Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
FAST
FUNCTIONAL ACADEMIC SKILLS TRAINING
This booklet contains math principles and information that our faculty and
staff believes will add to your knowledge as well as increase your chances
of success on the AFCT.
Beginning with fractions and continuing through various other aspects of
math, the information contained here will offer the serious student the
opportunity to practice a variety of math problems.
It is the sincere belief of those who compiled this information that serious,
practiced use of this booklet will result in a successful experience. It can
only happen if both sides of the educational equation are actively involved.
GOOD LUCK!
DECIMALS TO FRACTIONS
EXAMPLE 1:
4
25
.16
25 4.00
25
150
EXAMPLE 1:
.6
EXAMPLE 2:
.22
150
4
Therefore:
25
EXAMPLE 2:
6
10
.16
2
3
22
100
EXAMPLE:
25%
45%
.6 = .6 u 100 = 60% or
.6 = .60 = 60%
EXAMPLE 2:
1
33 %
3
OR
.8
5 4.0
.25
100 25.00
FRACTIONS TO PERCENTS
25
100
PERCENTS TO FRACTIONS
4
5
11
50
PERCENTS TO DECIMALS
.66 23
3 2.000
18
20
18
2
EXAMPLES:
3
5
45
100
9
20
1
33 y 100
3
100 1
u
3 100
100
300
1
3
80%
1
PERCENTS
P(is)
W (of )
EXAMPLE 1:
25
100
%
100
equal
less than
greater than
therefore
pi = 3.14 or 22/7
percent
||
parallel
addition, plus
subtraction, minus
25% of 12 is ____
N
12
EXAMPLE 2:
25 u 12
100
300
100
33% of 12 is ______
33 13
100
N
12
multiplication, times
c
y cd
d
division
division
R=DyT
MEASUREMENTS
T=DyR
DISTANCE
1 foot (ft.) = 12 inches (in.)
1 yard (yd.) = 3 feet
1 mile (mi.) = 5280 feet or
1760 yd.
D = Distance
R = Rate or speed (must be in miles per hour)
T = Time (MUST be in HOURS)
EXAMPLE 1:
D = 60 u 3 = 180 miles
WEIGHT
1 pound (lb.) = 16 ounces (oz.)
1 ton (T.) = 2000 pounds
COUNTING
EXAMPLE 2:
LIQUID
T = 12 y 4 = 3 hours
RATIO AND PROPORTION
2
3
Ratios may be reduced to lowest terms just as
fractions can, but you do not change improper
fractions to mixed numbers.
TIME
1 minute (min.) = 60 seconds (sec.)
1 hour (hr.) = 60 minutes
1 day = 24 hours
1 week = 7 days
1 month (business) = 30 days
1 year = 12 months or
52 weeks or
365 days or
360 days (business year)
2
3
4
X
3u 4
2
12
2
3
1
10
X
1 quart = 2 pints
1 peck = 8 quarts
1 bushel (bu.) = 4 pecks
2:3
1 10 3
u y
2 1 1
1 10 1
u u
2 1 3
10
6
5
3
2
3
GEOMETRY
TRIANGLE
A three sided figure which can be classified by
the length of its sides or by the measure of its
angles.
Sides:
equilateral
all sides same length
isosceles
2 sides have the same length
scalene
no sides have the same length
Angles:
equiangular angles are equal measurement
isosceles
two angles have equal
measurement
right
one angle is 90 degrees
obtuse
one angle is greater than 90
degrees
acute
all angles are less than 90
degrees
QUADRILATERAL
A four-sided figure. Some of them can be
described by their sides, their relation to each
other, and by their angles.
rectangle
two pairs of opposite sides
that are parallel and have the
same length. All angles are
90 degrees.
square
like a rectangle only all sides
have the same length.
Other polygons one should know:
Pentagon
5 sides
Octagon
8 sides
Hexagon
6 sides
Decagon
10 sides
CIRCLE
A circle is a set of points in a plane which is the
same distance from a point called the center.
The radius of a circle is a line segment with one
Radius
SIGNED NUMBERS
ADDITION
1. When the signs are ALIKE (both positive or
both negative) add the numbers and take the
common sign.
2. When the signs are DIFFERENT (one
positive and one negative) subtract the
numbers and the answer has the sign of the
larger number.
SUBTRACTION
1. Change the sign of the subtrahend (the
second number or the bottom number)
2. Follow the rules for addition
MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION
1. Like signsthe answer is positive
2. Different signsthe answer is negative
EXAMPLE 1:
12 y 4
EXAMPLE 2:
3 u 5
3
15
1
2
3
4
5
1
1
2
3
4
5
2
3
4
2
3
4
4
6
8
6
9 12
8 12 16
10 15 20
12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72
7
7 14 21
8
8 16 24
9
9 18 27
10 10 20 30
11 11 22 33
12 12 24 36
28
32
36
40
44
48
5
5
10
15
20
25
35
40
45
50
55
60
6
6
12
18
24
30
42
48
54
60
66
72
7
7
14
21
28
35
49
56
63
70
77
84
8
8
16
24
32
40
56
64
72
80
88
96
9
9
18
27
36
45
63
72
81
90
99
108
10
10
20
30
40
50
70
80
90
100
110
120
11
11
22
33
44
55
77
88
99
110
121
132
12
12
24
36
48
60
84
96
108
120
132
144
Decimal Names
Examples
Proper Fraction
One place
Two places
Three places
Four places
Five places
Six places
= tenths
= hundredths
= thousandths
= ten-thousandths
= hundred-thousandths
= millionths
.4
.19
.005
.0067
.00183
.000072
= 4/10
= 19/100
= 5/1,000
= 67/10,000
= 183/100,000
= 72/1,000,000
24
24
100
24 4
y
100 4
6
25
.5
2 1 .0
10
00
.66 23
3 2.000
18
20
18
2
ADDING DECIMALS
To add decimals, first line them up with the decimal points in a straight row.
Remember: Any whole number is understood to have a decimal point at its right.
EXAMPLE:
3.46
.007
24.
27.467
SUBTRACTING DECIMALS
To subtract decimals: put the larger number on top; line up the decimal points, add zeros to the right so
that each decimal has the same number of places; and subtract as you would for whole numbers,
bringing down the decimal point.
EXAMPLE:
21.6 - .038
1. Put the larger number on top and line up the decimal points.
2. Add zeros to give the top number the same number of places as the
bottom number.
3. Subtract and bring down the decimal point.
8
21.6
.038
21.562
MULTIPLYING DECIMALS
To multiply decimals, multiply the two numbers the same way you would whole numbers. Then count
the number of decimal places in both numbers you are multiplying. Decimal places are numbers to the
right of the decimal point. Put the total number of places in your answer.
EXAMPLE 1:
You may need to add zeros in front of your answer to have enough decimal places in the final answer.
EXAMPLE 2:
.26 u 10
Shortcut:
.26 u10 .26 2.6
Long way:
.26
u 10
Zeros at the end of
a decimal are often
2.60
dropped.
To multiply a decimal by 100 move the decimal two places to the right.
EXAMPLE 2:
3.7 u 100
Shortcut:
3.7 u 100
Long way:
3 .7
3.70
370
u 100
370.0
To multiply a decimal by 1,000, move the decimal point three places to the right.
EXAMPLE 3:
1.4 u 1,000
Shortcut:
1.4 u 1,000 1.400 1,400
Long way:
1 .4
u 1,000
1,400.0
EXAMPLE 1:
2.33
4 9.32
8
13
12
12
12
EXAMPLE 2:
.037
6 .222
0
22
18
42
42
10
.03 4.374
Step 1.
.03 4.374
Step 2.
3. 4.374
Step 3.
145.8
3. 437.4
Sometimes you need to add zeros to your problem in order to have enough places to move the decimal
point.
EXAMPLE 2:
.08 4.8
Step 1.
.08 4.8
Step 2.
8. 4.80
Step 3.
60.
8. 480.
.007 35
Step 1.
Step 2.
Step 3.
.007 35
7. 35.000
5000
7 35000
7.2 y10
Shortcut:
Long way:
.72
10 7.20
70
20
20
11
To divide a decimal by 100 move the decimal two places to the left.
EXAMPLE 2:
364 y100
Shortcut:
Long way:
3.64
100 364.00
300
640
600
400
400
To divide a decimal by 1,000, move the decimal point three places to the left.
EXAMPLE 3:
25.3 y1,000
Shortcut:
25.3 y1,000 025.3 .0253
Long way:
.0253
1, 000 25.3000
000
2530
2000
5300
5000
3000
3000
12
DECIMAL COMPUTATIONS
1. 5.1 u .01
11. .54 u .6
2. 8.07 5.392
3. .042 : .0006
5. .396 : 3.6
6. 1.85 u .023
7. .6 + .9 + .4
8. 4.29 u .01
9. .924 .91
2. You have $2,142.07 in your checking account. You make deposits of $214.96, $31.42, $1,092.43,
and $99.27. Find the total amount of the deposits.
3. How many months could you rent a mailbox if you had $15.25, and it cost $2.50 for the first month
and $.75 for each additional month?
4. It costs $ .0023 to light an electric light bulb for one hour. How much will it cost to keep the light
bulb on for 210 hours? Round your answer to the nearest hundredth.
5. A painter makes $14.50 an hour. He makes time and a half for all hours over 40. What is his
income for a 52 hour week?
6. If you used a plane to shave .017 inches off a board that is 1.7 inches thick, what is the resulting
thickness of the board?
7. Gasoline tax is $.17 per gallon Find the number of gallons of gasoline used during a month in which
$17.34 was paid in taxes.
8. You have $789.37 in your checking account. You withdraw $200 from an ATM that charges a
$1.50 withdrawal fee and write a check for $25.36. What is the amount left in your account?
9. You are building a bookcase with shelves which are 3.4 feet long. How many complete shelves can
be cut from a 12-foot board?
10. An airplane is traveling at 480 mph. How far will the plane have flown in .175 hours?
14
11. A fuel oil consumer bought 100 liters of heating oil at $1.64 per liter. How much did the oil cost?
12. A woman bought a skirt for $35.50 and a handbag for $18.25. She gave the clerk 3 twenty dollar
bills. How much change should the woman get back?
13. A construction worker earns a salary of $344 for a 40 hour week. This week he worked 15 hours of
overtime at $12.90 an hour. Find his total income.
14. A compact car can be bought for $1975 down and payments of $119.50 per month for 36 months.
What is the total cost of the car?
15. You buy a pair of shoes for $36.95. How much change do you receive from a $50.00 bill?
16. A nurse receives an annual income of $23,348.04 in twelve equal monthly payments. What is her
monthly income?
17. You received a salary of $455.50, a commission of $1,288.63, and a bonus of $153.48. Find the
total income.
18. You bought a house with monthly payments of $822.50 for 30 years. Find the total paid for the
house.
19. A taxi driver drove 7.2 miles, 12.7 miles, and 65.9 miles on three calls. The odometer on the taxi
read 22,416.8 after making the calls. What was the odometer reading before he made the calls?
20. A tax of $4.15 is paid to the store, in addition to the actual cost, for each food processor sold by the
store. This month the total tax paid on food processors was $448.20. Each food processor is sold for
$61.85. Find the stores total income (including tax) from the sale of the food processors.
15
An inch is a fraction of a foot. It is one of the 12 equal parts of a foot or 1 (one twelfth) of a foot.
12
5 days are a fraction of a week. They are 5 of the 7 equal parts of a week or 5 (five sevenths) of a week.
7
EXAMPLE:
Write fractions that represent the part of each figure that is shaded.
1. ____
4. ____
7. ____
2. ____
5. ____
8. ____
3. ____
6. ____
9. ____
16
WRITING FRACTIONS
Since there are three feet in one yard, one foot is of a yard. Two feet make up of a yard.
WRITE FRACTIONS FOR EACH OF THE PARTS DESCRIBED BELOW.
1. A foot contains 12 inches. 5 inches is what fraction of a foot?
7. Betsy wants a coat that costs $60. She has saved $43. What fraction of the amount that she needs
has she saved?
8. There are 2,000 pounds in a ton. 1,351 pounds is what fraction of a ton?
9. During a 5 day work week, Ed was sick for 2 days. What fraction of the work week was he sick?
10. There are 100 centimeters in a meter. 63 centimeters is what fraction of a meter?
12. David makes $150 a week. He spent $113. What fraction of his weeks pay has he spent?
13. Barbara has typed 77 pages of a report that contains 280 pages. What fraction of the report has she
typed?
17
FORMS OF FRACTIONS
PROPER FRACTIONThe top number is less than the bottom number.
1 3 7
,
,
Examples:
3 10 19
A proper fraction is less than all the parts the whole is divided into. The value of a proper fraction is
always less than one.
IMPROPER FRACTIONThe top number is equal to or larger than the bottom number.
Examples:
3 9 8
, ,
2 4 8
An improper fraction is all the parts that a whole is divided into such as 8/8, or it is more than the total
parts of the whole. The value of an improper fraction is either equal to one or more than one.
MIXED NUMBERA whole number is written next to a proper fraction.
Examples:
2
4
1
1 , 3 , 10
2
5
7
1. ________
9
6
2. ________
8
30
3. ________ 4
5. ________
15
16
6. ________
20
19
7. ________
17
17
8. ________ 12
2
7
10. ________
55
100
11. ________
2
200
12. ________
200
2
75
110
14. ________
110
75
15. ________ 1
8
9
16. ________
8
50
9. ________ 9
13. ________
18
1
2
4. ________
10
10
1
10
REDUCING FRACTIONS
The coin we call a quarter stands for 25 pennies out of the total of 100 pennies in a dollar. You could
call 25 cents 25100 of a dollar, or thinking of the 5 nickels in 25 cents, 5 20 of a dollar. The easiest way is
to say that 25 cents is of a dollar. is the reduced form of 25100 and 5 20 . Reducing a fraction means
writing it an easier waywith smaller numbers. Study the following examples to see how fractions are
reduced.
15
EXAMPLE 1: Reduce
20
Step 1.
Step 2.
EXAMPLE 2:
Reduce
15 y 5
20 y 5
3
4
48
64
Step 1.
48 y 8
64 y 8
6
8
Step 2.
6y2
8y2
3
4
When you have reduced a fraction as much as possible, the fraction is then in lowest terms.
When both the top and bottom numbers end with 0s, cross out the 0s, a zero at the top for a zero at the
bottom. Then check to see if you can continue to reduce.
EXAMPLE 3:
Reduce
20
30
20
30
2
3
6
12
2.
32
36
3.
70
200
4.
42
56
5.
18
32
6.
26
39
7.
4
200
8.
14
42
19
Check:
EXAMPLE 2:
2 4
u
5 4
8y4
20 y 4
?
27
8
20
2
5
3
9 27
Step 1.
Step 2.
Check:
4 3
u
9 3
12
27
12 y 3
27 y 3
4
9
Raise each fraction to higher terms by filling in the missing top number
1. ____
4
5
?
30
2. ____
9
10
5. ____
4
7
?
35
6. ____
1
2
9. ____
5
9
?
45
10. ____
3
4
20
?
20
3. ____
1
6
?
18
4. ____
5
8
?
36
7. ____
2
3
?
21
8. ____
9
11
?
44
11. ____
7
12
12. ____
1
3
?
60
?
32
?
66
?
45
Change
21
to a mixed number.
9
2
9 21
18
Step 2.
Step 3.
3y3
9y3
3
9
1
3
1
The answer becomes 2 .
3
Change Each Fraction To A Whole Or Mixed Number.
Be sure to reduce any remaining fractions.
1.
14
= _____
8
2.
33
= _____
6
3.
14
= _____
5
4.
30
=_____
7
5.
12
= _____
3
6.
30
= _____
9
7.
26
= _____
8
8.
18
= _____
6
9.
36
= _____
10
10.
16
= _____
8
11.
13
= _____
12
12.
45
= _____
9
13.
45
= _____
6
14.
32
= _____
12
15.
42
= _____
9
21
Change 2
1
to an improper fraction.
4
Step 1.
4u 2 8
Step 2.
8 1 9
Step 3.
9
4
EXAMPLE 2:
Change 5
2
to an improper fraction.
3
Step 1.
3 u 5 15
Step 2.
15 2 17
Step 3.
Place 17 over 3.
Answer:
2
3
17
3
4
2. 1 =
7
1
3. 5 =
3
1
6. 9 =
2
5
7. 7 =
8
8. 2
1
11. 10 =
3
2
12. 11 =
5
13. 4
22
2
4. 6 =
7
3
5. 4 =
5
9
=
10
3
9. 8 =
4
5
10. 3 =
9
5
=
12
7
14. 6 =
8
1
15. 12 =
4
EXAMPLE:
Step 1.
23 5
Step 2.
5
7
2
9
1.
3
9
3
7
2.
1
7
4
8
3.
3
8
5
12
4.
2
12
4
13
5.
6
13
3
11
1
6.
11
2
11
5
9
2
7.
9
1
9
2
15
7
8.
15
4
15
8
17
2
9.
17
5
17
2
19
9
10.
19
5
19
11.
4 52
3 15
12.
3 92
15.
5 19
4 95
6 103
8 106
13.
6 114
16.
9 112
2 113
5 114
4 115
14.
8 72
5 72
6 134
9 103
7 72
17.
8 137
18.
2 105
4 101
23
5 1
12 12
Step 1.
5 1 4
Step 2.
4
12
Step 3.
4 4
y
12 4
1
3
5
9
1.
2
9
7
10
2.
6
10
5
8
3.
1
8
4
13
4.
1
13
9
11
5.
3
11
13
15
6.
8
15
15
16
7.
9
16
23
24
8.
11
24
11
19
9.
8
19
17
20
10.
13
20
11.
15.
24
8 76
5 72
15 167
7 163
12.
16.
10 85
4 85
11
14 12
5 125
13.
17.
7 89
6 95
18 139
9 134
14.
18.
13 109
9 105
23 56
7 16
EXAMPLE 1:
Step 1.
Step 2.
Step 3.
Add.
Step 4.
EXAMPLE 2:
2 4
u
3 4
5 2
u
6 2
3 3
u
4 3
2 5 3
3 6 4
27
12
3
12
8
12
10
12
9
12
27
12
1
4
2 3
5 4
Step 1.
Step 2.
Step 3.
Add as usual.
Step 4.
2 4
u
5 4
3 5
u
4 5
8
20
15
20
23
20
23
3
1
20
20
25
3 4
5 15
Step 1.
Step 2.
Raise
Step 3.
3
5
to 15ths.
3
5
u 55
9
15
4
15
13
15
9
15
1.
1
3
6.
2.
5
8
7.
3
20
14 4 5
7 815
12.
5
1
3 12
9 56
26
21.
10
7 59
6 1118
14.
18.
9 12
5 15 24
4
5
3
15
10
1
15.
3
11
30
18
19.
3 37
18 3142
8 58
6 12
4 34
5 14
22. 2 9 10
7 45
23. 8 512
3 56
4 316
10.
12
1
4
7
9
2
5.
24
3
13.
8
1
3
17.
9.
1
7 23
20.
9
4.
8.
3
3
11.
3.
12
3
4
1
16.
The LCD is 8 u 3 24 .
Step 2.
Step 3.
Subtract. 15 8 7
3
4
1.
1
2
5
8
2.
1
4
5
6
3.
1
3
3
4
4.
3
16
1
2
5.
3
10
2
3
6.
1
4
4
5
7.
1
3
3
4
8.
2
7
5
6
9.
3
5
5
9
10.
1
6
11.
15.
11
8 12
2 83
13 74
7 83
12.
16.
9 75
3 12
21 89
6 14
13.
17.
12 54
5 92
9 56
2 52
14.
18.
11 34
8 107
20 119
8 23
27
Step 2.
EXAMPLE 2:
3
6
12 8
7
7
Step 1.
Step 2.
Add the
Step 3.
7
3
to .
7
7
1
3
EXAMPLE 3: 8 4
3
4
28
Step 1.
Step 2.
Step 3.
Add the
Step 4.
12
4
to
.
12
12
8
1.
4
2.
5
6
12
6.
8
3
7
7.
3
7
12
3.
1
2
5
8.
2
3
5
9
4.
10
5.
2
5
9.
7
12
2
10
5
9
10.
3
2
9
11.
5
4
9
3
8
12.
7
4
8
7
12
13.
11
6
12
1
5
14.
4
8
5
7
15
15.
8
7
15
4
7
16.
6
6
7
1
3
17.
2
12
3
3
16
18.
7
10
16
1
8
19.
5
9
8
6
11
20.
9
8
11
7
20
21.
13
14
20
5
9
22.
8
27
9
12
20
11
22
36
14
19
15
8
11
5
16
15
18
30
29
ADDING FRACTIONS
1.
7 78
9 125
2
3
2. 11 23
4 12
94
5.
3 34
2 23
3.
6.
1
2
4.
15 53
7 107
11 78
4 125
7.
9 56
23
8 85
6
7
9 12
12 34
6 167
4
9
19 34
8.
5 73
12
Addition problems generally ask you to combine figures or to find a total or sum. Be sure to reduce your
answers to lowest terms.
9. Karen is 62 inches tall. Her mother is 5 inches taller. How tall is Karens mother?
10. Doing errands on Monday, Mrs. Manning drove 5 miles to the supermarket, 3 7 10 miles to the
hardware store, 810 mile to the laundry, and 6 110 miles back home. How far did she drive all together?
11. Mr. Browns empty suitcase weighs 4 pounds. If the things put in the suitcase weigh 17 3 5 pounds,
what is the weight of the suitcase when it is filled?
12. When Lydia went shopping she bought 2 pounds sugar, 3 pounds of ground beef, 2 pounds of
cheese, and a pound can of soup. What was the total weight of her purchases?
13. Jerry spends his evenings trying to change his attic into an extra bedroom. Monday night he worked
3 hours, Tuesday night 4 hours, Wednesday 2 hours, and Thursday 3 hours. How many hours
did he work on his attic that week?
14. When Cindy was sick, her weight went down to 116 15 pounds. By the time she recover she had
gained 12 pounds. What was her final weight when she was well?
15. Linda talked on the phone for hour in the morning, 3 5 of an hour in the afternoon and 1 hours in
the evening. How much time did she spend on the phone that day?
30
SUBTRACTING FRACTIONS
1.
5.
28 16
17 53
17 72
15 85
2.
6.
15 34
8 78
35 14
18 53
3.
7.
30 14
16 125
13 92
7 56
4.
8.
19 113
18 12
24 163
9 23
10. Jeff weighed 166 pounds. When he was sick he lost 11 pounds. How much did he weigh after this
loss?
11. Before leaving on a trip, Mr. Smith noticed that his odometer registered 20,245 310 miles. When he
returned, his mileage gauge registered 20,734 7 10 miles. How many miles did he drive?
12. Adam had a five-pound bag of flour. If he used 1 1 6 pounds of flour for a certain recipe, how much
flour did he have left?
13. Sandra bought a 10-pound bag of dog food. At his first feeding, her dog ate 1 pounds of the food.
How much dog food was left?
14. If you change a turntable speed set at 45 rpms to 33 rpms, how many revolutions per minute slower
does the turntable spin?
15. From a 100-pound bag of cement, Fran used 44 pounds to make concrete. How much cement was left
in the bag?
16. Ethel had a pound bar of cooking chocolate. If she used pound of chocolate to make a cake, how
much chocolate was left?
31
MULTIPLYING FRACTIONS
EXAMPLE:
3 4
u
5 7
Step 1.
Step 2.
2 4
u
3 5
2.
5 2
u
7 9
3.
1 7
u
8 10
4.
3 5
u
11 8
5.
1 1
u
3 5
6.
4 4
u
7 9
7.
5 5
u
6 8
8.
9 1
u
10 4
9.
7 2
u
9 5
10.
3 7
u
8 8
11.
1 5
u
6 6
12.
8 2
u
9 9
With three fractions, multiply the top numbers of the first two fractions together. Then multiply that
answer by the third top number. Do the same for the bottom numbers.
13.
3 1 3
u u
5 2 4
14.
5 1 1
u u
7 3 2
15.
2 1 5
u u
3 3 9
16.
4 4 1
u u
5 5 3
17.
2 7 1
u u
5 9 3
18.
1 4 2
u u
3 7 3
32
10 14
u
21 25
Step 1.
Cancel 10 and 25 by 5.
10 y 5 2 and 25 y 5 5 .
Step 2.
Cancel 14 and 21 by 7.
14 y 7 2 and 21 y 7 3 .
Step 3.
4 3
u
9 8
2.
5 9
u
12 10
3.
7 11
u
22 14
4.
5 9
u
6 10
5.
15 12
u
16 25
6.
7 32
u
24 35
7.
21 13
u
26 28
8.
19 25
u
45 38
9.
3 18 5
u u =
20 25 6
10.
11 5 8
u u =
12 11 15
11.
9 20 7
u u =
16 21 10
12.
6 21 4
u u =
17 40 45
13.
19 7 3
u u =
36 10 7
14.
4 5 11
u u =
11 12 15
15.
16 14 3
u u =
21 15 4
16.
15 7 12
u u =
28 16 45
33
1.
Step 1.
Write 9 as a fraction.
Step 2.
Cancel 9 and 6 by 3.
Step 3.
Step 4.
7
u 24
8
5. 35 u
2.
7
30
11
u 20
40
6. 16 u
5
24
3. 32 u
7.
7
16
4. 12 u
7
u 36
12
8. 2 u
15
16
9
10
Step 1.
Step 2.
Cancel 9 and 6 by 3.
Step 3.
Step 4.
1 1
9. 2 u1
3 5
3 8 1
13. 3 u u1
4 9 5
34
2
3
10. 6 u 3
3
4
2 3
7
14. 2 u 3 u 2
5 8
9
5
3
11. 3 u 4
7
8
1
5
12. 16 u 2
3 14
15. 2
2
1
1
u5 u7
15
4
2
to
are
To calculate the answer to any division of fractions problem, there are two rules to remember:
1. INVERT the fraction to the right of the division sign (the divisor).
That is, turn the fraction upside down by writing the top number in the bottom position and the bottom
number at the top.
In the problem above 12 y 18 , invert the 18 to become 81 .
2. Change the division sign to a multiplication sign and follow the rules of multiplication.
Thus the problem above becomes:
1 1
y
2 8
1 8
u
2 1
1 4
u
1 1
4 sections
In other words, the rules for multiplication and division of fractions are exactly the same as soon as you
invert the fraction to the right of the division sign.
EXAMPLE:
3 5
y
4 8
Step 1.
Step 2.
Cancel 4 and 8 by 4.
Step 3.
Step 4.
1
1
1. 4 y 2
3
7
7
1
2. 6 y 5
8
4
3. 9
7
4
y1
10 5
2
1
4. 8 y 5
3 12
1
1
5. 7 y 3
2
5
5
5
6. 3 y 2
9
18
5
5
7. 5 y 3
6 12
5
1
8. 10 y 4
8
2
35
2.
If Jack burns tank of gas per hour, how many tanks of gas will he use on an 8 hour trip?
3.
If one cubic foot of water weighs 62 pounds, how much do 3 15 cubic feet of water weigh?
4. For a bookcase, Thomas wants 6 shelves each 28 inches long. What total length of shelving does he
need?
6. Robert makes $12.00 an hour when he works overtime. How much does he make for 3 hours of
overtime work?
7. Wilma gets $8.00 an hour where she works. For overtime she gets time and a half (1 times her
regular wage). How much does she get for one hour of overtime work?
8. A tailor needs 3 1 6 yards of material to make a suit. How much material does he need to make three
suits?
36
2. Sandy baked 4 pounds of cookies. If she divides the cookies evenly among herself and two friends,
how many pounds of cookies will each person get?
3. If a tailor needs 3 yards of material to make a suit, how many suits can be made from 22 yards of
material?
4. How many 1 pound loaves of bread can be made from 9 pounds of dough?
5. How many pound cans of tomatoes can be filled from 24 pounds of tomatoes?
6. A piece of molding 75 inches long is to be cut into small strips each 8 inches long to make picture
frames. How many strips can be cut from the long piece?
7. Julie needs 2 yards of material to make a dress for her daughter. How many dresses can she make
from 10 yards of material?
37
Example 1:
Petes Pet Shop keeps a maximum of 10 birds for every 3 cages it owns. If Pete just expanded
his store to hold 15 cages, what is the maximum number of birds he can keep?
Set up the proportion.
10 birds
3 cages
3x 150
x birds
15 cages
x 150 y 3 50 birds
Example 2:
Joe spent $4.00 in driving 68 miles. How much would he spend in driving 85 miles?
Set up the proportion.
$4 =
68 miles
68 x = 4 85
68 x = 340
x = 5
x
85 miles
OR
Cancel 4 into 4 and 68
Cancel 17 into 85
38
1
4
68
17
x
85
1
17
1
x
85
5
x=5
Part
Whole
Fractional
Equivalent
6
15
2
5
EXAMPLE 2: Jack traveled 50 miles and had 25 more miles to travel. What part of the distance had he
traveled?
40
50
75
2
3
b.
11
12
c.
13
14
d. Not given
2. Terri missed 5 examples in an arithmetic test of 25 examples. What part of the test did she get right?
a.
b.
c.
d.
3. In 24 times at bat, Joe hit safely 9 times. What part of the time did he hit safely?
a.
b.
c.
10
d.
4. The Pine Forest School team won 9 games and lost 6. What part of the games played did it win?
a.
b.
c.
d.
5. What part of her annual income of $15,000 does Elsa save if she deposits $125 each month in her
savings account?
a.
b.
15
c.
1
10
d. Not given
6. There are 16 boys and 20 girls in a class. What part of the class is boys? What part girls?
7. If 175 out of 200 freshmen passed their physical exams, what part passed?
8. On the final report 6 students in the history class received A. The teacher also announced there were
12 Bs, 10 Cs, 8 Ds, and 4 Es. What part of the class received A? B? C? D? E?
9. Johnson made two errors in 25 fielding chances. What part of his chances did he field the ball
cleanly?
10. Carol Mather, a pitcher, won 8 games and lost 4. What part of the games did she win?
11. At bat 36 times, Sullivan made 7 singles, 2 doubles, 1 triple and 2 home runs. What part of the time
did he hit safely?
12. If brass contains 3 parts copper and 2 parts zinc, what part of brass is copper? What part is zinc?
13. A certain hydrochloric acid solution contains 4 parts acid and 8 parts water. What part of the solution
is acid? How many quarts of acid are there in 18 quarts of the solution?
14. A. What part of a dollar is a dime? B. 50 minutes is what part of an hour? C. 3 is what part of a
dozen? D. 12 ounces is what part of a pound E. What part of a bushel is a peck? F. 6 inches is what
part of a foot?
41
Joe ate 12 pieces of candy from the box. When he finished he realized
that he had eaten 4 5 of the box. How many total pieces of candy were
in the box?
The part is 12 and it represents what Joe ate.
The fractional equivalent is 4 5 and it represents what Joe ate.
Both amounts are representing what Joe ate, so they can be used to find the whole.
Set up the proportion.
12
W
4
5
4W
12 u 5
4W
4
12 u 5
4
Solve
EXAMPLE 2:
15
Mary bought a dress on sale for $30.00. The dress was discounted at
off the regular price. What was the regular price of the dress?
The part is $30.00 and it represents what she paid.
The fractional equivalent is and it represents the discount.
The part and the fractional equivalent are not the same.
We cannot exchange the part, but we can exchange the fractional
equivalent. If 2 out of 3 parts were taken off as a discount, only 1 of the
3 parts is left. So the fraction that she paid was .
Set up the proportion.
30
W
1
3
1W
30 u 3
1W
1
30 u 3
1
Solve
42
$90.00
b. $54
c. $18
d. $27
3. If the school baseball team won 16 games or of the games played, how many games were lost?
a. 6 games
b. 7 games
c. 8 games
d. 9 games
4. If 138 students or of the graduating class selected the college preparatory course, how many pupils
were in the graduating class?
5. The school athletic association sold 1,295 student membership tickets. If of the school became
members, what is the school enrollment?
20
15
16
8. Roberta is saving to buy a pair of ice skates. She has saved $14.50 which is of the cost of the
skates. What is the price of the skates?
of Roberts scout troop. How many boys are there in the troop?
10. In a shop of the workers were given wage increases. If 14 did not receive an increase, how many
people worked at the shop?
43
P
36, 000
5
6
a. Cross multiply.
EXAMPLE 2:
36, 000 u 5
6
6P
6
Solve
P $30,000
There are 144 students enrolled in the BSEP Class. If of the students
were absent on the training holiday, how many students were present?
The whole is 144 and it represents total number of students.
The fractional equivalent is and it represents the absent students.
Since we are trying to find the students present we cannot use .
We exchange the fractional equivalent. If 5 out of 8 parts were absent,
then 3 parts are left. So the fraction that was present was .
Set up the proportion.
P
144
3
8
a. Cross multiply.
44
144 u 3
8
8P
8
Solve
P 54
2. A student worked of a math assignment incorrectly. How many problems were worked correctly
out of 168 problems?
1
10
4. In one season a baseball team played 140 games and lost of them. How many games did they win?
of the time.
20
of the total
7. During one season a second-baseman fielded the ball 125 times. She made an error
How many times did she field the ball correctly?
8. Two men went into business and invested $12,000 altogether. Mr. Adams invested
and Mr. Blake invested the remaining amount. How much did each man invest?
9. Joe purchased 150 crates of oranges. He sold 15 of them on the first day at the market and sold
1
10 of them the second day. How many crates did he sell?
10. Henry took 18 shots at the basket. If he missed of the time, how many times did he hit?
45
45
Percent
.08%
12 %
50 %
Decimal
.0008
.12
.50
2. 2.5%
3. 9%
4. 25%
5. .08%
Decimal
.35
.8
.04
.0008
Percent
35%
80%
4%
.08%
.005 =
7. .37 =
8. .08 1/3 =
9. .32 =
10. .0016 =
47
85
100
Step 2.
Reduce.
85 5
y
100 5
EXAMPLE 2:
Change 8 % to a fraction.
Step 1.
8 13
100
Step 2.
8 13 y100
Step 3.
Step 4.
5. 80% =
17
20
6. 33 % =
25 100
y
3
1
25 1
u
3 100
1 1
u
3 4
3. 66 % =
4. 4 % =
7. 4% =
8. 41 % =
1
12
Method 2.
13. 4/25 =
48
3 100
u
4 1
Method 1.
14. 3/10 =
3
4
75
1
.75
4 3.00
11. 3/7 =
12. 9/20 =
15. 3/5 =
16. 9/50 =
75%
75%
FRACTIONS
1.
DECIMALS
.375
2.
3.
72%
4
4.
5.
8%
3
6.
.125
7.
100%
8.
9.
.003
1
10.
11.
87.5%
7
50
166%
12.
13.
14.
15.
PERCENTS
.2
3.5
49
Part
Whole
%
100*
Rachel has been sick 8 days out of the past 50 days. What percent of
the time has she been sick?
8
50
50 x
50
x
100
8 u100
50
x 16%
EXAMPLE 2:
The team played 16 games and lost 4. What percent of the games did
they win?
12
x
16 100
16 x
16
x
50
12 u100
16
75%
2. Joan makes $150 a week. If she gets a raise of $12 each week, what percent of her original salary
was her raise?
3. Terrence wants to buy a coat that costs $48. If he has already saved $30, what percent of the price of
the coat has he saved?
4. Matthew got 36 problems right out of a total of 40 problems on a test. What percent of the problems
did he get wrong?
5. On a loan of $350, John had to pay $28 of interest. The interest represents what percent of Johns
loan?
6. Carl weighed 180 pounds. After two months of dieting and exercising, he now weighs 171 pounds.
What percent of his weight did he lose?
7. Margaret is reading a book that is 288 pages long. If she has already read 96 pages, what percent of
the book has she read?
8. The Johnson family spends $810 a month on rent. If their monthly income is $5400, what percent of
their income is left?
9. In an office of 20 employees, there are 11 men. What percent of the office is made up of men?
10. Carlos owed $2,000 to the bank. If he has paid back $1,250, what percent of the loan does he owe?
51
EXAMPLE 1:
Mike has driven 2,550 miles on his way from New York to San
Francisco. If this is 85% of the total distance, what is the distance from
New York to San Francisco?
The part is 2,550 and represents the miles he has driven.
The percent is 85 and refers to (if this) the miles he has driven.
Both the part and percent represent the miles he has driven.
2,550
W
2,550 u 100
85
85W
85
W
EXAMPLE 2:
85
100
3, 000
The team won 24 games and lost 25%. How many games did they
play?
The part is 24 and represents the games won.
The percent is 25 and represents the games lost.
The part and percent are not the same, so they cannot be used to find the
whole.
If the whole is 100% and 25% of the games were lost, then the other
75% of the games were won.
24
W
75W
75
W
52
75
100
24 u100
75
32
2. Bill got 27 problems right on a math test. If he missed 10% of the problems, how many problems
were on the test?
3. Pat owes $2000 on a used car. If she paid 20% of the price of the car, find the price of the car.
4. The Helton family spends an average of $156 a week for food. If this is 33% of their weekly
budget, what is the amount of their weekly budget?
5. Benny had to pay $4.80 in tax for a new suit. If the sales tax in Bennys state is 8%, what was the
price of the suit?
6. 78 members came to a club meeting. If 35% did not come, how many members are in the club?
7. Trudy made $85 in commissions one week for selling shoes. If her commission rate is 5% of the total
amount that she sells, what was the value of the shoes she sold that week?
8. When the Browns bought their house, they made a down payment of $5,100, which was 5% of the
total cost of the house. Find the cost of the house.
9. After dieting for two months, Sonia lost 18 pounds and is now 92% of her original weight. What was
her original weight?
10. 3,000 people came to hear a presidential candidate speak in Center City. If 83% of the people who
live in Center City did not come, how many people live there?
53
P
540
100 P
100
P
EXAMPLE 2:
65
100
65 u 540
100
351
Joe was supposed to work 250 days last year. He was absent 4% of the
time because he was sick. How many days did he work?
The whole is 250 and represents the total.
The percent is 4 and represents the times he did not work.
Since we are trying to find the days he worked we do not use 4%.
If the whole is 100% and he was out 4% of the days, he worked the
other 96%.
P
250
100 P
100
P
54
96
100
96 u 250
100
240
2. For selling their house, Mr. and Mrs. Martin had to pay the real estate agent a commission of 5%. If
their house sold for $135,000, how much commission did the real estate agent receive?
3. A coat originally selling for $48 was on sale at 20% off. How much will someone pay by buying the
coat on sale?
4. If the sales tax rate in a certain state is 6%, how much tax would you owe for a scarf that cost $2.50?
5. How many answers did Linda leave blank if she left out 15% of the questions on a job application with
a total of 40 questions?
6. Elizabeth makes $118 a week. If she gets an 8% raise, how much more will she make each week?
7. A portable television regularly selling for $160 was on sale for 12 % less. How much can be saved
by buying the television on sale?
8. Ruby is now at 93.5% of her original weight. How many pounds did she lose if she used to weigh 150
pounds?
9. Ellen, who made $15,000 a year, got a raise of 8.5%. How much more will she make in a year?
10. Kate gets a 15% discount on the price of anything in the store where she works. How much will she
pay for a dress that is priced at $28?
55
Last month apples cost $2.50 per bag. This month they cost $3.00 per
bag. What was the percent of increase in price?
.50
2.50
X
EXAMPLE 2:
X
100
20%
Joe owned 25 Great Danes two months ago. He now has five. What
percent represents his decrease?
20
25
X
100
80%
Sue purchased a hat that sold for $47.25. This price included a store
mark-up of 26%. What was the price that the store paid for the hat?
(Hint: The seller gets 100%.)
Sue paid two percents: 100% cost of hat plus 26% mark-up equals 126%.
We are looking for the price the store (the seller) paid for the hat.
The price Sue paid cannot be the whole because it has exceeded 100%.
47.25
X
X
56
126
100
$37.50
1.
A store buys mens suits for $60. If it operates on a 45% mark-up, what will be the selling price of the
suits?
2.
Find the rate of discount if the price of an article falls from $4.00 to $3.68.
3.
What is the rate of increase when the price of an article changes from $8.00 to $10.00?
4.
The Wares bought a house for $60,000 and sold it after 10 years for $80,000. What was the percent of
profit made on the house?
5.
Henry bought a used car. After using it for two days, he sold it for $350. He lost $50 in the
transaction. What was his percent of decrease?
6.
Jake paid $69.55 for a coat. The $69.55 included a sales tax of 7%. What was the original cost of the
coat?
7.
Mrs. Carlin sewed aprons that cost her $1.00 apiece. She sold each one for $2.50. What was the
percent of profit?
8.
The price of a pair of shoes was reduced from $10.98 to $6.98. To the nearest percent, what percent of
decrease is this?
9.
If the number of birds counted is 300 one year, and this is an increase of 50 over the previous year,
what is the rate of increase?
10.
At the dealership, a car is priced at $20,000. The dealership is going to make a $4,000 profit. What
was the percent of mark-up on the car?
57
58
SIMPLE INTEREST
Interest is money paid for the use of money. The money borrowed or invested, and on which interest is
paid, is called principal. Interest paid on the principal only is called simple interest. The interest charged is
generally expressed as a percent of the principal. This percent is called the rate of interest. The rate of
interest is usually understood as the rate per year unless specified otherwise. The sum of the principal and
the interest is called the amount.
To find the interest, multiply the principal by the rate of interest per year by the time expressed in years.
Formula: i = prt
When using the formula, first write the formula, then substitute the given quantities, and finally compute as
required.
The rate may be expressed as a decimal and, when cancellation is possible, as a common fraction.
Problem Solving:
1. Mr. Jones bought a house for $96,000. He paid 33% down. If he got a mortgage at 12% interest for
the remainder, how much interest should he pay semi-annually?
2. Find the interest Mrs. LaGrone owes if she borrowed $730 on her life insurance policy at 6% for 36
days.
3. Rodriguez owns a $1,000 bond bearing 12.95% interest. How much interest does he receive every 6
months?
4. What is the amount due on $420 borrowed at 15% and repaid at the end of 2 years 8 months?
5. What is the annual rate of interest if the principal is $3,600 and the annual interest is $108?
6. Find the annual rate of interest when the interest for 4 years on $1,600 is $288.
7. Mrs. Pitchford receives $160 interest each year on an investment of $4,000. She also receives $180
semi-annual interest on an investment of $9,000. On which investment does she receive a higher rate of
interest?
8. What sum, invested at 8%, will earn $20,000 per year?
9. Mrs. Jackson invested $20,000 at 8% interest for three years and nine months, and she also invested
$12,000 at 6% interest for two years. What is the total amount of interest earned on both
investments?
10. SPC Wilson is halfway through making payments for his car. It listed for $16,000, the interest rate was
7%, and he calculated that the total interest paid would amount to $5600. How many months does he
have left to pay? (Monthly payments are all equal.)
59
DISTANCE FORMULA
The distance formula shows the relationship between time, rate of speed, and distance traveled. d = rt
means that distance equals the rate times the time.
Solve the following problems:
EXAMPLE 1:
EXAMPLE 2:
EXAMPLE 3:
60
GEOMETRY FORMULAS
SQUARE
RECTANGLE
s
l
P l l w w
4s
A s 2 (s 2
P 2l 2w
A lw (lw l u w)
s u s)
TRIANGLE
CIRCLE
r
h
b
abc
base u height
2
1
or A
ubu h
2
A
RECTANGULAR
SOLID
C Sd
C 2S r
(S d S u d )
(2S r 2 u S u r )
A S r2
(S r 2
S u r u r)
A S( )
d 2
2
CUBE
CYLINDER
r
w
s
l
V
lwh
(lwh l u w u h)
S r 2h
(S r 2 h S u r u r u h)
V
(s3
s3
s u s u s)
61
PERIMETER
Perimeter means the distance around any geometric figure. If the sides are of the same unit, then the sides
may be added and the result is the perimeter.
SQUARE
The square is a four sided figure with all sides equal. The four angles are also equal and are 90 degrees.
Since all sides are equal, you can multiply one of the sides by 4 and get the perimeter. In most cases this is
quicker and easier than adding. Perimeter equals four times one side of a square or as a formula:
P = 4S
EXAMPLE:
P=12 feet
If you are given the perimeter of a square you can find the length of one side by dividing the perimeter by 4
since all sides are equal.
EXAMPLE:
RECTANGLE
A rectangle is also a 4 sided figure, but has two sets of equal and parallel sides. The longer sides are called
the lengths and the two shorter sides are called the widths. To find the perimeter of a rectangle multiply
one length by 2 and multiply one width by 2 and add the results.
P = 2L + 2W
EXAMPLE:
A rectangle with a 12 foot length and a 9 foot width would have a perimeter of 42 feet
because P = 2 (12 feet) + 2 (9 feet) then P = 24 feet + 18 feet and then P = 42 feet.
If you are given one length and the perimeter then you are looking for the width. The formula becomes:
P 2L = 2W.
If we substitute the perimeter value and the length value, which are provided, we can get the answer. If
P = 60 and L = 20 then substituting in the formula P 2L = 2W we get 60 2 (20) = 2 W OR
60 40 = 2W then we solve by saying 20 = 2W then divide each side by 2 so 10 = W. The same is true
if you are looking for length. P 2W = 2L
TRIANGLE
A triangle is a three sided geometric figure with three angles that total 180 degrees. To find the perimeter
of a triangle you must simply add all three sides together. If the three sides are called a, b, and c then the
formula would be:
P = a + b + c.
An equilateral triangle means that all sides are equal, if one side of an equilateral triangle is 4 then all 3
sides are 4 therefore the perimeter would be 12. An isosceles triangle means that 2 of the 3 sides are the
same measurement. For example an isosceles triangle may have sides of 4 feet, 4 feet, and 5 feet. That
means the perimeter would be 13 feet. If you are given the perimeter of an equilateral triangle you can find
the length of the sides by dividing by 3. If the perimeter and one side of an isosceles triangle is given, you
can find the other 2 sides. If the perimeter of an isosceles triangle is 8 and one of the equal sides is 3 then
the other equal side must also be 3 and 6 subtracted from 8 would leave 2 for the third side. Or if an
isosceles triangle had a perimeter of 8 and the unequal side was 2 subtract that from the perimeter and
that would give you 6 which is 2 times the length so you would just divide the result by 2.
62
2. How much weather stripping will you need to go around a window shaped like an isosceles triangle that
has legs of 6.875 feet and is 4.25 feet across the bottom?
3. How many inches of picture frame molding are needed to go around a picture that is 11 inches long and
8 inches wide?
4. Mr. Kings garden is 6.2 meters long and 5.8 meters wide. How many meters of fencing are needed to
enclose the garden?
6. Find the perimeter of a tabletop that is 62 inches long and 30 inches wide?
7. What is the perimeter of a photograph that is 10.3 inches long and 4.6 inches wide?
8. How much fencing would be needed to enclose a four-sided garden that measures 6 yards on every
side?
9. Mrs. Cyrus plans to close off a corner of her yard with a pretty border to make a triangular flowerbed.
It measures 20 ' on one side, 15 ' on another, and 18 3 5 ' on the third side. Find the perimeter.
10. What is the perimeter of a square tile that measures 1.75 feet on every side?
63
AREA
Area is the distance or surface covered inside of a geometric figure. Area is always expressed in square
units of measure because area is found by multiplying. Multiplying feet times feet gives you SQUARE
feet, inches times inches equals SQUARE inches etc.
Area will always be a multiplication problem and the answer will always be given in square units of
measure.
SQUARE
To find the area of a square, multiply one side by the other.
EXAMPLE 1:
If the side of a square is 8 inches, what is its area? 8 inches times 8 inches =
64 square inches because area is always answered in square units so this
would be square inches.
EXAMPLE 2:
If one side of a square is 2 feet then what is the area? You must multiply 2
by itself. You can change 2 to 5 2 and multiply that by itself for the
answer of 25 4 which is simplified to 6 square feet.
If you are given the area of a square and asked to find one of the sides, you must find the square root of the
area. When you square a number you multiply it by itselfto find the square root of a number you find
what 2 numbers multiplied together will produce that number. For instance the square root of 25 is 5
because 5 times itself will give you 25. If the area of a square is 64 square feet, then each side is 8 feet
since 8 times 8 = 64. If the area is 9 square yards then the sides equal 3 yards because 3 times 3 = 9.
RECTANGLE
The formula for the area of a rectangle is A = L u W or area equals length times width. If the length of a
rectangle is 12 feet and the width is 9 feet then the area would be: 12 feet u 9 feet = 108 square feet. The
units of measure on both sides must be the same; if they are not the same then you must change one of
them so that they are the same.
EXAMPLE:
If one side is 2 feet and the other side is 6 inches you must either change the 6 inches to
feet and multiply 2 feet times feet which equals 1 square foot OR you must change
the 2 feet to 24 inches and then multiply 24 inches times 6 inches which equals 144
square inches (this is equivalent to 1 square foot).
If you need to find the length when the area and width are given to you then you must divide the area by the
width. Or if the length is given, you must divide the area by the length to give you the width.
A
LW
TRIANGLE
The formula for finding the area of a triangle is A = b h which reads: area equals one-half base times
height. The base of a triangle is the side on which it is sitting. The height is the distance of a straight line
drawn from the base to the tallest point. If a triangle had a base of 3 and a height of 4 you would find the
area by multiplying 1 2 (3"u 4") or 1 2 (12") 6 square inches.
64
How much shelf paper do you need to cover a shelf that is 4 feet long
and 1 feet wide?
4 1 2 u1 1 4 9 2 u 5 4 45 8 5 5 8 square feet.
1. How many square feet of shelf paper are needed to cover four shelves, each 3 feet long and 1 feet
wide?
2. How many square feet of fabric are needed to make a tablecloth that measures 70 inches long and 54
inches wide?
3. Nell wishes to cover one side of a pillow with silk. The pillow measures 24 inches by 28 inches. How
many square inches of material does she need?
4. The mainsail of a boat is shaped like a right triangle that has a 5 foot base and a 12 foot height. What is
the area of the sail?
5. How much would it cost to carpet a room that measures 18 feet by 12 feet if carpeting sells for $21.95
per square yard?
6. One gallon of paint covers 300 square feet. How much paint is needed to cover the ceiling of a room
that measures 10 feet by 9 feet?
7. A rectangle has a width of 9 feet and an area of 108 square feet. What is its length?
8. A square has an area of 225 square feet. What is the length of one of its sides?
9. A triangle whose base measures 2.4 inches has an area of 3.6 square inches. What is its height?
10. How much would it cost to paint the four walls of a room that measures 20 feet long, 18 feet wide and 8
feet high if paint sells for $12 per gallon and 1 gallon covers 200 square feet?
65
CIRCLES
As you know, the curved figure to the right is a circle.
All points on the outside of a circle are at an equal distance from the
center. This distance is called the radius. The symbol for radius is
r. The diameter is the distance across the circle. As you can see,
the diameter passes through the center of the circle and is equal to
twice the radius. The symbol for diameter is d.
In symbols we write: d = 2r or r = d.
The distance around the circle is called the circumference. The
symbol for circumference is C.
Diameter
Radius
CIRCUMFERENCE
The circumference of a circle is given by a formula: C = Sd
S has the approximate value of 3.14 or 3 1/7, usually written as 22/7.
To find the circumference, multiply the value of S by the diameter. Use the S value 22/7 when the diameter
is given as a whole number evenly divisible by 7 or a fraction. Use the S value 3.14 when the diameter is
given as a mixed decimal or a whole number not evenly divisible by 7.
EXAMPLE 1:
Find the circumference of a circle that has a diameter of 14 inches. Find the
circumference by multiplying 22 7 by 14.
22 u14
44
7
Answer: 44 inches or 3 feet 8 inches
EXAMPLE 2:
Find the circumference of a circle that has a diameter of 9.1 feet. Find the
circumference by multiplying 3.14 by 9.1.
3.14 u 9.1 28.574
Answer 28.574 feet rounded off to 28.6 feet
In problems 1 6, find the circumference. Notice that the words distance across are often used to
indicate diameter, and the words distance from center to edge and half the distance across are used to
indicate radius.
1.
Green Reservoir is in the shape of a circle. If the distance across the reservoir is 4 miles, what is its
circumference?
2.
The distance between the center and the edge of a circular race track is .2 miles. What is the distance
around the track?
3. To the nearest foot, find the circumference of a circular swimming pool that has a radius of 6 ft.
4. Tom measured the widest distance across the top of a circular paint can to be 14 inches. What is the
distance around the rim of the can?
5. Diane plans to add a border around her circular tablecloth. How long a piece does she need if the
diameter of the tablecloth is 4.5 feet?
6. Half the distance across a circular garden measures 7 feet. How many feet of fencing material will be
needed to enclose the garden?
66
AREA OF A CIRCLE
The area of a circle is given by a formula:
A = Sr2 which means A = S u r u r
To find the area of a circle, multiply the radius times itself and
then multiply this product by S. As a first step, write the three
numbers separated by times signs to see if cancellation is
possible. Cancellation can greatly simplify multiplication.
EXAMPLE 1:
Step 1.
Substitute
Step 2.
Step 3.
EXAMPLE 2:
radius (r)
22
u7u7
7
22
A= u 7 u 7
7
A=22 u 7=154
A=
Step 1.
Step 2.
2.1u 2.1=4.41
Step 3.
A=3.14 u 4.41=13.8474
3. A bandstand in the shape of a circle is to be 21 feet across. How many square yards of flooring will be
required?
4. The circular canvas net used by fire fighters has a radius of 2.1 yards. What is the area of the net?
Round answer to the nearest tenth.
5. A gallon of paint covers 40 square yards. How many gallons of paint will be needed to cover a circular
floor that is 66 feet in diameter? Round answer to nearest whole number.
6. The top of a piston is a circle. It has a radius of 4.2 centimeters. What is the area of the top of the
piston? Round your answer to the nearest hundredth if needed.
67
VOLUMES
You know that area measures the surface of a figure. Volume is the space enclosed (capacity) within a
three-dimensional figure, such as a bin, a box, or a room. Area is measured in square units. Volume is
measured in cubic units. The problems below will help you understand cubic measurement.
The formula V = lwh is used to find the volume of a rectangular solid (box,
bin, room). The formula means the volume equals the length times the
width times the height.
EXAMPLE:
15 u10 u 4
h=4m
l=15m
w=10m
Use the volume formula to solve the following word problems. Pay attention to the units of measure!
68
1.
Cindy is adding ten bags of compost to her sandy garden. How many cubic feet of top soil are in
the garden if it measures ten feet wide by 24 feet long by three feet deep?
2.
Jeff is pouring a concrete slab for a new heat pump foundation. How many cubic yards of concrete
will he need for a slab with the following dimensions: 6 wide, 15 long, 9 deep?
3.
An Olympic swimming pool holds 2500 cubic meters of water. Find the length of the pool given
the width of 25 meters and the depth of 2 meters.
4.
A passenger elevator measures 81 wide, 54 deep, and 108 high. How many cubic yards of air
are contained in the elevator? (Round answer to nearest whole cubic yard.)
5.
Monica has a box in the shape of a cube holding 64 cubic inches of mini M&Ms. What are the
dimensions of the box?
6.
Guidelines suggest that piranha fish be kept in aquariums with a minimum of 20 gallons per fish in
order to avoid cannibalization. How many fish can be safely housed in a tank which is five feet
long, 25 inches wide, and three feet ten inches tall? (Note: One gallon is 230 cubic inches.)
THE CYLINDER
This figure is called a cylinder. You have seen many cylinders, such as cans,
tanks, pipes and the like. A cylinder has two bases which are parallel and equal.
A cylinder differs from a circle in that it has height (or altitude). Since the bases
of a cylinder are equal and parallel, the height is the perpendicular distance
between the bases. The height will be the same whether measured in the center
or on the outside edge.
Find the volume of a cylinder that has a radius of 7 feet and a height of 10 feet.
V
S r 2h
22
u 7 u 7 u 10
7
22 u 7 u10
22
.
7
1. A water standpipe is 60 feet high and has a diameter of 14 feet. What is the volume of the standpipe (in
cubic feet)?
Solve these problems. Use
2. A water tank the shape of a cylinder has a diameter of 15 feet and is 35 feet high. How many cubic feet
of water will it hold?
3. A gasoline storage tank has a diameter of 28 ft. and a height of 30 ft. If 1 cu. ft. holds about 7.5
gallons, how many gallons will the tank hold?
4. A tank with a diameter of 14 ft. is filled to a depth of 20 ft. with water. How many cubic feet of water
does it contain?
5. Two cylinders have the same height20 ft. One has a 7 ft. radius; the other has a radius of 14 ft. The
volume of the second cylinder is how many times that of the first? (Do not guess or you will be fooled.
Doubling the radius increases the volume how many times?)
6. A can in the shape of a cylinder is 6 in. wide (diameter) and 12 in. high. What is the volume, or
capacity, of the can in cubic inches?
69
ANSWER KEY
PAGE 13:
PAGE 17:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
.051
2.678
70
150.1065
.11
.04255
1.9
.0429
.014
22.7
.324
130.6
34.8779
1.0094
.40275
206.857
.19803
7.3
110.6936
57.3685
PAGES 14 15:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
$99.00
$1,438.08
18 months
$.48
$841.00
1.683 in.
102 gal.
$562.51
3 shelves
84 mi.
$164.00
$6.25
$537.50
$6,277
$13.05
$1,945.67
$1,897.61
$296,100
22,331
$7,128.00
PAGE 16:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
70
1/6
1/8
3/4
3/8
2/5
4/9
5/6
2/3
5/9
5/12
47/100
9/16
23/36
7/12
8/25
43/60
1351/2000
2/5
63/100
3/4
113/150
77/280
PAGE 18:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
I
P
M
I
P
I
I
M
M
P
P
I
P
I
M
P
PAGE 19:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
1/2
8/9
7/20
3/4
9/16
2/3
1/50
1/3
PAGE 20:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
24
18
3
20
20
18
14
54
25
33
11. 35
12. 15
17. 20 6/7
18. 15 9/10
PAGE 21:
PAGE 24:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
1
5
2 4/5
4 2/7
4
3 1/3
3
3
3 3/5
2
1 1/12
5
7
2 2/3
4 2/3
PAGE 22:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
11/4
11/7
16/3
44/7
23/5
19/2
61/8
29/10
35/4
32/9
31/3
57/5
53/12
55/8
49/4
PAGE 23:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
5/9
4/7
7/8
7/12
10/13
6/11
8/9
13/15
15/17
16/19
7 3/5
14 9/10
9 9/11
14 11/13
12 8/9
17 9/11
1/3
1/10
3/13
6/11
1/3
3/8
3/19
1/5
3 4/7
6
1 1/3
4 2/5
8
9
9 5/13
16 2/3
PAGE 26:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
1
1
1 5/8
1 1/6
1 2/9
1 5/8
1 1/3
1 4/5
1 1/3
1 1/5
1 2/5
2
11/12
1 2/3
1 2/5
22 1/3
14 1/6
15 1/8
22 1/6
21
18 1/16
17 1/5
17
PAGE 27:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
3/8
9/16
1/5
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
5/12
7/15
13/28
7/30
7/18
6 13/24
6 3/14
7 26/45
3 1/20
6 11/56
15 23/36
7 13/30
12 5/33
PAGE 29:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
7 1/6
3 4/7
11
8 3/5
9 3/11
3 4/7
3 1/3
1 5/12
3 4/9
6 11/16
3 2/3
6
7 2/3
6 2/5
4 14/15
15 5/7
6 2/3
7
10
27 8/11
7/10
2 2/3
PAGE 30:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
13 1/24
21 19/36
15 9/16
23
15 11/12
24 11/70
24 11/18
17 45/56
68
16 1/10
22 7/20
8 19/24
14
128 7/10
2 23/30
PAGE 31:
1. 10 17/30
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
6 7/8
13 5/6
17/22
1 37/56
16 13/20
5 7/18
14 25/48
20 7/8 in.
154
489 2/5
3 5/6
8 5/8
11 2/3
55 3/8
1/8 lb.
PAGE 32:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
8/15
10/63
7/80
15/88
1/15
16/63
25/48
9/40
14/45
21/64
5/36
16/81
9/40
5/42
10/81
16/75
14/135
8/63
PAGE 33:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
1/6
3/8
9/20
4/15
3/8
5/18
9/100
2/9
3/8
7/425
19/120
1/9
8/15
1/16
PAGE 34:
1. 21
2. 5
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
14
11
8 1/6
3 1/3
21
1 4/5
2 4/5
25
16
38
4
22
84
PAGE 35:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
2 1/45
1 13/42
5 7/18
1 43/61
2 11/32
1 23/41
1 29/41
2 13/36
PAGE 36:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
$5.30
2 3/16
200 lbs.
171
11
$39.00
$12.00
9
PAGE 37:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
6
1
6
6
32
9
4 2/3
PAGE 39:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
80
20
10
9
3 7/16
80 cents
7
50
3 1/3
$1.80
768
7
84
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
3
7
235
$526
5 1/3
9
$9.75
PAGE 41:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
C
C
D
B
C
4/9, 5/9
7/8
3/20, 3/10, ,
1/5, 1/10
23/25
2/3
1/3
3/5, 2/5
1/3, 6
(A) 1/10
(B) 5/6
(C)
(D)
(E)
(F)
PAGE 43:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
B
D
C
368
1,480
340
(a) 98
(b) 92
(c) 96
(d) 48
8. $19.33
9. 60
10. 42
PAGE 45:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
$3,240
147
$6,480
105
10,000
20
100
Adams $4,200
Blake $7,800
9. 45
10. 12
71
PAGE 46:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
5/8
$11,520
322
405
5/7
64
5/9
9 in.
5/6
40
48
13/30
135
4/7
1/24
20
690
120
12
$24
PAGE 47:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
.33 1/3
.025
.09
.25
.0008
.5%
37 %
8 1/3%
32%
.16%
PAGE 48:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
3/25
99/100
2/3
9/200
4/5
1/3
1/25
5/12
62 %
44 4/9%
42 6/7%
45%
16%
30%
60%
18%
PAGE 49:
1.
2.
3.
4.
72
3/8, 37 %
18/25, .72
.8, 80%
2/25, .08
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
.6, 60%
1/8, 12.5%
1, 1
3/1000, .3%
.16 , 16 %
7/8, .875
.14, 14%
1 2/3, 1.66 2/3
1/5, 20%
.62 , 62 %
3, 350%
PAGE 51:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
75
8
62
10
8
5
33 1/3
85%
55
37
PAGE 53:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
160
30
$2500
$468
$60
120
$1700
$102,000
225
18,000
PAGE 55:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
24
$6750
$38.40
15 cents
6
$9.44
20
9.75
$1275
$23.80
PAGE 57:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
$87.00
8%
25%
33 1/3%
12 %
$65.00
150%
36%
9. 20%
10. 25%
PAGE 58:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
$384.00
17,600
$160.00
75%
$2000.00
$15.00
20%
92%
$15,000.00
42
25%
$130.00
40%
30
800%
PAGE 59:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
$3840.
$4.32
$64.75
$588
3%
4.5%
same
$250,000
$7,560
30 months
PAGE 60:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
300 mph
360 mph
1
8 hrs.
375 miles
150 miles
6 hrs.
436 mi.
PAGE 63:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
21 1/3 in.
18 ft.
39
24
7 1/2 in.
185 in.
29.8 in.
25 yd.
54 23/30 ft.
7ft.
PAGE 65:
1. 17
2. 26
3. 672
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
30 sq. ft.
$526.80
3/10
12 ft.
15 ft.
3 in.
$38.76
PAGE 66:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
12.56 miles
1.256 miles
38 feet
44 inches
14.13 feet
44 feet
PAGE 67:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
PAGE 68:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
PAGE 69:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
GT PRACTICE TEST
1. Of the 123 points scored by the Bulls basketball team, 28 points were scored in the 1st quarter, 36 points in the 2nd,
45 points in the 3rd quarter, and the rest in the 4th quarter. How many points were scored in the last quarter?
a. 36
b. 62
c. 26
d. 14
2. Mr. Stanford, the druggist, measured out 1362 grams of vitamin C during the day. If 454 grams equal 1 pound, how
many pounds of vitamin C did Mr. Stanford measure out that day?
a. 1
b. 3
c. 2
d. 4
3. From a 20-foot board, Terry cut 3 sections measuring 4 feet, 3 feet, and 2 feet each. How many feet of the
original board remained?
a. 10
b. 10
c. 9
d. 8
4. At the cosmetologist Lucy spent $13.00 for a pedicure, $4.00 for a shampoo, and $10.50 for a hair cut. How much
change should Lucy get if she hands the cashier $40.00?
a. $12.50
b. $13.50
c. $22.50
d. $27.50
5. If you know the cost of one ice cream cone and wish to buy 8 cones, how do you find the total cost?
a. cost of one cone y 8
b. cost of one cone x 8 c. cost of one cone + 8 d. cost of one cone 8
6. How long a piece of wood is required to make 3 steps, each measuring 1 foot 8 inches?
a. 3 feet
b. 3 feet 8 inches
c. 4 feet
d. 5 feet
7. Harry discovered that his test scores represent 15 points for each half hour he spends studying up to 3 hours. At that
rate, if Harry spends 3 hours studying for the next math test, what grade should he expect to receive?
a. 90
b. 45
c. 50
d. 30
8. If Jerry has 35 marbles and Ted has 63 marbles what is the ratio of Teds marbles to Jerrys?
a. 9:5
b. 5:9
c. 7:5
d. 5:7
9. Betty is baking cookies from a recipe that calls for 1 cups of sugar and 2 cups of flour. If she increases the sugar
to 2 cups, how much flour will she need?
a. 3 cups
b. 3 1/3 cups
c. 4 cups
d. 4 cups
10. If 50 gallons of water fall over a waterfall in 1 minute, how many gallons of water go over the waterfall in one day?
a. 72,000
b. 36,000
c. 5000
d. 3600
11. The Mannings spent $535 for roundtrip tickets from Nashville to New Orleans, $325 for three nights in a hotel, $275
for food and entertainment, and $175 for a rental car. What was the total cost of their trip?
a. $1310
b. $1200
c. $1420
d. $1350
12. The heights of four men in Steves office are as follows: Tim 6 ft. 2 in., Al 6 ft. 6 in., Jim 6 ft. 7 in. and Larry 6 ft. 5
in. What is the average height of these men?
a. 6 ft.
b. 6 ft. 3 in.
c. 6 ft. 5 in.
d. 6 ft. 8 in.
13. Mary had one coupon good for 75 cents off a half-gallon of orange juice. If she bought 2 half-gallons of orange juice
at $1.95 each, how much did she have to pay?
a. $4.65
b. $3.90
c. $3.15
d. $4.00
14. Jack can lift 110 pounds. If his barbell weighs 20 pounds, how many pounds are in each of the two equal weights
added to the barbell to make it weigh 110 pounds?
a. 90
b. 45
c. 95
d. 40
15. Tires regularly priced at $44 each are on sale for $37. How much would a car owner save by buying four tires at the
sale price?
a. $7
b. $28
c. $49
d. $81
16. To check the quality of a shipment of 500 glasses, a sampling of 50 was carefully inspected. Of this sample, 4 were
found to be defective. On this basis what is the probable percentage of defective glasses?
a. .04%
b. 4%
c. 8%
d. 40%
17. If one quart of floor wax covers 400 square feet, how many gallons of wax are needed to wax the floor of an office of
6400 square feet?
a. 4
b. 8
c. 12
d. 16
18. The 1998 National League Pennant winner won 94 games and lost 67. What percentage of games did they win?
a. 50%
b. 96%
c. 58%
d. 42%
19. How many seasons did Cy Young pitch, if he played baseball from 1890 to 1911?
a. 21
b. 22
c. 10
d. 11
20. During a competition, a javelin was thrown 280 feet, 260 feet and 282 feet on three successive throws. What was the
average distance for the three javelin throws?
a. 822 feet
b. 540 feet
c. 400 feet
d. 274 feet
21. For his birthday Frank received a $15.00 gift certificate to Belks department store. If he used the gift certificate to
purchase a shirt for $18.75, how much money did he have to add?
a. $3.75
b. $4.25
c. $5.75
d. $33.75
22. A $150 fund is available for a holiday party. If 60% of the available money is spent for food and beverages, how
much is left for other expenses?
a. $60
b. $70
c. $80
d. $90
23. A book of 20 tickets for the city bus costs $15.00. Individually purchased tickets cost $1.25 each. John made 25 trips
on the bus. What is the minimum amount he must pay?
a. $6.25
b. $20.00
c. $21.25
d. $25.00
24. A 500-foot ribbon was tied around the school for the homecoming football game. If 750 students attend the game and
each one receives an equal share of the ribbon as a souvenir, how many inches of ribbon should each student receive?
a. 5
b. 8
c. 2/3
d. 4
25. A -gram specimen of soil was divided into samples for each of 50 biology students to examine under individual
microscopes. If equal portions were prepared for each student, how many grams of soil should each student receive?
a. .5
b. 1.0
c. .1
d. .01
26. The value of 32 nickels, 73 quarters, and 156 dimes is:
a. $26.10
b. $31.75
c. $35.45
d. $49.85
27. The wage rate in a certain trade is $8.60 an hour for a 40-hour week and 1 times the base pay for overtime. An
employee who works 48 hours in a week earns:
a. $447.20
b. $498.20
c. $582.20
d. $619.20
28. The population of White Falls has increased from 80,000 to 100,000 in the last twenty years. What is the percent of
increase in the population?
a. 20%
b. 25%
c. 60%
d. 80%
29. Fifty men and forty women started the 10-mile hike. Five men and four women dropped out. What percentage of
people dropped out of the hike?
a. 10%
b. 9%
c. 2%
d. 90%
30. The 100 meter freestyle swimming competition was won by Roosevelt High School in 50 seconds. How many meters
per second did the Roosevelt High School swimmer swim?
a.
b. 1
c. 4
d. 2