HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY

BLOOD
Overview of Haematopoeisis

Presented by
Dr. Magdi El Sersi, A/Professor of Physiology, SEGi University

Objectives

Composition of Blood
Plasma make up and roles
Various cell types, origin and roles

References
Guyton, Arthur C. Textbook of medical physiology
Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology .

Blood
Blood is a specialized bodily fluid circulating around the body
through blood vessels by the pumping action of the heart.
Physical Characteristics
Blood is a sticky, opaque fluid
Color varies from scarlet (oxygen-rich) to dark red (oxygen-poor)
The pH of blood is 7.357.45
Osmolarity = 300 mOsm
This value reflects the concentration of solutes in the plasma

Salinity = 0.85%
Reflects the concentration of NaCl in the blood

Blood accounts for approximately 8% of body weight

Average volume of blood is 56 L for males, and 45 L for females
Figure 1: Systemic &
Pulmonary Circulations

Functions of Blood

Blood performs a number of functions dealing with:

1.

Transport and distribution

2. Regulation of blood levels of particular substances

3. Body protection

Transport and Distribution

Blood
transports:
Oxygen from the lungs
and nutrients from the
digestive tract
Metabolic wastes from
cells to the lungs and
kidneys for
elimination

Hormones from
endocrine glands to
target organs

Regulation
Blood maintains:
Appropriate body temperature by absorbing and
distributing heat
Normal pH in body tissues using buffer systems

Adequate fluid volume in the circulatory system

Protection

Hemostasis :Blood prevents

blood loss by:
Activating plasma
proteins and platelets
Initiating clot formation
when a vessel is broken

Blood prevents infection by:

Synthesizing and utilizing
antibodies
Activating WBCs to
defend the body against
foreign invaders

Blood Plasma

98% Water,

Solutes, including:

Proteins albumin, globulins,

clotting proteins, and others

Non-protein nitrogenous
substances lactic acid, urea,
creatinine

Organic nutrients glucose,

carbohydrates, amino acids

Electrolytes Na, K , Ca ,
Cl, HCO3

Respiratory gases O2 and

CO2

Trace elements and

vitamines

Plasma proteins and functions

Albumin-3.5-5 gm/dl

Maintain blood osmotic pressure

Transport of hormones, FFA, Ca++
etc
Globulins-1.5-2.5gm/dl

& globulins transport

hormones and other substances
globulins-immunoglobulins form
antibodies
Fibrinogen- 0.2-0.4gm/dl

Formation of clot
Serum; is plasma without clotting proteins

Blood Components: Plasma Transports Solutes

Water, ions, trace elements
Gasses: O2 & CO2
Organic Molecules
Glucose

Nwastes
Proteins
Antibodies
Hormones

Blood Components: Plasma Transports Solutes

Figure 2: Composition of blood

Composition of Blood

Blood is the bodys only fluid tissue (a connective tissue)

2 major components
Liquid = plasma (55%)

Formed elements (45%)

1. Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
2. Leukocytes (white blood cells )
3. Platelets

Figure 3: Composition of blood

Composition of Blood
Water

Amino acids

Albumins

Proteins

Globulins

Glucose

Fibrinogen

Ions

BLOOD

is
composed
of

Plasma

Organic
molecules

such as
Lipids

Trace elements
and vitamins

Nitrogenous
waste

CO2

Gases

such as
O2

Figure 2 (1 of 2)

Blood Components:
"Blood Count" % of Each Component

Figure 4: The blood count

Blood Components: Cells

Erythrocytes

Red Blood Cells (RBC)

O2 & CO2 transport
White Blood Cells (WBC)
Immune defense
Phagocytosis

Platelets: clotting

Cellular Elements
Three main cellular elements
Red blood cells also called erythrocytes
Platelets split off from megakaryocytes
White blood cells also called leukocytes
Lymphocytes are also called immunocytes
Monocytes develop into macrophages
Neutrophils neutrophils along with monocytes
and macrophages are known as phagocytes
Eosinophils eosinophils along with neutrophils
and basophils are also called granulocytes
Basophils tissue basophils are called mast cells

Composition of Blood
Lymphocytes

Red blood
cells

Monocytes

BLOOD

is
composed
of

Cellular
elements

White
blood cells

Figure 2 (2 of 2)

include

Neutrophils
Platelets

Eosinophils

0
5
10

Basophils

15

Plasma Proteins

Table 1

Clinical Tests
Hematocrit: ratio of red blood cells to plasma
MALES

FEMALES

40%54%

37%47%

1417

1216

4.56.5 x 106

3.95.6 x 106

411 x 103

411 x 103

Neutrophils

50%70%

50%70%

Eosinophils

1%4%

1%4%

<1%

<1%

20%40%

20%40%

2%8%

2%8%

150450 x 103

150450 x 103

Hematocrit
Hemoglobin (g Hb/dL* blood)
Red cell count (cells/L)
58%
plasma
volume

Total white cell count (cells/L)

Differential white cell count

Basophils
100%

Lymphocytes
Monocytes

<1%
white
cells

Platelets (per L)
*1 deciliter (dL) = 100 mL

42%
packed
red cell
volume

Figure 16-3

Hematopoiesis: Blood Cell Formation

Mostly in bone marrow from stem cells

Rate regulated by cytokines & growth factors

Blood Cells

Table 2

Stem Cells .!! What is a stem cell?

A cell that has the ability to:

continuously divide and

differentiate (develop) into various
other kind(s) of cells/tissues

Stem Cells

Hematopoiesis
Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell

BONE MARROW

Uncommitted
stem cells

Committed
progenitor cells
Lymphocyte
stem cells

Erythroblast
Megakaryocyte

Figure 5 (1 of 2)

BONE MARROW

Hematopoiesis

Erythroblast

CIRCULATION

Megakaryocyte

Reticulocyte

Erythrocyte

Platelets

Neutrophil

Monocyte

Basophil

Eosinophil

Lymphocyte

Figure 5 (2 of 2)

Focus on Bone Marrow

Bone
marrow

(a)

Figure 6-a

Focus on Bone Marrow

Bone
cortex

Central sinus

Stroma of
marrow

Venous
sinuses

Radial
artery

Nutrient
artery

(b)
Figure 6-b

Focus on Bone Marrow

Mature blood cells squeeze
through the endothelium to
reach the circulation.

Stem cell

Platelets

Mature
neutrophil

Reticulocyte
expelling
nucleus

Fragments of megakaryocyte
break off to become platelets.
Reticular
fiber

Reticular cell

Stem cell

Venous sinus

Macrophage
Monocyte

The stroma is composed of

fibroblast-like reticular cells,
collagenous fibers, and
extracellular matrix.

Lymphocyte

(c)

Figure 6-c

Focus on Bone Marrow

Stem cell

Platelets

Fragments of megakaryocyte
break off to become platelets.
Reticular
fiber

Reticular cell

Stem cell

Venous sinus

Macrophage
Monocyte

The stroma is composed of

fibroblast-like reticular cells,
collagenous fibers, and
extracellular matrix.

Lymphocyte

(c)

Figure 6-c (1 of 11)

Focus on Bone Marrow

Stem cell

Platelets

Fragments of megakaryocyte
break off to become platelets.
Reticular
fiber

Reticular cell

Stem cell

Venous sinus

Macrophage
Monocyte

The stroma is composed of

fibroblast-like reticular cells,
collagenous fibers, and
extracellular matrix.

Lymphocyte

(c)

Figure 6-c (2 of 11)

Focus on Bone Marrow

Stem cell

Platelets

Fragments of megakaryocyte
break off to become platelets.
Reticular
fiber

Reticular cell

Stem cell

Venous sinus

Macrophage
Monocyte

The stroma is composed of

fibroblast-like reticular cells,
collagenous fibers, and
extracellular matrix.

Lymphocyte

(c)

Figure 6-c (3 of 11)

Focus on Bone Marrow

Stem cell

Platelets

Reticulocyte
expelling
nucleus

Fragments of megakaryocyte
break off to become platelets.
Reticular
fiber

Reticular cell

Stem cell

Venous sinus

Macrophage
Monocyte

The stroma is composed of

fibroblast-like reticular cells,
collagenous fibers, and
extracellular matrix.

Lymphocyte

(c)

Figure 6-c (4 of 11)

Focus on Bone Marrow

Stem cell

Platelets

Reticulocyte
expelling
nucleus

Fragments of megakaryocyte
break off to become platelets.
Reticular
fiber

Reticular cell

Stem cell

Venous sinus

Macrophage
Monocyte

The stroma is composed of

fibroblast-like reticular cells,
collagenous fibers, and
extracellular matrix.

Lymphocyte

(c)

Figure 6-c (5 of 11)

Focus on Bone Marrow

Mature blood cells squeeze
through the endothelium to
reach the circulation.

Stem cell

Platelets

Reticulocyte
expelling
nucleus

Fragments of megakaryocyte
break off to become platelets.
Reticular
fiber

Reticular cell

Stem cell

Venous sinus

Macrophage
Monocyte

The stroma is composed of

fibroblast-like reticular cells,
collagenous fibers, and
extracellular matrix.

Lymphocyte

(c)

Figure 6-c (6 of 11)

Focus on Bone Marrow

Mature blood cells squeeze
through the endothelium to
reach the circulation.

Stem cell

Platelets

Reticulocyte
expelling
nucleus

Fragments of megakaryocyte
break off to become platelets.
Reticular
fiber

Reticular cell

Stem cell

Venous sinus

Macrophage
Monocyte

The stroma is composed of

fibroblast-like reticular cells,
collagenous fibers, and
extracellular matrix.

Lymphocyte

(c)

Figure 6-c (7 of 11)

Focus on Bone Marrow

Mature blood cells squeeze
through the endothelium to
reach the circulation.

Stem cell

Platelets

Reticulocyte
expelling
nucleus

Fragments of megakaryocyte
break off to become platelets.
Reticular
fiber

Reticular cell

Stem cell

Venous sinus

Macrophage
Monocyte

The stroma is composed of

fibroblast-like reticular cells,
collagenous fibers, and
extracellular matrix.

Lymphocyte

(c)

Figure 6-c (8 of 11)

Focus on Bone Marrow

Mature blood cells squeeze
through the endothelium to
reach the circulation.

Stem cell

Platelets

Reticulocyte
expelling
nucleus

Fragments of megakaryocyte
break off to become platelets.
Reticular
fiber

Reticular cell

Stem cell

Venous sinus

Macrophage
Monocyte

The stroma is composed of

fibroblast-like reticular cells,
collagenous fibers, and
extracellular matrix.

Lymphocyte

(c)

Figure 6-c (9 of 11)

Focus on Bone Marrow

Mature blood cells squeeze
through the endothelium to
reach the circulation.

Stem cell

Platelets

Reticulocyte
expelling
nucleus

Fragments of megakaryocyte
break off to become platelets.
Reticular
fiber

Reticular cell

Stem cell

Venous sinus

Macrophage
Monocyte

The stroma is composed of

fibroblast-like reticular cells,
collagenous fibers, and
extracellular matrix.

Lymphocyte

(c)

Figure 6-c (10 of 11)

Focus on Bone Marrow

Mature blood cells squeeze
through the endothelium to
reach the circulation.

Stem cell

Platelets

Mature
neutrophil

Reticulocyte
expelling
nucleus

Fragments of megakaryocyte
break off to become platelets.
Reticular
fiber

Reticular cell

Stem cell

Venous sinus

Macrophage
Monocyte

The stroma is composed of

fibroblast-like reticular cells,
collagenous fibers, and
extracellular matrix.

Lymphocyte

(c)

Figure 6-c (11 of 11)