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Chapter 1
Describing Data: Graphical
Ch. 1-1
Decision Making in an
Uncertain Environment
1.1
Ch. 1-2
Decision Making in an
Uncertain Environment
(continued)
Ch. 1-3
Key Definitions
n
Ch. 1-4
Sample
Examples of Populations
n
n
n
Ch. 1-6
Random Sampling
Simple random sampling is a procedure in which
n
Ch. 1-7
Systematic Sampling
For systematic sampling,
n
n
n
Ch. 1-8
Systematic Sampling
(continued)
Example:
Suppose you wish to sample n = 9 items from a
population of N = 72.
j = N / n = 72 / 9 = 8
Randomly select a number from 1 to 8 for the first item to
include in the sample; suppose this is item number 3.
Then select every 8th item thereafter
(items 3, 11, 19, 27, 35, 43, 51, 59, 67)
Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
Ch. 1-9
Descriptive statistics
n
Inferential statistics
n
Ch. 1-10
Descriptive Statistics
n
Collect data
n
Present data
n
e.g., Survey
Summarize data
n
Ch. 1-11
Inferential Statistics
n
Estimation
n e.g., Estimate the population
mean weight using the sample
mean weight
Hypothesis testing
n e.g., Test the claim that the
population mean weight is 140
pounds
Inference is the process of drawing conclusions or
making decisions about a population based on
sample results
Ch. 1-12
Classification of Variables
1.2
Data
Categorical
Numerical
Examples:
n
n
Marital Status
Are you registered to
vote?
Eye Color
(Defined categories or
groups)
Discrete
Examples:
n
n
Number of Children
Defects per hour
(Counted items)
Continuous
Examples:
n
n
Weight
Voltage
(Measured characteristics)
Ch. 1-13
Graphical
Presentation of Data
1.3-1
.5
Ch. 1-14
Graphical
Presentation of Data
(continued)
n
Categorical
Variables
Frequency distribution
Cross table
Bar chart
Pie chart
Pareto diagram
Numerical
Variables
Line chart
Frequency distribution
Histogram and ogive
Stem-and-leaf display
Scatter plot
Ch. 1-15
The Frequency
Distribution Table
Summarize data by category
Example: Hospital Patients by Unit
Hospital Unit
Number of Patients
Percent
Cardiac Care
Emergency
Intensive Care
Maternity
Surgery
Total:
1,052
2,245
340
552
4,630
8,819
11.93
25.46
3.86
6.26
52.50
100.0
(rounded)
(Variables are
categorical)
Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
Ch. 1-16
Cross Tables
n
Ch. 1-17
Investment
Category
Investor A
Investor B
Investor C
Total
Stocks
46
55
27
128
Bonds
Cash
32
15
44
20
19
33
95
68
Total
93
119
79
291
Ch. 1-18
Graphing
Multivariate Categorical Data
(continued)
n
Ch. 1-19
Graphing
Multivariate Categorical Data
(continued)
n
Ch. 1-20
Ch. 1-21
Cardiac Care
Emergency
Intensive Care
Maternity
Surgery
Number
of Patients
1,052
2,245
340
552
4,630
Number of
patients per year
Hospital
Unit
4000
3000
2000
1000
Surgery
Maternity
Intensive
Care
Emergency
Cardiac
Care
Ch. 1-22
Number
of Patients
% of
Total
1,052
2,245
340
552
4,630
11.93
25.46
3.86
6.26
52.50
Surgery
53%
(Percentages
are rounded to
the nearest
percent)
Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
Emergency
25%
Intensive Care
4%
Maternity
6%
Ch. 1-23
Pareto Diagram
n
n
Ch. 1-24
Number of defects
Bad Weld
34
Poor Alignment
223
Missing Part
25
Paint Flaw
78
Electrical Short
19
Cracked case
21
Total
400
Ch. 1-25
Number of defects
% of Total Defects
Poor Alignment
223
55.75
Paint Flaw
78
19.50
Bad Weld
34
8.50
Missing Part
25
6.25
Cracked case
21
5.25
Electrical Short
19
4.75
Total
400
100%
Ch. 1-26
50%
40%
20%
30%
20%
10%
10%
0%
60%
0%
Poor Alignment
Paint Flaw
Bad Weld
Missing Part
Cracked case
Electrical Short
Ch. 1-27
1.4
Graphs to Describe
Time-Series Data
A line chart (time-series plot) is used to show
the values of a variable over time
Time is measured on the horizontal axis
The variable of interest is measured on the
vertical axis
Ch. 1-28
Ch. 1-29
Graphical
Presentation of Data
(continued)
n
Categorical
Variables
Frequency distribution
Cross table
Bar chart
Pie chart
Pareto diagram
Numerical
Variables
Line chart
Frequency distribution
Histogram and ogive
Stem-and-leaf display
Scatter plot
Ch. 1-30
Frequency Distributions
What is a Frequency Distribution?
n
n
Ch. 1-31
Ch. 1-32
Class Intervals
and Class Boundaries
n
n
n
n
n
Ch. 1-33
24, 35, 17, 21, 24, 37, 26, 46, 58, 30,
32, 13, 12, 38, 41, 43, 44, 27, 53, 27
Ch. 1-34
Find range: 58 - 12 = 46
Ch. 1-35
Interval
Frequency
3
6
5
4
2
20
Relative
Frequency
.15
.30
.25
.20
.10
1.00
Percentage
15
30
25
20
10
100
Ch. 1-36
Histogram
n
Ch. 1-37
Histogram Example
Frequency
3
6
5
4
2
Frequency
Interval
2
1
(No gaps
between
bars)
0
0 0 10 10 2020 30 30 40 40 50 50 60 60
Temperature in Degrees
70
Ch. 1-38
Histograms in Excel
1
Select Data Tab
2
Click on Data Analysis
Ch. 1-39
Histograms in Excel
(continued)
3
Choose Histogram
(
4
Ch. 1-40
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
More
60
56
52
48
44
40
36
32
28
24
20
16
0
4
12
3.5
Frequency
Temperature
12
10
Frequency
8
6
4
2
0
0
30
60
More
Temperature
Ch. 1-41
The Cumulative
Frequency Distribuiton
Data in ordered array:
12, 13, 17, 21, 24, 24, 26, 27, 27, 30, 32, 35, 37, 38, 41, 43, 44, 46, 53, 58
Class
Frequency Percentage
Cumulative Cumulative
Frequency Percentage
15
15
30
45
25
14
70
20
18
90
10
20
100
20
100
Total
Ch. 1-42
The Ogive
Less than 10
10 but less than 20
20 but less than 30
30 but less than 40
40 but less than 50
50 but less than 60
10
20
30
40
50
60
0
15
45
70
90
100
Interval
Upper
interval Cumulative
endpoint Percentage
100
80
60
40
20
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Interval endpoints
Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
Ch. 1-43
Scatter Diagrams
n
Ch. 1-44
Math
Alabama
562
558
Alaska
521
520
Arizona
525
528
Arkansas
568
555
California
497
516
Colorado
537
542
Connecticut
510
509
Delaware
501
493
D.C.
488
476
Florida
500
501
Georgia
486
482
Hawaii
483
513
W.Va.
525
513
Wis.
581
594
Wyo.
548
546
Ch. 1-45
Ch. 1-46
1.6
Ch. 1-47
Ch. 1-48
Chapter Summary
n
n
n
Ch. 1-49
Chapter Summary
(continued)
n
n
Graph
Frequency distribution
Cross tables
Bar chart
Pie chart
Pareto diagram
n
n
n
n
n
Line chart
Frequency distribution
Histogram and ogive
Stem-and-leaf display
Scatter plot
Ch. 1-50