Hot
gines
The hot
air
IX.
How
TO Hitch
How
to use
....
Up Power
148
wind power
How
X.
to use
Installing a
What
157
cold is
ice-making
mains
about
XL
ice.
it
Electricity in the
^What
What
How
made
How
an
a dynamo
166
elecis
The
electric
How
motor
is
its
line
electric
Tables
INDEX
....
183
187
XI
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
and
plumb glass
few other useful gauges
The protractor for finding angles and measuring them in degrees
cheap planimeter for measuring the area of
any plane surface
Cross section view of tree showing medullary
....
1.
2.
steel
steel
^rising
steel
.;
4.
5.
6.
^A level
7.
^A
its
8.
9.
^A
10.
How
....
....
....
....
13.
14.
15.
is
16.
tools
17.
18.
....
....
.
19.
filter
20.
^A
21.
^A
distilling
22.
xiii
3
6
8
9
14
18
19
21
22
23
27
29
30
36
37
39
43
44
45
48
50
52
53
56
57
58
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
nOimS
....
....
....
....
25.
28.
^A
^A
30.
^A
31.
33.Kinds of levers
34.Kinds of pulleys
35.
The speed indicator and how
36.
37.
38.
it is \iaed
splices
41.
42A.Roller bearing
42B.A ball bearing
^A
....
steel
45.
jet
jet
it
....
.
64
68
69
70
71
72
74
75
76
77
78
80
81
83
39.
40.
FAQE
84
84
85
88
89
90
91
95
96
96
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
108
49.
109
supply
XIV
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
....
....
....
FIOtTBE
51.
is
flyball
56.
57.
58.
^A
59.
^Details
64.
^A
125
126
137
139
140
142
143
153
....
....
....
^A
68.
is set
69.
70.
71.
is
^A
electric
72.
73.
74.
75.
128
133
65.
67.
122
125
66.
120
121
62.
63.
117
118
60.
61.
115
116
....
....
55.
PAGE
136
138
155
160
162
163
170
171
172
173
176
178
179
180
76.
nected up in parallel
XV
181
THE
AMATEUR MECHANIC
CHAPTER
making
testing
may
or other
thereof.
is called
a scale,
and sixteenths of an
inch.
closely,
edge
its
whatever
kind
is
it is
shown
at
A in Fig.
rule of this
1.
Scale.
^If
On
all.
is
^,-k>
i, %, i,
To Learn
ij
^,
the Bide.
^Lay it
twelve-inch scale
were going to
on the left to
You will
left.
fl
CmPENTERS RULB
B mCHITECTS
5C/JL
TO^|i'^i'i'iMil'iTiii'n'triTlii'IT|,'lT
.>,i,i!i,i,i.fl,i,i,i?i,i,i
/f FLEXIBLE
^RuuBS
Fig. 1.
RULE
and Scales
hand
scales.
drawn
If the drawer
drew
be, that
is,
to a scale so that
it
is
with an ordinary
rule,
to
12 parts
A shrinkage rule,
is
The
spac-
The Use
of Flexible Rules.
^Rules made of
wood are useful
had
St.,
any lengths
of the L. E.
of Keuffel and
New York.
THE AMATEUR MECHANIC
from
shortest
Fig. 2.
eta, are to be
made
a flexible folding
wood
rule will
is
metal work.
These elongated
rules
An
in Fig. 2, con-
from
:| to f inch
wide and from 25 to 100 feet long; it is graduated
on one side into feet, inches and eighths and is fitted
into a hard leather case. The tape can he reeled up
hy a handle which folds in flush with the side of
sists
the case.
The Carpenter's
Steel Square.
The ordinary
it is
variously called,
straight edge
is
it is
-J
steel
to each other as
shown at
7
in Fig. 3.
The long
Fig.
3A.--Thb Carpenter's
is
called
tlie
Stbhc^
Square
hlade and
is
about
and this
is
16 inches long.
8
is
stamped on
it is
name
op-
It is usually divided
to as
many
spaces of
Lay
2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
7 and
Then connect
8.
2,
from 2
and
so
is
1,
these points
You
on
to
complete.
itself that is
on the
the important
Table.
table of
you will
find a
two
which are equal and one
of them.
this table is to
make
it
possible
a brace
from the
any
The
fix to
to
brace 9 inches from the point where the wall and the
Look
12.72
is
12.72
This number
and
number
at the table
you wiU
it.
is
10
brace
is
l^ow put
it
say
15 inches
and cut
off
if the
made
to be
12.72
when
end 9 inches
away from the intersection of the shelf and wall, as
shown at C.
This table is based on the same trigonometrical
it
will just
fit
Measures.
have twice as
many hoard
feet in
thick,
and
Of
many
it
as a
board 1 inch
so on.
it.
If, for instance, the board is 8 inches
wide and 10 feet long, to figure out the board feet
you will have to find the number of square inches in
feet in
But
is
11
If,
and 10
feet long,
down
to the
figure 10, then follow the cross line toward the left
to 8, and you wiU find that the number under 8 is 6
you wiU also see that 6 is to the left of the cross line
and 8 is to the right, which means that there is 6
feet
and t%
But
if the
inches,
board
number
board you want to
measure.
result
If the board
you get by
2,
is
which
Table,
On
the back of a
its
The
its foot.
is
building.
N'ow, if
you
12
you
measured
The
at all
with an ordinary
vernier, as
rule.
BUIDE
Mws
YERHIER
/?
THE
YRN//<
CJILIPER
IS REfiO
micrometer vernier
Fig.
4.-
REflDING TO /o.oooVi?
OF -AN INCH
-The Veeniie
an ordinary
rule.
it is
Jt
is called
a vernier after
vented
it.
14
who
in-
it
is
has one
vernier
is this
divided, let's
is
that
less
Now when
is
it slides
against.
is,
when they
are in
rule.
moved
exactly tV of a scale
it
will
tools,
such as
The Vernier
shown
at
is
Caliper.
made
side measurements.
The
vernier
caliper
It
read,
15
.025
which
On
25
iV
is
of
tMt
is,
in
division,
parts,
0, 5, 10, 15,
20 and
25.
inch.
If
now
line
line
on the
on the
rule, the
two
16
which
will
to 1 inch im
A micrometer is formed of
fixed (2) the anvil
is
is
sleeve ^ as
5.
How
which
Fig.
(1) a frame to
Bead a Micrometer.
shown
at
in
To
measure the
thickness of a sheet of paper or anything else, put
it hetween the anvil and the end of the spindle and
hold the frame with your left hand. Now turn the
thimble with your right hand and since the spindle
to
the thimble
is fixed to
This makes
it
and toward or
The
it
it.
in the frame
The
of
tl^e
to the inch
The
40
moves
fore,
is
sleeve is
these
spindle.
When
marked
thimble
tallies
is
line
17
on the
sleeve.
line
Each
vertical line
is
SLEEVE
/)
/f/CfipMET^
l?E/)DING70
/.OOOV^ OF/IN/NCH
BEVEL
SLeEVe
SPINDLE
/fNYlL
dis-
made
THIMBLE
BEVEL
FRAME
VERNIEU
MICROMETER WITH
VERNIER READING
TO /o.ooors OF
AN INCH
Fig.
5.-
The
MiCEiOMETBB
and each
line so
is numbered 0, 1, 2, 3,
numbered indicates a distance
marked in
25 divisions with every fifth line numbered from
to 25.
When you turn the thimble from one of
these marks to the next, you move the spindle up or
down
of iMt or the ttVtt part of an inch.
By
of the thimble
is
turning
18
-(10
you can
see
all
vs^hich
number
the
from the
which
with the
tallies
number
divisions
shown on the
=^^
<B)
/ALCOHOL
BUBBLE
GLfiS-S
TUBE
Pli//^S GJUJSS /IJfRKED /}T ITS
6.
A Level
micrometer
tWo
is
open 7
of an inch.
Micrometer Reading
vernier
is
read
to
it
at
the
= 178 or
to Ten-Thoicsandths.
^A
micrometer,
tttAttt
of an inch.
first find
To read
tt.Vttt
If
is
it is
marked 1, add
marked 2, add tttjW,
19
T^r.^inr;
etc.
if it
need.
One
common and
of the most
When you
useful gauges
shown
first
a level
the
is
in Fig.
6.
is
at
and
to ascertain
plumb, an upright
thing to do
This
is
is to
done with
level, or
filled
it,
as
shown
is set
afr
This plumb
B.
glass, as it is called,
device
is
called a level.
When
when
the level
the whole
laid
is
on
is
to indicate
it.
glasses,
it,
few of the
The
it,
is level.
Protractor.
To
find
20
any angle or
to plot
one
/}'0UT5/D C/?UPER5
B- JNSJDE CfiUPERS
CREW
THREAD
GfilUGE
mit^
F-
THICKNESS GflUGE
E- DEPTH GflUGE
screw:
TW/STDR/U
c-i THREAD,
/)HD
H- t/iper g/iugc
Gffaes
Tig. 7.
^A
THE AMATEUR MECHANIC
from
to
instrument
usually
made
Fig. 8.
A
A
A.
B.
is
This
used.
360 degrees in a
circle,
there
aotj
German
degrees
into 60
minutes and each minute into 60 seconds, like the
tractor.
bought
is
"
for as
shown
at
little
as 25 cents.
in Fig.
8.
For
One
all
of this kind
ordinary work
close
To
it
on a sheet
POi
WHEEL
Fig. 9.
^A
it
and keep
Then move
its
its
edge
straight
it is on
you want to mark off. Draw
a line and you will have the angle you want.
The Planimeter. This instrument gets its name
from planus, which is Latin for flat, and meter,
which comes from the Greek metron, meaning to
measure. It is shown in Fig. 9.
It is so constructed that by a simple mechanical
edge.
*li.
23
boundary line of
it
flat figure,
however irregu-
diagrams,
etc.,
The area of
by mereand
wheel.
This wheel
is
The
up
Boston, Mass.
CHAPTEK
WHEN YOU
You
II
will find it a
money saving
deal to
know
many
but the
TABLE
Kind
Coat
of Buildine
Wood
Brick
Stucco
Concrete bmlt with forms
Concrete built of blocks
Stone
Rubble
25
$5,000
6,575
5,100
5,600
4,200
5,600
5,500
them approxi-
mately.
wood or
concrete.
it is
ordinary-
used, can be
to the first
hollow
,
tile
can be used.
Walls are built of wood, brick, stone, stucco, concrete, and occasionally of tile.
Chimneys can be
laid
up
All kinds of
galvanized iron,
Floors can be
rubber or pulp.
WHEN YOU
When
a tree
the end of
it,
is
yon
sawed down,
if
you
will look at
Around
it.
The number
annual rings.
of
HEflRTWOOD
B/?RK
'5DULLARY R/fYS
SfiPWOOH
P/TH
'/f/VNU/iL
RINGS
Ceoss Section View of Tree Showing Medullary Rats and Annual Eings
Fig. 10.
growth.
number of rings.
The wood next to the pith
the
is called
the Jieartwood,
The
from
shown in the
The
Way Wood
growing there
this is
all of
which are
formed
is
Is
Seasoned. When
chiefly of water,
27
when
a tree is
Since
it.
the tree
is
felled
still
remains in
some
extent,
and
Before
it.
it
can be used
it
to
are by (1) natural seasoning and (2) hot air seasonIf after the rough work has been done on a
ing.
building
is left for
it
and
soning.
Natural Seasoning.
ing lumber
by piling
It is done
is
up
it
it
it is
This
quickly done,
can pass
process.
of season-
is
it
seasoned by this
it is
as natural seasoning.
ber in a drying
that
roorrij
is,
a room which
way
this
is
Wood
is
lumkept
seasoned in
Hence
How
lum-
it
should never be
diseases
Lumber
be
sap.
You
can always
tell
good lumber by
28
its
sweet
WHEN YOU
TOPDGE
PROPER
PROPER VMYTO
CUT FRAMING TIMBER
W/tY TO
CUT SILLS
How
is
29
THE AMATEUR MECHANIC
ing from shrinting,
it
should he cut so
tliat
the an-
in Fig. 11.
the
beam
Flooring
is less
get
it
The Frame
of a Building.
The
sills
of a build-
^">
Fig. 12.
30
WHEN YOU
These
is,
long,
ma-
J inch thick
at one
There
are only
Af-
measure.
You
is
a simple calculation.
Where
to
Us These Woods.While
the fol-
can be used,
if
you
find
them cheaper or
get.
31
woods
easier to
Hemlock
is
2.08
2.30
cheapest
Spruce
Yellow pine
3. 17
White pine.
North Caxolina pine
Beech
2.30
Chestnut
3.12
Maple
Cypress
3.11
4.15
2.97
Oak
Cedar costs most
For
For
For
For
For
the
sills
And for
long as possible
it
There
is
never very
woodwork, but
it
much
to advantage since,
As
for outside
deterioration of inside
32
WHEN YOU
way
to preserve it is to paint
paint
oil.
posts, piles
and
it.
best kind of
charred or creosoted.
The
in the ground, as
hot.
Charring
is
For wood preservatives write the CarbolineiMn Wood Preserving Co., 36 Greene Street, New York, or the Lyster Chemical
Co., 61 Broadway, New York.
,
33
make a
much
as
^ of
its
of
To
weight of water.
its
weigh
weigh
it,
it
then
again.
let it
The
it
cubic foot.
test
more
thair tV
wiU
ment
called mortar,
which
is
made
of slaked lime
and
sand.
known as slaking.
Sand is then mixed with it and the mortar thus
made slowly absorbs carton dioxide from the air
which, acting on the calcium, hydroxide, forms calcium, carbonate, or limestone,
The purpose
of the
sand
is to
dioxide can
tar
Plaster
it
is
simply mortar.
gauged
stuff.
Si
and
and (3)
WHEN YOU
Coarse
in
it
staff is
to bind it together.
It is
and 1 of
lime, 12 of sand
6 parts of
It is the
hair.
mixed
liair
formed of
first
coat
Fine
stuff is
it is
the water
drained
is
hardened a
little,
off.
After
When
it
has
settled,
it gets
and
is
^In
is called setting.
bricklaying a course
line,
is
and
When you
lay
up
cross bond,
first
thing to
is to
level,
35
and
it
are
to ascertain if the
THE AMATEUR MECHANIC
side of the wall is
plumb an upright
level or
a plumb
I.
COMMON BOND
I
'^?=?
fLEtUSH BOND
-ENGLISH BOND
I.
I.
Fig. 13.
is
the
.DV
CROSS B OND'
Measuring BrickworTe.
wall
^^^
number
The
Brickwork
The term
superficial foot is
feet
is
of surface.
TABLE
Thickness of Wall
it is
"built of.
means square
thickness of a brick
Walls of various
WHEN YOU
There
stone.
They are
shown in Fig.
14.
RUBBLE
FJELDSTONE
By
CLfTSTOfiE
COURSES
Stonework
To
or cement as they
laid
up
may
best together.
fit
cut stone
is laid
mason
Ashlar
is
fancies, while
in courses.
As the
37
strength of stone-
Measuring Stonework. The unit by which stonework is measured is the perch, which is equal to 241
cubic feet.
is
38
WHEN YOU
is
it, and either wood or ordinary metal lath is nailed across the furring strips, as
shown at A and B in Fig. 15.
Where sheathing
is
is
is
and
FUJ?R/f^G 3TR/PS
PJ7PfZ
fc^'"
STUCCO
^A5Sf77ACL I
\^UyTH
EZZI
\\
\\
FURRING
'STR/PS
Fig. 15.
back of
sets
you
it
How
Stucco
is
Put On
When
it
adamant of reen-
The
tools
needed
to
make
it
tight.
Three
coats of stucco
job.
The
first
coat, which, is
is
lath,
and the
lath,
should each be f inch thick, while the last and finishing coat should be J inch thick.
When
and back
from f
to
How
to
J inch
thick,
and
coats of stucco
mix 2i
For
is
ordinary mortar.
first
If either
smooth and
is
is
coat of stucco, as in
used,
Mix
it is
mixed in
it
common
It
is
though
labor.
little
in the first
pairs after
it
is built.
It
is.
different
40
WHEN YOU
to
What Concrete
Is.
Concrete
is
made up
of four
it is
England.
It is
made by
changed into a
ment.
perfectly dry or
it
must be kept
and get hard.
break up
Testing Sand.
Sand,
or fine aggregate, as
it is
must not have any loam, clay or other impuriThe particles that form it must not be
in it.
called,
ties
To
test
41
f inch meshes.
little
while
it
it is
If
it
it
between
it
Crushed
Stone
or
Gravel.
from
impurities,
It
or
gravel
^Either
it is called,
must be
clean, free
than \ inch
is
making
concrete.
f orced work.
A Medium
parts of sand
Mixture.
2\
Lean Mixture.
Good for
work and
large foundations.
.Mixing Concrete.
con-
'
WHEN YOU
Crete is
(2) by machine.
either (1)
by hand, or
mixed
close to the
It should be
it
otherwise
it
will
it.
jelly,
and
it
it
should be
to use
WIRE NETTING
'A MESH
WOOD
FLO/?TFOR FINISHING
OFF CONCRETE
Work
concrete for building and these are (1) to mold
in forms, and (2) to cast it in blocks.
To make a form
up two
it
sides of
between them
shown
at
is as
A in Fig.
Hub
thick as
17.
is
soap or crude
make and
set.
to
fi
W/ILL
Fig. 17.-
Finishing Concrete Surfaces. Ordinary concrete work does not have to be finished, but you can
improve the surfaces of walls by rubbing them with a
cement mortar hrich, made of 1 part of cement and
2 parts of sand, and keeping it flushed with water
44
WHEN YOU
while you are doing
all
PL/}IN
BLOCK
TOOLED M/iRGIN
DESIGN
BUSH H/)MMEREP
DESIGN
Fig. 18
COBBLE STONE
DESIGN
New YorL
CHAPTEE
III
disease
it,
and as
of your
it is
your
first
water supply
is
absolutely pure.
are three
The
and
cisterns
and
all
that
supplies.
is,
due
the sewage
to contamination
is
from sewage,
them or
them from nearby sources. Whatdon't use water from a surface supply
46
unless
it
The water
of shallow wells
is also
first.
often disease
so.
In any
remember that water which looks perfectly
clear
may have
How
disease
germs in
to Purify Water.
it is
for a typhoid
boil,
minutes or so will
all
of
^A simple
germs in water
is
heat as an asbestos
sure .that
Boiling.
water to a
it.
By
is
as
immune
to
cat.
kill
germ
them are
must be
boiled twice.
By
Filtration.
by
straining
it
move some
it
by
made
go on through.
made
remove
some of the germs
get through.
By adding a very small amount of
alum to the water the impurities and nearly all the
germs will stick to the particles of it which then
Filters
nearly
but
"
still
'
complete description of a cheap and good filter of this
kind, with drawings, is given in my "Home Handy Book,"
47
New
York.
THE' AMATEUR MECHANIC
The Pasteur filter ^ is a good one for the household.
The water flows in through the top and its
"weight
forces
it
the
filter effective
W/JTR INLET
STBEL
CYUNDER)
UNGLfiZEP
PORCEUill
CYUNPER
^OUTLET
Fig. 19.
mud and
Otherwise
it
will
shown in Fig.
is
By
'
It
19.
Distillation.
To
distill
New
48
made
easily
still
can be
The
made
to the latter.
The condenser
is
to the
mouth of
vessel filled
it,
is
with water.
Now when
it strikes
down
it
condenses
The Amount
it is
of
it
when
drawn
it
off
required.
member
to
40 gallons
of the family
49
COVER
J^J/^
V^NT
COOLING W/9TR
COLLECTOR
CONDENSER^
STE/lMPJPf
A,
FILLER
v^PlSriLLEP
W/fTER s
^^
BOILER
.^
if
BUCKET
[r~[
STOVE
ff
Fig. 20.
^A
50
is used,
witli
Where
are three
pumped
either
this
by hand or power
as
shown
The
usually in the
is
steel
of a cylinder or a rectangle.
made
attic,
Wood
tanks should be
an
or Pneumatic System. In
tank is set in the base-
air-tight steel
it
is
con-
The water
is
then
in.
pumped
51
it
rom
freez-
S+ovc
'
Wa+rFrfeofc
Fig. 21.
^A
52
A WATER SYSTEM FOR YOUR PLACE
the air
tliat is
in
it.
up
and
so.
The tank
fitted
is
air,
PRESSURE GffOGe'
/ WATER Gtiuee
WfiTtR
Fig. 22.
gauged
so that
of water there
sure in pounds in
The
amount
outfit is
22.
Chapter V.
53
set
up on
is,
The
size of the
tank
will, as before,
water needed.
as
to
In figuring
the size of the tank, allow ^ of the space for the com-
pressed
air.
As water
To
"hold,
figure
this
it
C = Da
way
0.7854
7.48
D2
is
0.7854
is
7.48
To
is
a constant,
the
number
= LXWXDX
54
7.48
is
is
and
Knowing
it,
when
it
is
full of water.
pounds and
tliat
pounds,
it is
The Automatic
The
is
pump works on
55
a low pressure, a
is
make
it
pump.
The pump
is
is
XHJIV5t \fllR
VRV/UMECLDStCt
EXHAUST
'AOfEOPEN,
tMpmt
EPfilR
YmTEH
^^
iNLET
DISCHf)RGIN<5''J EXHAUSTIN0
WATER.
Fig.
to flow
CYUNDtk^
CYUNDERW
,
'
AND REFILLING
The
readily understood
from Fig.
56
23.
A WATER SYSTEM FOR YOUR PLACE
About Pumps and
There
lift
ENGINE
CISTERN W/}T&i
COJ1PRESSE0
/}/R
P/PE
B
Pig. 23B.
PUMP
The Auto-Pneihiatio Water System
A in Fig.
57
THE AMATEUR MECHANIC
When
pumped
it
up through
it.
As
the piston
B
aroKccPu/iP
centrifugal
/>
puhp
Fig. 24.
is
again raised
it lifts
forces
Kinds op Pumps
The upper
is usually
valve
is
pipe.
made with
is
atmospheric pressure ;
When
the piston
is
58
radiating from a
from the hub.
wheel
it,
it
It
out by
is
shown
in cross section at 0.
it
lift
pump must
not be set
the time.
As
the
lift
pump primed
cylinders are
if
all
it,
made which
pump
of
Pump
as 2 inches in diameter.
^Water
59
air
to
is
The purpose of
make the water
In
this case,
chamber,
and, as
it
when
it rises, it
chamber.
the water
covers the
The
is
mouth of the
delivery pipe
pressure of
it
is
in the
pump
do not
air-tight, it is
fit
with water.
pump
and both
must be filled
at rest
case
small centrifugal
must
no matter
line, so it
it is started,
not positive
pump
will then
lift
60
must be buried
to a depth of 3 or
feet.
When a Water
Pipe Is Frozen. ^Where an exposed pipe freezes, wrap woolen cloths around the
frozen part and pour hot water on
it
until
it
thaws.
down
it
you can do
in.
A Word
ing.
^It
of lead
is
easy to do your
are over; instead iron pipe in all sizes and with all
Use
supply tanks.
The
main piping
to the
Make
all joints
and
fittings water-tight
with red
ing.
61
OHAPTEE IV
A HEATING PLANT FOR YOUE HOME
There are many kinds of forces that perform
amazing feats, and one of the most active of these
is heat.
What Heat
ducing heat
is
as it is called.
Is.
action.
When
combustion
is to ignite
is
them.
rate.
These
THE AMATEUR MECHANIC
rapid to and fro motions impinging on our sense of
feeling set
up the
sensation that
we
call heat.
BOILING
POINT
'
zoo
190-
'100'
-90
IBO
no
-80
160I50/toI30
IZO
70
-60
50
nozoo
9080706050
4032-
30
zo\
Ia
F/iEZJNS
PO/NT
ZOIO-\
-0
-10
m. ,#
F/fHRENHEIT
Fig. 25.
ture
CENTIGRffDE\
mean two
Temperature
is
64
is
it is
defined as that
When
its
temperature falls
and, conversely,
when a body
perature
Temperature
is
rises.
measured by
ther-
On
all
ments and the centigrade scale is used for all scientific measurements.
Both of these scales are shown
in !Fig. 25, and are
marked
points
like this:
temperature will
How
Heat
Is
fall.
Measured. Since
heat
is
a force,
heat
is
heat that
pound
is
and
this is the
amount
of
in
way
of heating
it,
it is
admitted to the
rooms.
The Cozy
of a
Fireplace.
wigwam with
Next
a hole in
66
is tlie oldest
scheme of
man
They
offer.
are very
up
floor.
stove is cheap,
fireplace, it
has
The bad
and
it
makes a
it
dries the
it
The
lot of dirt.
dirt of fireplaces
To
and
stoves,
it
flows
67
The
regis-
turned on or cut
off.
Heating detached houses by hot air is seldom satisfactory, for it is always hard to heat the rooms on.
the side against which the wind blows.
This can
HOT/J/R
Fig. 26.
How a
Hot
Am
Fubnace Works
Hot
air sys-
68
There
is
fh EXP/)NS/0//
Fig. 27.
two pipe system. The one pipe system is the cheapest to install and it will give you very good service.
The two pipe system takes twice as much piping
to put in
Either kind
it possible to
is
work
and besides
is
it is
apt to short
well done.
of,
69
A hot water
but
all
of one
branch
off
size.
The
Two
Pipe
shown
in Fig.
two pipe
several kinds
is
in gen-
system.
YO
A HEATING PLANT FOR YOUR HOME
is
made
just about
it
is
fitted
/iUTOM/JT/C/^/R
V/fLVeFOR
R/?D//?TOR
Fig. 29.
As
A.
it.
M
F^
(^
and
this is the
one that
is
71
is
connected to
29.
^A
in every 10
Two
feet,
shown in Fig.
4
is measured by
and
this
z
Fig. 30.
inch,
side, as
is
m7Tf/ei///
An
is fitted
same
direction.
main
line pipe
escape.
In
on one
The lower
always be even.
heating system.
is
pipes
When
it is
it
with great
off all
is to
vacuum which
pulls
force.
To Find
size
ways.
The
and
this is
found
it is
is
natural gas.
Electric
is to
W/iRM
FRESHES
COLD
R/JDMTOR-
J'RESH
^Jl/R
How to Get
Fig. 31.
How
to Get
Good Ventilation
it,
shown in Fig.
31.
and
The scheme
CHAPTEE V
first
USED
at a complicated macliine it
sight to be built
up
hardly
How
are (a)
nevertheless, true.
is,
weiGHT
^POWEH ^
uyR
fi
FULC/iUM
THELEVER
THE WHEEL
AND
PULLEY
MLE
POWER,
'EIGHT
THE PULLEY
THESCREW
Fig. 32.
The Six
Simpie
Machinks
mechanical
movements,
or
simple
75
suit.
and
wTireel
axle,
NMOa^
I"
Ui:
,^
cfn,
I
o
unnoiru
si
^4>.
<?5
Q^^
1-3.
-^
dn
f/Moa^i
e7
I?
I
(^
it
dft
(4) the inclined "plana, (5) the wedge and (6) the
The wheel and axle and the pulley are only
screw.
76
HOW MACHINES ARE MADE AND USED
advanced forms of the
lever,
you
From
.fiF/XeDPUUr
^f/XEDfim/f
/10Y/?fiL PULLEY
coMB/ui> puaers
FORR/ltS/NG
HE/IVY LO/fOS
"Fig. 34.
^Kjnds of PtmLBTS
as
shown
at
A in Fig.
This instrument
is
35, to
do
simply a
77
it with.
worm
THE AMATEUR MECHANIC
die of which has threads cut on
it.
To
is fixed.
all
fi SPEED INDICfiTOR
r>
WHEEL
SHAFT
RUBBER BEHED
WHEEL
/J SURFACE SPEED
fiTTfiCHMENT
Fig. 35.
It Is Used
revolving shaft.
will
To
the wheel
is,
the
number of
is traveling,
is
78
use
it,
number
the
now
inches,
of revolutions, as
shown on the
dial,
by
number
is traveling.
or a little plainer,
S
where S
is
X E
-^ r
want to
is
find,
E is
number
of revohi-
at.
79
is
to
you get
make
the
make
it
easy to understand.
How to
FLYWHEEL
PULLEY WHEEL
\COUNTER SHAFT
PULLEY WHEEL
Fig. 36.
belt larger
than
is
general
Hence,
if
You
the formula
W = H.P.
where
is
is
80
HOW MACHINES ARE MADE AND USED
H.P.
is
the
to be trana-
mitted and
7
is
How to
a constant.^
when
or glue them,
to lace
it is
To Make a Cement
is
shown
at
Fig. 37.
done.
just right.
splice of this
them
kind
BACK OF BELT
f/KOfBaT
fiCUJaTTBeW
when
Splice.
to fasten
SPUC
However,
Bevel
MtTflL
off
it is
tension,
peg
it
of the belt.
Street,
New York
City.
81
Begin
Lace
crosses over
on the under
shown
at C.
is
steel
punching, as
it
and
side.
This
To use
at
it
to butt the
it
way
Turn
them
It
make a joint.
A Good Belt Dressing. A belt dressing is a
compound used to increase the friction and makes
is
'the
to
mix
it
oil, all
by measure.
ly,
commonly
called, that
is,
toothed
wKftfel
made up
wheels.
we
its
it is
is
some mechanical
an automobile.
The
HOW MACHINES ARE MADE AND USED
There are
are
these
(3)
ordinary kinds
five
(1)
spur
miter gears,
gears,
gears,'
of
internal
(2)
(4)
(5)
and
gears,
crown
gears.
Spur
on
its
Gears.
periphery.
spur gear
The
is
webhed gear
PINION-
RACK
D
fi RACK
mo PINION
M
Tig. 38.
/NTERN/ILGE/}/^
Internal Gears.
An
internal gear
is
an inside, or
83
THE AMATEUR MECHANIC
ring gear, that
is,
it
its
can
set in
it.
a
R
C
D
^
MITER GEARS BEVEL CROWN GE/}R WORM
GE/JRS /MESHING
WTH
GflR.
SPUR G./iR
Gears op Various Kinds
Fig. 39.
Miter Gears.
same
meshing together
at
45 degrees, as shown at
in
Fig. 39.
Pig. 40.
Bevel Gears.
mesh
whose
as shown at B.
teeth
at
84
Gears.
A crown
gear, as
shown
at C, has
teeth of the
it
will
same
size
as bevel gears
spiral gear as
shown
at
and
is
used in
many ma-
WHEEL
R/ITCHET WHEEL
P/iWL
mo
P/?WL
j^^q^
R/ITCHET R/JCK
/)ND P/JWL
Fig.
used
to transmit
angle so that
it
by means of a pawl,
as
shown
at
This
A in Fig. 41.
done
Some-
is
as
shown at B.
Figuring the Size of Crears. (1) When you
want to know the number of teeth a gear must have
to revolve at a given speed when it is run by another
gear the number of whose teeth you know, aU you
have to do is divide the number of teeth of the known
gear by the rate of speed of the wheel you want to find
the number of teeth on and the quotient will be the
answer.
it
86
-witli
80
teetli
or 2
num-
Friction and
What
It
Does. There
no such
is
Even a
sheet
depressions on
it,
you
along
it
it
as it is called.
is
without
it, it is
this
do
is
lot of
wasted energy.
is to
for this
The next
means
it
in machin-
power to overcome
best
much
it
and
thing to
as possible,
ma-
chine.
How to
of friction,
and
and
Where two
Hence,
steel shafts of
to reduce the
machines are
The
The following
sliding friction.
friction alloys
made
friction
is
clearly
*
:
'For bronze and babbitt write the Union Smelting and BeAvenue T) and 14th Street, New York City.
fining Co.,
87
of Alloy
them.
The Use
wnRRiNq.
flXD TO
STELBML^WMJ
%is
B
Fig. 42B.
A Ball Beaking
they
get.
its
proper place.
are
many
(1)
oils,
as lubricants,
soap, soapstone
and each
The following
is
good
lubricants will
For watches,
clocks
and
fine
machinery, use
Tor mineral lubricating oils write the Vacuum Oil Company, Eochester, N. Y., or the Piatt and Washburn Co., 11
Broadway, New York City. For graphite lubricants write
the Joseph Dixon Crucible Company, Jersey City, N. J.
89
been
filtered, or
BRmc
Brno
B/iND FIXED
TOTH/S5m
h WEIGHT
PRONYBRmf
Fh3.
/? S/MPLE
43A. A Dtnamometeb
to Measdbe HOrse
Power
Baume, and a
fiash
where there are high temperatures, mineral oil having a specific gravity of 27 degrees Baume and a
flaah test of 550 degrees Fahrenheit should be used.
90
HOW MACHINES ARE MADE AND USED
These can be mixed with linseed or cotton seed
oil
or tallow.
(5)
mixed together.
(6) For wood use soap or
these can be
graphite.
PULLEY,
CL/iMPSNOe
Q
WE/GHT
'SH^FTOF
SC/?LP/Jf^
/^
Pig. 43B.
/1/9CHINE
P.
91
is
fixed to a support
cator.
You
power needed
by the following formula:
find the horse
p ^ 3.1416 X
to drive the
D XR X
machine
396,000
what you
is
the
is
is
number of
minute,
is
396,000
is
a constant.
if
25 X 1056 X
HP _ 3-1^16 X 396,000
'
10
'
'
92
to turn the
better thougli
brake
is
it.
This
is
Prony brake
CHAPTER yi
PDTTING WIND A2n) WATER POWER TO
The
work
that ia avail-
is
it
we have
WORK
are (X)
(2)
water power.
Wind Powee
To
we
call it,
caused by the
is
it
parts.
and heavy
it
unad, as
in motion
when
it
and
is
a yielding
or
it
is
hit vsdth
when you
fly
slanting kite
down.
it is
it
the
in and
wind
lasted.
94
it
would go on as long
PUTTING WIND AND WATER TO WORK
is
chief
used
(2) the turntable, (3) the main ^aft, (4) the wheel.
SH/IFT
'H^EL
TURN T/JBLt
TOWER
Tig. 44A.
(5) the gears, (6) the tailhone and (7) the van*, or
all of which are shown in Fig. 4- 4-A-
rudder,
The
turntable is
For
Co., 69
steel windmills,
Park Place,
it;
towers and
New York
pumps
City.
95
write to
Woods and
THE AMATEUR MECHANIC
the wlieel, which has radiating
called.
When
sails, as
pumping the
B
Pig. 44B.
is,
A pump
TO
puhproo
THE GE/iRS
Fig. 44C.
pump
below.
96
the mill
is
connects the
that
gear changes the vertical rotary motion into a horizontal rotary motion.
is
the power
up the speed.
Sizes of Windmills for Pumping. The
gears step
follow-
TABLE
Ssse of Windmill
is
of Efficient
Winds. If your
wind-
cut
its
efficiency.
H==^h
where
is
to find,
is
1 is
is
As an example,
98
32
is
8 feet and
tlie
then
feet,
32
-f- 8
= 4 and 4 X
10
= 40 feet
made
of
wood or
for
in heights of
fitted
with swinging
Watee Power
Wliat Water Power Is.Water power is develfall of water from a higher to a
The water
which
tion,
is
is
raised
from a low
level
by evapora-
Then
it is
it
levels.
and thus
By
its
it
its
can
are several
THE AMATEUR MECHANIC
kinds of water wheels, but the chief ones are (1)
the overshot wheel,
(3) the
The
and
first
little
C- UNDERSHOT WHEEL
B-BREfiST WHEEL
Fig. 45.
Fig. 45.
a small amount
is
it
is
100
'
by a
tlie
jet of
nozzle.
the best
is
nozzle can be
known
of
mounted
FROM fl
NEEDLE NOZZLE
01SCH/URGING
CROSS SECTION
OF NEEDLE NOZZLE
.
POTTED. LINES
SHOW POSITION
46A &
B.
in Fig. 46.
This
sets
shown
at
and
at C.
is controlled
by moving the
' For data re the size and power of these wheels write to the
Pelton Water Wheel Co., 90 West Street, New Tork.
101
THE AMATEUR MECPIANIC
needle in and out of the end of the nozzle either by
hand
or
by a governor geared
to the
^When water
main
shaft.
of the Turbine.
This
fl
is
it
tends to straighten
PELTON JET
W/ITER
WHEEL
Fig. 46C.
is, it
because of
Now, in
center
centrifugal force.
is
pro-
it
102
PUTTING WIND AND WATER TO WORK
gram
ter
wheel
is
it
de-
How the Turbine is Made and Works. A verstandard turbine is shown at B and all the
tical
yyHEEL GU/PS OR
-BUCKETS
GU/DES
VUnlf
W/PTEPGOfS
//V//E/?E
JJRPOWS SNOWCOUR5E
OF W/PrER THRCXJGH TURB/NE
Fig. 47A.
Diagram op
How
and
Works
The turbine
on the
sets
is entirely
a Water Turbine
which
is
led to the
is set as
it
LefEel
103
to
James
when
it
is
efficiency.
left the
it is called,
TOPH/}LF
TVRBlNe 5H/)Fr
COUPLING
BOTTOnn^LF'
TOP HALF
GPTESHfiFT^\
COUPLING^f
BOTTOMHtii
TURBINESH/)rr
roPBPflCICET\
r-UNKBOlX
FEET
U...A-/W/f
ri
G/fTePlNION
~
BOTTOM
BRACKET
n ,-'rCI?0WN PL/ITE
G/fTES
&/?TEBQLr
COLUMN
BOTTOM
BOLT
PLATE
{RUNNER
^DlSCHffRGE
CYUNDER
Bottom usrwfi
VIT/}E
BRIOGETREE
Fig. 47B.
^A
STEP
through a concrete or
The weight
104
PUTTING WIND AND WATER TO WORK
and
by being connected direct
power plants, or by being geared
to
it,
as in electric
to a driving pulley.
number of
sizes
PULLEY
HEAP
W/ITER
TAIL
WflTEH
Fig. 47C.
is
lOR
THE AMATEUR MECHANIC
by means of a stream of water having a very smalj
fall.
It has no revolving or moving parts except a
couple of valves, but it develops power in virtue of
the fact that, whenever the flow of a stream of water
is
suddenly cut
off,
on the pressure of
it.
PEUYRY
PIPS
^^^;:^^UPPLY PIPE
'SNIFF
shown in the
HOLE
Fis. 48A.
an impetus valve,
cross section at
all
Ram
of which are
A in Fig. 48.
it is called,
When
at the end.
off
it
the flowing
water.
sets
up a high pressure in
the air
of the water
As soon
the
The space
moment
the pressure
The
sniff
valve
sniffs
is set
up.
it is
sucked in when
In
forced
up
this
way water
is
constantly
hydraulic
ram
is
is sold
each."
Eife
ram
in action
Co.,
is
Boston,
107
THE AMATEUR MECHANIC
What "Head
of
install
first
JNTflKE
rmn
SUPPLY^
PIP
Fig. 48B.
size
water
By
head of water
is
Now,
running or
The
effective head.
static, or
surveyed head as
108
it is called, is
sim-
measured
used.
it
to the lower
To measure
where a
jet
wheel
is
The
net,
running or
effective
head
is
the pressure
_a__^_
^-<
,f\..Sf'?ZQU:fY?tCi
^^^3^1^^^nK^
^^*^^^fa|r^
MWB?
\yJKD STICK
Fig. 49.
How to
.
I
/v9it
loss of pressure
which
of
is
friction.
For a rough
calculation,
it
go
at that.
You
Finally,
ri'HE
AMATEUR MECHANIC
means of
this
formula
G.H.P.
= .00189 X H X
is
is
is
a constant,
30
2,700
153.29
efficient
and
power
by
.80.
.80, or
is
only 122.68.
G^-H X
Q X
40
is
PUTTING WIND AND WATER TO WORK
H
Q
is
is
feet) per
40
is
a constant, and
delivered
to.
the
ram
to deliver this
amount of water
want
at a height
30
per hour.
VOO
84
40
==
840,000
'-
84
10,000 gallons
CHAPTEK
YII
To
turned on.
of Steam.
^When
1 cubic
is
expand until
it
takes
up nearly
1 cubic
foot of space.
When
it boils,
water
is
little
is
it will be.
all,
is
much
112
is
up
heat, that
heat that
is,
One
is
what we
this is
is,
is
stored
it is called.
that
it
energy at
Hence
sensible heat
an engine
there
is
it
in the steam
What Steam
heated to
is
way that
gotten out of
all
it.
make steam
In
the power
water
is
or
from it
and thess are forced out in straight lines like miniature cannon balls.
They keep on going until they
molecules, as they are called, are torn off
containing them.
it sets
an engine
up streams
of force
what
is
scale wlieii
How
steam heating
Different from
are of two kinds and these are (1) the plain, or locomotive, type and (2) the return type.
made up
proper, (2) the fire box and (3) the smoJce box. Small
boilers are nearly always of the upright
kind and
One
large hole, or a
number of small
ones, are
flue,
fire
boiler or else is
made
in the
114
form of a hood
to set
it,
is
from
and smoke
Fig. 50.
the stack.
sets on the same end as and over the fire box, so that
shown
The
in Fig. 51.
115
THE AMATEUR MECHANIC
be used to get up steam
fittings.
it
pump,
in-
SMOKE
STfiCK
FE/7/iSMOKe
F//?
STLRtI OE.UYJiY
BOX
TUBES
.PIPE
FRONT'^
-
SMOKE''
BOX.
Fig. 51.
The water
(1)
An
is fitted to
the in-
pump
is
its
hack pressure.
is fitted to
It
is
formed of
a long,
boiler, as
own
shown
at
in Fig.
52.
size,
its
116
level,
whatever the
may
MAKING THE STEAM ENGINE WORK
be, the level of the
is
made
This
is
can
in without
Fig. 52A.
^The
is
screwed up.
This
THE AMATEUR MECHANIC
tbem with a
file, or,
water gauge
glass cutter.^
(4)
The steam
of the boiler, if
dome,
it is
INTO BOILER
RUBBERW/?SHER-
NUT
GLms TUBE
TH/SENDSCREWS
/NTO BOILER
Fig. 52B.
test steam,
globe valve
it,
will be
is fitted to
steam can be
ba
118
Co.,
used to
fitted
Each one is
and they are shown on the
inventor, is used.
see
pressure of steam, a
A, Fig. 520, so called after
It is
made
in
atC.
One end
is
open and
frame of the
is
connected
The
to
other end
move,
is
and
is closed,
this end,
which
is
free
Now when
The
Bourdon gauge
is
is filled
construction of the
shown
at B.
is
119
If the hand
StPHON
'^TOBOILEIi
NEEDLE
E/XEP
BRfiSSTUBE
ENi
f
END
SCREWS FREE
nPTURP
^^ ^^^^
/N BOILER
THIS END
Fig. 52C.
the cock a
little,
^A
is
120
becomes
sure
must have
off
dangerous.
stationary engines
is
The
for
valve
safety
type, as
It
by a lever pivoted
this
plug
is
fits
held in
end
j/y/////^////
Fig. 52D.
and carrying a
make
How a
Safety Valve
reached,
aU you have
when
To
a given pressure
is
number
Works
kind that
is
blown by steam
is
drical,
and
The
a
cup by means of a standard, and the cup in turn is
Holes are drilled
fastened to the stem of a stopcock.
121
This
is
fixed to
in the cup
it
and
is
the hell
forced
Its construction
j^
=iT
Fig. 52E.
Sizes of
How a
Steam Whistle
Steam Boilers. A
is
Made
and Machine
made by
Co., Paterson,
N.
wood
or
J.
Larger
boilers,
How
gine
is
a Steam Engine
Street,
is
Now,
122
is to
is
power, what
But
the fuel
is
burned in the
fire
box
to the
time the
At
the very
is rotated.
best,
energy that
is
even
Like steam
of steam engines.
only 10 per
is
less.
which I
The Parts of an Engine. For the purpose of explaining the steam engine, let's take one of the horizontal type, because its construction can be seen to
an upright engine.
There are sixteen chief parts to a steam engine,
and these are (1) the steam chest, (2) the slide valve
and its stem, (3) the slide valve stem guide, (4) the
eccentric rod, (5) the eccentric, (6) the cylinder, (7)
ih.e
tiie
pul-
The steam
the steam
123
is
used
which lead
it also
covers
The
slide valve
stem
is
and
that
is,
a chamber a
in which
hemp
little
the steam
and
The end
is
pivoted the
eccentric
rod
The
cylinder, as its
name
implies,
simply a
is
The
this element
is fixed to
its center,
over which
is
a stuf-
acts.
it is
piston rod
bearings fitted to
MAKING THE STEAM ENGINE WORK
to the pin of the cross-head block
to the
S'\^
,?^
f-^
FLYWHEEL
ECCENTRIC
CMNK
SMflFT
PISTON
CONNECTING ROD
^^FUy WHEEL
Fig. 53A.
The crankshaft
is
is
The
keyed on
FLYWHEEL
PISTON
Fig. 53B.
CR/INKj
Side Cross Section
View of a Steam
Engine
the other end of
it.
The
make
all
parts of
125
it
dear.
and
shown
from
the
at C the steam chest is set above and away
cylinder simply so that you can see to better advantage the ports and ducts that connect the steam chest
with the cylinder.
The
slide valve,
through
and the
its eccentric,
pis-
STEflnPiPB
SLIDE Y/iLYE
SLIDE VMYEROD
PO^T
PORT
EXH/JUST
PORT
PI5TONR0D
CYLINDER
PISTON
Fig.
53C.Diagram Showing
How
a Steam Engine
WOEKS
crankshaft so that they move in opposite directions.
The
result is that,
when
You
is
is
end nearest
open.
it
always
covers the latter and one 'of the inlet ports at the
same time.
this
When
it is
open and
of
Steam. The
above
is
the
it
cannot be
is
So to get
it,
all
is
adjusted that
it
is so
127
its stroke,
way
rest of the
What
it
the
along.
its
of the piston,
but
is,
also
it
smoothly.
SUPPOKT
SPRING,
-!<
TOBOtLE^^^^^^//^^^
i/zj/wrxr-KT
iJ
Fig. 54.
How
^A
the
^ CRfiNKSHAFT
BVLCE/J/ZS
Oovemor
Acts.
^A governor is
used to
make
this
It does
the engine run at a constant speed.
by regulating the flow of steam into the steam
chest.
of governor consists of
an upright
spindle which
are driven
by a
levers
belt
are
and a
and
also a collar,
which
slides
128
first
pair
this
is
When
and the
The
down
governor
is
and just as
shown in
it is at
cross-section at
in
Mg. 54
A.
is used
around the piston and piston rod
and the connecting rod. Formerly hemp was largely
used for packing and the stuffing box was filled with
to prevent leakage
To reduce
friction
129
By
heating surface
fire
is
H.S.
where H.S.
is
boiler to
= H.P. X 10
to find,
H.P.
is
know and
is the number
10
As an example,
H.S.
^ 2 X 10,
Then
How
You
can
find, roughly,
Your Engine.
H.P.
PXLXAXE
33,000
where H.P.
is
find,
130
is
this
is
and
is
by
number of
piston squared
is
boiler,
stroke in feet,
the
3.14,
is
known
Substituting these
you have
40
-66
12.56
300
33,000
99,480
*^^
spoo
== ^ ^''^ P"^""-
CHAPTEK
VIII
air,
gas,
and
gasoline
home use
oil
engines furnish
many
advantages for
first
air engine
compared
The
to its size.
fire
Any boy
who can
build
or girl
grown person.
little
And, further,
is
How
the
The
chief
'Hot
Murray
by the Eider-Eriessoa
New York
City.
132
Co.,
it,
20
USING OTHER HEAT ENGINES
1^
.StlPPOKT
Fig. 55.
Cross Section of a
133
on which
it is
fire hox,
aH
Now when
box it heats
the bottom of the expansion cylinder and, on giving
a
fire is built
in the
fire
in
it
moves down.
the* cylinder.
When
it
contracts, and, as
The power
piston
is
upon
it is called.
grees,
when
is,
When it is heated,
fire
heats
it
once more.
aU over
again.
is
developed
first
and, on cooling,
by
it.
134
a good draft
is
needed.
5-iiicli
stove pip
fire
is
This
gas engine
it is
is
its
better than a
first
cost
is
it
closely,
it is
Otherwise
because
it is
the sud-
its
connecting rod,
(3) the air and gas inlet valve, (4) the exhaust valve,
(5) the camshaft and cam, (6) the timing gears, (7)
135
THE AMATEUR MECHANIC
the crankshaft, on which are the pulley and flywheel,
PLUG
INLET
mLV
EXHAUST
VMVI
P/5T0N
CONNECT
/N&
ROD
CAM
TIMING
GE/IR5
Fig. 56.
The
and
136
air
This
cylin-
lets
the
USING OTHER HEAT ENGINES
plosive charge is called, into the cylinder.
opens
it
cam
ture.
The exhaust
valve
out the
is
is
is
opened
humt gases by
the
at the right
time to
let
^^"^"'^'-^/RON
TUBE
HOT TUBE
CYLINDER
OFNG//V
TO Q/f3 SUPPLY
-A
BUNSEN
BURNER
Tig. 57.
In automobile
cylinder
is
set in the
system.
Igniter.
This
13Y
is
a very simple
is
still
has a hole in
it,
by a gas flame,
The shell
and the steel tube is kept red-hot
The igniter
as shown in Fig. 57.
B/ITTERV
SWITCH
PRIM/1RY CIRCUITS
r?^
n^^
i
0j
5P/IRK
Fig.
is
TIMER
COIL
58. A Battery Ignition
SP/)RK
PLUCt
System
latter, so that
Electric
Spark Systems.
it.
electric
The
plug.
The timer
is
cam
that
is
138
when
it
rotates
and spark
coil circuit.
spark
The
magneto
is
a small
dynamo
electric
machine
and
INIEBRUPKW
GROl!N0_
Fig. 59.
A Magneto Ignition
System
It is driven
of the system
is
by a shaft geared
is also
the timer.
shown in Fig.
first
there
is
diagram
59.
How
to the crank-
gas engine*
engine, since in
principle.
139
stroke
is
a power stroke.
cylinder gas engine, and each diagram shows a different stroke of the piston, also whether the valves
<CRANKSMFT
THE
THE
POWER
STROKE
Tig. 60.
To
get a
crankshaft,
STROKE
How a
making
making a com-
stroke.
140
When
charge
of
its
is
a kot tube
is
enough in
itself
to
is
not hot
is
But when
it
ex-
make
is
the spark
How
is
the same.
The only
difference between
them
lies in
the fact
that the former has an air and gas inlet valve or rmx-
are (1) the gasoline supply control and (2) the spray
making apparatus. The gasoline supply is controlled,
as you will see at A in Fig. 61, by a needle valve
fitted to a fioat and as the gasoline fills the chamber
141
from the
tank.
its
free
float
end vehich
zle is placed
is
turned up.
GASOUNETflNKX
TO INTAKE
MANIFOLD OF
ENGINE
SPRING
V^/ISOUNE
SUPPLY VALVE
VALVE
AUXILLARY
AIH yALVt~--~~:B
NEEDLE VALVE
PRIM/NGPIN
CHECK
YALVr
DRAIN VALVE
is
'^'^'P
How a
^fJ^^
Carbubetor
Works
a mixing chamber.
this pipe it breaks
Now when
up
air is
drawn
into
which
is
drawn
>
into
the
cylinder
of
the
en-
gine.
How
engines are
USING OTHER HEAT ENGINES
kerosene or crude
oil for
tank,
and
which should
Fig. 62.
The
oil is
is
shown in
placed, as
pumped from
COMBUSTION JNJECT/OM
PUMP IMBP/C^TOP
CH/tnBER
/?/R
SUCTION
P/P
miNBEPRING
Fig. 62.
gine,
and the
oil
in
it is
Tank Underground
From
a spray.
is
is
When the
engine
drawn
is
oil that is
taken into
is
connected
The
mixing valve
is also
some-
which
is
thrown in a
The
it is
This acts as a
and makes the operation of the engine more economical without reducing the power.
The water must
not be turned on until the engine has been running
for some time, and it must be shut off a little while
before the engine
is
be left dry.
To
start
an
is used, it is a
good scheme to
144
fill
where crude
oil
gine will he
Sizes
gine.
The
hased
pump
pump
water.
the-
Thus
feet;
feet.
and 10 inches
to
160
New
York.
City.
as economical to
is
not available,
mover.
but,
where gas
Church
&
Street,
New York
City,
Co., Chicago.
145
know
The
up
to those large
An
the
oil
amount
of gasoline used
obvious that
it costs
kerosene as
much
much
as gasoline,
about a fourth as
much
to
on
the heavier
For small
oils.*
oil
&
111.,
H.P.
D^
XN
2.5
whpre H.P.
D^
is the
is
146
is
2f
inches, then
2.752
J-L.X
CHAPTER IX
HOW
TO HITCH UP POWER
Wherever you
live
or a
steel tower,
inside of
horizontal shaft
it.
place,
want
and
is
geared to a
keyed
When
to run.
a feed cutter,
com
like.
as,
sheUer, circular
148
made
for instance,
Many
down
it.
vertical shaft
Electricity.
to generate elee-
tricity
by using a windmill
is
as a
so variable
run.
work without
cost
may
pulley.
To
that
Streets, Brooklyn,
New
York, for a copy of their Bltie Book of Rope Transmission which they will send you gratis. In it you
will find out everything that is
known about
trans-
Where power
is to
fitted
electricity.
with a governor to
battery.
This
ar-
How
to
is
the ideal
power for running aU kinds of machinery in general and dynamos in particular, because it is steady,
continuous and easy to regulate. Where gas, gasoline or oil can be
little
work
it isn't
used to
fire
to keep a steam
the boiler,
it
takes but
150
dynamo can be
nm
at a
using countershafting.
one, the armature of the dynamo, that is, the revolving element, can be connected direct to the crank-
com
shellers
It is not a good
How
to
is
when a
it.
is
en-
151
in upkeep.
You
"tbe
can't beat it as a
farm, for
it
But,
if
for lighting,
cuits.
than an
oil
In
these days
when
so
many
many
it
on timbers or on a concrete
foundation.
How
to Use
Your Automobile
as a
Power
Plant.
when
152
HOW TO HITCH UP POWER
rubber
tires
latter to revolve.
How
Make a
to
Friction Drive.
To
make
the
^1
.ffUTO
^PILLOW BLOCK
34-
end.
/}
^Details op
A in Fig.
The
it is
of cast iron.
at B.
6 inches
as
shown
at
63.
hole
ing so that
it
made
in two parts
can be
is 1 inch in diameter
oiled.
The
lihat
sticks
round them,
sticks,
bolts,
it
inches from each end, and then bolt the sticks together.
roUers.
buy
shown
at C.
Have one
of them
is
rollers
Then
each
Cily.
154
run
Drive these
true.
Oia
can be
shown
at
On
the
RE/}/?
WHEELS
-^./
OF /)UTOMOB/LEs r
DRIVE
PULLEY
/9
tW^
Fig. 64.
^A Motor
is to
cost,
The
is shown at 0.
must be made so that you can
back the car onto the rollers and this is easily done
by nailing a few boards to a couple of angle blocks.
Finally, a run.way
155
run
as
shown in
Fig. 64.
To find the horse power of the engine, see ChapVI; and to find the size and the speed of the
ter
CHAPTEE X
HOME ICE-MAKING MACHINE
INSTALLING A
While
it is
another matter to
a small scale.
make
mometer
it is
is
quite
Hence, ice
it is
is
summer
when
and,
the ther-
man
at fabulous prices to
What
mean
Cold
Is.
is
is
cold
we
lower than
human
point of water.
is
This, as
you found
"in
Chapter IV,
degree on the
centigrade
thermometer.
But the
means
The tem-
is
no more heat in
and
15-7
it.
all of its
this is
point,
heat
273 degrees
on the centigrade
tries
cool
by putting
it
is intense,
drinking water
kept
is
wind
will
blow on them.
As the water seeps through the pores of the jar
and reaches the surface, the wind evaporates it and
this rapid evaporation keeps the water cool. An experiment to illustrate cooling by evaporation
it
is
to
in the
What Condensation
Is.
^In
physics condensation
which
ice,
is
Again,
a
is
still
if
salt,
To compress a
that is needed
is
to
draw
it
a piston against
is
it.
In ice-making
aH
It
About Ice-MaMug Machines. Ice-making machines in general use today are worked with two
Ammonia
making ice on a large scale use ammonia, or ammonia gas, as it is called. This must not be eonfounded with the so-called liquid ammonia sold in
stores,
lot of
which
is
Ammonia
easily made
is
is
really
ammonia
water.
form when
it is
It
is
chilled
back to
its
doing
it
These properties of
advantage of in the
artificial
Mercury freezes at
39.5
so
are taken
manufacture of
Fahrenheit.
159
it
Jn
ice.
T/JNKS
GO HERE
.3/^/NBT/?/V/C
VMTER
Fig. 65.
is
the one
160
is
is
that
all
is
it
muoh
easier
needed to liquefy
in a freezing mix-
ture
sure than
pressure.
ammonia
is
is called,
joints, the
is,
its
sealed air-
of the machine.
is
shown in
cross section in
shell,
The
on the
its
compressor, as the
it is
pump
is called,
hangs on
that
and Madison
Ave.,
is sold
by The Johns-ManviUe
New York
City.
161
Co., 4l8t
St
The
amount
hollow shaft.
the correct
drum through
The
the pipe.
refrigerator
drum
is fixed
Casing
Fig. 66.
^A
drum through
is left
and
it
it
between the pipe and the hollow shaft to the compressor drum,
where
it
is
liquefied.
162
filled
with brine
is
connected to a coil
drum
sets in is
The
fnW
REFmG/iATOR^
by
called,
insulated, that
is,
covered, to
The
better they
ing the
The
ice.
Company, 50 Church
St.,
is
New York
How
tor
mains
cork.
must
St.
City.
also
If you
named, you will have one that will keep out heat
as well or better than any you could buy.
The
named in the
up from the outside
materials are
order in which
to the inside of
Making. The
Ice
steel.
follow-
ing of
ice.
(2)
Water
(1)
it is
not at
all
When raw
the impurities in
water
is
water
it to
is
frozen
the center.
it
tends to force
The slower
164
the
(3) If
is stirred
it is
The
(4)
which
rate at
it
it
takes
To
(5)
it
until
ice, fill
it is
partly frozen.
Then
while
it is
What
freezing as before.
It Costs to
Make Ice. To
made
cost of harvesting,
season.
The
cost to
make
ice
too,
with an
ice
machine varies
it is based on
is
used,
CHAPTEK XI
ELECTRICITY IN THE
Now, while
is,
it
must
electaricity is
first
it
that
What
to
Know About
to imderstand
works
if
how
Electricity. It
it
easy
is
it,
and
as it is called, (2) that it has pressure, or electromotive force, as it is termed, to drive the current along,
is, it
is
flowing
rent.
From
this
you
vrill
166
come
^When
the
the positive, or
Now
it is called,
quantity
the
of
it
side.
current
or
electricity,
is
called,
The
latter.
To measure
the
through a wire, or
is
used.
ampere
is
it.
flowing
the
wire
having a resistance of 1 ohm. The amount of current is measured by an instrument called an ammeter.
The pressure
volt.
A volt
16Y
electromotive force
is
often called
with a pressure of 32
volts.
Ohm.
^A
wire of whatever
it.
ampere through
it.
An
400
of about 1 ohm.
measured with a
easy to figure it if you know
Resistance
it is
is
The Relation Between Current, Pressure, and Re^From the above you will see that there is
definite
relation
a
between current, pressure and resistance.
This being true, it is obvious that, if you
know the value of any two of them, you can easily
sistance.
To do
168
de-
by
and power and these are (1) direct current and (2)
While both of these can be used
equally well for lighting and heating, direct current
is better for running motors, and the cost of direct
alternating current.
current motors
is less
motors.
But for
is
ordinary work
How
all
Dynamo
a
simple machine and
Is
install
Hence, for
a direct current
it is called.
Made. A dynamo
consists of
169
is
a very
which the currents are set up, and (2) the field magnets hetween whose poles the armature rotates.
The armature is formed of a core of very soft iron
and lengthwise on this a large number of turns of insulated copper wire are
coils,
coil are
How a
Fig. 68.
Cuebent
is
Set Up in a Moving
Wire
The commutator
is
made up
of a
number
of cop-
tator.
The
field
magnets are
lYO
also
made
of very soft
ELECTRICITY IN THE HOME
iron and these are
wound with
How a Dynamo
way
to
magnet, as shown at
The
instant
A in Fig.
you do
68.
galvanom-
F/ELD
FIELD
M/)GNET
MAGNET
LOOP OFW/RE
WIRE c/Rcuir
Fig. 69.
this
is flow-
up in the wire.
To make the wire cut the lines of magnetic force,
form it into a loop, as shown in Fig. 69, and fix it to
a spindle with a crank. When you turn the crank
is set
171
first
up
every time the loop moves from one pole to the other
the current set
up in it changes
its direction.
Hence,
By
soft iron,
SHUNT
CIRCUIT
L/IMP50R
OTHER LO/ID
Fig. 70.
greater, for
Uunugh
air
How
is
Wound
To make
a Dynamo
up in
the wire.
up
in the coils
mutator.
made up
there
For every
of a large
must be a pair
coil
number
is
of separate
and oppositely
set
way
them magnetized.
In
sadirons,
Fig. 71.
Dynamos
^A
wound
The
are
Electric
days, that
is,
in different
in Centennial
173
power
is
know
first
or
Then
W=
cur-
X E
H.P. =-
CXE
746
if
H.P.
X 30
= 6 746
180
or H.P.
or H.P.
746
174
J horse power,
How
^When two
To
dynamo must be
it is
charged
To make
shown in Fig.
Y2.
The
and each
plates.
This
is to
charged.
two negative
when the
cell is
to
keep them
or
made
is,
a solu-
and water.
All of the negative plates of a group are connected
together and all of the positive plates of a group
are connected together and all together they form an
Finally, an element in a jar filled with
element.
electrolyte forms a cell, see Fig. 72, and two or
tion
more
cells
How to Use a
175
can be eharged
-POSITIVE
NE&flmE
STRfiP
NiGflTlVE
GROUP
POSITiyE
GROOP
PUTTING THE
WOOP
ELEMENTlNjm.
SEPmffTOR
WOOD
^EPffRfiTOR
SUPPING IN THE
SEPflRflTO/ZS
THE ClLREftOr
PORi/SjE
Tig.
72.-
The Pabts
op a Storage Battery
176
"with
will deliver
cell
has an
number
For
circuits is
volts.
sizes,
many lamps
light as
A
it
battery
it
as
rated by the
is
number
of
ampere hours
will give.
deliver 1
at
is,
As an example,
keep 1 lamp
of.
lit
is to
connect the
Instruments. The
dynamo with the storage
Its
This
current.
This
and
it
is
is
a panel of hard
has on
it
fiber,
or better, of slate,
177
THE AMATEUR MECHANIC
The
//V
TOLIGHTS
/?SJSTmC'
ST/)RTING
SWITCH
Fig. 73.
The
By
turning
it
is
The automatic
cutout,
when
There
the battery
is also
is fully
charged.
178
ELECTRICITY IN THE HOME
when you want to start the engine pull the handle
down and it closes the dynamo and storage battery
circuit.
The current from the latter flows into the
former and runs
current at
up
and,
as a motor.
the engine.
the switch
it
when
the
is started,
dynamo
is
you throw
generating
SWITCHBOARD
OILENGJNE
3T0RflGB BATTERY
DYNfiMO
Fig. 74.
age battery.
The
from
They are made of a lead and
tin alloy
power
Figs.
electric
plants.
Wire
Line. For a 32
is
power plant
THE AMATEUR MECHANIC
be more than 500
voltage on the line
forming
it
Where
may
is a dto-p of
no matter how large the wires
feet,
because there
be.
is
to be
must be used.
Bare
sw/rcH jj-i
BOfiRD CotT'
'0/L
ENGINE
Fig. 75.
lines.
Park Place,
New York
Cily.
180
ELECTRICITY IN THE HOME
Inside wire must be fastened to the walls either with
porcelain knobs, so that they ynll be kept 1 inch
from the
made
wall, or put in
wood
away
or metal molding
in metal ducts.*
it is called.
-z
POWER
Heating Apparatus and Motoes are
Connected Up in PaeaUjEL
^Lamps,
Fig. 76.
What an
will
Do. Above
all it
bam
'
how
by
'
'
New
Tork.
^
181
'
The Book of
by D. Apple-
power
to
it
will give
coffee mill,
rator,
dishwasher, grindstone,
cream
freezer,
horse
you
cream sepa-
clippers,
ice-
etc.
and, finally
CHAPTEE XII
USEFUL RULES AND TABLES
TABLE
Number and WeiglA
of Pine Shingles to
Cover
Square of
Roof
1 square
Number
10]
of inches exposed to
weather
Weight
of
square in
shingles
pounds
on
900
800
720
655
600
216
192
173
157
144
TABLE
Amoimt
of
III
Size
to
Arithmetical Rules
diameter by 0.3183.
Knowing Circumference
(1)
Knowing Circumference
to
To Find
the
Area of a
Circle.
by
3.1416, or (2)
multiply the square of the diameter by .7854, or (3) multiply the square of the circumference by .07958, or (4)
multiply the circumference by i of the diameter.
To Find
To Find
of the outer circle, or (2) multiply the sum of the diameters of the two circles by the difference of the diameters
.7854.
To Find
To Find
185
To Find
To Find
the
sides.
Area of a Trapezium.
Divide the
triangles,
To Find
is,
square
it,
and
To Find
by
6.
To Find
INDEX
Absolute zero, 157
Action of water pumps, 59
Area,
how
of trapezium, 186
of trapezoid, 186
of triangle, 185
Arithmetical
rules,
some
useful, 185
Alloys, anti-friction, 87
Aluminum
Automatic
Ammeter
switchboard,
for
177
159
machines,
refrigerating
water sup-
gas, 159
liquid,
air
ply system, 55
Ammonia, 159
'
to find, of solid
how
to
use,
152
Auto-pneumatic water supply system, 55
159
Babbitt bearings, 87
water, 159
Ampere, hour
Ampere, unit
defined, 177
current
of
strength, 167
Anti-friction
alloys,
87
how
cle,
Basement
walls, 26
Battery electric spark igniter, 138
Bearings, Babbitt, 87
Architect's scale, 2
Area,
Ball bearings, 88
to find, of cir-
ball,
of an ellipse, 185
phosphor-bronze, 88
of a parallelogram, 186
of
sector
of
88
bronze, 87
185
circle,
roller, 88
Belt dressing, 82
how
185
187
to lace a, 81
INDEX
Brine mains, how to in-
Belt dressing,
how
to splice a, 181
sulate, 163
lacing, metal, 82
needed,
how
to find the
80
size of a,
splice cement, 81
splices, kinds of, 81
Bevel gears, 83, 84
Blue book of rope transmission, 150
Board
Builder's hardware, 26
Building, frame of
11
feet,
a,
30
Concrete
measure-table, essex, 11
129
it is,
steam,
see
Steam
for, 26
chimneys for, 26
comparative
cost
boil-
er
Boiling point, 65
water,
kinds
25
piling for, 26
roofing for, 26
table,
shingles for, 31
siUs for, 30
studding
30
finish,
26
walls for, 26
Brickwork, bonds
measuring, 36
mortar for, 33
waU
bricks
for,
weather-boards for, 31
35
Build
your
house,
you, 25
thickness,
thick
and
Caliper, 16
per
superfoot, 36
bricks
ficial
for,
trim and
laying, 35
of
of,.
plastering for, 26
10
Breast water wheel, 100
Bricks and brickwork, 33
colors of, 33
kinds of, 33
table
26
floors for,
35
Brace measure
of,
25
188
micrometer, 16
vernier, 15
when
INDEX
Carburetors
gasoline
for
engine, 141
ings, 25
Carpenter's level, 20
173
rule, 1
steel square,
and
Carpenters'
level,
Cement
Concrete, 41
mason's
aggregate, 41
28
blocks, 43
building with, 40
belt splice, 81
Centigrade
thermometer,
thermometer
how
how
15Y
for,
Centigrade
scale, 64
Centimeter defined, 1
Centrifugal force of water,
102
Centrifugal pump,
how
42
to mix, 42
to place, 43
lean mixture, 42
machinery, 44
medium mixture, 42
mixtures of, 42
it
works, 59
rich mixture,
standard
area of a sector of
a,
185
circumference of a, 185
a, 185
surfaces, finishing,
what
41
Condensation,
radius of a, 185
Clutch for an internal combustion engine, 135
Cold, see Cooling
Cold, see Freezing mixtures
how
it
is
it
158
mains, 164
produced,
of,
25
comparative,
buildings,
15T
25
harvesting
caliper, 15
making
what
it is,
44
is,
means, 158
Cooling
by evaporation,
158
Cold, what
the,
42
diameter of
Cold,
a,
mixture,
ice,
ice,
165
165
woods, relative, 32
Creosoted wood, 32
189
INDEX
Crown
gears, 83, 85
Electric, 73
heating plants, 73
concrete, 42
169
it is set
con-
alternating, 169
how
it
169
sists of,
ampere, 167
direct,
what
installation,
Current, 169
up in a
what
plant,
wire,
170
will
it
do,
181
between
relation
switchboard for,
pjants,
pres-
177
power
168
storage battery
wiU
parts
plant,
of.
169
de-
175
strength, 167
liver,
ume
of
a,
186
Electrical rules,
fundamen-
168
Electricity, 148
tal,
Diameter of a
find,
circle,
to
ampere, 167
48
electromotive
of
water
force
and
resistance
168
watt,
Efficiency
power
into, 148
wind
changing
185
unit
of
electric
power, 173
tur-
bine, 103
190
INDEX
Electromotive force, relation between pressure,
current and,
168
and
Electromotive force
the volt, 16Y
Electrolyte
for
storage
170
Pasteur water, 48
Filtering, water to purify
it, 47
Finish for buildings, 26
Finishing
concrete
surFilter,
battery, 1Y5
faces,
185
Energy, 113
114
Flash point of lubricants,
90
Flexible rules, 5
Gasoline, see
air,
power
line,
Flume
see
of
Fireplace, cozy, 66
Fire underwriters, national
board of, 146-181
113
of steam, 112
Hot
oil,
58
Formula
air
table,
11
cooling
by,
158
Eahrenheit
157
scale, 64
Earm,
thermometer,
electricity
103
gaso-
gas,
145
Evaporation,
a,
63
of,
44
175
tery,
change
Eire,
for finding,
amount
amperes (current
strength), 168
on
the,
166
ellipse, an,
185
parallelogram,
191
a,
186
INDEX
Formula for
area
of
of
sector
ity of a
185
circle, the,
solid
finding,
Frame
part of a ring,
186
trapezoid, a, 186
triangle, a, 185
circumference of a
cle,
of a building, 30
Framing
185
trapezium,
Framing
carpen-
square,
ter's,
a,
12
table, rafter,
Freezing,
how
cir-
prevent
to
water
pipes from, 60
185
diameter
185
water tank,
54
of
mixtures, 158
circle,
point, 65
heating
of
surface
steam
boiler,
130
Friction, 87
height of buildings, 98
how
horse power of
lubricants to reduce, 89
boiler,
129
a,
rolling, 89
sliding, 87
what
91
87
drive
(transmis-
sion), 152
combustion
engines, 146
steam engine, a, 130
water wheel, a, 109
ohms (resistance), 168
radius of a circle, 185
belt needed, a, 80
gears, 86
pulley, a, 79
internal
volts
it does,
Friction
Frost box,
how
make
to
when a
Frozen, what to do
water pipe
Fuel, 135
hot air engine,
is,
for,
143
and volumes
a,
of,
186
135
cylinder, a, 186
sphere,
61
(electromotive
of,
a,
60
force), 168
volume
to reduce, 87
Galvanometer, 171
Gas engine, 135
192
184
INDEX
Gas engine,
how
how
it
Gears,
works, 139
of,
137
igniters for,
a,
135
timing gears
for,
137
heaters, 73
how
Gases,
windmill, 95
worm, 85
146
parts of
Gas
webbed, 83
to liquefy, 159
Gasoline engine,
carburetors for, 141
how
it works, 141
Gasoline engines, 146
how
to find horse
of,
Gasoline
oil
power
146
power,
how
engine,
throttling
144
Gravel or crushed stone for
concrete, 42
Gravity water supply sysfor,
to
tem, 51
use, 151
Gross
Gauge, 53
horse
power
of
air pressure, 53
water, 53
Hardware,
Gauges, 21
some
Head
useful, 21
testing, for,
84
crown, 83, 85
how
26
20
Gears, 83
bevel, 83,
builders',
of water,
find,
98
Height of windmills, 98
High pressure steam boil-
86
internal, 83
miter, 83, 84
ers,
114
Home, 166
plain, 83
spoked, 83
electricity in the,
spur, 83
handy book, 47
ice
193
166
INDEX
Home,
Horizontal
tubular
steam.
144
Horse power, 129
how
to
69
Heat,
boilers,
boiler,
how
how
measure,
129
unit
how
to find,
146
measuring
prony
with
to find,
how
fireplace, the,
electric,
191
steam
68
engine,
find,
to
130
how
of,
66
74
steam, 70
steam gauge
for,
72
Heating
surface
of
a
steam boiler, how to
130
figure,
Heating
and
ventilating,
66
air furnace, 67
air power,
66
gas, 73
Hot
Hot
your
home, a, 63
Heating plants, 67
how
66
of,
what it is, 63
Heating plant for
brake, 91
chine,
measured, 66
warms a room, 65
uring, 91
gines of,
it is
it
to use,
How to build
40
134, 151
194
with concrete,
INDEX
How
How
to build a refrigerator,
How
How
How
How
How
164
a carburetor
made,
is
ellipse,
185
141
parallelogram, 186
a carburetor works,
141
cold
is
solid part
a current is set up in
a wire, lYO
a dynamo generates
How
a dynamo
169
How
a dynamo
How
to figure,
made,
is
wound,
triangle, 185
circumference of a
cle, 185
of
cir-
circle,
horse power,
173
height of buildings, etc.,
98
horse power
electrical
amperes, 168
capacity of a water tank,
54
heating
surface
steam
boiler,
of
130
a,
129
internal
combustion
steam engine, of
ohms, 168
a,
130
80
168
to find,
gears, 86
heating plants, 73
pulley, 79
110
area,
circle,
trapezoid, 186
185
172
volts,
trapezium, 186
diameter
is
of a ring,
186
produced, 158
current, 171
How
to find,
area,
of flywheel, 77
185
195
INDEX
INDEX
How
How
to read,
micrometer, 16
ten-thousandths micrometer,
How
How
How
How
How
to splice a belt, 81
How
How
How
oil
How
a steam gauge is
made, 119
steam is measured,
How
113
steam
whistle
is
works, 121
How
a storage battery
How
made, 125
to tell good lumber,
28
is
planimeter, 23
a steam boiler is
made, 114
a steam engine is
made, 122
a steam engine works,
126
a steam gauge acts,
made and
power
oil engine,
113
How
as a
carpenter's rule, 2
144
How
to use,
dynamo, 151
121
an
power,
plant, 152
to reduce friction,
87
a safety valve is
made, 121
to start
transmit
an automobile
19
vernier caliper, 15
How
to
149
protractor, 23
triangular scale, 4
15
water power, 149
wind power, 148
How a water gauge is
made, IIY
How a water turbine is
made, 103
How a water turbine
works, 102
How water wheels work,
100
House, when you build
your, 25
Hydraulic ram, 105
how it is made, 106
how it works, 106
197
vernier,
INDEX
Hydraulic ram, to find the
amount of water delivered by a, 110
Hydraulic rams,
capacity of, 107
sizes of, 107
Internal gears, 83
Iron pipe,
for plumbing, 61
sizes for plumbing, table of, 62
of,
165
mains
insulating
mains
brine
163
for,
see
164
for,
also
Kinds of,
steam boilers, 114
steam engines, 123
Kinetic heat
113
in
steam,
Refrigerating
Lace a
machines
Ice making, 165
how
belt,
Lacing, metal
'
to,
belt,
81
82
157
machines, 159
Laying
Laying
brine tanks
right angles, 7
Igniter,
electric spark,
Length of
138
for
gas
engine,
combustion
gine,
Gas engine
pump
is
made, how
the, 57
Lighting
the
home with
a storage
177
see
12
137
Internal
rafters,
Level, upright, 20
out,
octagon or 8-8quare, 9
163
of,
brick, 35
en-
Lime
battery,
for mortar, 34
198
INDEX
Locomotive steam
boilers,
114, 115
Lubricants,
brickwork, 36
heat, 66
how
to use, 89
kinds
of,
namometer, 91
and tools, 1
89
specific gravity
90
of,
rules
Lumber, 26
how
stonework, 38
Mechanical movements, 75,
28
see Seasoning
to
tell,
76
inclined plane
lever
pulley
screw
Machine,
how
to find horse
wedge
power
needed to drive a, 91
ice making, 157
Machines, how made and
Machinery, windmills
running, 97
for
Machinists' scale, 2
Magnetic
lines
of
force,
171
how
Measure,
brace table, 10
Essex board table, 11
Eoe tape, 7
16
to read a, 16
reading
niter, 139
it,
159
used, 75
to
ten-thou-
sandths, 19
Mixtures of concrete, 42
Mortar,
brickwork, for, 33
lime
199
for,
34
INDEX
Mortar,
sand
34
for,
stonework, for, 37
Motor
car,
how
power
rule, 5
to use as a
plant, 152
146-181
Pitch of rafters, 12
Octagon or 8-square,
lay-
Pitches, table of
Ohm,
of
resistance,
Placing concrete, 43
Plain gears, 83
Planimeter, the, 23
of
operation,
unit
168
Oil engine,
economy
145
Plumb,
the,
how
Plumb
glass,
mixing valve
throttling
for, 143
governor for,
144
to find horse
of,
20
20
Plumbing,
a word on, 61
Oil engines,
how
common,
13
power
145
for, 62
Pneumatic
Portland cement.
Atlas, 45
Packing for
stuffing
water
system, 51
box-
129
Parallelogram, to find area
of, 186
es,
200
concrete, for, 45
made,
how, 41
is
stucco, for, 38
tested, is
how, 41
supply
INDEX
Pulleys, split, 154
Pump,
steam, 113
action of,
Poweir,
how
how
centrifugal, 60
force, 58
source of
all useful,
lift pumps, 59
automatic air or autopneumatic, 56
is made,
94
water, 99
wind, 94
Power of
engines, 145
how a centrifugal, 59
how a lift, 57
how the force, 58
gas
gasoline
hot air
Pumps,
oil
Power of a hot
how
to use an automo-
Padiators
57
Padius of a
plants
Kafter framing
compared,
12
buildings, for, 30
112
transmission,
length, rise
fric-
how
wood,
Bam,
to,
of,
see
Hydraulic ram
Patchet,
racks and pinions, 85
and pitch
12
how
to,
60
meas\ir-
wheels, 85
ies,
177
Befrigerators,
kinds
159
Pulley, the, 76
to find the size of,
79
table,
Eafters,
Preserve
32
circle, to find,
185
Power
heating
for
how
water,
plant,
bile as a, 152
Power
of
146
Power
kinds
58
air eng^ine,
Befrigerating machines,
ammonia, 159
201
of,
INDEX
Refrigerating machines,
Rules,
how
Kefrigerator,
electric wiring,
flexible,
to huild
pressure
measuring,
useful
current,
and
resist-
in-
ing plants, 67
between
181
combustion
ternal
Relation
and using
installing
164
a,
for,
for, 1
arithmetical,
Rules and
tables, useful,
185
183
ance, 168
Sand,
Resistance,
how
box, 168
ohm, and
between
relation
pres-
current
sure,
Safety
168
architects'
ists',
how
a ring,
how
rafters, 112
Rope,
Seasoning,
blue
eter, 64
Scotch glass for tubes for
water gauge, 117
Screw, the, 76
Rolling friction, 87
Roofing materials, 26
book
hot
air,
28
natural, 28
150
wood, 27
heat
113
Rule,
carpenter's boxwood, 1
makers'
Roller bearings, 88
transmission,
and machin-
lar,
tape measure, 7
pattern
is
gular, 2
185
of,
it
works, 121
Scale,
out, 7
Roe
how
valve,
made and
and,
Rise of
to test, 41
mortar, for, 34
the, 168
Sensible
shrink-
age, 3
in
steam,
triangular boxwood, 2
62
202
INDEX
Starrett vernier caliper, 15
Sewage,
tank system, 62
septic
word
Steam, energy
of,
184
Shingles,
roofs, for, 31
table
113
in,
number
of
and
weight, 183
Shrinkage
rule,
pattern
30
whistle, 121
makers', 5
113
in,
Steam
Sizes of,
engines, 145
boiler,
114
fittings of a,
gas
globe valve
gasoline
safety valve
hot air
steam
steam
steam
steam
water
water
oil
steam
boilers,
122
Sliding friction, 87
Speed,
indicator, 77-131
shaft, pulley or flywheel,
how
how
to find the, 77
gravity
of
lubri-
cants, 90
a,
how
to,
pump
of,
130
face of
how
to
a,
find
130
the
horse
power of a, 129
how it is made, 114
safety valve for, 121
water for gauge, 116
water intake pipe for,
116
81
cement belt, 81
Split pulleys, 154
Spoked gears, 83
Splice,
what
Sprocket wheels, 85
Spur gears, 83
Square, carpenter's
whistle
gauge
186
Splice a belt,
delivery pipe
gauge
gauge cocks
heating surface
surface or peripheral, 78
Specific
112
of,
on, a, 61
steel,
boiler horse
is,
203
129
powei
INDEX
Steam
Storage battery,
boilers,
ampere hour
114
locomotive, 114
sizes of, 122
upright tubular, 114
cell,
kinds
of,
electromotive force of
a,
current
to figure horse
power
a,
how
how
how
flywheel acts on
element
how
made, 122
works, 126
for
parts of
rating
stuffing
boxes, 129
to put it on, 39
mortar for, 88
ways of using, 38
Bourdon, 119
Stucco
how
to
made, 119
150
for, 39
129
Sulphur dioxide,
113
gas, 159
make
49
Stone and stonework, 37
Stonework,
measuring, 38
mortar for, 37
to
machines,
refrigerating
how
mortar,
make, 40
113
Still,
177
how
Steam gauge,
it is
176
a,
of,
Stucco,
it acts,
for,
how
how
175
it is
177
it is
it
for,
made, 175
lighting the home,
128
packing
deliver,
will
it
177
of a, 130
how a
177
Steam engine,
how
defined, 177
160
a,
Superficial
foot
in brick-
work, 36
Surface speed,
the,
204
78
how
to find
INDEX
Switch, double throw, 177
Switchboard, 177
ammeter
automatic cut-out
double throw switch
Tank,
how
fuses
to figure capacity of
a,
home
54
54
size of water,
parts of a
voltmeter
Temperature,
Table,
boiling point, 65
be raised, 183
defined, 65
anti-friction alloys, 88
freezing point, 65
human
umes of
187
fuels,
brace measure, 10
Essex board measure, 11
number and weight of
points, 65
normal, 157
shingles, 183
rafter framing,
relative
costs
12
of woods,
Testing
32
Tables
rules,
useful,
Thawing
183
comparing,
Thermometer
size,
water
scale,
Fahrenheit, 64
and number
of
Thermometer
engine, 144
thickness,
Timber, 26
36
bricks thick
com-
pound, 184
wall
scales
pared, 64
of
20
frozen
centigrade, 64
62
length
for,
pipe, 61
Table
and
gauges
and
Table of
low, 157
Timing gears
and
205
gines, 137
INDEX
Tools,
Vernier, the, 14
caliper, 15
how
area of
a,
Pierre, 14
186
force,
drop
186
185
Transmission line,
in,
for,
Voltmeter, 168
switchboard, 177
180
Volume,
cylinder, to find the, of
Tree,
a,
cross section of a, 27
rule,
186
sphere,
how it is formed, 27
when it is feUed, 26
boxwood
cell,
177
Triangiilar
180
a,
aluminum wire
167
Voltage,
of
it,
15
a,
and use
to read
gears, 82
of
get
to
good, 73
Trim
how
Ventilation,
measuring, for, 1
needed for stucco work,
39
how
to find, ,of a,
186
2
WaUs,
buildings, for, 26
for buildings, 26
plaster for, 34
TJndeirshot water wheel, 100
Unit
thickness
in
brickwork,
36
of,
Water,
of heat, 66
delivered by
find the
a ram, to
amount
purifying,
by, 148
evaporation
206
of,
110
distillation,
47
of,
129
INDEX
Water
Water,
figuring the weight of, 55
filter,
Pasteur, 48
filtration,
purifying,
by,
air
pneu-
or
pressure
matic, 51
47
gauge, 53, 116
glass tube for, 117
head of, 108
automatic
or
air
auto-
pneiunatic, 55
gravity, 51
on your
effective
Water
net
place, 46
tanks,
running
static
needed, size
how
to purify, 47
pipe
intake
boiler,
54
for
raised,
steam
Water
turbine, 102
116
how
it
is
made
and
works, 103
parts of, 104
61
how
ing,
to prevent,
Water turbines,
amount of water needed
61
for,
101
Watei power, 99
how to use, 149
Water-wheel,
actual horse power of a,
developed, how, 99
what is, 99
Water pump,
110
auto-pneu-
matic or automatic
air,
105
110
how
56
of,
surveyed
is
kinds of,
supplies,
46
51
207
to
find
power of
the
a,
horse
109
INDEX
Water
Windmills,
101
wlieelB, 100,
breast
pumping,
jet
towers for, 99
kinds
of,
Windpower,
99
overshot
developed, how, 94
Pelton
electricity,
turbine
how
undershot
how
supply,
measure head
what
of,
of
how
in parallel, -181
to figure,
horse power, in
Weatherboards
173
a,
for
build-
ings, 31
Wire,
rubber covered, 180
transmission line, for, 179
weather-proof, 180
gears, 83
Wedge, the, 76
Weight of water, figuring
Wood,
building, kinds of, 31
how
the, 55
to preserve, 33
Wheels,
ratchet, 85
seasoning, 27
sprocket, 85
Woods,
toothed, 82
kinds to use, 32
pounds per
the, 94
Windmill, parts of
Windmills,
of,
machinery
a,
of,
for,
where
to
kinds
Worm
97
sizes
foot,
32
95
98
horse power
97
to work, put-
of, 98
Wiring, electric apparatus
173
height
94
Winds, height
power, 173
Wind,
is,
ting, 94
electric
Watts,
Webbed
to use, 148
power, 94
Wind power
109
unit
Watt,
generated,
Wind
changing
148
into,
Water of your
to
97
sizes of,
use
of,
certain
31
gears, 85
of,
208
(3)
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