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AQUALON
Sodium
Carboxymethylcellulose
Physical
and
Chemical
Properties
AQUALON CMC
An Anionic Water-Soluble Polymer
CONTENTS
PAGE
Effect of Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Effect of pH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Effect of Mixed Solvents . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Microbiological Attack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chemical Degradation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Compatibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Effect With Salts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Monovalent Cations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Polyvalent Cations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Gelation of Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Effect With Water-Soluble Nonionic Gums . .
PROPERTIES OF CMC FILMS . . . . . . . . . . . .
PACKAGING AND SHIPPING . . . . . . . . . . . . .
MICROBIOLOGICAL INFORMATION AND
REGULATORY STATUS FOR USE IN FOODS,
DRUGS, COSMETICS, AND TOILETRIES . . .
Microbiological Information . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Food Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Food Labeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pharmaceutical Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cosmetics and Toiletries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
APPENDIXMETHODS OF ANALYSIS . . . . .
Viscosity of Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Moisture Determination . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Solution Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Viscosity Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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28
AQUALON CMC
AN ANIONIC WATER-SOLUBLE POLYMER
APPLICATIONS
Specific Applications
Properties Utilized
Cosmetics
Toothpaste
Creams; lotions
Foods
Pharmaceuticals
Gelled products
Denture adhesives
Pet food
Protein foods
Baked goods
Beverages
Low-calorie foods
Syrups
Dressings; sauces
Animal feed;
extrusion products
Jellies; salves
High-strength binder
Bulk laxatives
Syrups
Thickener
Suspensions
(1)For
these applications, food grades (designated F) or pharmaceutical grades (designated PH) are used.
These types may be referred to as cellulose gum.
(2)Depends on test method.
Specific Applications
Properties Utilized
Adhesives
Wallpaper paste
Starch-corrugating adhesive
Latex adhesives
Insecticides
Drift-control agent
Thickener
Glazes
Porcelain slips
Vitreous enamels
Refractory mortars
Detergents
Laundry
Lithography
Water-based inks
Internal addition
Surface addition
Pigmented coatings
Film-former
Warp sizing
Reconstituted sheet
Aerial-drop fluids
Ceramics
Coatings
Textiles
Tobacco
CHEMISTRY
Figure 1
Structure of Cellulose
OH
OH
CH2OH
OH
OH
CH2OH
O
HO
H
H
O
OH
OH
H
O
O
CH2OH
OH
OH
OH
O
CH2OH
n-2
2
Figure 2
Idealized Unit Structure of CMC, With a DS of 1.0
CH2OCH2COONa
OH
OH
O
H
CASRN:
9004-32-4
CAS Name: Cellulose, carboxymethyl ether,
sodium salt
OH
OH
H
O
H
O
Optimum water solubility and other desirable physical properties of CMC are obtained at a much lower degree of substitution than 3. The most widely used types of Aqualon
CMC have a DS of 0.7, or an average of 7 carboxymethyl
groups per 10 anhydroglucose units. Higher degrees of
substitution result in CMC products having improved
compatibility with other soluble components.
CH2OCH2COONa
Viscosity
Type
Degree of
Polymerization
Molecular
Weight
High
Medium
Low
3,200
1,100
400
700,000
250,000
90,000
DEGREE OF SUBSTITUTION
GRADES
Type
Grade
Designation
Food
7
9
12
Intended Use
F
P*
Food, cosmetic,
pharmaceutical
Pharmaceutical
PH**
Cosmetic,
pharmaceutical
Standard
None
Industrial
Substitution
Range(a)
Sodium
Content, %
0.65-0.90(b)
0.80-0.95
1.15-1.45
7.0-8.9
8.1-9.2
10.5-12.0
(a)Ranges
7H4
7H3S, 7HOF
7H
Mediumat 2% Concentration
800-3,100
1,500-3,100
400-800
200-800
100-200
12M31
7M
7M8S
7M2
Low(d)at 2% Concentration
25-50
7L
at 4% Concentration
50-200
7L2
(c)Ranges
(d)Some
9H4
9M31
9M8
12M8
VISCOSITY
PARTICLE SIZE
CMC is manufactured in a wide range of viscosities. Highviscosity types are prepared from high viscosity cotton linters. Medium-viscosity types are prepared from wood pulp
of specified viscosity. Low-viscosity types are prepared by
aging the shredded alkali cellulose and by using chemical
oxidants. The foregoing methods of regulating the viscosity
are based on controlling the DP. It is also possible to attain
high viscosity by decreasing the solubility so that the product
is highly swollen but not completely dispersed. This can be
accomplished by decreasing the uniformity of the reaction
and lowering the DS. For example, products at DS 1.2 do
not have solution viscosities as high as products of DS 0.7
prepared in substantially the same way. However, the solutions of the higher-substituted products are much smoother.
Designation Description
Viscosity Type
Factor
Concentration, %
High
Medium
Low
1,000
100
10
1
2
2
Particle Size(e)
None
Regular
1
5
Coarse
(e)AII
Fine
55
5
0.5
80
PRODUCT CODING
An example of the coding used for ordering Aqualon CMC
follows:
For cellulose gum Type 7H3SCF:
7 means that the typical degree of substitution is
approximately 0.7.
H means high viscosity.
3 means that the viscosity of a 1% solution is in the
range of 3,000 cps.
S means smooth solution characteristics.
C means coarse particle size.
F means food grade.
PROPERTIES
Figure 3
Effect of Relative Humidity on Equilibrium Moisture
Content of Aqualon CMC at 25C
Polymer
Sodium carboxymethylcellulose
dry basis, %, min . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99.5
Moisture content (as packed), %, max . . . . . . . 8.0
Browning temperature, C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Charring temperature, C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
Bulk density, g/ml . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.75
Biological oxygen demand (BOD)(f), ppm
7H type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,000
7L type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,300
Solutions
pH, 2% solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.5
Surface tension, 1% solution,
dynes/cm at 25C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Specific gravity, 2% solution . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0068
Refractive index, 2% solution . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.336
40
12M31P
7HF
30
20
10
0
0
20
40
60
Relative Humidity, %
80
PHYSIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES
Dermatological and toxicological studies by independent
laboratories demonstrate conclusively that sodium carboxymethylcellulose shows no evidence of being toxic to white
rats, dogs, guinea pigs, or human beings. Feeding, metabolism, and topical use studies also show that CMC is physiologically inert. Patch tests on human skin demonstrated that
sodium carboxymethylcellulose was neither a primary irritant
nor a sensitizing agent. Additional information is available
from Hercules Incorporated.
(f)After
MOISTURE ABSORPTION
CMC absorbs moisture from the air. The amount absorbed
and the rate of absorption depend on the initial moisture
content and on the relative humidity and temperature of
the surrounding air. Figure 3 shows the effect of relative
humidity on equilibrium moisture content of three types
of Aqualon CMC.
As Aqualon CMC is packed, its moisture content does not
exceed 8% by weight. Because of varying storage and shipping conditions, there is a possibility of some moisture
pickup from the as-packed value.
DISPERSION METHODS
SOLVENT
1. Dispersing the dry powder in water. Individual particles should be wet and the dispersion should not
contain lumps.
2. Dissolving the wetted particles.
When the proper technique is used, good dispersion is
obtained, and CMC goes into solution rapidly. To prepare
lumpfree, clear solutions, a variety of methods can be used:
Method 1
Add CMC to the vortex of vigorously agitated water. The rate
of addition must be slow enough to permit the particles to
separate and their surfaces to become individually wetted,
but it should be fast enough to minimize viscosity buildup of
the aqueous phase while the gum is being added.
First Evident
Haze
First Distinct
Precipitate
7L
7M
7H
2.4 to 1
2.1 to 1
1.6 to 1
3.6 to 1
2.7 to 1
1.6 to 1
Method 2
Prior to addition to water, wet the powder with a watermiscible liquid such as alcohol, glycol, or glycerol that will
not cause CMC to swell. Two to three parts of liquid per part
of CMC should be sufficient.
Method 3
Dry-blend the CMC with any dry, nonpolymeric material
used in the formulation. Preferably, the CMC should be
less than 20% of the total blend.
TYPE OF CMC
The higher the degree of substitution, the more rapidly
CMC dissolves. The lower the molecular weight, the faster
the rate of solution.
Method 4
Use a water eductor (Figure 4) to wet out the polymer particles rapidly. The polymer is fed into a water-jet eductor,
where a high-velocity waterflow instantly wets out each
particle, thus preventing lumping. This procedure speeds
solution preparation and is particularly useful where large
volumes of solutions are required. For users wishing the
convenience of an automatic system, a polymer solution
preparation system (PSP), which is used in conjunction
with a water eductor, is shown in Figure 5.
Particle size has a pronounced effect on the ease of dispersing and dissolving CMC. C, or coarse, types were
developed to improve dispersibility of the granules when
agitation is inadequate to produce a vortex on the liquid
surface. Solution time, on the other hand, is extended
considerably with a coarse material.
For applications requiring a rapid solution time, CMC of
fine particle size (X grind) is best. However, special dissolving techniques, such as prewetting the powder with a
nonswelling liquid, mixing it with other dry materials, or
using an eductor-type mixing device, are necessary to
obtain dispersion.
SHEAR RATE
Preparing solutions by extremely low shear agitation, such
as shaking by hand, is generally not recommended. Properties of the resulting solution are quite different from those
prepared by higher shear methods. The effect of shear on
solution properties is discussed in more detail on pages 11
and 16.
Figure 4
Typical Installation of Eductor-Type Mixing Device
Lightnin Mixer
Funnel
Polymer Feed
Mix Tank
Mixing Device
Air BleedHoles
Makeup Water
Workman
Platform
Water
Inlet
Eductor
Discharge
Special Mixing Device
This inexpensive equipment is
most effective for quickly preparing uniform solutions of CMC.
Figure 5
Automated Polymer Solution Preparation (PSP) System
Dust
Collector
Polymer Hopper
Polymer
Eductor
Screw
Drive
Motor
Water
Air
Eductor
PSP Unit
10
Preparation Tank
Figure 6
Idealized Curve Showing Effect of Degree
of Disaggregation on Viscosity of Polymer Solution
2a
Viscosity
1b
Increasing DS makes CMC more hydrophilic, or waterloving; hence, types having high DS are more readily disaggregated in water. Plotting solution viscosity at constant
shear against increasing DS (Types 7 through 12) produces
a curve similar in shape to that shown in Figure 6.
3
1a
Increasing electrolyte concentration reduces disaggregation, as evidenced by the lower viscosity in saltwater of
Type 7. The viscosities listed in Table IV were measured
under quality control conditionsthat is, two hours after
solution was complete. At this point, CMC dissolved in an
electrolyte solution is probably in the Stage 1 section of the
disaggregation curve. CMC dissolved in distilled water
under quality control conditions is at Stage 3 of the curve.
Viscosities of CMC/salt solutions measured at this point will
be lower than the viscosities of corresponding CMC solutions prepared in distilled water. Since disaggregation is a
Degree of Disaggregation
Waring Blendor
Cellulose
Gum Type
Distilled
Water
4% NaCl
Saturated
NaCl
Distilled
Water
4% NaCl
Saturated
NaCl
7HF
1,680
140
45
760
1,040
2,440
7H3SF
1,680
570
165
760
750
1,720
9M31F
215
160
225
125
95
235
12M31P
175
80
180
100
55
140
11
Figure 7
Effect of Solvent Strength on Disaggregation
of Aqualon CMC
(1.75% CMC in Glycerin-Water)
The effect of solvent strength (polarity in binary solvent mixtures) on the disaggregation of CMC is shown in Figure 7.
Note the similarity of these curves to the curve in Figure 6.
The data in Figure 7 and in Table IV show that an increase
in solvating power or an increase in mechanical shear
breaks internal associations of gel centers and promotes
disaggregation.
100,000
Viscosity, cps
9M8F
10,000
7MF
12M8P
1,000
300
0
20
40
60
80 100
Water in Solvent, weight %
Figure 8
Effect of Solutes on Viscosity of CMC Solutions
300
200
Solute Added
Before CMC
100
80
60
40
30
20
10
0.02
Solutes Used:
NaCl
NaCl + NaOH (pH 10.1)
Na2So4
Na4P2O7 10H2O (pH 9.5-9.8)
KCl or LiCl
0.04
0.08 0.1
0.2
0.4
Molal Concentration of Cation, moles/1,000 g solvent
12
0.8 1.0
Viscosity is the single most important property of CMC solutions. Aqualon has acquired considerable information on
factors affecting viscosity, and these data are given here.
Stability of CMC solutions to microbiological attack and
chemical deterioration is also discussed in this section.
VISCOSITY
Solutions of CMC can be prepared in a wide range of viscosities. Such solutions are non-Newtonian because they
change in viscosity with change in shear rate. Consequently,
it is essential to standardize viscosity determination methods.
This standardization must include the type and extent of
agitation used to dissolve the CMC, as well as precise control of temperature, conditions of shear, and method of viscosity measurement. The procedure used in the Aqualon
control laboratory is described in detail in the Appendix,
page 27.
Effect of Concentration
The viscosity of aqueous CMC solutions increases rapidly
with concentration. This is shown in Figure 10. The bands
show the range of viscosity obtainable with standard
viscosity types.
Effect of Blending
Two viscosity types of CMC can be blended to obtain an intermediate viscosity. Because viscosity is an exponential
function, the viscosity resulting from blending is not an
arithmetic mean.
Blending Chart
The blending technique outlined in this bulletin can be
used eqully well for Aqualon cellulose gum (sodium
carboxymethylcellulose), Natrosol hydroxyethylcellulose,
Culminal methylcellulose and methyl hydroxypropylcellulose
and Klucel hydroxypropylcellulose. This technique is useful
when it is desirable to blend two viscosity types of the same
water-soluble polymer in order to obtain a solution having a
predetermined viscosity and solids concentration.
Blends can be calculated directly from the equation that follows; or, more conveniently, the blending chart in Figure 9
can be used. From this chart, one can determine, without
calculations, the percentage of any two viscosities that must
be blended to secure a desired intermediate viscosity.
Likewise, it is possible to determine the viscosity that will
result from utilizing any blend.
13
Figure 9
Chart for Blending Aqualon Water-Soluble Polymers
5,000
4,000
3,000
Viscosity of
Available
Material A
2,000
Viscosity of
Available
Material B
1,000
900
800
700
600
Desired
Viscosity
in Example
500
400
300
200
100
90
80
70
60
50
Blend Needed
for Desired
Viscosity
40
30
Material A, %
Material B, %
20
100
0
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
14
Figure 10
Effect of Concentration on Viscosity of Aqueous Solutions of Aqualon CMC
(Bands approximate the viscosity range for the types shown.)
30,000
7H4, 9H4
7H
20,000
7H3S, 7HOF
10,000
9M31, 12M31
7L
7M2
7L2
1,000
100
10
5
0
CMC, weight %
15
10
Effect of Shear
Figure 11
Shear Stress vs. Shear Rate for Newtonian
and Pseudoplastic Liquids
Shear Stress
tic
las
op
eud
Ps
nia
wto
Ne
Shear Rate
Figure 12
Viscosity vs. Shear Rate
Apparent Viscosity
Newtonian
Pseu
dopla
Shear Rate
16
stic
Figure 14A
Thixotropic Flow
Shear Stress
10,000
1,000
7.3% 7L
100
Shear Rate
1% 7H3S
Figure 14B
Extremely Thixotropic Flow With Gel Strength
Waring
Blendor
Home
Mixer
Tumbling
or
Pouring
0.1
1
10
100 1,000 10,000
Shear Rate (Reciprocal sec)
Brookfield
Viscometer
10
0.01
Film Sag
Under
Gravity
Figure 13
Effect of Shear Rate on Apparent Viscosity of
Aqualon CMC Solutions
Shear Stress
Shear Rate
17
Figure 15
Thixotropic Flow Is a Time-Dependent
Change in Viscosity
Apparent Viscosity
D = Zero
D=K
Figure 16
Thixotropic and Nonthixotropic Solutions of CMC
The solution of regular Aqualon CMC, left, is thixotropic; S-type Aqualon CMC, right, is essentially nonthixotropic.
18
Figure 17
Effect of Temperature on Viscosity of Aqualon CMC Solutions
10,000
1% 7H
2% 9M8
Viscosity, cps
1,000
2% 7M
1% 9M31
1% 12M31
100
2% 7L
10
0
10
20
30
40
Temperature, C
19
50
60
70
80
Effect of Temperature
Figure 19
Stability of Aqualon Cellulose Gum in
Organic Acids1% Solution of Type 7HOF
10,000
Effect of pH
CMC solutions maintain their normal viscosity over a wide
pH range. In general, solutions exhibit their maximum viscosity and best stability at pH 7 to 9. Above pH 10, a slight
decrease in viscosity is observed. Below pH 4.0, the less
soluble free acid carboxymethylcellulose predominates
and viscosity may increase significantly. Figure 18 shows
the effect of pH on the viscosity of typical Aqualon
CMC grades.
100
Figure 18
Effect of pH on Viscosity of
Aqualon CMC Solutions
1
2
3
4
5
Storage Time at 25C, months
Effect of Mixed Solvents
5,000
Brookfield Viscosity, cps
2.0% 9M31
1.0% 7H
1,000
500
2.0% 7H
Figure 20
Effect of Mixed Solvents on Viscosity of
Aqualon CMC Solutions1% Type 12M31
100
2
6
pH
10
12
10,000
Tests with Aqualon CMC Type 7M have shown that very little
polymer degradation takes place if solutions are allowed to
stand overnight at room temperature at a pH as low as 2.
However, at pH values of 4-5 and temperatures of 150F,
most of the viscosity is lost in 24 hrs.
1% CMC in Glycerin-Water
1,000
Apparent Viscosity, cps
100
1% CMC in Water
10
Glycerin in Water
1
Water
10 -1
10
100
1,000
Shear Rate,
20
sec-1
10,000
STABILITY
Chemical Degradation
Under certain conditions, solutions of CMC are susceptible
to chemical degradation. Permanent loss of viscosity can
occur resulting from scission of the long-chain molecules.
Such viscosity loss is accelerated by increasing the temperature and/or lowering the pH. Aqualon cellulose gum Type
7HOF provides improved resistance to viscosity degradation
and precipitation in low-pH systems.
Microbiological Attack
Although CMC is more resistant to microbiological attack
than many other water-soluble gums, its solutions are not
immune. Heat treatment can be used to destroy many
microorganisms while having little effect on CMC properties. Heating for 30 min at 80C, or for 1 min at 100C,
is generally sufficient.
An oxidative type of degradation occurs under alkaline conditions in the presence of oxygen. The rate of viscosity loss
is also increased by heat and/or ultraviolet light. Inclusion of
an antioxidant, exclusion of oxygen, and avoidance of highly
alkaline conditions are obvious preventive measures.
Phenol
Proxel GXL(j)
Sodium benzoate(i)
Sodium propionate(i)
Sorbates (Na and K salts)(i)
(g)Buckman
21
COMPATIBILITY
Aqualon CMC is compatible in solution with most watersoluble nonionic and anionic polymers and gums. Its
compatibility with salts depends on factors discussed in
this section.
Salt
Aluminum nitrate
Aluminum sulfate
Ammonium chloride
Ammonium nitrate
Ammonium sulfate
Calcium chloride
Calcium nitrate
Chromic nitrate
Disodium phosphate
Ferric chloride
Ferric sulfate
Ferrous chloride
Magnesium chloride
Magnesium nitrate
Magnesium sulfate
Potassium ferricyanide
Potassium ferrocyanide
Silver nitrate
Sodium carbonate
Sodium chloride
Sodium dichromate
Sodium metaborate
Sodium nitrate
Sodium perborate
Sodium sulfate
Sodium sulfite
Sodium thiosulfate
Stannic chloride
Zinc chloride
Zinc nitrate
Zinc sulfate
10%
Solution
50% or
Saturated
Solution
P
P
C
C
C
C
C
P
C
P
P
P
C
C
C
C
C
P
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
P
P
P
P
P
P
C
C
P
P
P
P
C
P
P
P
C
C
C
C
C
P
C
C
C
C
C
C
P
C
C
P
P
P
P
C = Compatible P = Precipitate
Note: 1 g of a 1% solution of CMC Type 7H was added to 15 g
of salt solution.
22
GELATION OF SOLUTIONS
Polymer
Cellulose gum,
Type 7H3SF
Natrosol 250 HR
1,500
1,800
1,650
3,200
Cellulose gum,
Type 7H3SF
Klucel H
1,500
1,640
1,570
3,280
(k)From
23
Ethanolamines
Ethylene glycol
Glycerol
1,2,6-hexanetriol
Mono-, di-, and triacetin
1,5-pentanediol
Polyethylene glycol
(mol wt 600 or less)
Propylene glycol
Trimethylolpropane
Type 7L
Type 7M
Type 7H
8,000 (563)
13,000 (915)
15,000 (1,056)
Elongation at break, %
8.3
14.3
14.3
93
131
513
Negative
Negative
Negative
Refractive index
1.515
1.515
1.515
Specific gravity
1.59
1.59
1.59
Electrostatic charge
24
MICROBIOLOGICAL INFORMATION
Aqualon production facilities for carboxymethylcellulose
(CMC) are operated in compliance with Current Good
Manufacturing Practice Regulations (CGMPRs) as promulgated in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations. While
extreme care is exercised at every process step and the
product is of excellent microbiological quality, CMC is not
marketed as a sterile material.
Aqualon CMC is routinely sampled and subjected to microbiological testing by an independent laboratory and data are
tabulated to provide an ongoing indicator of control in production. The data generated are not intended to be used to
provide product specifications, but typical results using our
standard protocol, are shown below.
FOOD STATUS
Title 9, Chapter III, of the Code of Federal Regulations lists
ingredients acceptable by the U.S. Department of Agriculture
for use in meat and poultry food products, subject to labeling
requirements, under the following Sections:
318.7
381.147
25
FOOD LABELING
PHARMACEUTICAL USE
Note: A communication from the Food and Drug Administration to Hercules Incorporated, Aqualon Division, defines
as suitable for use in packaging materials sodium carboxymethylcellulose of purity not less than 90% on a dryweight basis.
26
APPENDIX
METHODS OF ANALYSIS
Solution Preparation
VISCOSITY OF SOLUTION
Immediately after weighing CMC samples for moisture determination, the same undried gum should be weighed for solution preparation. Moisture and solution sample weighings
should be made closely together to ensure that the moisture
content of both is the same at time of weighings.
The viscosity-measurement test must be rigidly standardized because the viscosity reading obtained depends on rate
of shear, temperature, amount of agitation prior to measurement, and elapsed time between agitation and measurement. The method used in Aqualon laboratories is given
here in detail.
Moisture Determination
1. Weigh duplicate samples of 5 g, to the nearest 0.001 g,
into previously dried and weighed moisture cans with
covers. The samples for solution preparation (see next
section) should be weighed right after these moisture
samples.
2. Place the samples in a gravity convection oven maintained at 105 6 0.5C and heat for three hours. Cool in
a desiccator and weigh.
(3)Brookfield
27
Viscosity Measurement
1. Select from Table IX, below, the Brookfield spindlespeed combination for the viscosity type of gum being
tested. Attach the selected spindle to the instrument,
then set the instrument for the corresponding speed.
Sample
Weight, g
L2
L&M
H
10.5
5.2
2.3
4.0
2.0
1.0
Concentration,
%
Spindle
Number
Spindle
Speed,
rpm
Factor
Maximum Reading,
cps (mPas)
4
2
2
2
2
1
1
2
1
2
2
3
3
4
60
60
60
30
30
30
30
5
1
5
10
40
40
200
500
100
500
1,000
4,000
4,000
20,000
28
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