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transition
matrix: The acoustic scattering from high aspect ratio solids
RogerH. HackmanandDouglas
G. Todoroff
NavalCoastal
Systems
Center,
PanamaCity,Florida32407
(Received
29 March1984;accepted
for publication
22 April 1984}
In a previous
paper[RogerH. Hackman,
J.Aeonst.
Soe.Am.75,35-45(1984}],
a spheroidalcoordinate-based
transitionmatrix formalism was establishedfor acousticand elasticwave
scattering.
In thispaper,theacoustic
scattering
bya solidelastic
cylinder
withhemispherical
endcaps
andalength-to-diameter
ratioof10isconsidered.
Numerical
results
arepresented
forthe
backscattered
formfunctionasa functionof frequency
for variousanglesof incidence.
These
results
arecompared
withexperimental
measurements
takenattheNavalCoastal
Systems
Center
andgivena physicalinterpretation.
PACS numbers:43.20.Fn, 43.30.Gv
Thisprocedure
hasa distinct
advantage
overcompeting
approaches
in
that
it
appears
to
have
the
strongest
theoretiIn 1968,Waterman'introduced
a newtechnique
for
cal
foundation?
s
The
approach
is
formally
exact
and
comsystematically
solvingtheacoustic
diffraction
problemfor
putationally
efficient
(where
applicable),
and
both
the
an arbitrarilyshapedbody,the transitionmatrixapproach.
uniqueness
3
and
the
convergence
4'
of
the
procedure
can
be
For the sakeof completenesss,
webrieflyouthnethe develINTRODUCTION
'(r')
-I-f,ds
h.[+VG
(kIr--r'l)
--G(k
Ir-=
10,
r'v,
where
3isthetotalacoustic
field,biistheincident
field,Gis
thefreespace
Green's
function
andtheintegral
isoverthe
surfaceof the scatterer.The subscript( -I- ) denotesa bound-
provenfor sound-soft
andsound-hard
scatterers
for appropriatechoices
of basisfunctions.
Thisis in markedcontrast
to the usualintegralequation
approach,
6 whichleadsto
equations
whicharesingular
at certain
discrete
frequencies
corresponding
to the interior eigenvalueproblem,and to
thoseapproaches
embodying
thead hocRayleighhypothesis.? The T-matrix formalism has been extended to elastic
wavescattering
byWaterman
sandPaoandVaratharajulu
9
andto acoustic(i.e.,scalarwave)scattering
from an elastic
targetby Bostrm.
It hasbeensubsequently
determined
thatthisapproach,
aryvalueasthesurface
isapproached
fromitsexteriorand
thetwodifferentvaluesoftheright-handsideoftheequation althoughformallyexact,suffersfroma severepracticalnurefertopoints
exterior
andinterior
tothescattering
volume, merical limitation. For scattererswhich deviate strongly
shapethenumberof termsrequiredin the
v, respectively.
We notethatthelattercase,i.e.,whenthe froma spherical
field
ofthereradiating
sources
induced
onthesurface
ofthe expansion
of the surfacefieldsincreases
dramaticallyand
scatterer
exactlycancels
theincidentfield,is oftenreferred the matrices tend to become ill conditioned. This behavior
toasthe"extinction
theorem.
" Waterman's
procedure
isto
hadbeenpredicted
by Lewin,
whosuggested
that the
source
of
this
difficulty
is
a
hypersensitivity
of
the
surface
expand
theincident
andscattered
waves,
3andb'---- -- ,
and the Ctreen'sfunctionG, in regularand outgoingsolutionsto the scalarHelmholtzequationin sphericalcoordinates.Sincethe Green'sfunctionis singularwhenthe source
andfieldpointscoincide,
for theextinction
theoremtheex-
pansion
procedure
canbeimplemented
onlyforfieldpoints
greatertheerrorin theextrapolated
valueof thefieldandits
isregular
throughout
theinteriorofthescatterer.
Thus,by
BatesandWall2werethefirstto suggest
thatthesediftheprocess
of analyticcontinuation,
it followsthat must
vanishnotjust in the interiorof the inscribing
sphere,but ficultiescouldbe alleviatedby formulatingthe scattering
throughout
theinterior
ofthescatterer.
Aninfinite,
coupled problemin alternativeexpansionfunctionswhich "better
setofequations
isdeveloped
fromthese
results
byexpanding fit" the scatterer.Theseauthorsexaminedthe efficacyof a
the unknown surfacefields in a suitablebasisset. A formal
straightforwardly
obtained,givingthe expansion
coefficientsof theoutgoing
wavein termsof thoseof theincident
field.
1058
two-dimensional
elliptic-cxordinate-bascd
transitionmatrix
for the scatteringof scalarwavesfromlargeaspectratio scatterers.They observedthat choosinga coordinatesystem,
suchthat the "radial coordinate= constant"surfacelay as
closeto the surfaceof the scattereraspossible,
alleviatedthe
1058
ill-ctmdititming
problems.
In laterwork,Walll attempted
to developa transitionmatrixin prolatespheroidal
coordinatesfor vectorwavescatterg,but wasunableto construct
a Green'sfunctionexposionsuitablefor generalwaves.He
did succeed
in constructing
a Green'sfunctionfor axisym-
tani,?whoisperhaps
theearliest
example,
considered
the
acoustic
diffractionby a circulardiskin oblatespheroidal
coordinates.
Bowkamp,
s and laterSpence,
9 gavemore
metricwaves,
4andlaterapplied
thisformalism
to a cylin- thorough,rigoroustreatmentsof this problemand of the
dricalantennaproblem.
z While otherauthors
c'-2have diffraction
bya circularaperture.
Spence
andGranger
are
suggested
techniques
for improvingthe numericalstability
of the spherical-coordinzte-based
T matrix, noneof these
approaches
holdsthepromiseor theintuitiveappealof the
spheroidal-coordinate-based
formalismfor largeaspectra-
tio scatterers.
angles
of incidence
for lowfrequencies.
Senior
! gavenu-
Sheiba
extended
theseresults
to oblique
incidence.
There
havbeen
a number
ofsolutions
forthediffraction
ofplane
waves
inthehighfrequency
regime?
-z7Themorepredominantapproach
z-zhasbeento useanextension
oftheWatson transformation
sound-hardandsound-soft
spheroidalscatterers
into a resigitudinaldegrees
of freedom,andcurl(v) for thetransverse dueserieswhichconverges
morerapidlyat highfrequencies.
degrees
of freedom,where and;aresolutions
to thescalar Lauchle,
z?however,
directlyevaluated
theharmonic
series
Helmholtzequation.However,he succeeds
only at the cost by introducinghigh-frequencyasymptoticexpansions
for
of generality---as
indicatedabove,thesebasisfunctionscan- the spheroidalfunctions.
notdescribe
off-axisscattering
processes.
Silbiger
swasthefirstto consider
theacoustic
scatterAsWaterman
haspointed
out,2Huygen's
principle
is ingby a penetrablespheroidin spheroidalcoordinates.
His
the funclamcntal
conceptunderlyingthe T-matrixformal- treatmentwasincompletein that the resultwasformulated
ism, and the Green'sfunctiontechniqueoutlinedaboveis
in termsof a surfaceimpedanceoperatorZ, whichis in gensimplyonewayof obtainingthe T-matrixequations.Watereral unknown. While Z was evaluatedfor severalspecial
man23andPao havedeveloped
a simplealternative
to the cases,no attemptwasmadeto incorporatethe full complexabovedevelopment
for displayingthe mathematicalcontent ity of an elasticprolatespheroidal
scatterer.
Yeh3considof Huygen'sprinciplefor vectorwavesin sphericalcoordi- eredthe scatteringfrom penetrableliquid (i.e.,no sheardenates.Thistechnique
isbasedon Betti'sidentity
greesof freedom)prolateand oblatespheroidsand gave
numerical
resultsfor thespecialcasethat modecouplingis
= o,
not
present,
i.e., whenthe soundspeedof the scattereris
whereu andvaresolutions
tothevectorHelmholtzequation
dalvector
basis
functions
byconsiderin^g
grad(lforthelon-
paper
z (paperI), thecovariant
generalization
of thistech-
niquewasusedto establish
a transitionmatrixformalismfor
the scatteringof generalscalaror vectorwavesin prolate
spheroidalcoordinates.
For vectorwaves,this approachis
far moreconvenient
thanthatoriginallyadoptedby Waterman, especially
for coordinatesystemsin whichthe vector
Helmholtzequationis not separable,
asit obviatestheneed
forconstructing
thevectorGrecn'sfunction.Thustheorthogonality
of thevectorbasisstatesisnolongeranimportant
consideration.
In theabovework,thespheroidalvectorbasis
functions
weregenerated
byconsidering
grad()for thelon-
bodywastreated.In a series
of papers,
Grossman
et al.,6
Likethestandardspherical-coordinate-based
approach,this
formalismissuitablefor scattering
problems
involvingarbitrarily shapedbodies.Now however,we havethe capability
to explicifiytailor the formalismto the aspectratio requirementsof the scatterer.In the presentpaper,we considera
specificapplicationof this approachto acousticscattering
from a finite,solidelasticcylinderto determineits efficiency
in dealingwith slender,elongatedscatterers.
Gutmanand Kl'shcbev,
? and Kl'shehev
s considered
the
acousticscatteringfrom a spheroidalelasticshell. These
1059
authors make the same choice for the vector basis set as the
presentauthor,in paperI.
To a considerable
extent,the historyof the formulation
of electromagnetic
scatteringin spheroidalcoordinates
parallelsthat of the acousticscatteringproblem.The earliest
1059
tensorin prolatespheroidalcoordinates
andin AppendixB,
we derivethe particularvariant of the Moore-Penroseinverseusedin the presentwork.
by Meixner.
Meixner
z andFlammer
s2laterformulated
the scattering
of an electromagnetic
waveby a conducting
prolatespheroidin spheroidal
coordinates
for the special
casethatthesourceisa dipoleorientedalongtheaxisof the
spheroid.
Bothof theaboveproblems
canbereducedto scalar form and the vectorcharacterof the electromagnetic
waveneednotbeconfronted.
The moredemanding
problem
of the scattering
of a planepolarizedelectromagnetic
wave
by a conducting
prolatespheroid,whichrequiredthe useof
the prolatespheroidalvectorwavefunctions,
was first formulatedby Schultz,
szfor end-onincidence,
and Rauch
s4
extended
thisworktooblatespheroids.
Siegel
etal? -6performedcalculationsbasedon Schultz'sformalismand presentedresultsfor several{low)frequencies.
Theseauthors
did not make the "standard" choice for the vector basis func-
dsIt(Re
)-Re
,,.
--t(Re
.).Re
0,]=0, (1)
.ds
[t(.,)-be.,
--t(e.,
)..,
]=0,
(2)
(3)
--i O..,,a.,
= ds
[t+-.
--t(.ku+
],
14)
iZo...f..
=f.ds
[t+-Re
,. --t(Re
.).u+].(Z)
and interior to
oidalfunctions,
andthelaterimprovements
of PatzandVan
Buren.
Theavaibilityof reliable,efficient
codes
for the
calculation
of thespheroidal
functions
hashada significant
impacton thepresentwork.
The firstimportantresultof the presentworkis the demonstrationthat the "standard"setof prolatespheroidal,
vectorbasisfunctionsisovercomplete.
The (r,m;l} = (e,O,O),
thesefunctionssatisfythe relations
tioningthepioneering
workof VanBurenetal., Kinget
al.,sandKingandVanBuren
4onthegeneration
ofspher-
combinationsof the remaining(r----e,m-----0,/0) transversevectorbasisstates.It followsthat all previouscalculationsutilizingthesefunctionsare suspect.This point is dis-
The prolatespheroidal,
vectorbasisfunctions., used
hereweredefinedin paperI. We remindthe readerthat
r = 1,2refersto transverse
degrees
of freedom,r ----3, to the
longitudinaldegreeof freedom,andthat n refersto the set
(,m,l) requiredto specifytheparticularsolutionto thescalar Helmholtz equation.In that paper,it was shownthat
ds
[t(.)-Re
),,..
--t(Re
,,.)..]
I. THEvECTOR
BASIS
FUNCTIONS
0--- ds
[t_.Re
o.
_t(Re
)-u
_],
- '2, b.=
1,
(6)
(7)
the scattering
region.Here, {a. }, {f. }, and {b. } are the
expansion
coefficients
of the incident,scattered,andrefractedwaves,andthesuperscript
0 denotes
quantitiespertaining
to the scatteringregion. The -I-(--) subscriptsrefer to
boundaryvaluestakenat the exterior(interior)of theboundary of the scatterer,ands denotesthat boundary.
The matrix O , is the cornerstone
of our approachand
itsdetailedproperties
areof someinterest.For r = 3, O t is
diagonalin I and independentof m, i.e.,
0 !.m
= [ ( -J-2)/kL] l,'.
(8)
In Sec.II, wediscuss
theapplication
of ourapproach
to
For thetransverse
degrees
of freedom,O .. takesthe form
the acousticscatteringfrom elasticsolids.To validatethe
theoreticalprocedures
andcomputercodes,we havemadea
O],."'
= O.' ----(p/kr)/2 '.(hr),
(9)
detailedexperimental
studyof theacousticscattering
froma
angularintegralwhichis
finite, 10:1aluminumcylinderwith hemi.pherical
endcaps where , is a parityconserving
easily
calculable
and
may
be
expressed
in termsoftheexpan(Sec.III). SectionIV is devotedto a comparison
of the presion
coefficients
of
the
angular
spheroidal
functions.In the
dictionsof our approachwith the experimental
resultsand
spherical
limit
(f--,O,
--oo
with
f-kr),
to an analysisof the elasticexcitations
underlyingthe more
prominentfeaturesin thebackscattered
form function.
lira2;.(hr)----6n',
(10)
In AppendixA wegiveexplicitexpressions
forthestress
1060
J.Acoust.
Soc.Am.,Vol.78,No.3, Septem.
ber1985
R.H.Hackman
andD.G.Todoroff:
Scattering
fromratiosolids
1060
andEq.(3)issimplyanexpression
oftheorthogenality
of the
vectorspherical
basisfunctions.
In thepresent
case,where
r is,/n genera/,nonzeroand the fnctionsare nonorthogonal,O t' isnonetheless
intimatelyinvolvedwiththelinear
independence
ofthebasis
functions
[, }. Thatis,if
a,,=i R,,,.bn.,
117)
f,, = -i Z R,,,
,.b,,.,
(18)
with
6. =0,
thenby Eq.(5),thenecessary
andsufficient
conditionfor the
v_anlshing
of the {f, } isthatO t' beinvertible.
We haveexaminedthe conditionof O t. by performing
eigenvaluedecompositionof/2 t, under varying levelsof
- xv*. .Re
],
(lO)
120)
truncation
of theexpression
66
N
l' --0
byBm
(16},to e
however,
thesmallest
eigenvalue
of/2. decreases
tozero(to
c
machineaccuracy);
thatis,them ----0 basisfunctionsbecome
rt
is
linearly
dependent.
Theremaining/2
,arewellconditioned. As N is increasedfurther (we haveexaminedup to
N-- 40),the systemremainsstablein the sensethat thereis
121)
(22}
where
onlya singleeigenvalue
consistent
withzero.Theremaining
eigenvalues
arepositive
andasymptotically
approach
unity
withincreasing
orderat a givenlevelof truncation.
At smallvalues
ofhr, thenullstateofO ispredomin+ t(Re/2)-h
X( XRe,o.)],
(23)
antly(r,m,/)----(e,0,0).Thisperhaps
couldhavebeenanticipatedsincethisstatevanishes
identicallyin the spherical
limit. WhiletheI valueof thelargestcomponent
of thenull
stategenerally
increases
withAt, thereremains
a significant Combiningthe aboveresults,we obtainthe transitionmatrix
! ----0 component
throughout
therangeof hr to beconsid-
P,,,
= ds
[.t{Re
o,
)-Re
,o
M,,.
=f,ds
.t(Re
n),-Re
...
eredin thispaper.
The idealsolutionto thisproblemis to work with the
eigenvectors
ofO i"andremovethenullstatefromconsider-
ation.Thetechnique
weadoptin Sec.II accomplishes
this.
We note,however,that as an alternative,we may simply
removethel ----0 transverse
degrees
of freedom.The resulting,truncatedversionof O i"is well conditioned.
II. THEORETICAL
(24)
r= -
{ = g P -M,
(26}
= P-M.
(27)
Explicit
expreions
forthedisplacements
andstress
tensorsrequiredfor the evaluationof P, M, andR in Eqs.
(19),(20},(23),and (24)are givenin paperI {displacements)
and in AppendixA (stresstensors).We fix the interfocal
distance(2f) of our prolatespheroidalcoordinatesystemfor
a particularscattererby
CONSIDERATIONS
f= [(aspect
ratio)
-- l]m/{aspect
ratio).
(13)
.t+ = -t_,
(14)
The integrations
in Eqs. (19), (20), (23),.and(24) were
performedusingGaussianquadrature.The matrixinversion
impliedin Eq. (25)wasimplementedby writing
xt_ =o,
apply at the surfaceof the scatterer.To accountfor the
acousticpenetrationof the scatterer,we introducethe expansionof theelasticdisplacement
(asuperscript
T denotes
thematrixtranspose)
andthenusing
Gauss
elimination
tosolve
forT r, afterscaling
bothQand
Q. Thisproceduretendsto benumericallymorestablethana
direct invcraionof Q followedby matrix multipUcation.
The remaininginversion
(thesuperscript
0 denotes
quantities
pertainingto the scatterer)and Eqs.(4) and (5) become
1061
P -M,
in Eqs.(26}and (27)requiressomewhatgreatercare.A deR.H. Hackman and D. G. Todoroff:Scatteringfrom ratiosolids
1061
Poe"'
= 4rPo
itSol(h,
cos
0o)
tailedexamination
of P for solidspheroids
andfinitecylinderswith hemispherical
endcapsrevealsthat this matrix
tendsto beill conditioned.
A typicaleigenanalysis
ofP yields
eigenvalues
ranging
insizefrom10-26to 10+2.Holdingthe
physicaldetailsof thescattering
problemfixed,we findthat
theexactspectrum
of eigenvalues
depends
uponthenumber
of expansion
terms.Invariably,however,aftersomelevelof
truncation,increasing
thenumberof termsin theexpansion
furthermerelytendsto increasethe numberof eigenvalues
roughlyconsistent
withzero.The nonzeroelgenvalues
(and
eigenvectors)
arestable,to machineaccuracy.
p, is the (gledt)
plitude of e t
wave
xs,.
Interestingly
enough,
thestability
of thecalculation
of
thebackscattered
formfunctionis to someextent,independentof the conditionof P. For spheroidal
bodies,the form
functionconverges
quitequicklyandis stableunderan almostarbitrarilylargeincreasein the numberof expansion
terms.The finitecylinderdisplays
a greatersensitivity
to the
conditionofP andat highaspectratios,whenthecondition
of P has deterioratedsufficiently,the calculationbecomes
unstable.
Thislatterbehaviorisprobablydueto thegreater
relianceof the cylindricalcalculationon off-diagonal
ele-
(31)
Here,(Bo,o)
and(B } e thesphec anD wMchdee
the dirtion of the incidentd scatteredwav, rctively, andtheexnsion fficients of e t
waveve
expr
in tes of the T mat (T is diagonal
and m for aymmetfic objm). ExpUcifiyintrg
dpo into.
for-
ments in P, M, and R.
whichareweaklycoupled
to thenearfield
canben,.o
more
than weakly coupledto the farfield.Thus, R and R must
annihilatethe samecombinationsof the expansioncoeffi-
derisitsgreaterrelianceonoff-diagonal
matrixelements.
In
general,
thefaroff-diagonal
matrixelements
areintrinsically
lessaccuratethan the diagonalelementsand this annihilation process
is not accuratelyperformed.
Sinceit is presumablythe presence
of the uncoupled(or
at most,weaklycoupled}[b, } whichis the sourceof the
der haven
extsivelystudi d e well o.
excit
amtiy.
method is a variant of the Moore-Penrosepseudoinverse
nd,
thisgmet pmd a moresgt
t of
technique?
Oneimmediate
resultof thisprojection
procethe
fosm
t
would
a
spheroid
or
a
sur
spheroid.
A
dure is that the T matrix (for the cylinder)becomesmuch
spheroid
is
a
s
gmet
for
which
the
sphefi
morenearlysymmetric.
We findthat [Tn. -- T.]isconsisand spheroi bis functionsare ve well suit. Btentlysmallerthan10-3 or 10-n timesthemagnitude
of the
h no tt evensl deviations
froma spheroilargestdiagonaltransitionmatrix element.There is essen- t '
d
gmet
1
to
a
sight
detoration
the nutially no effecton calculations
for spheroidal
bodies.
mefi
o
of
e
sdd
sphefiTo compareourtheoreticalpredictions
withexperimental measurements,we introduce the farfield form function
,- {L/2} I
Po
I'
a-b
T mat.
our ml
In e
next stion
we
pur.
III. EXPERIMENTAL
Backscattered
acousticwaveformswereacquiredfrom
a 10:1solidaluminumcylinderwith hemispherical
endcaps
R.H. Hackmanand D. G. Todoroff:Scatteringfrom ratiosolids
1062
enceof a receiverhydrophone
situatedon a straightline
4.0
LONGITUDINAL
WAVE
The driveandreceiveelectronics
aredepictedin Fig. 2.
A singlecyclesinewave,amplified
by a poweramplifier
(Kronhite
model
DCA-50),
provided
thedrivesignal
forthe
piezoelectric
transducer
(USRDtypeF-33).Theacoustic
signals
received
bythehydrophone
werepreamplified
and
bandpass
filtered
priortodigitizing
bytheHP-5180Awave-
3.0
2.0
FLEXURAL WAVE
form recorder.
Dataacquisition
wasunderthecontrol
of a HP-9826
microcomputer.
Digitizedrepresentation
of the analog
1.C
waveforms
wastransferred
to themicrocomputer
for off-line
.5
analysis.
Thedataanalysis
routine
allowed
forsignal
averag-
2'.o
ing,convolution,
andFouriertransformation
of thedigi-
ka
tizedwaveforms,
alongwithgraphic
displays
oftheresultant
operations.
All recorded
waveforms
wererepetitively
aver-
modes
onaninfinitealuminumcylinderof circularcrosssection.
agedfor 30 scans.
Waveforms
weresampled
anddigitizedsuchthat the
Nyquist
ratewasalways
exceeded.
An 8192-point
discrete
fastFouriertransformwasimplemented
witha rectangular
window
(noweighting)
toobtainintermediate
frequency
domaindata.In orderto spanthekL/2 regionof interest(5-
20),several
different
center
frequencies
wererequired.
The
3-dBdownpointswerechosen
asthecutoffpointsforthe
expression
69
contribution
of eachfrequency
bandto thecomputed
form
function.In this context,we notethat manyof the form
function
plotsrepresent
averages
ofnumerous
independent
2rg,(kL/2,t)
f. ( ,e)=72
wherer sthedistance
fromthecenterof thescattering
target
measurements.
tothemeasurement
point,g,(k/2,8) isthetransform
ofthe
backscattered
waveform,
ps(t), andg(kL/2) is the transformof theincident
pulseat thescattering
target,p,(t).
Acousticmeasurements
wereperformed
in a 10-X 10X 7-ftreinforced
concrete
testpoolfilledwitha suitable
vol-
In viewing
theindividual
backscattered
waveforms
for
analysis,
it became
apparent
thatsome
ofthereturns
persistedwellbeyond
theavailable
timewindow.Theeffectwas
surprising
inthatanyexperimental
measurement
hasanin-
particularly
significant
inregions
where
thetheory
predictedhighQ resonant
features.
Theseobservations
werenot
ducer,receivehydrophone,
and scatteringtarget were
placed
along
ahorizontal
line,heldbyasystem
ofprecisioninga decay
modulus
(timerequired
fortheamplitude
todepositioning
devices.
Lateral,
longitudinal,
andvertical
align- creaseto 1/e of its initial value)equalto the available
mentofthecomponents
wasaccomplished
optically
using
a
sighting
telescope.
Therespective
positions
weresuch
asto
maximize
theshortest
reverberant
path,thusoptimizing
the
HP-g826
X-Y
PLOTTER
timedomainmeasurement
window.A 6-in.-longtargetwas
selected
based
on therequirements
thata sufficient
backscattered
returnwouldbeobserved
endon,andthata sufficientnumberofreturnsfromsurface
wavestravelingaround
MICROCOMPUTER
HP-5180A
I
I
GENERATOR
FREQUENCY BAND.PASS
WAVEFORM
GENERATOR
thetarget
would
beacquired
toyielda representative
measureoftheformfunction.
Thislattercriteriawasnotfulfilled
incertain
cases,
aswillbediscussed
attheendofthissection.
RECORDER
FILTER
Theinitialangular
orientation
(90'offaxis)
ofthescattering
target
wasdetermined
acoustically
bymaximizing
thebackscattered
signal.
Throughout
themeasurements,
theposi-
POWER i
AMPLIFIER
PREI
AMPLIFIER
whiletheaspect
angleofthetargetwasvaried.
Therelative
pressure
amplitudes
po(t)(oftheincident
waveform),
andp,(t)weremeasured
using
a common
hy-
drophone
(B& K model
8203},
placed
inthefarfield
region
of the transducer,a distancer from the scatteringtarget.
Appropriate
corrections
forspreading
andabsorption
were
made
toyieldaneffective
pressure
wavefront,p(t), incidentonthetarget.
Noattempt
wasmade
tocorrect
forthe
slight
distortion
(estimated
tobeless
than1%)bythepres1063
J.Acoust.
Sec.Am.,Vol.78,No.3,September
1985
24'
HYOROPHONE
TRANSDUCER
TARGET
FIG. 2. A schematic
representation
oftheexperimental
geometry
andapparatus.Here,8 defines
theexperimental
aspectangle.
R.H.Hackman
andD.G.Todoroff:
Scattering
fromratiosolids
1063
The calculationwasrelativelyinsensitive
to the number
of significant
figuresretainedin the orthogonalization
process,providedNo, was sufficientlylarge, and we chose
Nh ----18--20.Increasing/V by two generallyresultedin
a changein the form functionof muchlessthan 0.5%.
Noattempt
was
made
tomeasure
thedensity
andsound
speeds
of thealuminumcylinder.Instead,thegenericvalues
riseto an interference
pattern)andsomeof the signalstill
residedoutsideof the "expanded"measurement
window,
theagreement
withtheorywasexcellent,
aswill bediscussed
in the followingsection.
calculatedformfunctionisexpected
dueto themismatchin
theelasticparameters.
To obtainsomeideaof thesensitivity
of the calculationto reasonablevariationsin theseparameters,we haveexaminedthepositionof the lowestresonance
parameter/t(thebarspeeddepends
stronglyon thisparam-
IV. DISCUSSION
eter).
TM
Wefindthatthepeakshiftsbynomorethan5%.
formfunctionwasperformed
in the regionkL/2 < 20 for
comparison
with experiment.
Thereare two parameters
to
fix in the calculationof the m = 0 T matrix at a givenfrequency,the numberof termsincludedin the truncationof
theinfinitedimensional
matrixequations,
Lm in Eqs.(25)(27), and the numberof significantfiguresretainedin the
orthogonalization
of P, i.e., No (seeAppendixB). In the
frequencyrangekL/2<16, the numberof expansion
terms
wasfixedby increasing
L, until the form functionvaried
by 0.5% or lessfor a changeAL, = 2. The numberof
termsrequiredfor convergence
with this criterionvaried
erencethatthepeakamplitudeof theridge,whichhaslarge,
high {2 peaksat k/2 = 6.7, 9.3, and 12, showsa general
tendencyto movein the directionof increasing8 with increasing
frequency.
Thesefeatures
areparticularlyrevealing
12.8
12.4
12.0
11.6
11.2
.9
FIG.
3. The calculated
monostatic
beam
patternsfor a 10:1finitealuminumcylinder
with hemisphericalendcaps.
10.8
10.4
102
9.8
9.3
9.0
.3
u.
8.6
6.7
5.4
5.0
.3
FORM
1064
.6
.9
FUNCTION
1064
peaksisstillmissing.
An examination
of thetime
of theelastic
response
of thescatterer
andweshallexplore resonance
this in detail below.
withtheexpanded
windowarean artifactof thesubtraction
procedure
and do not haveany underlyingphysicalsign/icance.In thisfigure,it isclearthatthelongerwindowgivesa
considerable
improvementin the agreementbetweenthe
domainwaveformshowsthatevenwith theexpanded
window,only a portionof the energyof thesepeakshasbeen
captured,i.e., the waveformhasbeenartificiallyandprematurely truncated. In the nonresonantregion, the flexural
waveis still excited,dueto the strongcouplingmechanism,
andtheelasticcylinderactsasa phasesteeredarray,firinga
the elasticdisplacements
revealsa stationarylongitudinal
dataandthecalculations.
It isalsoclear
thattheveryhighQ
features
in thecalculation
(e.g.,at kL/2 = 6.7and0 = 30')
arestillbeyondthecapabilities
of theexpanded
window.
Consider
firstFig. 4, i.e.,end-onincidence.
SinceT-matrix calculations
for end-onincidencerequireonlythem = 0
termin Eq. {33)andthustendto belesstimecons-mingthan
angle.Thereforethedataandcalculations
werenot included
in the figure.
Considerfinally,the broadsideform function.The frequencyregionconsidered
hereistoolow for anysignificant
elasticactivityin the broadside
or nearbroadside
direction
(70,90). It is interesting
to notethat theoff-axisbehavior in this angularregiondiffersmarkedlyfrom that obtained in studiesof the scatteringof obliquelyincident
acoustic
wavesby an infinitecylinderby Flaxetal.?However,thelobestructurein Fig. 3 in thisangularregioncanbe
simplyexplained'by
treating
a finiterigidcylinder
oflength
L as a linearphasesteeredarray excitedby the incident
acousticwave.The primary,secondary,
and tertiarylobes
areall presentandtheirposition,
angularwidthandrelative
magnitudeareconsistent
with thissimplepicture,although
the third lobe is somewhatlargerthan expected.We note
that thereissufficient
experimental
sensitivityto theangular
alignmentin thisregion,dueto the relativelynarrow(in 0 )
lobes,to accountfor the small discrepancies
betweenthe
data and calculations.
Wenote
inclosing'that,
inrelated
work,
Suetal.?2
and
Numrichetal.?3havecompared
withexperiment
thepredictionsof the standard,spherical-coordinate-based
T matrix
for a finitealuminumcylinderof smallaspectratio(2:1).
_o
i-
.1,3
2
1065
10
12
14
16
18'
1065
2.0
10
20'
OFF AXiS
OFF AXIS
1.0
.o
2.0--
40 OFF AXIS
30
OFF
AXIS
1.0
:.!
7
11
13
15
11
13
15
KL/2
KLJ2
.9
OFF AXIS
OFF AXIS
dashed
fins
in
the
0- 30' graphrepresentexperlink-
.0
OFF AXI,
.9
OFF AXIS
o 3
7
11
13
15
.9
11
13
15
KL/2
KL/2
90
OFF
AXIS
11
13
15
KL
ACKNOWLEDGMEHTS
The authors are indebted to D. H. Trivett for stimulat-
APPENDIX
In applications
of thespheroidal-coordinate-based
transitionmatrix,it is necessary
to haveexplicitexpressions
for
discussions
on the Moore-Penrosepseudoinverse
and T.
Racketsfor producingthedispersion
curvesin thetext. Finally, the authorswouldlike to thank L. Flax for his continued encouragement
and support.
1066
= ',V,cos ).
The associated unit vectors
1066
(,)
=ZV4i + (V, + ,V),
differences
betweenthevectorbasisfunctions
givenin paper
where
I andthoseadopted
here,andthesedifferences
arenotedin
Eq.(A4).Forcalculational
purposes,
it isconvenient
towork
witha representation
ofthevector
basis
functions
in which
the"physical"
components
areutilized,i.e.,
is theunit dyadicandwhere
__ (.),,.
(A3)
=2 Ix,-/] +b.(ln
The relationbetweenthesephysicalcomponents
andthe co-
vnziant
expressions
givenin paper! [the(.) ], is
(), = + (h,)-'(),,
x(a,a+ 6a,).
t Z = Rz(fir,t(hr,,
h, =f[( 2_ /2)/(2_
1067
(AS)
J.Acoust.
Sec.Am.,Vol.78,No.3,September
1985
{A7)
) denote
aprorlyno-
R.H.Hackman
andD.G.Todoroff:
Scattering
fromratio
solids
1067
In theabove
expressions,
wehaveeliminated
allreference
toox/v:, c9:X/oq:,
andc9:y/2 through
theuseofthedefining
differential
equations
for R., and
Using. = R,,,t(h.,g}St(ht.,I,q)
to denotea properlynormali7edsolutionto the scalarHelmholtzequationwith
k = k,., andA,t =.4,,,t(hL)tOdenotethe eigenvalue,for the irmtationaldegreeof freedom,we find
(AIS)
(AI9)
1068
1068
(A20)
f [(1-7:)
--7:)]
m
(A21)
'e-1&b
'
(A22)
APPENDIX
allofthe
remaining
columns
relative
tothis
choice.
Clearly,
thisprocedure
canbeappliedonlyN timesbeforewehave
exhausted
thepossibilities.
In practice,
weorthogonalize
all
columns,thenorderthe columnsby theirlossof significant
digits(through
thesubtraction
process)
andtruncate
at the
pointwheremorethan18significant
figures
havebeenlost.
Considerthe ill-conditionedproblem
PC=M,
ThecolumnsofthenXNmatrixA
a linearcombination
oftheeigenvectors
havingI/tk[ > 0, i.e.,
ized eigenvector,i.e.,
Piplk) = Akp,(k).
Aq=__
p(k
)A
(B2)
Thenthe transformation
matrix whichdiagonalizes
P is
A = UN.4.
Fromtheorthonormality
of thecolumnsofA it followsthat
theN XN matrixA is orthogonal.
From F_x
1.(BS),we thus
Weassume
thatP hasNnonzeroeigenvalues,
andthatthese
have
cigenvalues
areordered
bydecreasing
magnitude.
Theinconsistencies
mayberemoved
fromEq.(B1)byeliminating
thenullspace
of P. Thisis moststraightforwardly
accomplished
byperforming
aneigenvalue
decomposition
ofP and
projecting
intothespacespanned
by eigenvectors
having
nonzero
eigenvalues;
thatis,wewishtocastEq.(B1)intothe
{APA)A T=A M,
c=
(B10)
we find
form
aN
(B7)
(Bll)
i.e.,thatA performsthenecessary
projectionprocess.
Note
M,
where
/2N
=
,li
2N
(BS)
[A,I>O, n= 1,... r,
andwhereUNisthetruncated
diagonalization
transforma1. Acoust.
tionmatrix.However,theexplicitconstruction
of theeigen- P. C. Waterman,"New Formulationof AcousticScattering,"
Soc.Am. 45, 1471-1429(1969).
valuesandeigenvectors
tendsto betimeconsuming,
andwe
aThis
terminology
ismostgenerally
accredited
toC.W.Oseen,
Ann.Phys.
adopta somewhat
differentprocedure
here.
48, 1 (1915);
andP. P. Ewald,Ann.Phys.49, I (1916).
Fromthespectraldecomposition
P.A. Martin,"OntheNull-FieldEquations
fortheExteriorProblems
of
P,2
= i Ap,(k)p2(k),
k=l
(B6)
Acoustics,"
Q.J.Mech.Appl.Math.XXXHI, 385-396(1980);
P.A. Martin, "Acoustic
Scattering
andRadiationProblems
andthe Null-Field
Method," Wave Motion 4, 391-408 (1982).
4A.G. Ram,"Convergence
of theT-MatrixApproach
to Scattering
Theory," J. Math. Phys.23, 1123-1125(1982}.
independent
columns.
To forma basisfor thisN-dimension- G. Kristensson,
A. O. Ramre,andS. Strom,"Convergence
of the T-Matfix Approach
in Scattering
TheoryII," J. Math. Phys.24, 2619-2631
al space,weapplythemodifiedGraham-Schmidt
orthogon(1983).
alizationprocedure
tothecolumns
ofP, withpivoting.
That
SForrecentworkutilizingthistechnique,
seeW.Tobocman,
"Calculation
is, at eachstepin the orthogonalization
procedure,
from
of Acoustic
WaveScattering
by Meansof HelmholtzIntegralEquation.
among
thenon-normali7ed
columns
ofP, wechoose
thecolI," . Acoust.Soc.Am.76,599-607(1984};
W. Tobocman,
"Calculation
of
by Meansof theHelmholtzIntegralEquation.
umnwiththelargestnorm,normalizeit andorthogonalize AcousticWaveScattering
1069
d.Acoust.
Soc.Am.,Vol.78,No.3,September
1985
R.H.Hackman
andD.G.Todoroff:
Scattering
fromratio
solids
1069
ZR.F. Goodrich
andN. D. Kazarinoff,
"ScalarD/ffraction
by Prelate
HclmhoitzIntegralEquationMethodtoShorterWavelengths,"
preprint.
Spheroids
WhoseEccentricities
Are AlmostOne," Proc.Cambridgephilos.Sec.S9, 167-183(1963}.
7See,
forexample,
. C. Balomey
andA. Witgin,"Numerical
Comparison
oftheGreen'sFunctionandtheWatermanandRayleighTheories
ofScat-
B. D. Sleeman,
"Integral
Representations
Associated
withHighFrequen-
cy Non-Symmetric
Scattering
by PrelateSpheroids,"
Q. I. Mech.Appl.
Math. 22, 405-426 {1969};B. D. Sleeman,"On Diffractionat ShortWavelengths
bya PrelateSpheroid,"
J. Inst Math.Its Appl.5, 02-442 {1969).
8p.C.Waterman,
"MatrixTheoryofElastic
WaveScattering,"
I. Acoust.
SOc.Am. 60, 567-579{1976).
?G. C. Lauelde,"Short~Wavelength
AcousticDiffractionby Prelate
A. Silbiger,
"Scattering
of Soundby an ElasticPrelateSpheroki,"
I.
Aconst.SOc.Am. 35, 564-570 {1963}.
A.Bostr6m,
"Scattering
ofStationary
Acoustic
WavesbyanElasticIm-
aC.Yeh,"Scattering
ofAcoustic
Waves
bya Penetrable
Prolate
Spheroid.
nL. Lewin,"OntheRestricted
Validityof PointMatchingTechniques,"
IEEE Trans. MicrowaveTheory Tech. MTT-lg, 1041-1047 {1970).
I. LiquidProlateSpheroids,"
I. Acoust.SOc.Am. 42, 518-521{1967);C.
Yeh, "TheDiffractionof SoundWavesby Penetrable
Disks,"Ann. Physik 13, 53-61 {1964}.
F. L. DiMaggioandA. Silbiger,
"FreeExtensional
Torsional
Vibrations
tion I. General Method," Philos. Trans. R. So. Lond. Ser. A 287, 45-78
(1977).
4ZN.Shiraishi
andF. L. DiMaggio,
"Perturbation
Solution
fortheAxisymmetricVibrationsof ProlateSpheroidalShells,"I. Acoust.SOc.Am.
1725-1731 (1962}.
42p.I. Nemergut
andR. S.Brand,"Axisymmetric
Vibrations
of Prolate
Spheroidal
Shells,"L Acoost.SOc.Am. $5, 262-265 {1965).
6D.I. N. WaR,"Methods
ofOvercoming
Numerical
Instabilities
Associat- *aF.DiMaggio
andR.Rand,"Axisymmetric
Vibrations
ofProlate
Spheroiedwith the T-Matrix Method," in Acoustic,
Electromagnetic
and Elastic
WaveScattering,
editedby V. V. VatarianandV. K. Varadan(Pergamon,
New York, 1980),pp. 269-286.
S. K. DattaandA. H. Shah,
"AxiallySymmetric
Waves
inanElastic
Solid
of Revolution,"J. Acoust.Soc.Am. 44, 473-47 {1968}.
"W. M. Visscher,
"Methodof OptimalTruncation:
A New T-MatrixAp-
SR.H. Rand,"Torsional
Vibrations
of ElasticProlateSpheroids,"
I.
a'O.I. Grossman,
A. A. Kl'hchev,andI. I. Klyukin,"Scattering
of an
Axisymmetric
Plane
Sound
Wave
bya SPheroidal
Elastic
Shell,"
Trudy
?T.L. Outman
andA. A. Kl'/shchev,
"Diffraction
ofElastic
Waves
byan
0A.Bostr6m,
"Scattering
ofAcoustic
Waves
bya Layered
Elastic
Obstacle
4A.A. Kl'/shchev,
'Debye
Potentials
forThree-Dimensional
Vibrations
of
a Spheroid
Elastic
Shell,"
Soy.Phys.
Acoust.
:11,293-294{1975};
A. A.
Kl'/shchev,"SoundScattering
by an OblateSpheroidal
ElasticShell,"
Soy.Phys.Acoust.21, 571-573 {1976};A. A. KI//shchev,"soundScatteringby a Spheroidal
Bodyat an Interface,"SOy.Phys.Acoust.25, 78-79
{1979}.
'P. C. Waterman,
"Surface
Fieldsin Potential
TheoryandAcoustic
Scat-
P. C.Waterman,
"Survey
ofT-MatrixMethods
andSurface
FieldRepresentations,"
in Acoustic,Electromagnetic
and Elastic WaveScattering,
editedbyV. V. VaradanandV. K. Varadan(Pergamon,
NewYork, 19801,
pp. 61-78.
23p.C.Waterman,
"MatrixTheory
ofElastic
WaveScattering.
II. A New
$aF.V. Schultz,
"Studies
inRadarCrom-Section
I---Scattering
bya Prolate
Conservation
Law,"I. Aconst.SOc.Am. 63, 1320-1325(1978).
4y.H. Pan,"Betfi'sIdentityandtheTransition
MatrixforElasticWaves,"
S4L.M. Ranch,"Electromagnetic
Scattering
byanOblateSpheroid,"
Uni-
$SK.M. Siegel,
B. H. Gere,I. Marx,andF. B. Sleator,
"Studies
in Radar
Cross-Section
forexample,
C. Flaremet,
Spheroidal
WaveFunctions
(Stanford
U.P.,
Stanfird,CA, 1957}in thisregard.
D. Spence
andS.Granger,
"TheScattering
of Sound
froma Prolate
Spheroid,"
I. Acoust.SOc.Am. 23,701-706{1951}.
T. B.A. Senior,
"TheScattering
fromAcoustically
HardandSoftProlate
Spheroids
for Axial Incidence,"Can. . Phys.44, 655-667 0966).
ZA.A. Kl'/shchev
andL. S.Sheiba,
"Scattering
of a SoundWaveby Ideal
ProlateSpheroids,"
Soy.Phys.Acoust.16,219-222 {1970).
ZaA.A. Kli/shchev,
"Sound
Scattering
byIdealSpheroids
in theHighFrequencyLimit," SOv.Phys.Aconst.19, 447-449 {1974}.
1070
Determination
(1953}.
cal and Numerical
Numerical
$sK.M.Siegel,
F.V.Schultz,
B.H.Gere',
andF.B.S!eator,
"TheTheoreti-
:?M.Kotani,Proc.Phy-Math.SOc.Jpn.15,30{1933}.
sC.I. Bowkamp,"Theoretische
en NumeriekeBahandeiing
vande Bnig-
1..D. Spence,
"TheDiffraction
of SoundbyCircularDisksandApera-
Xl--The
Determination
a?S.
Asanoand/3.Yamamoto,"LightScattering
bya Spheroidal
Particle,"
Appl. Opt. 14, 29-49 {1975}.
asS.Asano,Appl.Opt.lg, 712{1979}.
S9M.Kotlarchyk,
S.-H.Chen,andS.Asano,
"Accuracy
ofRGD Approximationfor ComputingLight ScatteringPropertiesof Diffusingand Motile Bacteria,"Appl. Opt. lg, 2470-24?9{1979}.
S. AsanoandM. Sato,"LightScattering
byRandomly
OrientedSpheroidal Particles,"Appl. Opt. l, 962-974 {1980}.
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byHorizontally
Oriented
Spheroidal
Particles,"AppLOpt. 11, 1390-1396{1983}.
1070
(an. 1970).
6B.J.King,R. V. Baler,andS.Hanish,
"A FORTRAN
Computer
Program aThe
relevant
literature
isreviewed
in$.D. Achenbach,
I'ave
Propagat/on
forCalculating
theProlateSpheroidal
RadialFunctions
oftheFirstand
in Elastic!ids (North-Holland,
NewYork. 1976),pp.240-249.
L.R.Dragonette,
"Evaluation
oftheRelative
Importance
ofCircumfer-
entialor Creeping
Wavesin theAcoustic
Scattering
fromRigidandElas-
1970).
Calculating
theProlateandOblateAngieFunctions
of theFirstKind and
Thdr First andSecondDerivatives,"NRL Report7161(Nov. 1970).
Forexample,
seeRichardK. Cook,"Acoustics,"
in.4merican
Institute
of
aSgee,
forexample,
B.J.PatzandA. L. VanBurcn,
"A FOR
TRAN
Computer
Programfor CalculatingtheProlateSpheroidal
AngularFunctionsof the
FirstKind," NRL MemorandumReport4414(March 1981).
?lL.Flax,V. K. Varadan,
andV. .Vatarian,
"Scattering
ofanObliquely
"I'hereareanumber
ofmeasures
ofthecondition
ofamatrix.Tobespecific
in thispaperwe adoptVon Neumannand Coldstine's
P-conditionnum-
asthestandard
forthemeasure
of condition.
Here,A and,{ arethe
largeat
andsmallcat
eigenvaluea
ofthematrix.4in absolute
magnitude.
A
goodgertcanal
reference
isL R. Westlake,
.4 Handbook
of NumericalMatrixInversion
andSolution
ofLinearEquations
{W'dey,
NewYork,1968}.
?See,
forexample,
G. $tran&Linear
41gebra
andItsApplications
(Aca.
P4 ) = .l/,
1071
S. K. Numrich,
V. V. Vatarian,
andV. K. Vatarian,
"Scattering
ofAeonstic Wavesby a Finite ElasticCylinderImmersedin Water," J. Aeonst.
Soc.Am. 70, 1407-1411{1981).
1071