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Quantum mechanics often involves solving a lot of integrals, and it s a big help i
f we can set up a problem so that we know in advance that a whole class of integ
rals over complicated functions evaluate to zero. We usually select the basis fu
nctions that we will use to write wavefunctions so that they are mutually orthog
onal. By clever planning along these lines, the daunting mathematics of quantum
mechanics became sufficiently tractable during the 1980s that we could start rel
iably predicting geometries of molecules based on only the fundamental physics.
Computational quantum mechanics is now a major tool in the development of new dr
ugs and new materials
First, let us consider the classical solution to our problem. In the region 0<x<
a , the potential energy is zero, so the kinetic energy is equal to the total en
ergy: E=m v 2 /2 , where v is the speed of the particle. Higher energies corresp
ond to higher speeds. The particle cannot be found outside the walls, in the reg
ions x=0 or x>a , because any place where the potential energy becomes greater t
han the total energy, the particle must turn around. Because the system has ener
gy E=K+U and the kinetic energy K=m v 2 /2 is always positive, a classical syste
m can never have an energy less than the potential energy at any given point
We have taken the trouble here to define ? dB as h/| p x | , to ensure that it i
s a positive number. This choice of phase defines the relationship between the m
omentum operator and the Cartesian axes for everything that follows.
(We neglect the trivial case n=0 , for which ?=0 .) We have our first genuinely
quantum-mechanical energy expression. Like the energies of Bohr s one-electron ato
m, only discrete values of the energy are possible.
Furthermore, unlike the free particle, no state exists for which E=0 . Even the
lowest energy quantum state, the ground state, has some kinetic energy. The diff
erence between the energy of the ground state and the minimum value of the poten
tial energy is called the zero-point energy,
E zero-point = E gnd - U min ,
(2.32)
and it is present in any quantum-mechanical system for which the potential energ
y limits the particle s domain.3 For the particle in a box, the zero-point energy
is E 1 = p 2 ? 2 /( 2m a 2 ) .
3 The particle s de Broglie wavelength requires this, because if the particle coul
d have zero kinetic energy, then ? dB would become infinite. The only way for th
e particle to be at rest is for it to occupy all space. We will see, however, in
Section 9.1 that, in the right coordinate system, this does not require the par
ticle itself to be infinitely large.
The free particle has the continuous energies of a classical system because the
flat potential energy function means that the domain of the particle is infinite
, larger than any de Broglie wavelength. To introduce the energetics of a quantu
m-mechanical system, we need a potential energy function that puts up walls, lim
iting the particle s domain and thus allowing ? dB to become comparable to the dom
ain. Our next consideration, therefore, is the solution to a Schrdinger equation
with a more interesting potential function.
Tot era el dios local de Hermopolis del Delta (Bajo Egitpo XV Nomno) donde se le
honraba bajo una de las formas antes dichas
la de ibis, que siurvio para escribir su nombre: Dhwf
De alli paso a Hemenopiolis Magna en el XV Nomo de Alto Egipto la actual -.--donde su culto se desarrollo y persistio hasta bien ebtrada la wra romana.
Aqui adquirio el carcter de dios primordial del que surge la Ogdoada. sobre la c
olina primige ia
de Hermenopolis. Y desde Hemnopilis paso a intregrarse aistema de vida mas diver
so
se le identoifica con la luna y como tal es el seor del tiempo
calculador del tiepo de la vioda, corazon y pensamiento de Ra.
One can say, either that the intense emphasis on the sun in this new wor
ldview was the emotional driving force which induced Copernicus to undertake his
mathematical calculations on the hypothesis that the sun is indeed at the centr
e of the planetary system; or that he wished to make his discovery acceptable by
presenting it within the framework of this new attitude. Perhaps both explanati
ons would be true, or some of each.
At any rate, Copernicus discovery came out with the blessing of Hermes Tr
ismegistus upon its head, with a quotation from that famous work in which Hermes
describes the sun-worship of the Egyptians in