120

2016
1. Sets, Relations & Functions
DAY 1
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DAY 21
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Sets, Venn Diagram Algebra

DAY 2
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Types of Relation, Equivalence

Relation

DAY 3
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One-one, Into and Onto Functions

Solutions of Radii of Inscribed

& Circumscribed Circles of
Regular Polygon

Domain-Range, odd-Even and

Periodic Functions

DAY 5
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Inverse Function, Composition of

Function and Binary Operations

DAY 6
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Practice Test of Sets, Relations and

Functions

2. Matrix and Determinants

DAY 7
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Matrices, Algebra of Matrices,

Transpose of Matrix

DAY 8
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Symmetric & Skew-symmetric

Matrices

DAY 9
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Transformation of a Matrix, Inverse of

Matrix

DAY 10
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Determinants & Properties of

Determinants, Minor and Cofactors

Heights and Distances

DAY 23
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Practice Test of Trigonometry

Adjoint of Matrix, Solution of Linear

Equations by Cramers Rule

DAY 12
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Practice Test of Matrix and

Determinants

3. Trigonometry
DAY 13
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Trigonometric Basics, Trigonometric

Ratios, Ratios of Compound Angles

DAY 14
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Maximum-Minimum Values

DAY 15
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Trigonometric Periodic Functions

DAY 16
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Trigonometric Equations

DAY 17
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Transformation Formulae

DAY 18
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Inverse Trigonometric Functions

As most of the part of first 14 days

serves as the basis for gripping the
subject, thus it is advisable not to
move on day 15th topics until you
develop confidence in these topics.

DAY 25
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Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

DAY 20
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Solutions of Triangle

Continuity

DAY 26
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Differentiability

DAY 27
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Differentiation Formulae,
Differentiation by Substitution

DAY 28
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Higher Order Derivatives and

Partial Derivative

DAY 29
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DAY 19
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Limits

Mean Value Theorems,

Maxima-Minima of Functions
of One Variable

DAY 30
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Maxima-Minima & Tangents &

Normals

Definite Integration by
Substitution Parts and Partial
Functions

DAY 35
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Properties of Summation of Series

of Definite Integration

DAY 36
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Definite Integration by Gamma

Function, Leibnitzs Rule, Wallis
Formulae

DAY 37
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Area of Curves

several application based questions

such as in finding the sum of a given
series, while Leibnitz rule are useful
for differentiation under
integrationsign.Topics based on
application of definite integration are
very important for direct
questions,while all topics of day 41
and 42 are important for direct as well
as application based
questions.Random and planned testing
is required to judge the exact learning.
For topics underlined above learning
with direct solved examples will be
beneficial.
5. Mathematical Induction
DAY 44
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Volume and Surface Area of Solids

DAY 39
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Concept of Ordinary Differential

Equations and their Order and Degree

DAY 40
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Formation of Differential
Equations and Solution of
Differential Equations

DAY 41

Homogeneous Differential
Equations, applications and
Standard Results, of Solutions

DAY 42
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Linear Differential Equations

Application and Standard Results
of Solutions

DAY 46
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MENTORS VOICE Topic 1 days 24, 25

and 26 are important for JEE as
generally 1 question is asked every
year,however, this portion of syllabus
series as the basic need to grip the
differential calculus. Topic 1 day 29 is
important and has wide application
such as in finding the roots of a
polynomial within the given interval.
Topics 1 and 2 day 30 are important
from board as well as JEE point of
view. Aspirants are advised to focus on
these topics.
Topics 1 and 2 of day 32 are very
helpful in gripping the basics of
integral calculus. The topics related to
definite integral of days 34, 35 and 36
are very important for JEE and has

Binomial Theorem and its Simple

Applications

DAY 47
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Properties of Binomial
coefficients

DAY 48
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Properties of Multinomial
Theorem

DAY 49
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Practice Test of Binomial

7. Permutations &
Combinations
DAY 50
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Test of Calculus

Practice Test of Mathematical

Induction

6. Binomial Theorem

DAY 43
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Mathematical Induction and its

Applications

DAY 45

DAY 38

4. Calculus
DAY 24

Fundamental of Definite Integral

DAY 34

DAY 11

Integration by Substitution Parts

& Partial Functions

DAY 33

MENTORS VOICE Topic 1, day 1 is

important from board point of view.
Topic 2 day 1, venn diagram is very
helpful in solving practical problems
based on sets,however, this portion
of syllabus is very helpful to
understand the concept of
probability,as well.In JEE usually 1
question is asked from topics 1 & 2
of day 4.Topic 4 day 8 is useful in
solving practical problems based on
application of matrix. Topics 1 & 2
days 18 and 19 are very important
for JEE specially graph of
Trigonometric and inverse
trigonometric functions for solving
questions in very short span of
time.Topics 2 & 3 days 20 and 21
and topic 1 day 22 is also important
specially for finding incentre and
excenter of in circle and escribed
circle and in finding the height of
tower or building in different
situations.

Indefinite Integrals Fundamental

DAY 32

DAY 22

DAY 4
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DAY 31

Permutation & Simple

Applications

DAY 51
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Combination as Selection

DAY 52
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Practice of Permutation &

Combination

8. Sequence & Series

DAY 53
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Concept of AP,GP & HP

DAY 54
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Concept of AM, GM and HM

DAY 55
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Relations between AP,GP & HP

DAY 56
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Relation between AM and GM

DAY 57
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Sum of Special Series

DAY 58
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Logarithmic

DAY 73
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DAY 59
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Exponential Series

DAY 60
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Practice of Sequence & Series

DAY 74
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MENTORS VOICE Topic 44 is less

important from JEE point of view but
important for divisibility based
problems. Topics of binomial theorem,
till day 49, are important and has
several application based problems.It
also helps in solving the problems
based on combinations. Topics on days
50 and 51 are important as they have
wide application and are useful to solve
problems of probability. Topic after
day 60th belongs to class XIth and need
to recall more than once. All the topics
till days 55 and 56 have problems
related to nth,sum to n terms and also
sum of infinite term are important to be
asked as direct and application based
questions. All the topics till day 58 are
required essentially for basics of
logarithm and exponential functions.
Students are advised to focus on some
special series like arithmeticogeometric series and telescopicsum.
Use random testing for topics till day
60th for self analysis and use planned
tests in two sections, i.e.
(a) Day 1st to 23rd (b) Day 34th to 60th
for proper assessment and to gain
confidence.

Cartesian System of Rectangular

Coordinates

DAY 62
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Straight Line

Circle & its Equation

Chord of Contact of Tangent Pole

DAY 66
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Polar System of Circles

Parabola & its Equation to Tangent

Director Circle, Pole & Polar,

Length of Tangent & Normal

DAY 69
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The Ellipse

DAY 70
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Hyperbola, Chord , Tangent

DAY 71
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Asymptote , Conjugates,
Rectangular Hyperbola

DAY 72
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Practice Test of Coordinate

Geometry

Practice of Coordinate Geometry

Based on day 61 to day 77.

conics. In three dimensional geometry,

skew-lines, shortest distance between
them, intersections of lines and planes,
coplanar lines. Students are advised to
focus on these topics. Topics 1 and 2 of
day 80 are important and have direct and
application based questions. All the
topics till day 82 have wide application
in Mathematics as well as in Physics.
Topic 2 days 87 and 88, topic 1 day 89
and topic 1 days 89 and 91 are very
important as every year 1 question is
asked in JEE from them of direct as well
as application based nature.Begin this
complete section everyday with
randomized check through random test to
analysis your points of emphasis for your
preparation.
DAY 94

10. Vector Algebra

DAY 79
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Vector & Scalars, Algebra of

Vectors in 2D & 3D

DAY 80
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Scalar & Vector Triple Products

11. Statistics & Probability

DAY 83

Mean, Median & Mode of Grouped

Data

DAY 84
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Mean, Median and Mode of

ungrouped Data

DAY 85
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Standard Deviation, Variance &

Mean Deviation for Grouped Data

DAY 86
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Standard Deviation, Variance and

Mean Deviation for Ungrouped data

DAY 87
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Practice Test of Statistics

DAY 88
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Probability of an Event Addition &

Multiplication Theorem

Probability Distribution

Bernoullis Trial

DAY 99
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Triangle Inequality of Complex

Numbers

DAY 102
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Square Root

DAY 103
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Quadratic Equation in Real &

Complex Numbers System & their
Solution

DAY 104
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Relation between Roots &

Coefficients

DAY 105
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Nature of Roots & Formation of

Quadratic Equations with Given
Roots

DAY 106
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MENTORS VOICE All the topics till day

75th are very important as 1 or 2
questions are asked in JEE specially
director circle, pole and polar, length of
tangent normal related to different

Algebra of Complex Numbers,

Modulus & Argument

DAY 101

Binomial Distribution
Practice Test of Probability

Complex Numbers Representation

in a Plane Argand Diagram

DAY 100

DAY 92
DAY 93

Practice Test

13. Complex Numbers &

Quadratic Equations

Bayes Theorem

DAY 91

Feasibles & Infeasible Region &

Optimal Feasible Solutions

DAY 98

DAY 89
DAY 90

Mathematical & Graphical Solution

for Problems in Two Variables

DAY 97

DAY 82

Test of 3D & Vector Algebra

Types of LPP

DAY 96

Linear Programming Introduction,

Objective Function, Optimization

DAY 95

Scalar & Vector Products

DAY 81

14. Mathematical Reasoning

DAY 108
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Practice of Complex Numbers &

Quadratic Equations

DAY 107
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Test of Algebra

Mathematical Reasoning Logic &

Truth Table

DAY 109
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Tautology, Contradiction,
Converse & Contrapositive
Quantifiers

DAY 110
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Unit Test of Calculus

DAY 111
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Unit Test of Trigonometry

DAY 112
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Unit Test of Coordinate

DAY 113
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12. Linear Programming

l

DAY 67
DAY 68

Equation of Coplanar Lines

DAY 78

Tangent & Normal to a Circle

DAY 65

Equation of Intersection of a Line

and Plane

DAY 77

DAY 63
DAY 64

Equation of a Line & Plane in

Different Forms

DAY 76

9. Coordinate Geometry
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Skew-lines, Shortest Distance

between Them & its Equation

DAY 75

DAY 61

Coordinate of a Point in Space,

Direction Ratios and Direction
Cosines , Angle between Two
Intersecting Lines

Unit Test of Vector & 3D

Geometry

DAY 114
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Unit Test of Probability &

Mathematical Reasoning

DAY 115
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Practice Set
( Full Syllabus )

DAY 116
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Practice Set
( Full Syllabus)

DAY 117
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Practice Set (Full Syllabus)

DAY 118
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Practice Set (Full Syllabus)

DAY 119
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Practice Set (Full Syllabus)

DAY 120
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Revision of Important Points

MENTORS VOICE This last segment

of your preparation is important as
considerable number of questions is
asked in JEE generally from the topics
properties of modulus and argument
triangle inequality rotation of complex
numbers.
All the topics till day 105 have direct
and application based questions.
Topic of days 108 and 109 is
important from JEE Mains point of
view as every year 1 question is
asked. Concepts of these topics are
useful in boolean algebra as well as
in computer organisation.
Try to complete the schedule of last
20 days in 17 days (approx) as some
loose days (days with lesser syllabus)
are given in between. In the last 3
days use randomized testing of
complete syllabus to filter your
weaker portion and utilize these days
to plug your weak points left.
For gaining the confidence after
wards use 2-3 simulator papers of full
syllabus and try to complete them
approximately 15 min before the
stipulated time, so that you can
achieve the same under examination
conditions of stress within the
stipulated time.

Revision The Ultimate Tool

Toppers are in the habit of doing the things differently. Here surely the word differently has the art of
revision or reconciliation of learning in its basis especially for the toppers of entrance examinations.
Revision plays a prominent role in preparation of school, college or other entrance exams. Once syllabus is
covered, revision is a mandatory requirement for better scoring, even, if one had not covered 100% of
syllabus but only 70% or so, still he has to revise what syllabus has been covered.

How to Revise?

Special Mantras

In a generalised methodology to be adopted during revision following

steps are followed:
Step 1 Read your notes and seek answers to questions of your own. Try
to be as active in your reading as possible. Your activeness can be in
the form of talking to yourself, walking around the room etc., Try to
recollect what you have learned
Step 2 When you feel that you have understood and can remember
what you have read. Then close your source of information (copy,
book, notes etc.,)
Step 3 Try to recall the contents you were reading so far. You may pen
down the same roughly and quickly on a new waste paper (if you are
going for the first revision). This will help in filtering the
remembered and non-remembered portions.
Step 4 Check the new notes with the old content. You may find certain
points at which your memory is washed out. These points only
require attention again. Try to answer a previous question paper,
i.e. past papers to see your progress once you revise.
Step 5 You may recheck your memory in random manner after a
certain period of time too. The washed out memory points may
increase or decrease. Repeated attention on these points can kill
them then- n - there and boost up your confidence.
Step 6 Repetition of the same procedure for the same content many a
times reduces the quantity of content requiring attention.

Remember, revision is not something that starts in the end of academic session
rather it is what you can do on daily basis; in fact you can initiate it right from
the very first day of your learning.

For Maths and Stats Revision

Then best way as everyone says, practice-practice-practice. But some
more tips to consider
l

Formulae; make a note of them on a plain paper and fix them before your
bed or sort so as to view them frequently and memorise them. Because if
you remember the formulae possibly the problem solving is half done.
In mathematical problems you need to understand the flow of steps
towards the answer but not mug-up the steps. Because, if you forget even
a single step you may stop solving it. If you try to flow steps towards
answer you can find one way on your own and also remember the step
better.
Mathematical logics are developed with more and more exposure, so try
to utilize more and more of your study time in the development of logics.
This ensures higher success rate.
This not only builds your confidence but also trains your mind to solve
the problems faster.

Skills @ Effective Revision

While going for revisions keep following points in mind
It is always better to prepare a revision schedule on daily basis and after
making the schedule, it is must to possess the will to abide by that.
It is not necessary to revise large number of chapters every day. Revision
must be slow and steady. It must be in the order to get firm grip on all types of
questions asked on that topic.
Many times, we tend to miss out on writing some points when the teacher
speaks. It is best to pen them down when they are still fresh in the memory.
Revise as many times as possible the entire subjects.
There is a huge difference between revision and repetition i.e. revision is not
going through all the notes over and over again.
The specialized feature of revision is lessening of time in each and every
attempt i.e. time consumed in revising the same content every time is less
than the previous one. Just imagine a potential aspirant can revise the
complete content of Physics syllabus in about two and a half hours in his 4th
or 5th revision cycle.
Decrease in the time of revision is possible only when you have a proper
analysis of 'what to revise' and 'what not to revise'. Such an analysis can be
done on the basis of 'what you know' and 'what is whipped off from your
memory after learning'. Every time when you go for only those parts which are
whipped off, you find a lesser content to revise. This, in turn, certainly
requires lesser time to reconcile.
Understand the concept and don't just mug. This is a big mistake made by
many school going students till the mind maturity. Understanding the concept
shows you the actual sweetness of the subject and makes you perceive even
more of the subject with enthusiasm.
The difference between mugging and understanding is that, mugging is a
memorising aspect while understanding is realsing the facts about the
subject or topic with its related prior knowledge.
Use same notes or books or study material for all the revisions because the
page of the book also strikes in memory during answering the questions
asked.
There is no substitute for hard preparation and excitement and enthusiasm in
revision.
n

n
n

Last but not least you are the best to know your situation, analyze it thoroughly
and work out the best method for your revision. Think for yourself, you are mature
enough to organize your own study plan. Use your discretion to judge what will
work for you and what will not.

@CLASS XI SYLLABUS

Final Touch

Complex Numbers
A number of the form x + iy, where x, y R and i = -1, is
called a complex number. If z = x + iy, then x is called real
part of z and denoted as Re(z), whereas y is called imaginary
part of z and denoted as Im(z).

Properties of Conjugate of a Complex Number

If z is a complex number, then following are the properties of
conjugate of complex number
(z) = z
l

MATHS MAXIMA
n

If (a + ib ) (< or > ) c + id is not defined, i.e. order relation in

complex number is not defined (comparision of complex number is
only defined when imaginary part is zero).
a b = ab is valid. If atleast one of a and b is non-negative.
If a and b both are negative, then a b = - ab .

Integral Power of Iota (i)

As we know that square of every real number is positive,
hence solution of the equation x2 = - 9 is not possible in real
number system. i = -1 is known as iota which is introduced
in complex number system.
Also, i =

z + z = 2Re(z), z - z = 2 i Im(z)
z + z = 0 z is purely imaginary; z - z = 0 z is purely
real.

zz = [Re(z)]2 + [Im(z)]2

(z1 + z2 ) = z1 + z2

(z1 - z2 ) = z1 - z2

(z1 z2 ) = z1 z2

z1

z
2

The sum of four consecutive powers of i is zero

i.e. i n + i n + 1 + i n + 2 + i n + 3 = 0.

Conjugate of Complex Number

Complex numbers z = a + ib and z = a - ib are called
conjugate to each other (here, complex conjugate are
obtained by just changing the sign of i).
z+ z
Also,
Re(z) =
=a
2
z-z
Im (z) =
=b
2i

z2 0

Modulus and Argument of Complex Number

If complex number z = x + iy, then modulus of complex
number z is |z|, which is the distance of point z from the
origin and inclination of OP with positive X-axis is called
argument of the complex number. Hence,
|z| =

-1, i2 = - 1, i3 = - i, i4 = 1
i4 n = 1, i4 n + 1 = i, i4 n + 2 = - 1 and i4 n + 3 = - i

z1
= ;
z
2

and

x 2 + y2

arg (z) = tan-1

y
+ 2 kp , k I
x

Note The complex number z represents a point, where as | z| is

distance of this point from origin.
Y
P (x, y)
|z
|

Note Complex number may be defined as an ordered pair of real

numbers written as ( x, y). A complex number is purely real, if
Im( z) = 0 and it is purely imaginary, if Re( z) = 0.

q
O

Properties of Modulus
l

|z| = 0 z = 0
|z1 z2 | = |z1||z2|

|z| = |z| = |- z | = |- z|
z1 |z1|
=
, if z2 0
z2 |z2|

If z = a , then maximum and minimum values of z + c + id is

(a + c 2 + d 2 ) and (a - c 2 + d 2 ).

|z1 + z2|2 = |z1|2 + |z2|2 + z1 z2 + z1 z2

|z1
|z1
|z1
|z1

+
+
-

z2|2
z2|2
z2|2
z2|2

Trigonometrical or Polar Form of a Complex Number

= |z1|2 + |z2|2 + 2 Re(z1 z2 )

= |z1 |2 + |z2|2 - 2 Re(z1 z2 )
+ |z1 - z2|2 = 2 (|z1|2 + |z2|2 )
= |z1|2 + |z2|2 + 2|z1||z2| cos(q1 - q2 )
= |z1|2 + |z2|2 - 2|z1||z2| cos(q1 - q2 )

Let z = a + ib, then the polar form of z is r(cos q + i sin q) i.e.

a + ib = r (cos q + i sin q), where
b
r = z and q = tan- 1
+ 2 kp, k I
a
Note Since e iq = cos q + i sin q
\

Properties of Argument

This is the Eulers form of the complex numbers.

z
arg 1 = arg (z1 ) - arg (z2 ) + 2 kp, k = 0 or 1 or - 1
z2
z
arg = 2 arg(z) + 2 kp, k = 0 or 1 or - 1
z

Product and Division of Two Complex Numbers

Let two complex numbers be z1 = eiq and z2 = eif
Now,

Square Roots of a Complex Number

Let z = a + ib, then square root of z
z + a
|z| - a
i.e.
z =
+ i
for b >0
2
2

z
q

Angle between two lines = q1 - q2

z3

q2

q2

q1

z - z3
Angle between line joining z 1, z 2 , z 3 and z 4 is q = arg 4
z2 - z1
D(z4)

B(z2)
C(z3)

z - a
for b < 0
2

A(z1)

1+ i
The square roots of i =
2
1- i
The square roots of - i =
2

Cube Roots of Unity

Let

-i

MATHS MAXIMA

z1

(z2z1)

z +a

z2

q 1 q 2

(z3z1)

log z = log z + i arg (z)

Locus of z, if arg ( z - a ) = q (fixed) and a >0 is a ray.

q1

[cos(q - f) + i sin (q - f)]

log z = log z + log eiq log z = log z + iq

z2

[Q a + ib = z e iq ]

z1

Let z = a + ib, then log z = log (a + ib) = log ( z eiq )

Locus of z, if arg( z ) = q is ray excluding origin.

z

f)

Logarithm of a Complex Number

Facts Based on Arguments

n

z2 ei( q +

z1 . z2 = z1 z2 [cos (q + f) + i sin (q + f)]

z eiq
z
z1
= 1 if = 1 ei( q - f )
z2
z2 e
z2

and

arg(z) = - arg(z)
If arg(z) = 0 z is real.
arg (z1 z2 ) = arg(z1 ) + arg(z2 ) + 2 kp, k = 0 or - 1 or 1

z1 . z2 = z1 eiq z2 eif
z1 . z2 = z1

arg(z ) = n arg(z) + 2 kp, k =0, - 1 or 1

z
z
If arg 2 = q, then arg 1 = 2 kp - q, where k I
z
z2
1
n

a + ib = r(cos q + i sin q ), a + ib = r e iq

1 = z z3 - 1 = 0 (z - 1) (z2 + z + 1) = 0
-1 + i 3 -1 - i 3
z = 1,
,
2
2

Note If second root represented by w, then third root is w 2 . Therefore,

cube roots of unity are 1, w, w 2 .

Properties of Cube Roots of Unity

n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n

x + x + 1 = (x - w) (x - w )
x 2 - x + 1 = (x + w) (x + w2 )
x 2 + xy + y 2 = (x - yw) (x - yw2 )
x 2 - xy + y 2 = (x + wy ) (x + yw2 )
x 2 + y 2 = (x + iy ) (x - iy )
x 3 + y 3 = (x + y ) (x + yw) (x + yw2 )
x 3 - y 3 = (x - y ) (x - yw) (x - yw2 )
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 - xy - yz - zx
= (x + yw + yw2 )( x + yw2 + zw)
or (xw + yw2 + z ) (xw2 + yw + z )
or (xw + y + zw2 ) (xw2 + y + zw)
x 3 + y 3 + z 3 - 3 xyz = (x + y + z )
(x + wy + w2 z ) (x + w2y + wz )
2

then the nth roots of unity are 1, a, a2 , a3 , ..., a n - 1 which are in GP.

1 + a + a 2 + a 3 + ... + a n - 1 = 0
- 1, n is even
1 a a 2 a 3 ... a n - 1 =
1, n is odd

The points represented by the nth roots of unity are located at the vertices of
a regular polygon of n sides inscribed in a unit circle having centre at the
origin, one vertex on the positive real axis.

3, when n is a multiple of 3
1+ w + w =
0, when n is not a multiple of 3
2n

De-Moivres Theorem
(i) If n is an integer, then
(cos q + i sin q) n = cos nq + i sin nq
(ii) If n is a rational number, then (cos nq + i sin nq) is
one of the value of (cos q + i sin q) n

A3(a2)

3)

a
A 4(

A2(a)

2p
n
2p
n

Use of Complex Numbers in

Coordinate Geometry
Addition of Two Complex Numbers
Sum of complex numbers can be interpreted in
terms of geometry as a vector. Sum of two
complex numbers z1 and z2 is a diagonal of
parallelogram formed by the vectors corresponds
to complex numbers z1 and z2 .

|z2|

|z1|

P (z1)

Difference of two complex numbers z1 and z2 can be considered as

sum of the complex numbers z1 and -z2 .
Q (z2)

P (z1)

1
|z

|
z2

R (z1 z2)

nth Roots of Any Complex Number

The equation x n = 1 has n roots which are called the nth

roots of unity.
x n = 1 x n = cos 2 kp + i sin 2 kp
\
x = (cos 2 kp + i sin 2 kp)1 / n

R (z1+z2)

Q (z2)

Difference of Complex Numbers

( q1 + q 2 + q 3 + ... + q n )

nth Roots of Unity

A1(1)

An(an1)

Note If z = (cos q1 + i sin q1 ) (cos q 2 + i sin q 2 )

(cos q 3 + i sin q 3 ) ... (cos q n + i sin q n ), then
z = cos( q1 + q 2 + q 3 + ... q n ) + i sin

If z = r (cos q + i sin q) and n is a positive integer, then

2 kp + q
2 kp + q
z1 / n = r1 / n cos
+ i sin

n
n

where, k = 0, 1, 2, 3, ..., (n - 1)

2p
2p
+ i sin ,
n
n

where, k = 0, 1, 2, ..., n - 1. Let a = cos

z2

1 + w + w2 = 0
w3 = 1
w3 n = 1, w3 n + 1 = w, w3 n + 2 = w2
w = w2 and (w)2 = w
Each complex cube root of unity is the square of the
other.
Each complex cube root of unity is the reciprocal of
1
1
the other. i.e. w = 2 and w2 =
w
w
Cube roots of 1 are - 1, - w and - w2 .
Cube roots of unity represent vertices of equilateral
triangle on the argand plane.

1+

2 kp
2 kp
+ i sin
n
n

|z

x = cos

Q
(z2)

Multiplication of Complex Numbers

When two complex numbers z1 = r1 eiq 1 and
z2 = r2 eiq2 are represented by the vectors OP
and OQ, respectively. Then, product z1 with
z2 rotate z1 anti-clockwise by an angle q2
(q2 >0) or clockwise when q2 <0. The modulus
of the complex number z1 z2 is z1 z2 .
\

z1 z2 = r1 r2 e

R (z1 z2)

Q (z2)
q1+q2
q2
q2
q1

i( q 1 + q2 )

P (z1)
X

 z - z1
.
(a) AB is inclined to CD at the angle arg 2
z4 - z3
z - z1
p
= .
(b) If CD is inclined at 90 to AB, then arg 2
z
z
2
3
4

Division of Two Complex Numbers

When two complex numbers
are
z1 = r1 eiq1 and
z2 = r2 eiq2
represented by the vectors OP
and OQ, respectively. Then,
division of z1 by z2 rotate the
vector z1 in clockwise by an
angle q2 and modulus of the
z
complex number is 1 .
z2

P (z1)
Q (z2)

q2
q1

z1
R z
2

q2

(c) If z 1 and z 2 are fixed complex numbers, then the locus of a point z

q1 q2

Triangle Inequalities

z1 r1 i( q 1 - q2 )
= e
z2 r2

By the concept of multiplication or division an important

concept of rotation is generated which helps the students to
find many problem in coordinate geometry.

Conis Theorem (Rotation Theorem)

If z1 , z2 , z3 are the vertices of
DABC described in counter
clockwise sense, then

OQ = OP
OQ
OP ia
=
e
OQ
OP

C (z3)

Q (z3 z1) A (z1)

a

z3 - z1
z - z1 ia
= 2
e
|z3 - z1|
|z2 - z1|

B (z2)

If

z3 - z1 = z2 - z1

Then,

z3 - z1 = (z2 - z1 ) ei a

i.e. if we have to find the new position of complex number

when z1 rotated by a angle, then new complex number is
z2 = z1 eia .

REMEMBER
(i)
Q (zeia)

P (z)
a
q1
O

(a) ze is the complex number whose modulus is r and

argument q + a .
(b) Multiplication by e - ia to z rotates the vector OP in clockwise
sense through an angle a.
(ii) If z 1, z 2 , z 3 and z 4 are the affixes of the points A, B, C and
D, respectively in the argand plane.

P (z2 z1)

z - z1 ia
z3 - z1
e
= 3
z2 - z1
z2 - z1

ia

It is an important concept to find maximum and minimum

values. If z1 and z2 are two complex numbers, then
(i) z1 + z2 z1 + z2 , i.e. sum of the two sides is always greater
than third side.
(ii) z1 + z2 z1 z2 , i.e. difference between two sides of triangle
is always less than third side.
(iii) z1 - z2 z1 + z2 z1 + z2

SOME IMPORTANT RESULTS

ia

z - z1
p
= .
satisfying arg
2
z - z2

Distance between A(z 1 ) and B (z 2 ) is given by AB = z 2 - z 1

The points P (z ) divides the line segment joining A(z 1 ) and B (z 2 ) in the
mz + nz 1
ratio m : n . (a) For internal division, z = 2
m+n
mz 2 - nz 1
(b) For external division, z =
m- n
Let ABC be a triangle with vertices A(z 1 ), B (z 2 ) and C (z 3 ), then
1
(a) Centroid G (z ) of the triangle is given by z = (z 1 + z 2 + z 3 )
3
az + bz 2 + cz 3
(b) Incentre of I (z ) of the triangle is given by z = 1
,
a +b + c
where a, b and c are sides of triangle.
Area of DABC with vertices A(z 1 ), B (z 2 ), C (z 3 ) is given by
z1 z1 1
1
D = z2 z2 1 .
2
z3 z3 1

For an equilateral triangle z 12 + z 22 + z 32 = z 2 z 3 + z 3 z 1 + z 1z 2

n
The general equation of straight line is az + az + b = 0, where a is
complex number, b is real number.
n
If z 1 and z 2 are two fixed points, then z - z 1 = z - z 2 represents
perpendicular bisector of the line segment joining A(z 1 ) and B (z 2 ) .
n
The equation of a circle with centre z 0 and radius r is z - z 0 = r or
zz - z 0 z - z 0 z + z 0 z 0 - r 2 = 0.
n
General equation of circle is zz + az + az + b = 0, where a is complex
number, b is real number.
n
If z 1 and z 2 are two fixed points and k > 0, k 1 is a real number, then
z - z1
= k represents a circle. For k = 1, it represent perpendicular
z - z2
n

bisector of the segment joining A(z 1 ), B (z 2 ).

The diameter form of circle is (z - z 1 ) (z - z 2 ) + (z - z 2 ) (z - z 1 ) = 0
where A(z 1 ) and B (z 2 ) are end points of diameter.

MASTER
p
p
12. The amplitude of sin + i 1 - cos is

1. The square root of x + - x4 - x2 - 1 is

2p
(a)
5

(b) -4

3. The conjugate of
(a)

8+ i
5

(b)

(c) -4i

(a) cos q

2 + 3i
5

(c) 6 - 8i

50

(c) y

(d) 1

(b) parabola
(d) None of these

C = {z :Re((1 - i)z) = 2 } be three sets of complex

numbers. Then, the number of elements in the set
A B C is
(c) 2

(d)

10. If w is a complex root of the equation z = 1, then

3

w+ w
(a) 0

9
27
1 3

+
+ ...
+ +
2 8 32 128

(b) 1

is
(c) -2

(d) -1

11. If z1 , z2 , z3 are complex numbers such that

|z1| = |z2| = |z3| =
(a) equal to 1
(c) greater than 1

(d) 4, 0

1
1
1
+
+
= 1, then |z1 + z2 + z3| is
z1
z2
z3
(b) less than 1
(d) equal to 3

(b) 2( a 3 - b 3 - c 3 )
(d) a 3 - b 3 - c 3

= 0, then the value of

50

r =1

(b) 25

(c) 75

1
is
-1
(d) -25

17. Let w be the solution of x - 1 = 0 with Im(w) >0. If a = 2

3

with b and c satisfying

1 9 7
[abc] 2 8 7 = [0 0 0]

7 3 7
3
1
3
then the value of a + b + c is equal to
w
w
w
(a) -2

(b) 2

(c) 3

(d) -3

1 - zi
, then |w| = 1 implies that, in
18. If z = x + iy and w =
z-i
the complex plane
(a) z lies on the imaginary axis(b) z lies on the real axis
(c) z lies on the unit circle
(d) None of these

9. Let A = {z:Im(z) 1}, B = {z :|z - 2 - i|= 3} and

(b) 1

(a) -85

2z + 1
is -z, then the locus of the
8. If the imaginary part of
iz + 1
point represented by z is a

(a) 0

(c) 6, 1

r =0

a+ i
, x, y, a R, then ay - x is equal to
a- i

(a) straight line

(c) circle

(b) 6, 0

(a) 2( a 3 + b 3 + c 3 )
(c) a 3 + b 3 + c 3 - 3abc

(z)

(b) right angle isosceles

(d) obtuse-angled isosceles

(b) x

(a) 4, 1

16. If zr , r = 1, 2, 3, ...., 50 are the roots of the equation

z1 - z3 1 - i 3
are vertices of a triangle which is
=
z2 - z3
2

(a) a

(d) sin2 q

(d) 6 + 8i

6. The complex numbers z1 , z2 and z3 satisfying

7. If x + iy =

(c) sin q

where a and b are complex cube roots of unity, then xyz

is

(b) 2 - 3i > 3 + 2 i
(d) None of these

(a) of zero area

(c) equilateral

(b) cos2 q

2 - 3i
5

(d)

5. Which of the following is correct?

(a) 2 + 3i > 3 + 2 i
(c) 3 + 4i > 2 + 3i

p
10

15. If x = a + b + c, y = aa + bb + c and z = ab + ba + c,
(c)

(b) 8 - 6i

(d)

14. If|z + 4| 3, then greatest and least values of|z + 1|are

(d) 4

4. (1 - i)(1 + 2 i)(1 - 3 i) is equal to

(a) 1 - 6i

p
(c)
15

equal to

2 + 3i
is
1 + 2i

8-i
5

p
(b)
5

13. If sin6 q = 32 cos5 qsin q - 32 cos3 qsin q + 3 x, then x is

2. The value of (1 + i)4 is

(a) 4i

(a) ( x 2 + x + 1) + i ( x 2 - x + 1)
1
(b)
{ x 2 + x + 1 + i x 2 - x + 1}
2
1
(c)
( x 2 - 1 + i x 2 + 1)
2
(d) None of the above

19. The complex number z satisfying z + |z| = 1 + 7 i, then

the value of |z|2 equals
(a) 625

(b) 169

(c) 49

(d) 25

20. Given that the equation z2 + (p + iq)z + (r + is) = 0,

where p, q, r and s are real and non-zero has a real root,
then
(a) pqr = r 2 + p2 s
(c) qrs = p2 + s 2q

(b) prs = q 2 + r 2 p
(d) pqs = s 2 + q 2 r

21. Let zr = (1 r 4) be complex numbers such that

|z r | = r + 1 and |30 z1 + 20 z2 + 15 z3 + 12 z4 |
= K|z1 z2 z3 + z2 z3 z4 + z3 z4 z1 + z4 z1 z2|,
then the value of K is equal to
(a) 20

(b) 24

(c) 30

(d) 10

22. If |z - 3| = min{|z - 1|,|z - 5|}, then Re(z) equals

5
(b)
2

(a) 2

7
(c)
2

32. If w = e

(d) 6

-n
(1 - a )2
-2 n
(c)
1- a

-n
1- a
-2 n
(d)
(1 - a )2
(b)

(a)

plane, equidistant from the roots of the equation

(z + 1)4 = 16 z4 ?
-1
(b) , 0
3

(d) 0,

(a) (0, 0)
1
(c) , 0
3

2
3

(c)| z| = 1

(d)| z| =

3
4

27. z1 and z2 are the roots of 3 z2 + 3 z + b = 0, if O(0), (z1 ), (z2 )

form an equilateral triangle, then b equals
(b) 2

(c) 3

(d) 4

28. If z and w are two complex numbers simultaneously

satisfying the equations z + w = 0 and z w
3

-4

= 1, then

29. If a = ei( 2 p / n ) , then (11 - a)(11 - a2 )...(11 - a n - 1 ) is equal

to
11n - 1 - 1
11

(c)

11n - 1 - 1
10

(d)

11n - 1
10

30. The length of perpendicular from p(z0 ) to the line

az + a z + b = 0 is
| az0 + az0 + b|
| a|
| az0 + az0 + b|
(c)
| a|

(a)

| az0 + az0 + b|
2| a|
| az0 + az0 + b|
(d)
2| a|
(b)

31. A man walks a distance of 3 units from the origin

towards the North-East (N45 E) direction. From there,
he walks a distance of 4 units towards the North-West
(N45 W) direction to reach a point P. Then, the position
of P in the argand plane is
(a) 3 e ip/ 4 + 4i
(c) ( 4 + 3i ) e ip / 4

10

(b) ( 3 - 4i ) e ip / 4
(d) ( 3 + 4i ) e ip / 4

(a) a

(d) 1

(b) b

(c) a - b

(d) a + b

34. If z1 and z1 represent adjacent vertices of a regular

(b) 16

(a) Re( z) = 1, Im( z) = 2

(c) Re( z) + Im( z) = 0

36. If log

(c) 24

(d) 32

-1, can be

(b) Re( z) = 1, 0 Im( z) 1

(d) None of these

|z|2 -|z|+1
> 2, then the locus of z is

2 + |z|

(a)| z| = 5
(c)| z| > 5

(b)| z|< 5
(d) None of these

37. Reflection of the line (2 + 3 i)z + (2 - 3 i) z = 0 on the real

axis is
(a) (2
(b) (2
(c) (2
(d) (2

(a) z and w both are purely real

(b) z is purely real and w is purely imaginary
(c) w is purely real and z is purely imaginary
(d) z and w both are imaginary

(b)

(c) 9

1
1
1
2a
, then the
33. If x = 2 + 5 i and 2
+
+
=
1!9 ! 3 !7 ! 5 !5 ! b!
3
2
value of (x - 5 x + 33 x - 19) is equal to

1
35. sin-1 (z - 1), where z is non-real and i =
i

the angle of triangle, if

26. If 8 iz3 + 12 z2 - 18 z + 27 i = 0, then

(b)| z| =

(b) 6

(a) 8

(b) 2 + 1
(d) None of these

(a) less than 1

(c) 2 - 1

|x|2 +|y|2 +|z|2

is
|a|2 +|b|2 +|c|2

polygon of n sides whose centre is origin and if

Im(z1 )
= 2 - 1, then n is equal to
Re(z1 )

25. If |z|< 2 - 1, then |z2 + 2 z cos a| is

(a) 11n - 1

a + b + c = x, a + bw + cw2 = y , a + bw2 + cw = z

(a) 3

24. Which of the following represents a point in an argand

(a) 1

and a, b, c, x, y, z be non-zero complex

Then, the value of

terms equal to

3
2

2p
3

numbers such that

23. If a is the nth root of unity, then 1 + 2 a + 3 a2 + ... to n

(a)| z| =

+
+
-

3i ) z - (2 + 3i ) z = 0
3i ) z - (2 - 3i ) z = 0
3i ) z + (2 - 3i ) z = 0
3i ) z + (2 + 3i ) z = 0

38. Let complex numbers a and 1 / a lies on

circles

(x - x0 )2 + (y - y0 )2 = r2 and
(x - x0 )2 + (y - y0 )2 = 4 r2 , respectively. If z0 = x0 + iy0
satisfies the equation 2|z0|2 = r2 + 2, then|a|is equal to
(a)

1
2

39. If w =

(b)

1
2

(c)

1
7

(d)

1
3

z
and |w| = 1, then z lies on
z - i/3

(a) parabola
(c) a circle

(b) a straight line

(d) an ellipse

40. If the roots of the equation

z4 + az3 + (12 + 9 i) z2 + bz = 0 are the vertices of a
square, then |a|2 + |b|2 is equal to
(a) 270

(b) 280

(c) 290

41. If |z| = max{|z - 1|,|z + 1|}, then

1
2
(c)| z + z | = 1

(a)| z + z | =

(b) z + z = 1
(d) z f

(d) None

42. If x2 + x + 1 = 0, then the numerical value of

46. Let a and b be real and z be complex number, if

2

x + 1 + x2 + 1 + x3 + 1 + ... + x27 + 1

x
x2
x3
x27

is
(a) 54
(c) 27

(b) 36
(d) 18

1 + i tan a

z2 + az + b = 0 has two distinct roots on the line

Re(z) = 1, then it is necessary that
(a) b ( -1, 0)
(c) b (1, )

p
2

1 + i tan na

simplified, reduces to

equal to
(a) tan q

(a) 4
(c) 8

real axis on the complex plane is

(b) ( a + a )2 - 2 r

(c) ( a + a ) + r

(d) ( a + a )2 - 4r

z - z1

(b) arg
= arg 3

z
z
1

2
z3 - z1

z3
(d) arg
= 2 arg

z2

z2 - z1

(b) 6
(d) More than 8

that z3 + iw z2 = (1 + iw) z1 , where w( 1) be a cube root of

z3 - z1
is equal to
unity, then arg

z
+
z
2
z
3
1
2

of the following is true?

z3
z2

(d) i tan q / 2

49. Let A(z1 ), B(z2 ) and C(z3 ) be the vertices of D ABC such

45. If z1 = 2 + 3 i, z2 = 3 - 2 i and z3 = - 1 - 2 3 i, then which

(a) arg

(c) arg

(c) tan q / 2

z z
+
= 1 is
z
z

44. Intercept made by the circle zz + az + az + r = 0 on the

(a) ( a + a ) - r

(b) i tan q

48. Number of complex numbers z such that |z| = 1 and

(b) 2 sin na
(d) None of these

2
z

47. If |z - 1| = 1 and arg z = q(z 0) and 0 < q < , then 1 - is

, when
-
43. The expression
1 - i tan na
1 - i tan a
(a) 0
(c) 2 cos na

(b)|b| = 1
(d) b ( 0, 1)

z
= arg 2

z1
z - z1
z3 1

= arg 3

z2 2
z2 - z1
z3
z2

(a)

p
6

(b)

p
3

(c)

p
12

(d)

p
4

50. If a is non-real and a = 5 1, then the value of

2|1 +

a + a 2 + a -2 - a -1 |

(a) 4

is equal to

(b) 2

(c) 1

(d) None

Answers
1.
11.
21.
31.
41.

(b)
(a)
(c)
(d)
(d)

2.
12.
22.
32.
42.

(b)
(d)
(a)
(a)
(b)

3.
13.
23.
33.
43.

(a)
(d)
(b)
(b)
(a)

4.
14.
24.
34.
44.

(c)
(b)
(c)
(b)
(d)

5.
15.
25.
35.
45.

(d)
(c)
(a)
(b)
(a)

6.
16.
26.
36.
46.

(c)
(d)
(a)
(c)
(c)

7.
17.
27.
37.
47.

(d)
(a)
(a)
(d)
(b)

8.
18.
28.
38.
48.

(a)
(b)
(a)
(c)
(c)

9.
19.
29.
39.
49.

(b)
(a)
(d)
(b)
(c)

10.
20.
30.
40.
50.

(d)
(d)
(b)
(c)
(a)

fjohtu cum dSz 'k dkslZ

AIPMT 2016
11

Formula at a Glance
15. If z1 , z2 , z3 are the vertices of D ABC described in counter

1. If n is an integer, then
i 4 n = 1, i 4 n + 1 = i , i 4 n + 2 = - 1 and i 4 n + 3 = - i

clockwise sense, then

2. The sum of four consecutive powers of i is zero,

16. Triangle Inequality

i.e. i n + i n + 1 + i n + 2 + i n + 3 = 0

(a) | z1 + z2| | z1| + | z2|

(b) | z1 + z2| | z1| - | z2|
(c) | z1| - | z2| | z1 + z2| | z1| + | z2|

3. If z is a complex number, then its conjugate is z.

\ Re( z) =

z+ z
z- z
, Im( z) =
2
2i

4. The modulus and argument of a complex number z = x + iy is

| z| =

y
x 2 + y 2 and arg( z) = tan-1 + 2 kp.
x

( a + c 2 + d 2 ) and ( a - c 2 + d 2 ).

6. The polar form of complex number a + ib is ( r cos q + i sin q),

b
+ 2 kp.
a

7. If z1 = cos q + i sin q, z2 = cos f + i sin f are two complex

numbers, then
(a) z1 z2 = | z1|| z2|[cos( q + f) + i sin( q + f)]
| z|
z
(b) 1 = 1 [cos( q - f) + i sin( q - f)]
z2 | z2|
log z = log| z| + i arg ( z)
roots

of

complex

number

z = a + ib

is

| z| + a
| z| - a

+ i
for b > 0
2
2

| z| + a
| z| - a
and
-i
for b < 0
2
2

(a) For internal division, z =

mz2 + nz1
m+ n

(b) For external division, z =

mz2 - nz1
m-n

19. Let ABC be a triangle with vertices A( z1 ), B( z2 ) and C ( z3 ),

then
(a) Centroid G ( z) of the triangle is given by
1
z = ( z1 + z2 + z3 )
3
(b) Incentre of I( z) of the triangle is given by
az + bz2 + cz3
, where a, b, c are sides of triangle.
z= 1
a+ b+c

where a is complex number, b is real number.

22. If z1 and z2 are two fixed points, then | z - z1| = | z - z2|

represents perpendicular bisector of the line segment
joining A( z1 ) and B( z2 ).

12. De-Moivres theorem

23. The equation of a circle, with centre z0 and radius r is

(a) If n in an integer, then (cos q + i sin q)n = cos nq + i sin nq

(b) If n is a rational number, then (cos nq + i sin nq) is one of
the value of (cos q + i sin q)n

13. The nth roots of any complex number z = r(cos q + i sin q) is

(a) 1 + a + a 2 + ... + a n - 1 = 0
-1, n is even
(b) 1 a a 2 ... a n - 1 =
1, n is odd

z1 1
z2 1
z3 1

21. The general equation of straight line is az + az + b = 0 ,

3, when n is a multiple of 3

14. If 1, a, a 2 , , a n -1 are nth roots of unity, then

z1
1
z2
2
z3

z12 + z22 + z32 = z2 z3 + z3 z1 + z1 z2

11. 1 + w n + w 2 n =
0, when n is not a multiple of 3

2 kp + q
2 kp + q
z1 / n = r1 / n cos
+ i sin
,
n
n

k = 0, 1, 2, 3, ..., ( n - 1)

D =

For an equilateral triangle

10. Cube roots of unity are 1, w, w 2 .

12

18. The point P( z) divides the line segment joining A( z1 ) and

20. Area of D ABC with vertices A( z1 ), B( z2 ), C ( z3 ) is given by

8. Logarithm of a complex number z is

9. Square

17. Distance between A( z1 ) and B( z2 ) is given by AB = | z2 - z1|

B( z2 ) in the ratio m : n .

5. If| z| = a, then maximum and minimum value of| z + c + id| is

where r = | z| and q = tan-1

z3 - z1 | z3 - z1| ia
=
e
z2 - z1 | z2 - z1|

where

| z - z0| = r or z z - z0 z - z0 z + z0 z0 - r 2 = 0

24. General equation of circle is zz + az + az + b = 0, where a

is complex number, b is real number.

25. If z1 and z2 are two fixed points and k > 0, k 1 is a real

number, then

| z - z1|
= k represents a circle. For k = 1, it
| z - z2|

represent perpendicular bisector of the segment joining

A( z1 ), B( z2 ).

26. The

diameter
form
of
circle
is
( z - z1 )( z - z2 ) + ( z - z2 )( z - z1 ) = 0 , where A( z1 ) and
B( z2 ) are end points of diameter.

1. The shortest distance between the line y = x + 1 and

the curve x = y2 is
(a)

3 2
8

(b)

2 3
8

(c)

3 2
5

(d)

2. Let f(x) satisfy the requirement of Lagranges Mean

1
for all
2

x [0, 2], then

(a) 0
(c) 13l

3. The area enclosed between the curves y = x3 and

(a)

(b)

5
4

(c)

5
12

(d)

12
5

4. If f(x) = sin-1 (cos x), then the value of f (10) + f (10) is

equal to
(a) 11 -

7p
2

(b)

7p
- 11
2

(c)

5p
- 11
2

(d) None of these

5. One ticket is selected at random from 50 tickets

numbered 00, 01, 02, , 49. Then, the probability that
the sum of the digits on the selected ticket is 8, given
that the product of these digits is zero, equals
1
(a)
14
5
(c)
14

1
(b)
7
1
(d)
50

(a) 2, 4

3 /4

1/3

d2 y
= 2
dx

(b) 2, 3

are, respectively
(c) 6, 4

(d) 6, 9

7. The number of terms common between the series

1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + ... + to 100 terms and
1 + 4 + 7 + 10 + K + to 100 terms is
(a) 6

28

(b) 4

(b) 13
(d) None of these

10. Number of solutions of the equation z3 +

(c) 5

(a) 2
(c) 6

(d) None of these

3(z)2
= 0,
|z|

(b) 3
(d) 5

11. If the distances from the origin of the centres of three

circles x2 + y2 + 2 lk x - c2 = 0 (K = 1, 2, 3) are in GP,

then the lengths of the tangents drawn to them from
any point of the circle x2 + y2 = c2 are in

(a) AP
(c) HP

(b) GP
(d) None of these

12. Let a = $i - $j, b = $j - k$ , c = k$ - $i. If d$ is a unit vector such

$ = 0 = [b c d
$ ], then d
$ equals
that a d
(a)

6. The order and degree of the differential equation

2

dy
1 +

dx

(b) 7 / 3
(d) 5 / 3

where z is a complex number is

x is [in square units]

5
3

(a) 5 / 4
(c) 7 / 4

9. Let P(n) = 12 n + 125 n - 1 , then the least divisor of P(n) is

(a) f( x ) 2
(b)| f( x )| 1
(c) f( x ) = 2 x
(d) f( x ) = 3 for atleast one x in [0, 2]

y=

y2
x2
+ 2 = 1, (b < 4), so
16
b
that the fourth vertex S of parallelogram PQRS lies on
the circumcircle of D PQR, then the eccentricity of the
ellipse is
circle x2 + y2 = 25 to the ellipse

3
4

value theorem in [0, 2]. If f(0) = 0 and |f (x)|

8. If tangents PQ and PR are drawn from a point on the

$i + $j - 2k$

6
$i + $j + k$
(c)
3

$i + $j - k$

(b)

(d) k$

13. Ten apples are distributed at random among 6 persons.

The probability that atleast one of them will receive
none is
14

(a)

6
143

(b)

(c)

137
143

(d)

C4
C5

15
14

C5
C4

15

14. The

function

f(x) = e

-3x + 2

f : (-, - 1] (0, e5 ),

1 / 2

by

(b) many-one and into

(d) one-one and into

(b) 1

(c) 0

(d) 101/2

equally in two groups. Teams of each group will play a

match against each other. From each group 3 top teams
will qualify for the next round. In this round, each team
will play against others once. Four top teams of this
round will qualify for the semifinal round, where each
teams of this round will go to final round, where they
will play the best of three matches. The minimum
number of matches in the world cup will be
(b) 53

(c) 38

(b) a 2 - b 2 = c 2
(d) None of these
n

16. In world cup of cricket there are 12 teams divided

(a)54

(a) a 2 + b 2 > c 2
(c) a 2 + b 2 = c 2

23. The total number of terms which are dependent on the

1
1
cos ec101 x - dx is equal to
x
x

(a) 1/4

22. If in a DABC, tan A / 2 and tan B / 2 are the roots of the

equation 6 x2 - 5 x + 1 = 0, then

, is

(a) many-one and onto

(c) one-one and onto

15.

defined

(d) 40

17. If the mean deviation of the numbers 1, 1 + d, 1 + 2 d, ,

1
value of x in the expansion of x2 - 2 + 2 is equal to
x

(a) 2 n + 1

(d) n + 1

(c) 2 n

(b) n
[ x ]+|x|

- 2)
x(e
, where []
[x] + |x|
integer function, then lim f(x) is

24. If f(x) =
(a) -1

x 0

(b) 0

represents greatest

(c) 1

(d) Does not exist

25. Let a, b and c be three real numbers satisfying

1 9 7
[a b c] 8 2 7 = [0 0 0]

7 3 7

1 + 100d from their mean is 255, then d is equal to

If point P(a, b, c) lies on the plane 2 x + y + z = 1, then

the value of 7a + b + c is

(a) 10.0

(a) 0

(b) 20.0

(c) 10.1

(d) 20.2

then the value of n is

(b) any even integer
(d) any integer

19. Statement I ~(p ~ q) is equivalent to p q.

Statement II ~(p ~ q) is a tautology.
(a) Statement I is true, Statement II is true
Statement II is a correct explanation for Statement I
(b) Statement I is true, Statement II is true
Statement II is not a correct explanation for Statement I
(c) Statement I is true, Statement II is false
(d) Statement I is false, Statement II is true
Statement I adj(adj A) = A
Statement II |adj A| = |A|
(a) Statement I is true, Statement II is true
Statement II is a correct explanation for Statement I
(b) Statement I is true, Statement II is true
Statement II is not a correct explanation for Statement I
(c) Statement I is true, Statement II is false
(d) Statement I is false, Statement II is true

21. The product of all values of x satisfying the equation

2 x2 + 10|x|+ 4
=
sin-1 cos 2
x + 5|x|+ 3

2 - 18 |x| p
+ is
cot cot -1
9 |x| 2

(b) - 9

a2 x2 - y2 = 4 intersect at right angles. Then, the

equation of the circle through the points of intersection
of two conics is
(a) x2 + y2 = 5
(b) 5 ( x2 + y2 ) - 3 x - 4 y = 0
2
2
(c) 5 ( x + y ) + 3 x + 4 y = 0
(d) x2 + y2 = 25

27. If tanq1 , tanq2 , tanq3 are the real roots of the equation
x3 - (a + 1)x2 + (b - a)x - b = 0, where
q1 + q2 + q3 (0, p), then q1 + q2 + q3 is equal to

(a) p / 2

(c) - 3

(d) - 1

(b) p / 4

(c) 3 p / 4

(d) p

28. Suppose A, B, C are defined as

A = a2 b + ab2 - a2 c - ac2 , B = b2 c + bc2 - a2 b - ab2

and C = a2 c + ac2 - b2 c - bc2 , where a > b > c >0 and
the equation Ax2 + Bx + C = 0 has equal roots, then a,
b, c are in
(a) AP

20. Let A be a 2 2 matrix.

(a) 9

(d) 6

26. The ellipse 4 x + 9 y = 36 and the hyperbola

a a + 1 a -1
a+1
b+1
c -1
-b b + 1 b - 1 +
a -1
b -1
c + 1 = 0,
c c -1 c + 1
(-1)n + 2 a (-1)n + 1 b (-1)n c

(a) zero
(c) any odd integer

(c) 7
2

18. Let a, b, c be such that b(a + c) 0

If

(b) 12

(b) GP

(c) HP

(d) AGP

29. Statement I The plane 5 x + 2 z - 8 = 0 contains the

lines 2 x - y + z - 3 = 0 and 3 x + y + z = 5 and is
perpendicular to 2 x - y - 5 z - 3 = 0.
Statement II The plane 3 x + y + z = 5 meets the line
x- 1 = y + 1 = z - 1 at the point (1, 1, 1).
(a) Statement I is true, Statement II is true
Statement II is a correct explanation for Statement I
(b) Statement I is true, Statement II is true
Statement II is not a correct explanation for Statement I
(c) Statement I is true, Statement II is false
(d) Statement I is false, Statement II is true

30. For x >1 and y = log x which one of the following is not
true?
(a) x - 1 > y

(b) x 2 - 1 > y

(c) y > x - 1

(d)

x -1
<y
x

29

Answer with Explanations

1. (a) Given line is
(i)
x - y + 1= 0
Let P( x, y) be any point on the parabola. Then, perpendicular
distance of P from Eq. (i),
x - y + 1 y2 - y + 1
P=
=
[Q x = y 2 ]
2
2
2

1
1
1
3

y - + 1y- +
2
4
2
4

P=
=
2
2
1
1
P is minimum, when y - = 0 y =
2
2
3
3 2
Pmin =
=
8
4 2
Lagranges mean value theorem in [0, 2]. So, it also satisfies
in [0, x]. Consequently, there exists c ( 0, x ) such that
f ( x ) - f ( 0)
f (c ) =
x-0

3. (c) y =

f (c ) =

f( x )
x
1

Q| f ( x )| 2

[Q x 0]
[Q x ( 0, 2 )\| x| < 2]

x or y 2 = x ( y 0) and y = x 3.

We get points of intersection (0, 0) and (1, 1).

1

x 3/ 2
x4
( x - x 3 ) dx =

4 0
3 /2

y2 =

A (1, 1)

y=x3
O

5
sq unit
12

4. (a) f(10) = sin-1 cos 10

p

= sin-1 sin - 10
2

-1
= - sin sin 10 -
2

-1
= - sin sin 3p - 10 +
2

7p
p

= - 3p +
- 10 = 10 2
2

30

- sin x
|sin x|

- sin10
=1
|sin10 |

So, f(10) + f (10) = 11 -

7p
2

04, 05, 06, 07, 08, 09, 10, 20, 30, 40.
Number of such tickets = 14
There is only one ticket numbered as 08, sum of whose digits
is 8.
\ Total number of cases = 14
Favourable number of cases = 1
1
\ Probability =
14

6. (a) The given differential equation can be written as

( 3/ 4 ) 12

dy
1 +
dx

f( x )
1
= | f (c )|
x
2
| x|
| f( x )|
2
x
| f( x )|
2
| f( x )| 1

\ Required area =

f (10) =

- sin x
1 - cos 2 x

5. (a) Tickets having product of digits as zero are 00, 01, 02, 03,

2. (b) Let x ( 0, 2 ). Since, f( x) satisfies the requirements of

f ( x ) =

(1/ 3) 12

d 2y
= 2
dx

d 2y
dy
1 + = 2
dx

dx

Here, we see that the order of the highest derivative is 2 and

the degree is 4.

7. (c) For GP, t n = 2 n - 1

for AP
t m = 1 + ( m - 1)3 = 3m - 2
They would be common, if 2 n - 1 = 3m - 2
3m
or
2n - 2 + 1 =
150
2

n 9, m 100

( n = 1, m = 1), ( n = 3, m = 2 )
( n = 5, m = 6), ( n = 7, m = 22 )
( n = 9, m = 86)
and for n = 2, 4, 6, 8, is a fraction, which is not feasible.

8. (c) A cyclic parallelogram will be a rectangle or a square.

So, QPR = 90
Therefore, P lies on the director circle of the ellipse
x2
y2
+ 2 =1
16
b
Hence, x 2 + y 2 = 25 is the director circle of
x2
y2
+ 2 = 1.
16
b
Then, 16 + b 2 = 25 or b 2 = 9
9
Now,
a 2(1 - e 2 ) = 9 1 - e 2 =
16
7
7

e2 =
e =
16
4

9. (b) P( n) = 12 n + 125n - 1

P(1) = 12 1 + 1251 - 1 = 12 + 1 = 13
So, the least divisor is 13.

Now, the number of integral solutions of

10. (d) Given,

3( z)2
z +
=0
| z|

x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 + x6 = 10

Such that, x1 1, x2 1, , x6 1

z = re iq

Let
3 i 3q

re

+ 3re

- i 2q

gives n( E ) and the number of integral solutions of

x1 + x2 + ... + x5 + x6 = 10

=0

Since, r cannot be zero, so r 2e i 5q = - 3

Such that x1 0, x2 0, , x6 0 gives n( s ).

Which will hold for r = 3 and five distinct values of q. Thus,

there are five solutions.

\ The required probability = 1 -

11. (b) Let ( a, b ) be any point on the locus of the circle.

\
Now,

Now,

x 2 + y2 = c 2
a2 + b2 = c2
S1 : x 2 + y 2 + 2 l1 x - c 2 = 0
S 2 : x 2 + y 2 + 2 l2 x - c 2 = 0
S 3 : x 2 + y 2 + 2 l3 x - c 2 = 0
|TS1| =

(i)

a 2 + b 2 + 2 l1a - c 2

2 l1a , 2 l2a , 2 l3a are in GP.

|TS1|,|TS 2|,|TS 3| are in GP.

$
(a) Let d = x $i + y$j + zk$
Since, d$ is a unit vector,
where

Also,

x + y + z =1
a d$ = 0 x - y = 0

(i)

x= y

(ii)

13. (c) Here,

Probability that atleast one of them will receive none
= 1 - Probability of each receiving atleast one
n( E )
Required probability = 1 n( s )

C5
137
=
C 5 143

15

14. (d) We have, f( x) = e x

- 3x + 2

g ( x) = x 3 - 3 x + 2
g ( x ) = 3 x 2 - 3
= 3( x 2 - 1)
g ( x ) 0 for x ( - , - 1]
\ g ( x ) is an increasing function.
\ f( x ) is one-one.
Now, the range of f( x ) is [0, e 4 ] but the codomain is (0, e 5).
\ f( x ) is an into function.
2 1
1

15. (c) I = 1/ 2 cosec 101 x - dx

x
x

1
-1
Let
= t 2 dx = dt
x
x
1/ 2 1
1

I=-
cosec 101 - t dt
\
2
t
t

0 1 -1
-1 0 1 = 0
x y z

x+ y + z = 0

2x + z = 0

z = -2x
From Eqs.(i), (ii) and (iii), we get
x 2 + y 2 + z2 = 1
2

x + x2 + 4 x2 = 1

6 x2 = 1
1

x=
6
1 $ $
$
d=
( i + j - 2 k$ )
\
6

P( E ) = 1 -

=-

$ =0
Also, [b c d]

C6 - 1

Let

[using Eq. (i)]

= 2 l1a
|TS 2| = 2 l2a
|TS 3| = 2 l3a
Now, distances from the origin of the centres of these circles
are in GP.
\ l1, l2, l3 are in GP.

2 l1a, 2 l2a, 2 l3a are in GP.

12.

C6 - 1

10 + 6 - 1

Similarly,

10 - 1

1/ 2 t cosec 101 t

1
- dt
t

I=-I

2I = 0

I=0

16. (b) The number of matches in the first round

6

(iii)

C 2 + 6C 2 = 15 + 15
= 30
The number of matches in the next round = 6C 2 = 15
The number of matches in the semi-final round = 4 C 2 = 6
\ The required number of matches = 30 + 15 + 6 + 2 = 53
(for best of three atleast two matches are played)
S| x - x|
(i)
17. (c) Mean deviation =
n
For given data with 101 terms ( x = 101),
1 + 1 + d + 1 + 2d + K + 1 + 100 d
x=
101
101 + d(1 + 2 + ... + 100)
=
101
101 d [(100 101) / 2 ]
=
+
= 1 + 50 d
101
101
Now,

S| x - x | = |1 - (1 + 50 d )| +
|1 + d - (1 + 50 d )| + |1 + 2d - (1 + 50 d )|
+ ... + |(1 + 100 d ) - (1 + 50 d )|

31

S| x - x | = 50 d + 49 d + 48 d + ... + 0 d + ... + 4 ad + 50d

50 51
= 2 (1 + 2 + 3 + ... + 50)d = 2
d = ( 50 51)d
2

adj(adj)

From Eq. (i),

50 51
d
101
50 51
255 =
d
101

Mean deviation =

20. (b) If

d = 101
.

18. (c) Let

a+ 1 b+ 1 c -1
a a+ 1 a-1
D = - b b + 1 b - 1 + ( -1)n a - 1 b - 1 c + 1 = 0
a
c
c c -1 c + 1
-b
[Taking ( -1)n common from the last row of the second
determinant]
Interchanging rows and columns in the second determinant,
then apply C 3 C 2 and C1 C 2, we get

pq

pq

pq

pq

p
- cos -1
2

2 x 2 + 10 | x| + 4
=
cos 2

x + 5 | x| + 3

2 - 18 | x| p
+
cot cot -1

9 | x| 2

p 2 x 2 + 10 | x| + 4 2 - 18 | x| p
=
+
2
9 | x|
2
x 2 + 5 | x| + 3

2( x 2 + 5 | x| + 3) - 2
2
-2
-
=
2
9
|
x|
x
|
x
|
+
5
+
3

2
2
= -2 + 2
=
-2
x + 5 | x| + 3 9 | x|

~q

p ~q

x 2 - 4 | x| + 3 = 0
| x| = 1, 3
x = 1, - 1, 3, - 3
\ Product = 9
A
B 5
A
B 1
22. (c) tan + tan = and tan tan =
2
2
6
2
2
6
A
B
5
tan + tan
B
A
2
2 =
6
\ tan + =
=1
A
B
1
2
2
1 - tan tan
1 -
2
2
6

A
B p
p
+
=
A+ B=
2
2
2
4
p
C =
2

c 2 = a2 + b 2

23. (c) x 2 - 2 +

Now,
(i) p q is false (F) if and only if p is true (T) and q is
false (F) in all other cases it is true (T).
(ii) p q is true (T) if and only if both p and q are true (T) or
p and q are both false (F).
(iii) Tautology : The compound statement involving p and q
as component statements is called a tautology, if this
statement is true (T) for all values of p and q.
(iv) Fallacy : The compound statement involving p and q as
component statements is called a fallacy, if it is false (F)
for all values of p and q.
~ (p ~ q)

pq

From the last two columns

~ ( p ~ q ) p q
Thus, statement I is correct. But ~ ( p ~ q ) is not a tautology
because all values are not true. Hence, statement II is false.

32

- b
a

21. (a) We have,

19. (c) Consider the following table.

b
d
, adj A =
d
-c
b
= A.
d

Thus, for a second order matrix,

adj(adjA) = A
Also,
adj (adj A) = | A|n - 2 A = A
[Q n = 2]
Thus, statement I is correct.
Also, for a square matrix of order n,
|adj A| = | A |n - 1
For a second order matrix A, i.e. when n = 2
|adj A | = | A |2 - 1 = | A |
Statement II is correct.
But statement II cannot be a correct explanation for
statement I.

a a+ 1 a-1
a a+ 1 a-1
D = - b b + 1 b - 1 + ( -1)n - b b + 1 b - 1
c c -1 c + 1
c c -1 c + 1
Now, D = 0, if n is any odd integer.

a
A=
c
a
A=
c

1
1 4
2
n
= 2n ( x - 2 x + 1)
x2
x
=

( x 2 - 1)2n

x 2n
Total number of terms that are dependent on x is equal to
number of terms in the expansion of ( x 2 - 1)2n that have
degree of x different from 2 n, which is given by
(2 n + 1) - 1 = 2 n.

24. (d) We have,

28.

x(e -1- x - 2 )
lim f( x ) = lim
- 1- x
x 0
x 0

and

25.

[Q [ x ] = - 1 and| x| = - x for -1 < x < 0]

0 (e -1 - 2 )
=0
lim f( x ) =
-1
x 0x
e - 2

lim f( x ) = lim x

x 0
x 0+
x
[Q [ x ] = 0 and| x| = x for 0 x < 1]
lim f( x ) = lim e x - 2 = 1 - 2 = - 1

x 0

x 0

lim f( x ) does not exist.

x 0

1 9 7
(d) [a b c ] 8 2 7 = [0 0 0]

7 3 7
a + 8b + 7c = 0
9a + 2 b + 3 c = 0
7 a + 7 b + 7c = 0

a = 1, b = 6, c = - 7
Clearly, P( a, b, c ) lies on the plane 2 x + y + z = 1
\
7a + b + c = 7 + 6 - 7 = 6
Y

P(x1, y1)

Since, ellipse and hyperbola intersect orthogonally, they are

confocal.
Hence, a = 2 (equation foci)
Let the point of intersection in the first quadrant be P( x1, y1 )
P lies on both the curves. Therefore,
4 x12 + 9 y12 = 36
and
4 x12 - y12 = 4
Adding these two results,we get
8( x12 + y12 ) = 40

x12 + y12 = 5
or
r= 5
Hence, the equation of circle is
x 2 + y2 = 5

27. (b) tan q1 + tan q 2 + tan q 3 = ( a + 1)

S tan q1 tan q 2 = ( b - a )
tan q1 tan q 2 tan q 3 = b
S tan q1 - P tan q1
tan( q1 + q 2 + q 3 ) =
1 - S tan q1 tan q 2
=

q1 + q 2 + q 3 =

a + 1- b
a + 1- b
=
=1
1 - ( b - a) 1 - b + a
p
4

B = b(c - a )( a + b + c )
C = c( a - b )( a + b + c )
Now,
Ax 2 + Bx + C = 0

( a + b + c ){ a( b - c ) x 2 + b(c - a ) x + c( a - b )} = 0
Given that, roots are equal.
Hence, D = 0

b 2(c - a )2 - 4ac( b - c )( a - b ) = 0

b 2c 2 - 2 ab 2c + b 2a 2 - 4a 2bc
+ 4acb 2 + 4a 2c 2 - 4abc 2 = 0

b c + b a + 4a c + 2 ab 2c - 4a 2bc - 4abc 2 = 0

( bc + ab - 2 ac )2 = 0

bc + ab - 2 ac = 0

26. (a)

(c) A = a( b - c )( a + b + c )

2 2

2 2

2 2

bc + ab = 2 ac
1 1 2
[dividing throughout by abc]
+ =
a c b

Hence, a, b and c are in HP.

29. (c) The equation of the family of planes containing the lines
2 x - y + z - 3 = 0, 3 x + y + z = 5 is
2 x - y + z - 3 + l ( 3 x + y + z - 5) = 0
For l = 1, this reduces to 5 x + 2 z - 8 = 0
So, the plane 5 x + 2 z - 8 = 0 contains the given line.
Also, 2 5 - 1 0 - 5 2 = 0
So, the plane 5 x + 2 z - 8 = 0 is perpendicular to
2 x - y - 5z - 3 = 0
Hence, Statement I is true.
The coordinates of any point on line
x-1 y+ 1 z-1
are ( r + 1, r - 1, r + 1).
=
=
1
1
1
If this point lies on the plane 3 x + y + z = 5.
2
Then, 3r + 3 + r - 1 + r + 1 = 5 r =
5
7 -3 7
Thus, the line meets the plane at ,
, .
5 5 5
So, Statement II is not true.

30. (c) Let

Then,

f( x ) = log( x ) - ( x - 1)
f ( x ) =

1- x
1
- 1=
x
x

Clearly , f ( x ) < 0 for x > 1

f( x ) is decreasing function for x > 1

f( x ) < f(1) for x > 1

log x - ( x - 1) < 0 x > 1

log x < x - 1 for x > 1

But x 2 - 1 > x - 1 for x > 1
\
x 2 - 1 > x - 1 and log x < x - 1

log x < x 2 - 1
Similarly, it can be proved that
x-1
< log x
x
x-1
<y
x

[Q y = log x]

[Q log x = y]

33

Questions to Measure Your Problem Solving Skills

1. If (x2 + x + 2)2 - (a - 3) (x2 + x + 1)
2

8. If (3 + x2008 + x2009 )2010 = a0 + a1 x + a2 x2 + ... + anx n,

(x + x + 2) + (a - 4) (x + x + 1) = 0 has atleast one

root, then
19
19
(a) a 5, (b) a 5,
3
3
4

3
(c) a ,
4
3

3
(d) a ,
4

then the value of

1
1
1
1
a0 - a1 - a2 + a3 - a4 - a5 + a6 - ... is
2
2
2
2
(a) 3 2010

(b) 1

(c) 2 2010

(d) None

2. If the equation z + a1 z + a2 z + a3 z + a4 = 0,

9. Let p, q be chosen one-by-one from the set

where a1 , a2 , a3 , a4 are real coefficients different from

zero, has a purely imaginary root, then the
a
a a
expression 3 + 4 1 has the value
a1 a2 a2 a3

{1, 2 , 3, 2, e, p} with replacement. Now, a circle is

drawn taking (p, q) as its centre, then the probability
that at the most two rational points exist on the circle
is

(a) -2

(b) 0

(c) 1

(d) 2

3. In a geometric series, the first term is a and common

ratio is r. If Sn denotes the sum of the n terms and
Un =

Sn, then rSn + (1 - r) Un equals

n =1

(a) 0

(b) n

(c) na

(d) nar

4. In a certain test, there are n questions. In the test,

n-i

students gave wrong answers to atleast i

2
questions, where i = 1, 2, 3, ..., n. If the total number of
wrong answers given is 2047, then n is equal to
(a) 10

(b) 11

(c) 12

(d) 13

5. A vector r has length 21 and direction ratios are

proportional to 2, - 3, 6. If r makes an acute angle
with X-axis, then r is equal to

(a) 6 $i - 9 $j - 18 k$
(c) 6 $i + 9 $j - 18 k$

(b) 6 $i - 9 $j + 18 k$

(d) None of these

6. If b > 1, sin t > 0, cos t > 0 and logb (sin t ) = x , then

logb (cos t ) is equal to
1
(a) log b (1 - b2x )
2
(c) Both (a) and (b)

(b) log b 1 - b

2x

(d) None of these

7. Let {D1 , D2 , D3 ..., Dn} be the set of third-order

determinants that can be made with the distinct
non-zero real numbers a1 , a2 ,..., a9 , then
n

(a)

Di = 1

i=1

34

(b)

Di = 0

i=1

(c) Di = D j , " i, j (d) None

(a) 2/3

(b) 7/8

(c) 8/9

(d) 9/10

1 2
1+ x
10. If A =
and f(x) = 1 - x , then f( A) is
2 1
-1 -1
(a)

-1 -1

1 1
(b)

1 1

2 2
(c)

2 2

-2
(d)
-2

-2
-2

11. If A = {(x, y); y = 4 , x 0} and

x
B = {(x, y); x2 + y2 = 8, x, y R}, then

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

AB=f
A B contains one point only
A B contains two points only
A B contains four points only

12. For n N, 32 n+ 2 - 23 n - 9 is when divided by 64, the

remainder is equal to
(a) 0

(b) 1

(c) 2

(d) 3
2

x
-x
13. The function f : R R defined by f (x) = e 2 - e 2 , is

ex + e- x

(a) one-one but not onto

(c) one-one and onto

(b) many-one but onto

(d) neither one-one nor onto

14. Statement I If a and b are positive real numbers and

[.] denotes the greatest integer function, then
x b b
= .
lim
x a
x 0+ a
{x}
Statement II lim
= 0, where {x} denotes the
x x
fractional part of x.

(a) Statement I is true, Statement II is true ; Statement II is a

correct explanation for Statement I
(b) Statement I is true; Statement II is true ; Statement II is not a
correct explanation for Statement I
(c) Statement I is true; Statement II is false
(d) Statement I is false; Statement II is true

15. The line joining the incentre to the circumcentre of

23. If l r (x) means log log log ...x, the log being repeated r
times, then
2
3
r
-1
[x l (x) l (x) l (x).... l (x)] dx is equal to

(a) l r + 1( x ) + c (b)

cos B + cos C - 1
(b) tan -1

sin C + sin B

cos B + cos C - 1
(c) tan -1

sin C - sin B

(d) None of these

x cos a + y sin a = p, p R+ . If these lines and the

line x sin a - y cos a = 0 are concurrent, then

(b) different centroid

(d) None of these

17. The equation of the curve whose tangent at any point

(x, y) makes an angle tan (2 x + 3 y) with X-axis and
which passes through (1 , 2) is
(a) 6 x + 9 y + 2 = 26 e 3 ( x - 1)

(b) 6 x - 9 y + 2 = 26 e 3 ( x - 1)

(c) 6 x + 9 y - 2 = 26 e 3 ( x - 1)

(d) 6 x - 9 y - 2 = 26 e 3 ( x - 1)

(d) - 3 2

(b) 2 {| x| - | x - 1|}

0 for x < 0 and for x > 1

(c)
4 (2 x - 1) for 0 < x < 1

0 for x < 0
(d)
4 (2 x - 1) for x > 0

(d) a 2 - 8 ab + b2 = 0

+ x

(b) more than 10 -7

(d) None of these

(a) less than 10

(c) less than 10 -8

27. Let x1 , x2 , ..., x n be n observations and let wi = lx i + k

for i = 12
, , ..., n, where l and k are constants. If the
mean of x i is 48 and their standard deviation is 12,
the mean of wi s is 55 and standard deviation of wi s
is 15, the values of l and K should be

(a) l = 1.25, k = - 5
(c) l = 2 .5, k = - 5

(b) l = - 1.25, k = 5
(d) l = 2 .5, k = 5

28. Let Ar , r = 1, 2, 3 ... be the points on the number line

19. If f (x) = {|x| - |x - 1|}2 , then f (x) equals

(a) 0 for all x

(b) a 2 + 2 ab - b2 = 0

(c) a 2 - 4 ab + b2 = 0
10 1

on the curve such that its abscissa is increasing at the

rate of 4 units/s . Then, the rate of increase of the
projection of SP on x + y = 1, when P is at (4 ,4) is
(c) - 2

(a) a 2 - 6 ab + b2 = 0

-7

18. Let S be the focus of y2 = 4 x and a point P be moving

(b) - 1

(d) None of these

19
26. The absolute value of cos x8 dx is

-1

(b) a 2 + b2 = 2

(c) 2 ( a 2 + b2 ) = 1

which pass through P and touch both the coordinates

axes cut at right angles, then

the ratio 1:2. The three lines AP , BQ and CR enclose a

D XYZ. The D ABC and D XYZ have

(a)

(a) a 2 + b2 = 1

25. P is a point (a, b) in the first quadrant. If the two circles

16. P, Q, R divide the sides BC, CA and AB of a D ABC in

(a) the same centroid
(c) same area

such that OA1 , OA2 , OA3 ,.... are in GP where O is the

origin and the common ratio of the GP be a positive
proper fraction. Let Mr be the middle point of the line

segment Ar Ar + 1. Then, the value of

20. From a point p (x , y , z ), a plane is drawn at right

r5
(b)
2 x y z

r4
(c)
x y

y2
x2
= 1 whose centre C be such that CP is
a2
b2
perpendicular to CQ , a < b. Then, the value of
1
1
is
+
CP2
CQ2
(a)

b2 - a 2
2 ab

(b)

1
a2

(c)

b2

2 ab
b2 - a 2

(d)

1
a2

OA1 (OA1 + OA2 )

2 (OA1 + OA2 )
OA1
(c)
2(OA1 + OA2 )

OA1 (OA1 - OA2 )

2 (OA1 + OA2 )

(d)

29. The area of the region bounded by the parabola

(y - 2)2 = (x - 1), the tangent to the parabola at the
point (2, 3) and the X-axis is
(a) 3
(c) 9

(b) 6
(d) 12

30. The largest term of the sequence < an > given by

b2

an =

n2
, n N is
n3 + 200

49
543
1
(c)
52
(a)

p
greatest integer function, then f 5 is equal to
2
(a) 0

(b)

(a)

22. If f (x) = sin p [x] - x5 , |1 < x < 2, and [] denotes the

2

is equal

to

(d) None

21. Let two points P and Q lie on the hyperbola

OMr

r =1

angles to OP to meet coordinate axes at A, B and C.

Then, the area of the D ABC is
r5
(a)
x y z

(d) None

24. Line ax + by + p = 0 makes angle p / 4 with

DABC is inclined to the side BC at an angle

cos B - cos C + 1
(a) tan -1

sin C - sin B

l r + 1 ( x)
+ c (c) l r ( x ) + c
r +1

(b) 5(p / 2 ) 4 / 5 (c) - 5 (p / 2 )4 / 5 (d) None of these

(b)

8
89

(d) None of these

Answers
1. (b)
11. (c)
21. (d)

2. (c)
12. (a)
22. (c)

3. (c)
13. (d)
23. (a)

4. (b)
14. (a)
24. (b)

5. (b)
15. (c)
25. (c)

6. (c)
16. (a)
26. (a)

7. (b)
17. (a)
27. (b)

8. (c)
18. (c)
28. (b)

9. (c)
19. (c)
29. (c)

10. (a)
20. (b)
30. (a)

35

T
E
G
TAR

E
E
J0 1 6
2

Comprehensive Simulator Test Series for JEE Main & Advanced

JEE ADVANCED
Questions to Measure Your Problem Solving Skills
Paper I

Single Integer Answer Type

1. The number of integral value of a; a (6, 100) for
which the equation [tan x]2 + tan x - a = 0 has real
roots, where [.] denotes greatest integer function, is

2. P is a point on positive X-axis, Q is a point on the

positive Y-axis and O is the origin. If the line
passing through P and Q is tangent to the curve
y = 3 - x2 , then the minimum area of the DOPQ, is

3. OPQR is a square and M, N are the mid-points of the

sides PQ and QR, respectively. If the ratio of the
areas of the square and the DOMN is l : 6, then l /4
is equal to

4. If A is a square matrix of order n such that

|adj(adj A)| =| A|9 , then the value of n can be

5. A region S in complex plane is S = {x + iy, - 1 x 1

and -1 y 1}. A complex number z = x + iy is
chosen uniformly at random from S. If the
3
probability P that the complex number (1 + i) z is
4
m
also in S can be expressed in lowest form , then
n
find the sum of digits in (m + n).
1

6. The value of [ x[1 + sin p x] + 1] dx is (where, [.] is

-1

the greatest integer function)

36

A
B
= x1, sin = x2 ,
2
2
2016
2015
x1
x3
A
B
-
= 0,
cos = x3 and cos = x4 with
2
2
x2
x4
then the length of AC is
n(n - 1) (n - 4)n
The value of nn - (n - 2)n +
to
2!
n
(n + 1) terms = n !(k) , then k is

7. In D ABC, if BC is unity sin

8.

One or More than One Option Correct Type

9. If a function satisfies

(x - y) f(x + y) - (x + y) f(x - y) = 2(x2 y - y3 ), "x, y, R

and f(1) = 2, then
(a) f( x ) must be polynomial function
(b) f( 3) = 12
(c) f( 0) = 0
(d) f( x ) may not be differentiable

10. Let unit vectors a and b be perpendicular and unit

vector c be inclined at an angle q to both a and b. If
c = aa + bb + g (a b), then
(a) a = b

(b) 1 - 2 a2 = g 2

1 + cos 2 q
(c) a =
2

(d) a2 - b 2 = g 2

11. The

roots
of
equation
x5 - 40x4 + ax3 + bx2 + gx + d = 0 are real and in GP.
If the sum of their reciprocal is 10, then d can be
(a) -32

(b) -

1
32

(c) 32

(d)

1
32

12. If the normal at P to the rectangular hyperbola

x2 - y2 = 4 meets the axes in G and g and C is the

centre of the hyperbola, then

(a) PG = PC
(c) PG = Pg

(b) Pg = PC
(d) Gg = 2 PC

xdx + ydy
=
xdy - ydx

13. The solution of

a2 - x2 - y2
is
x2 + y2

x 2 + y 2 = a sin tan-1 + c
x

-1 y

2
2
(b) x + y = a cos tan
+ c
x

x 2 + y 2 = a tan sin-1 +
x

(d) y = x tansin-1
x 2 + y 2
a

3 46
(a) - ,

5 5
(c) ( 6, 4)

Column II.
Column I

+ c

The maximum value of

7 - 5 ( x 2 + 3)
sec -1
is
2
2( x + 2 )

p.

p
4

B.

The minimum value of

5
1

cosec -1 3 x 2 + + sec -1 3 x 2 + is

4
4

q.

2p
3

C.

Points of non-differentiability of the

function f ( x ) = min

p
p
3p

, cot x +
, "x 0,
tan x +
2

12
12

r.

7p
6

s.
x2 y2
=1
8
1

p
6

[ r (n n - 1C r - 1 - r nC r - 1) + (2r + 1)nC r ], then

r =1

(a) f( n) = n2 - 1

(b) f( n) = ( n + 1)2 - 1

10

(c)

10

f(n) = 495

(d)

n=1

f(n) = 374

n=1

is/are

15. If there are three square matrices A, B, C of same

n

order satisfying the equation A2 = A -1, B = A2 and

( n - 2)

C = A2
are true?

D.

of q such that sum of intercepts on axes

made by this tangent is maximum is

(b) ( B + C ) ( B - C ) = 0
(d) None of these

16. If f(x) = cos -1 x + cos -1 +

x
2

2
p
(a) f =
3 3
1
p
(c) f =
3 3

17. The coefficient of x50 in

3 - 3x2 , then

2
2
p
(b) f = 2 cos -1 3
3 3
1
1
p
(d) f = 2 cos -1 3
3 3
100

100C

K =0

20. Match the statements of Column I with values of

Column II.
Column I

(a) Number of ways in which 50 identical books can be

distributed in 100 students, if each student can get atmost
one book
(b) Number of ways in which 100 different white balls and
50 red balls can be arranged in a circle, if no two red balls
are together
(c) Number of dissimilar terms in ( x1 + x2 + x3 + .... + x50 )51
2 6 10 14...198
(d)
( 50)!

18. Point M moved on the circle (x - 4)2 + (y - 8)2 = 20,

then it broke away from it and moving along a
tangent to the circle cuts the X-axis at the point

Column II

A.

Out of four machines, exactly two are

faulty, they are tested one-by-one in a
random order till both faulty machines
are identified, then the probability that
only two tests are needed, is

p.

1
2

B.

If m is selected at random from set

{12
, , ...,10} and the probability that the
quadratic equation
2 x 2 + 2 mx + m + 1 = 0 has real roots is
k, then value of 10 k is

q.

12
17

C.

If three points are lying in a plane, then

what is the probability that a triangle
will be formed by joining them?

r.

4
5

D.

A letter is known to have come either

from LONDON or CLIFTON; on the
postmark only the two consecutive
letters ON are legible. The probability
that it came from LONDON, is

s.

1
3

(x - 2)100 - K 3K is

also equal to

Tangent is drawn to hyperbola

p
at (2 2 sec q, tan q); q 0, . The value
2

, then which of the following statements

(a)| B - C| = 0
(c) B must be equal to C

Column II

A.

14. If f(n) =

2 44
(b) - ,

5 5
(d) ( 3, 5)

Matching Type
19. Match the statements of Column I with values of

(a)

(c)

(-2, 0). The coordinates of a point on the circle at

which the moving point broke away are

37

Paper II
Single Integer Answer Type
1. Let f be a function defined on R (the set of all real

2.

numbers)
such
that
f (x) = 2010 (x - 2009)
(x - 2010)2 (x - 2011)3 (x - 2012)4 for all x R. If g is a
function defined on R with values in the interval
(0, ) such that f(x) = (g(x)) for all x R, then the
number of points in R at which g has local maximum,
is
1
Let f :[0, 1] 0, be a function such that f(x) is a
2
polynomial of 2nd degree, satisfy the following
conditions
1
(a) f(0) = 0 (b) has a maximum value of at x = 1. If A
2
is the area bounded by y = f(x), y = f -1 (x) and the line
2x + 2y - 3 = 0, in Ist quadrant, then value of 24A is

3. ABC is a triangle and P, Q and R are points on the

sides BC, CA and AB respectively dividing them in
the ratio 1 : 4, 3 : 2 and 3 : 7, respectively. The point
S divides AB in the ratio 1 : 3, if the ratio of
( AP + BQ + CR) : CS = m : n, where m and n are
coprime. Then, the value of m + n is

7. A sequence a1, a2 , a3 ,..., an of real numbers is such

that a1 = 0,| a2| = | a1 + 1|,| a3| = | a2 + 1|,,
| an| = | an - 1 + 1,
| where the arithmetic mean of
l
a1, a2 , a3 ,..., an cannot be less than - , then the
m
value of l + m is

8. The set of natural number N partitioned into arrays

of rows and columns in the form of matrices as
6 7 8
2 3
9 10 11 ,..., Mn =
,
=
M1 = (1), M2 =
M
3

4 5
12 13 14

and so on, where the sum of the elements of the

diagonal in M6 is k, then sum of digits of k is

One or More than One Option Correct Type

9. If the vectors b = (tan a, -1, 2 sin a / 2) and

-3

are orthogonal and a

c = tan a, tan a,

a
sin

2
vector a = (13
, ,sin 2a) makes an obtuse angle with the
Z-axis, then the value of a is

4. With respect to a particular question on a multiple

(a) a = ( 4n + 1) p - tan-1 2

choice test (having 4 alternatives with only 1

correct) a student knows the answer and therefore
can eliminate 3 of the 4 choices from consideration
with probability 2/3, can eliminate 2 of the 4 choices
from consideration with probability 1/6, can
eliminate 1 choice from consideration with
probability 1/9 and can eliminate none with
probability 1/18. If the student knows the answer, he
answers correctly otherwise he guesses from among
the choices not eliminated. If the answer given by
the student was found correct, then the probability
a
that he knew the answer is , where a and b are
b
relatively prime. Then, the value of (a + b) /317 is

(c) a = ( 4n + 1) p + tan 2

5. If the equation of the curve on the reflection of the

6.

38

(x - 4)2 (y - 3)2
ellipse
+
= 1 about the line
16
9
2
2
x - y - z = 0 is 16x + 9y + ax - 36y + b = 0, then
unit digit of (a + b) is
n
n
C
If lim r r = e - x, then x is
n
(
+ 3)
n
r
r =0

-1

(b) a = ( 4n + 2 ) p - tan-1 2

(d) a = ( 4n + 2 ) p + tan-1 2

10. Given a real valued function f such that

tan2 x
, if x > 0

2
2
(x - [ x] )
f(x) =
1
, if x =0

1
{x} cot {x} , if x < 0

where, [ x] is the integral part and {x} is the fractional

part of x, then
(a) lim f( x ) = 1
x0
-1

(c) cot

(b) lim
2

lim - f( x ) = 1
x 0

x 0-

f( x ) = cot 1

(d) f is continuous at x = 0

11. Let PM be the perpendicular from the point (1, 2, 3)

to XY-plane. If OP makes an angle q with the positive
direction of Z-axis and OM makes an angle f with
the positive direction of X-axis, where O is the
origin, then (when q and f are acute)
(a) tan q =

5
3

(c) tan f = 2

2
14
1
(d) cos q cos f =
14
(b) sin q sin f =

12. If f(x) = ae2 x + be x + cx satisfies the conditions

f(0) = - 1, f (log 2) = 31,

log 4
0

[ f(x) - cx] dx =

39
, then
2

(a) a = 5
(b) b = - 6
(c) c = 2
(d) a = 3

13. If the roots of the equation x3 + ax2 + bx - 1 = 0 are

Linked Comprehension Type

Passage I

Directions (Q. Nos. 17-18) A function f ( x ) having the

following properties
(i) f(x) is continuous except at x = 3
(ii) f(x) is differentiable except at x = - 2 and x = 3
(iii) f(0) = 0, lim f(x) - , lim f(x) = 3, lim f(x) = 0

(a) a - 2 b = 0
(b) b ( 3, )
(c) one root is 2
(d) one root is greater than 1 and other root is less than 1

17. Maximum possible number of solutions of f(x) =| x|

is

14. If k1 and k2 (k1 < k2 ) are the points of discontinuity of

1
, then the
1- x
value of k for which the points (k1, k2 ) and (k, k2 ) lie
on the same side of x + 2y - 3 = 0, is
the function f [ f{f(x)}], where f(x) =

the parabola y2 = 2px, such that it touches the

directrix of the parabola. Then, the point of
intersection of the circle and the parabola is
p
(a) , p
2

p
(b) , - p
2

-p
(c)
,
2

-p
(d)
, 2

2x

xe

2x

1 + e2 x

dx = f(x) 1+ e

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

(c) g ( x ) =

Directions (Q. Nos. 19-20) f ( x ) is continuous and

differentiable function. Given f ( x ) takes values of the
form I, where I denotes set of whole numbers,
whenever x = a or b ; otherwise f ( x ) takes real values.
3
Also, f ( c ) = - and |f ( a )| |f ( b)|
2 Y

1
- log g(x) + c, then
2

O a
Y

19. The number of rational values that f(a) + f(b) + f(c)

1+ e
1+ e

(d) 4

differentiable for all x, if f ( 0) = 0

continuous but not differentiable at two points, if f ( 0) = 0
continuous but not differentiable at one point, if f ( 0) = 0
discontinuous at two points, if f ( 0) = 0

(a) f( x ) = x - 1
(b) g ( x ) =

(c) 3

Passage II

15. Consider a circle with centre lying on the focus of

(b) 1

18. Graph of the function y = f(-| x|) is

(b)

(c) -1

16. If

(a) 2

1
2
(d) 2

(a) -4

x 0

x 3

(iv) f (x) > 0, "x (-, - 2) (3, ) and f (x) 0, "x (-2, 3)
(v) f (x) > 0, "x (-, - 2) (-2, 0)
and f (x) < 0, "x (0, 3) (3, )

increasing GP, then

2x

2x

can take is /are

-1

(a) 4

+1

(b) 2

(c) 3

(d) 5

20. The number of values that [ f(a)]2 + [ f(b)]2 + [ f(c)]2 can

2 + e 2x - 2 1 + e 2x

take is

e2x

(a) 5
(c) 3

(d) f( x ) = x

(b) 2
(d) 7

Answers
Paper I
1. (7)
2. (4)
3. (4)
11. (a,c)
12. (a,b,c,d) 13. (a,d)
19. A q, B s, C q, r, s, D p

4. (4)
5. (5)
6. (2)
14. (b,c)
15. (a,b,c)
16. (a,d)
20. A s, B r, C p, D q

7. (1)
17. (a,d)

8. (2)
18. (b, c)

9. (a,b,c)

10. (a,b,c)

Paper II
1. (1)
11. (b,c)

2. (5)
12. (a,b)

3. (7)
13. (b,d)

4. (1)
14. (b,c)

5. (2)
15. (a,b)

6. (2)
16. (a,b,c)

7. (3)
17. (c)

8. (9)
18. (d)

9. (a,b)
19. (c)

10. (c)
20. (a)

39

Continuity and Differentiability

Limits
Limit of a Function

Right Hand Limit

Y

Let f(x) be defined on an open interval

about x0 , except possible at x0 itself. If
f(x) gets arbitrarily close to L for all x
sufficiently close to x0 , we say that f
approaches the limit L as x approaches
x0 and we write lim f(x) = L.

The right hand limit of f(x) as x tends to a exist and is equal

to l1 , if x approaches a through values greater than a, then
f(x) approaches a definite unique real number l1 ,

i.e.
x0

lim f(x) = l1

x a+

X
l1

x x0

Classical Definition of Limit

Let f(x) be defined on an open interval about x0 except possible
at x0 itself and let L be a real number lim f(x) = L means that
x x0
for each real e > 0 there exist a real d > 0 such that for all x with
0 < |x - x0 | < d, we have |f(x) - L| < e

Note Evaluate RHL

or simbolically,

a x=a+h

To evaluate lim f( x )
x a+

(i) Put x = a + h in f( x ), then lim f( x ) reduces to lim f( a + h)

" e > 0, d > 0

x a+

h 0

(ii) Simplify the limit as h 0

|f(x) - L| < e, where |x - x0 | < d.

Y

Left Hand Limit

The left hand limit as x a exist
and is equal to l2 , if x approaches a
through values less than a, then f(x)
approaches a definite unique real
number l2 .

d
x0

Caution
Normally students have the perception that limit should be a
finite number. But it is not really, so it is quite possible that f(x)
has infinite limit as x a. If lim f(x) = , it would simply
x a
mean that function has tendency to assume a very large
1
positive values in the neighbourhood of x = a . e.g. lim
=
x 0 |x|

Neighbourhood (nbd ) of a Point

Let x 0 be a real number and let d be a positive real number. Then, the
set of all real numbers lying between x 0 - d and x 0 + d is called the
neighbourhood of x 0 of radius d and is denoted by Nd( x 0 ).
Thus, Nd( x 0 ) = ( x 0 - d, x 0 + d) = {x R | x 0 - d < x < x 0 + d}
The set ( x 0 - d, x 0 ) is called the left nbd of x 0 and the set (x 0 , x 0 + d)
is called the right nbd of x 0 .

l2

i.e. lim- f(x) = l2

ah a

x a

Note Evaluate LHL To evaluate lim f( x )

x a-

(i) Put x = a - h in f ( x ), then lim - f ( x ) reduces to lim f (a - h )

h0

xa

(ii) Simplify the limit as h 0

Existence of Limit
Limit of a function f(x) exists, if lim - f(x) and lim+ f(x) exist
x a
x a
and both are equal.
Thus, lim f(x) exists lim- f(x) = lim+ f(x)
x a

x a

x a

Reasons for Non-existence of the Limit

Here, student should aware about reasons for non-existence
of limit. From the discussion, so far it is clear that lim f(x) will
x a
not exist due to any of these three reasons
(i) f(x) is not defined in the neighbourhood of x = a.
e.g. Consider, lim sec-1 (sin x).
x p /2

53

Indeterminate Forms

(ii) f(x) does not have a unique tendency.

1
e.g. Consider, lim cos .
x
x
(iii) Left and right tendencies of f(x) are not same.
e.g. Consider,
1
lim{x}, where {}
x 1

x+1
-1 0

denotes fractional part.

x-1

In finding the limit of a function f(x) at x = a, if a unique value cannot

be assigned to f(a), then f(x) is said to be indeterminate at x = a
A list of indeterminate forms is given below
1 / 2 0

0
0
(i) 1 =
0=
=
=
2 1 / 1 0
1/ 0
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)

Note For the existence of the limit at x = a, f( x ) need not

be defined at x = a. However, if f( a ) exists limit need
not exist or even, if it exists, then its limit need not be
equal to f( a ).

L HOSPITALS RULE

REMEMBER
n

(i) If lim f ( x ) g ( x ) exists, then we have following cases

x a

(a) Both lim f (x ) and lim g (x ) exist.

x a

(b)

y = 00 log y = log(00 ) = 0 log(0) = 0

y = 0 log y = log(0 ) = 0 log() = 0
y = 1 log y = log(1 ) = log(1) = 0
1 - 2 is also an indeterminate form as the 1 and 2 does not
necessarily approach to the same infinity.

x a

lim f (x ) exists and lim g (x ) does not exist.

x a

x a

(c) Both lim f (x ) and lim g (x ) do not exist.

x a

x a

(ii) If lim [f ( x ) + g ( x )] exists, then we can have the

x a

f (x )
0
has an indeterminancy at x = 0 of the type
or
If
g (x )
0
f (x )
f (x )
, where f is called the derivative of f.
lim
= lim
x a g (x )
x a g (x )
f ( x )
0
too has an indeterminancy at x = a of the type or
If
g (x )
0
f (x )
f (x )
lim
= lim
x a g (x )
x a g ( x )
This can be done continued till we find a determinate result.

, then

, then

following cases

(a) If lim f (x ) exists, then lim g (x ) must exist.

x a

x a

(b) Both lim f (x ) and lim g (x ) do not exist.

x a

x a

Evaluation of Algebraic Limits

Algebra of Limits
Let lim f(x) = l and lim g(x) = m. If l and m exist, then
x a

Evaluation of Limits
(i)

x a

(a) Factorisation Method

f(x)
Consider, lim
x a g(x)

(i) lim(f g)(x) = lim f(x) lim g(x) = l m

x a

x a

x a

(ii) lim(fg)(x) = lim f(x) lim g(x) = lm

x a

x a

x a

If by substituting x = a,

lim f(x)

f
l
(iii) lim (x) = x a
= , provided m 0
x a g
lim g(x) m
x a

(iv) lim k f(x) = k lim f(x), where k is constant.

x a

x a

(v) lim|f(x)| = |lim f(x)| = |l|

x a

x a

(vi) lim(f(x))
x a

g( x )

lim g( x )

= lim f(x)x a
x a

= lm

(vii) lim fog(x) = f(lim g(x)) = f(m), only if f is

x a

x a

continuous at g (x) = m .
In particular,
(a) lim log f(x) = log(lim f(x)) = log l
x a

x a

lim f ( x )

(b) lim ef ( x ) = ex a
x a

54

= el

0
Form
0

f(x)
0
reduces to the form . Then, we first
g(x)
0

factorise the f(x) and g(x), then cancel out the common factor to
evaluate the limit.
(b) Rationalisation Method
Rationalisation is followed when we have fractional powers (like
1/2, 1/3 etc) on expression in numerator or denominator or in
both. After rationalisation the terms are factorised which on
cancellation gives the result.
(c) Based on Standard Formula
x n - an
To evaluate the limit of the type lim
we use following
x a x - a
formulas
x n - an
lim
= nan -1 , where n is a rational number
x a x - a
x m - am m m- n
lim n
= a , where m and n are rational numbers
x a x - an
n

(ii) Algebraic Function of Type

(a) form Consider the function ax . First we should know

the limiting values of ax (a > 0) as X . See the graphs

of these functions.
f(x)=a x When 0 S a<1
Y

Y
1
X

f(x)=a x
When a=1

f(x)=a x
When a>1

If lim f(x) = 0, then

x a

(i) lim

x a

(ii) lim cos f(x) = 1

x a

(iii) lim

x a

sin f(x)
tan f(x)
= lim
=1
x a
f(x)
f(x)
sin-1 f(x)
tan-1 f(x)
= lim
=1
x

a
f(x)
f(x)

Evaluation of Logarithmic Limits

In this section, we shall deal with the problems based on
expansion of logarithmic series which is given below.

Now, see the graph for ax when a > 1. This graph

appears to touch X-axis in the negative side of X-axis
and thereafter it increases rapidly.
That is why because lim ax 0, again you will also
x -

find the result, lim ax .

x
a >1
, if

Thus, we have lim ax = 1, if

a =1
x
0, if 0 a < 1

Note This type of problem are solved by taking the highest power of
the terms tending to infinity as common numerator and
denominator. That is after they are cancelled and the rest
output is the result or (apply L Hospitals rule).

(b) - form Such problems are simplified (generally

rationalised) first, thereafter they generally acquire

form.

log(1 + x) = x -

x2 x3
+
+ ... , where -1 x 1
2
3

And it should be noted that expansion is true only, if the base

is e.
To evaluate the logarithmic limit, we use the following
formula
log(1 + x)
lim
=1
x 0
x

Evaluation of Exponential Limits

(a) Based on Series Expansion
ex = 1 + x +

x2 x3
+
+ ...
2! 3!

To evaluate the exponential limit, we use the following result

ex - 1
ax - 1
(i) lim
(ii) lim
=1
= log ea
x 0
x 0
x
x

(b) Evaluation of Exponential Limits of the Form 1

To evaluate the exponential form 1 , we use the following
results
Result If lim f(x) = lim g(x) = 0, then

If m, n are positive integers and a 0 , b 0 0 are non-zero real numbers.

Then,
a x m + a 1x m - 1 + K+ a m - 1x + a m
lim 0 n
x b x + b x n - 1 + K+ b
0
1
n - 1x + b n
0, m < n
a
0
,m =n
= b0
, m > n when a 0 b 0 > 0

-, m > n when a 0 b 0 < 0

Evaluation of Trigonometric Limits

To evaluate limits involving trigonometrical functions we
have to follow the following steps.
Step I Reduce the given expression in terms of sin q and
cos q.
Step II If the expression obtained in step I is sum or
difference of two terms, then remove the positive or
negative signs in between two terms.
Step III Arrange the terms and use the standard result given
below (which is applicable).

x a

x a

lim

f( x )

lim{1 + f(x)}1 / g( x ) = ex a g( x )

x a

When lim f(x) = 1 and lim g(x) =

x a

x a

Then, lim{f(x)}

g( x )

x a

lim [ f ( x ) - 1 ]g( x )

= lim[1 + f(x) - 1]g( x ) = ex a

x a

REMEMBER
(i) lim(1 + x)1 / x = e
x 0

(iii) lim(1 + lx)1 / x = el

x 0

1
(ii) lim 1 + = e
x
x
1/ x

l
(iv) lim 1 +
x
x

= el

Evaluation of Limits of the Form 0 0

When lim f(x) 1 but f(x) is positive in the neighbourhood of
x = a.

x a

In this case, we write {f(x)}g( x ) = elog e { f ( x )}

g( x )

lim g( x ) log e f ( x )

lim[f(x)]g( x ) = ex a

x a

55

Some Standard Limits

This is illustrated in figure.

Y

(i) If p ( x ) is a polynomial, then lim p ( x ) = p (a ).

x a

(ii) lim ( 1 + x ) 1/ x = e
x 0

(1 + x ) n - 1
=n
x
ln ( 1 + x )
(v) lim
=1
x 0
x

(iii) lim

x 0

y=h(x)

ex - 1
=1
x 0
x
sin-1 x
tan-1 x
(vi) lim
= 1 = lim
x 0
x 0
x
x
sin x
tan x
(vii) lim
= lim
= lim cos x = 1 (where, x is in radians)
x 0 x
x 0 x
x 0
x
ax - 1
1

(viii) lim 1 + = e
(ix) lim
= ln (a ), a R +
x
x 0
x
x
x m - am m m - n
log ( 1 + x )
(x) lim n
(xi) lim a
= loga e, a > 0, 1
= a
x a x - an
x 0
x
n

(iv) lim

If lim f ( x ) = 0, then the following results will be holding true:

x a

sinf ( x )
tanf ( x )
= lim
= lim cos f ( x ) = 1
x a f (x )
x a
f (x )
-1
-1
sin f ( x )
tan f ( x )
(xiii) lim
= lim
=1
x a
x a
f (x )
f (x )
bf ( x ) - 1
(xiv) lim
= In b ( b > 0 ) (xv) lim ( 1 + f ( x )) 1/ f ( x ) = e
x a
x a
f (x )

y=g(x)
y=f(x)
O

Following are some of the frequently used series expansions:

sin x = x -

x3
x5 x7
+
+K
3! 5! 7!

cos x = 1 -

x2
x4 x6
+
+K
2! 4! 6!

tan x = x +

y( x )

r
1
f n =
x n
r = f( x )

(i) S is replaced by
(iii)

(ii)

x2
+ K , a R+
2!
n(n - 1) 2 n(n - 1)(n - 2) 3
(1 + x)n = 1 + nx +
x +
x
2!
3!

a f(x)dx,

+ K, n R.| x| < 1
x2
x3
ln (1 + x) = x +
- K , -1 < x 1
2
3

r
is replaced by x
n

(iv) To obtain lower and upper limits we have a = lim

y(x)
n

f(x)
n

The value, so obtained is the required sum of the given series.

Use of Newton-Leibnitzs Formula in

Evaluating the Limits
Let us consider the definite integral
I(x) =

y( x )

f( x ) f(t)dt

Newton-Leibnitz formula states that

d
d
d
(I(x)) = f(y(x)) y(x) - f {f(x)} f(x)
dx

dx
dx

Sandwich Theorem for Evaluating Limits

Let f, g and h be real functions such that f(x) g(x) h(x) for
all x in the common domain of definition. For some real
number a, if lim f(x) = l = lim h(x), then lim g(x) = l.
x a

56

x a

x a

x2
x3
+
+K
2! 3!

ax = 1 + (ln a) x + (ln a)2

1
is replaced by dx
n

and b = lim

x3 2x5
+
+K
15
3

ex = 1 + x +

Summation of Series Using Definite

Integral as the Limit
The expression of the form, lim

Series Expansion

(xii) lim

x a

VITEEE 2016
VIT University will conduct VIT Engineering Entrance Exam
(VITEEE) 2016 for granting admissions to various
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VITEEE 2016 Exam Pattern

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each in Physics, Chemistry, Maths/ Biology and 5 questions
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paper. All questions will be of objective type and as per the
exam pattern. Each question will be followed by four
alternative answers and the candidates have to select the
right option. Candidates will be given two and half hours to
complete the online test. There will be no negative marking
for wrong answers.

VITEEE 2016 Important Dates

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university later. In the meantime, aspirants can check here
other important dates at official website.

Best Practice SHOTS

1.

The value of lim

x 1
y0

y3
as (x, y) (1, 0) along the
x 3 - y2 - 1

6.

lim

The value of lim

x a

(a) 2
(c) 4

7.

x2 + 1

If lim
- ax - b = 0, then find the values of a
x x + 1

and b.

4.

(b) 1, 1
(d) None of these

1 n + 2 (n - 1) + 3 (n - 2) + K + n 1
The value of lim
n
12 + 22 + K + n2
is

5.

lim

x 0

9.

n
n
n
+ 2
+ K+ 2
+ 12
n + 22
n + n2

p
2

(b)

is equal to

p
3

(c)

p
4

is equal to

(d)

p
6

x b
(a 0) (where, [.] denotes the
a x
greatest integer function) is equal to
The value of the lim

x 0

(b) b
x2

10. lim 0
x 0

(b) - 1
1
(d)
2

(c) 0

(a) a

x tan 2 x - 2 x tan x
is
(1 - cos 2 x)2

(a) 1

lim

(b) e -1
(d) e -2

n n2
(a)

(b) - 1
1
(d)
2

(a) 1
1
(c)
2

log
p
The value of lim tan + log x
x 1
4

(a) e
(c) e 2

8.

(a) 1, - 1
(c) - 1, 1

(b) 3
(d) None of these
1

(b) cos 3 a
(d) cot a

(a) - sin a
(c) sin3 a

3.

non-zero number is

cos x - cos a
is
cot x - cot a

xn

x 0

(b) - 1
(d) does not exist

(a) 1
(c) 0

x3
2 is a finite

cos2 x - cos x - ex cos x + ex -

line y = x - 1 is

2.

The integer n for which the

cos t 2 dt
x sin x

(a) 1

(c)

b
a

(d) 1 -

b
a

is equal to

(b) 2

(c) - 1

(d) 0

Continuity
A continuous function is a function whose graph can be
drawn without lifting the pen from the paper. Graphically, it
could be stated as shown in figure (i).
When the function f(x) is continuous at a point x = a, we mean
that at point (a, f(a)) the graph of the function has no hole or
gaps. Here, lim f(x) = 2 and f(1) = 2
x 1

Thus, lim f(x) = f(1), hence f(x) is continuous.

Y

f(x)

f(x)

x a

Caution

x=1

lim f( x ) = 2

x 1

(ii)

x a

i.e. LHL = RHL = value of the function at x = a .

(1)

x=1

Continuity of a Function
A function f(x) is said to be continuous at x = a, if
lim- f(x) = lim+ f(x) = f(a).

x 1

Note The graph of the function is said to be continuous at x = a, if

while moving along the graph of the function and in crossing
over the point at x = a either from left to right or from right to left
one does not have to lift his pen.

It should be noted that continuity of a function is the property

of interval and is meaningful at x = a only if the function has a
graph in the immediate neighbourhood of x = a, not
necessarily at x = a. Hence, it should not be mislead that
continuity of a function is taken only in its domain.

(i)

57

Discontinuity of a Function

Continuity in Interval
(i) Continuity in an Open Interval
A function f(x) is said to be continuous in an open
interval (a, b), if it is continuous at each point of (a, b).
(ii) Continuity in a Closed Interval
A function f(x) is said to be continuous in a closed
interval [a, b], if
(a) f(x) is continuous from right at x = a,
i.e. lim+ f(x) = f(a).

If f(x) is not continuous at x = a, then we say that f(x) is

discontinuous at x = a. f(x) will be discontinuous at x = a in
any of the following cases.
(i) lim- f(x) and lim+ f(x) exist and are not equal.
x a

x a

f(x)

l1

x a

(b) f(x) is continuous from left at x = b

i.e. lim- f(x) = f(b).

l2

x b

(c) f(x) is continuous at each point of the interval (a, b).

O

Discontinuity (Graphical Approach)

(ii) lim- f(x) and

x a

In case one has to lift his pen when moving through the graph
of a function, is said to have a break or discontinuous at x = a.
Different types of situation, which may come up at x = a along
the graph, can be shown below.
Y

x=a

lim f(x) exist and are equal but not

x a+

equal to f(a).

Y
f(x)
f(a)

X
O

x=a
Continuous at x=a

(iii) f(a) is not defined

X
O

x=a
Discontinuous at x=a

X
x=a
X
O

x=a
Discontinuous at x=a

(iv) Atleast one of the limits does not exist.

Types of Discontinuity

There are two types of discontinuity.

(i) Removable Discontinuity

Here, lim f(x) necessarily exists, but either is not equal to f(a)
x a

X
O

x=a
Discontinuous at x=a

X
O

x=a
Discontinuous at x=a

58

x=a
Discontinuous at x=a

or f(a) is not defined. In this case, therefore it is possible to

redefine the function in such a manner that lim f(x) = f(a) and
x a
thus making function continuous.
These discontinuities can be further classified as
(a) Missing Point Discontinuity
Y
(x - 1)(9 - x2 )
e.g. Let f(x) =
,
9
(x - 1)
0
clearly f(1) form.
0
\ f(x) has missing point
-3
O
1
discontinuity can be shown as

(b) Isolated Point Discontinuity

0, if x I
e.g. Let f(x) = [x] + [- x] f(x) =
-1, if x I

Theorems on Continuity
(i) Sum, difference, product and quotient of two
continuous functions are always continuous function.
f(x)
is continuous at x = a only if g(a) 0
However, h(x) =
g(x)

where, x = Integer, has isolated point discontinuity, can

be shown as
Y

-4 -3 -2 -1 O

(ii) If f(x) is continuous and g(x) is discontinuous at x = a,

then product function f(x) = f(x) g(x) is not necessarily
be discontinuous at x = a.
(iii) If f(x) and g(x) both are discontinuous at x = a, then the
product function f(x) = f(x)g(x) is not necessarily be
discontinuous at x = a.

-1

(ii) Non-removable Discontinuity

If lim f(x) does not exist and therefore it is not possible to
x a

redefine the function in any manner to make it continuous.

Such discontinuities can further be classified into three types.
(a) Finite type (Both limits finite and unequal) Consider,
the function f(x) = [x], greatest integer function. As
shown in figure the graph has jump of discontinuity at
all integral values of x.

Continuity of Composite Function

If the function u = f(x) is continuous at the point x = a and the
function y = g(u) is continuous at the point x = f(a), then the
composite function y = gof(x) = g(f(x)) is continuous at that
point.

MATHS MAXIMA

1
n

-2 -1

1
2

(b) Infinite type (Atleast one of the two limits is infinite or

vertical asymptote) Consider, the function f(x) = tan x.

If f is continuous on a closed interval [a , b ], then it is bounded.

A continuous function whose domain is some closed interval must
have its range also in the closed interval.
If f (a ) and f (b ) possess opposite signs, then there exists atleast one
solution of the equation f (x ) = 0 in the open interval (a, b) provided f
is continuous in [a , b ].
If f is continuous on [a , b ], then f -1 is also continuous.

Intermediate Value Theorem

If f is continuous on [a, b] and f(a) f(b), then for any value
c (f(a), f(b)), there is atleast one number x0 in (a, b) for which
f(x0 ) = c.

Y
-2p -3p/2 -p -p/2

0 p/2

p 3p/2 2p

X
f(a)
f(b)

p 3p
Here, the function is not defined at points ,
and
2
2
near these points, the function becomes both arbitrarily
large and small. Since, the function is not defined at
these points, it cannot be continuous.
(c) Oscillatory (limit oscillate between two finite
p
1
quantities) f(x) = sin . When x 0, and
x
x
sin( ) can take any value between -1 to 1 or we can
say when x 0, f(x) oscillates between -1 and 1 as
shown in figure.
Y

p
y=sin x

1
X

1
1
1
Y

c
f(a)
b
O

x=a x0 x=b

x1 O
f(b)

(i)

x3 a

x2

(ii)

Y
Y
f(b)
f(b)

c
a

f(a)

O
X

O
a
(iii)

f(a)
(iv)

From fig. (iii) and fig. (iv), it is clear that continuity in interval
[a, b] is essential for the validity of this theorem.

59

Best Practice SHOTS

11.

ln(1 + ax) - ln(1 - bx)

is not defined
x
at x = 0. The value which should be assigned to f at
x = 0, so that it is continuous at x = 0, is

The function f(x) =

(a) a - b

12.

(b) a + b

(c) ln a - ln b

1
2
-1 , x 2
is continuous from right
f(x) = {x + e2 - x }
, x =2

(d) ln a + ln b

at x = 2 , then K is equal to
(a) 0

one of the following statement on f(x) is true. That is f(x)

is

(c)

17.

x2 cos e1 / x , when x 0.
Then, f(x) is
Let f(x) =
1
, when x = 0.

(a) discontinuous at x = 0
(b) continuous but not differentiable at x = 0
(c) differentiable at x = 0
(d) lim f( x ) exist

a2 - ax + x2 a+ x -

18.

19.

a2 + ax + x2

15.

(b) a1/ 2

(c) - a1/ 2

(b) 5

(c) 6

(d) None of these

x m sin 1 , x 0

If f(x) =
is continuous at x = 0, then
x
, x =0

0
(b) m ( - , 0)
(d) m ( - , 1)

The set of points of discontinuity of the function

1
is
f(x) =
log|x|

If f(x) =

(b) {-1, 1}
(d) None of these

loge (1 + x2 tan x)
, x 0 is to be continuous at
sin x3

(a) 1
1
(c)
2

(d) - a 3/ 2

Let f(x) = [x3 - 3], where [x] is the greater integer

function. Then, the number of points in the interval
(1, 2), where function is discontinuous is
(a) 4

1
2

x = 0, then f(0) must be defined as

a- x

becomes continuous for all x, is given by

(a) a 3/ 2

1
4

(a) {0}
(c) { -1, 0, 1}

The value of f(0), so that the function

f(x) =

(b) -

(a) m ( 0, )
(c) m (1, )

x 0

14.

The function f(x) defined by

1
Give f(0) = 0 and f(x) =
for x 0. Then, only
(1 - e-1 / x )

(a) continuous at x = 0
(b) not continuous at x = 0
(c) both continuous and differentiable at x = 0
(d) not defined at x = 0

13.

16.

(d) 7

20.

(b) 0
(d) - 1
2

Let f(x) = degree of (ux + u2 + 2u + 3). Then, at x = 2

f(x) is
(a) continuous
(c) discontinuous

(b) differentiable
(d) None of these

Differentiability
f(x) - f(c)
f(c + h) - f(c)
is called the right
= lim
h0
(x - c)
h
hand derivative of f(x) at x = c and is denoted by f (c + ) or
Rf (c).

Let f(x) be a real valued function defined on an open interval

(a, b), where c (a, b).Then, f(x) is said to be differentiable or
f(x) - f(c)
derivable at x = c, if and only if lim
exists finitely.
x c (x - c)

While lim+

This limit is called the derivative or differentiable coefficient

of the function f(x) at x = c and is denoted by f (c) or Df(c) or
d
(f(x))x = c
dx
f(x) - f(c)
f(c - h) - f(c)
lim
= lim
h0
x c - (x - c)
-h

If Lf (c) Rf (c), we say that f(x) is not differentiable at x = c.

is called the left hand derivative of f(x) at x = c and is denoted

by f (c - ) or Lf (c).

60

x c

Differentiability in a Set
(i) A function f(x) defined on an open interval (a, b) is said to
be differentiable or derivable in open interval (a, b), if it
is differentiable at each point of (a, b).
(ii) A function f(x) defined on [a, b] is said to be differentiable
or derivable at the end points a and b, if it is differentiable
from the right at a and from the left at b. In other words,

lim

x a+

f(x) - f(a)
f(x) - f(b)
and lim both exist.
x b
x-a
x-b

If f is derivable in the open interval (a, b) and also the end

points a and b, then f is said to be derivable in the closed
interval [a, b].
Note A function f is said to be differentiable function, if it is
differentiable at every point of its domain.

Relation between Continuity and

Differentiability
If a function is differentiable at a point, then it is necessarily
continuous at that point. But converse is not necessarily true
or f(x) is differentiable at x = c f(x) is continuous at x = c but
converse is not necessarily true.
e.g. The function f(x) = |x| is continuous at x = 0 but it is not
differentiable at x = 0, as shown in figure given below
Which shows we have sharp edge at x = 0. Hence, function is
Y

X
O
a
Continuous and differentiable

Continuous but not differentiable

Y
O

a
Neither continuous
differentiable

X
nor

f(x)=|x|

Theorems on Differentiability
O

not differentiable but continuous at x = 0.

Note

If f ( x ) is differentiable, then its graph must be smooth, i.e. there should

be no break or corner. Thus, for a function f ( x )
n
n
n

Differentiable Continuous
Continuous May or may not be differentiable
Not continuous Not differentiable

How can a function fail to be differentiable

(i) If f(x) and g(x) are both derivable at x = a,

f(x)
are also derivable at
then f(x) g(x), f(x) g(x) and
g(x)
f(x)
]
x = a, [only if g(a) 0 for
g(x)
(ii) If f(x) is derivable at x = a and g(x) is not differentiable at
x = a, then f(x) g(x) will not be derivable at x = a.
(iii) If both f(x) and g(x) are non-derivable, then nothing can
be said about sum/difference/ product functions.
(iv) If f(x) is derivable at x = a and f(a) = 0 and g(x) is
continuous at x = a. Then, the product function
h(x) = f(x) g(x) will be derivable at x = a.
Note If y = f( x ) is differentiable at x = a, then it is not necessarily that
the derivative is continuous at x = a.

The function f(x) is said to be non-differentiable at x = a, if

(i) both Rf (a) and Lf (a) exist but are not equal.
(ii) either or both Rf (a) and Lf (a) are not finite.
(iii) either or both Rf (a) and Lf (a) do not exist.

MATHES MAXIMA
If f ( x ) is a function such that RHD = f (a + ) = l and LHD = f (a - ) = m.

Case IIf l = m = some finite value, then the function f (x ) is

differentiable as well as continuous.
Case II If l m but have some finite value, then the function
f (x ) will not be differentiable but it will be continuous.
Case III If atleast one of the l or m is infinite, then the function
is non-differentiable but we cannot say about continuity
of f (x ).

Some Standard Differentiable Function

(i) Exponential function ax , a > 0 is differentiable at each
x R.
(ii) The logarithmic function is differentiable at each point
in its domain.
(iii) Absolute value functions are always continuous
throughout but not differentiable at their critical points.
e.g. |x - a| is continuous but not differentiable at x = a .
(iv) Every polynomial function is differentiable at each
x R.
(v) Every constant function is differentiable at each x R.
(vi) Trigonometric and inverse trigonometric functions are
differentiable in their respective domain.
(vii) The composition of differentiable functions is
differentiable.

61

Best Practice SHOTS

21.

x p cos 1 , x 0

If f(x) =
is differentiable at x = 0,
x

x =0
0,
then
(a) p < 0

22.

(b) 0 < p < 1

(b) a = 1, b = 2
(d) a = 4, b = 5

25.

29.

x + 1), then

If f(x) = min{x, x2 , x3 }, then

(a) f( x ) is everywhere differentiable
(b) f ( x ) > 0 for x > 1
(c) f( x ) is not differentiable at three points but continuous for
all x R
(d) f( x ) is not differentiable for two values of x

30.

Let a function y = f(x) be defined as x = 2t -|t |,

y = t 2 + t|t |, where t R . Then, f(x) is

The set of points where the function f(x) = |x - 1| ex is

differentiable, is

If f(x) = x ( x +

(a) f( x ) is continuous but not differentiable at x = 0

(b) f( x ) is differentiable at x = 0
(c) f( x ) is not differentiable at x = 0
(d) None of the above

If f(x) = x5 sgn(x), then at x = 0, f(x) is

(a) continuous and differentiable in [-1,1]

(b) continuous but not differentiable in [-1,1]
(c) continuous in [-1, 1] and differentiable in ( -1,1) only
(d) None of the above

26.

28.

p 3p
If f(x) = |x| + |sin x|, x - ,
, then f is
2 2

(a) continuous and differentiable

(b) continuous but not differentiable
(c) differentiable but not continuous
(d) neither continuous nor differentiable

Let f(x) = min{x3 , x4 } for all x R. Then,

(a) f( x ) is continuous for all x
(b) f( x ) is differentiable for all x
(c) f( x ) is not differentiable at two points
(d) None of the above

(d) p > 1

(a) continuous, " x R - { 0}

(b) continuous and differentiable everywhere
(c) no where differentiable
(d) differentiable everywhere except at x = 0

24.

27.

If f(x) = ae|x| + b|x|2 , a, b R and f(x) is differentiable at

x = 0. Then, a and b are
(a) a = 0, b R
(c) b = 0, a R

23.

(c) p = 1

(b) R - {1}
(d) R - { 0}

(a) R
(c) R - { - 1}

If

f(x) = |x| - 1,

then

points, where

f(x) is

not

differentiable, is/are
(a) 0, 1

31.

(b) 1

(c) 0

(d) 1

The function f(x) = max {(1 - x), (1 + x), 2} x (-, ) is

(a) continuous at all points
(b) differentiable at all points
(c) differentiable at all points except at x = 1 and x = - 1
(d) None of the above

Differentiation
The rate of change of quantity y with respect to another
quantity x is called derivative or differential coefficient of y
dy
with respect to x and is denoted by
.
dx

Rules for Differentiation

(i) If f(x) and g(x) are differentiable functions and a R,
then
d
d
d
[f(x) g(x)] =
[f(x)]
[g(x)]
dx
dx
dx
d
d
and
[af(x)] = a
f(x).
dx
dx
(ii) Product rule If f(x) and g(x) are differentiable functions,
d
d
d
then
[f(x) g(x)] = g(x) [f(x)] + f(x) [g(x)]
dx
dx
dx

62

d / dx {f ( x ) g ( x ) h ( x )} = f ( x ) g ( x ) h ( x )
+ f (x ) g (x ) h (x ) + f (x ) g (x ) h (x )
(fg ) h + ( gh ) f + ( hf ) g
=
2
d
d
g(x) [f(x)] - f(x) [g(x)]
d f(x)
dx
dx
(iii) Quotient rule
=
dx g(x)
[g(x)]2
dy dy du
(iv) Chain rule If y = h(u) and u = f(x), then
=

dx du dx
This rule can be extended as follows
dy dy du dv
If y = u(x), u = v(x), v = f(x) then
=

dx du dv dx
Note If at all points of a certain interval, f ( x ) = 0, then the function
f( x ) preserves a constant value within this interval. This
function is said to be constant function.

Derivative of Some Standard Functions

(i) The trigonometric functions have the following
derivatives
d
d
(sin x) = cos x,
(cos x) = - sin x
dx
dx
d
d
(tan x) = sec2 x,
(cot x) = - cosec2 x
dx
dx
d
d
(sec x) = sec x tan x,
(cosecx) = - cosecx cot x
dx
dx
d n
(ii)
(x ) = nx n - 1 , if f(x) is a differentiable function then
dx
d
using chain rule
[f(x)n] = n[f(x)]n - 1 f (x).
dx
d
1
(iii)
(log x) = , if f(x) is a differentiable function then
dx
x
d
1
[log f(x)] =
f (x).
dx
f(x)
d x
(iv)
(a ) = ax log a.
dx
d x
d f( x )
In particular,
(e ) = ex and
(e ) = ef ( x )f (x).
dx
dx
d
d
1
(v)
for -1 < x < 1. At
(sin-1 x) = (cos -1 x) =
dx
dx
1 - x2
the points x = 1, sin-1 x and cos -1 x are
not
differentiable.
d
d
1
(vi)
for all x R .
(tan-1 x) = (cot -1 x) =
dx
dx
1 + x2
d
d
1
for |x| > 1.
(vii)
(sec-1 x) = (cosec-1 x) =
dx
dx
|x| x2 - 1

Step I Differentiate each term of f (x, y) = 0

dy
Step II Collect the terms containing
, and transpose other
dx
terms to the right side.
Step III Divide both side of the equation obtained in step II by
dy
dy
coefficient of
to get
.
dx
dx

f
dy

If f ( x , y ) = 0 is an implicit function, then

=- x
f
dx
y
f
f
represents partial derivative of f with respect to x and
where,
x
y
represents partial derivative of f w.r.t. y .

Differentiation of Parametric Functions

If x = f(t ), y = g(t ), where t is parameter, then
d
dy
g(t )

dy dt dt
g(t )
=
=
=
d
dx dx
f(t ) f (t )

dt
dt

Differentiation of a Function with Respect

to Another Function
If u = f(x) and v = g(x), then in order to find derivative of f(x)
du f (x)
.
=
dv g (x)

with respect to g(x). We use following formula

Differentiation Using Substitution

Logarithmic Differentiation

In order to find differential coefficients of complicated

expression involving inverse trigonometric functions some
substitutions are very helpful, which are listed below.

The process of taking logarithms on both sides and then

differentiating them is called logarithmic differentiation. It is
useful in the following cases:
(i) If the given function consists of three or more factors
which are function of x.
(ii) If the given function is of the form [f(x)]h( x ).
h (x)h2 (x)
(iii) If the given function is of the form 1
.
h3 (x)h4 (x)

S.No.

Function

Substitution

1.

a - x

x = a sin q or acos q

2.

a2 + x2

x = a tan q or acot q

3.

x2 - a2

x = a sec q or a cosec q

4.

a + x and a - x

x = a cos2 q

5.
6.
7.

a sin x + b cos x
x - a and b - x
2 ax - x

If y = {f ( x )}h ( x ) , then

a = r cos a, b = r sin a
2

x = asin q + b cos q

dy
= h ( x ){f ( x )}h ( x ) - 1 f ( x ) + {f ( x )}h ( x ) log f ( x ) h ( x )
dx

x = a(1 - cos q)

Differentiation of Implicit functions

If f(x, y) = 0 be given implicit function, in which y is not
expressible explicitly in term of x, then following steps are
dy
very useful to find
.
dx

REMEMBER
dy
y 2f ( x )
=
dx f ( x ){1 - y logf ( x )}
dy f ( x )
1
=

= 2f ( x ), then
dx g (y ) 1 + {f ( x )}2

(i) If y = f ( x ) {f ( x )} K , then
(ii) If e g (y ) - e - g (y )

63

1 - g (x )
1 + g (x )
dy
g (x )
, then

=
1 + g (x )
1 - g (x )
dx [ 1 - g ( x )] 2
dy
f (x )
(iv) y = f ( x ) + f ( x ) + f ( x ) + K , then
=
dx 2y - 1
dy
f ( x )log( x )
(v) If {f ( x )}g (y ) = ef ( x ) - g (y ) , then
=
dx g (y ) {1 + logf ( x )}2
(iii) If y =

(vi) If {f ( x )}g (y ) = {g (y )}f ( x ) , then

dy g (y ) f ( x ) f ( x )log g (y ) - g (y )
=

dx f ( x ) g (y ) g (y )logf ( x ) - f ( x )

Differentiation of Determinant
To differentiate a determinant, we differentiate one row
(or column) at a time, keeping others unchanged.
f(x) g(x)
e.g. If D(x) =
, then
u(x) v(x)
f (x) g(x)
f(x) g(x)
d
[D(x)] =
+
u(x) v(x)
u(x) v (x)
dx
Note Similar results hold for the differentiation of determinants of
higher order.

Best Practice SHOTS

32.

dy
is equal to
dx
y ( x log y - y)
x (log y - y)

If x y = y x ,

y ( x log y + y)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d) None
x ( y log x - x )
y (log x + x )
x ( y log x - x )

33.

If y =

1
x2 + a2 +

x2 + b2

dy
is equal to
dx

x
1
1
+

2
2
2
2
2
a -b x + a
x + b

1
1
1
(b) 2

2
2
a - b 2 x2 + a2
x + b

x
1
1
(c) 2

2
a - b x2 + a2
x 2 + b 2

1
1
(d) 2

2
2
2
2
2
a -b x + a + x + b

(a)

34.

If y = ax

36.

y2
log y

(b) 7/8
x

x ...

(c) 1

, then x (1 - y log x log y)

(b)

y
log y

(c) y 2 log y

64

at x =

38.

p
is equal to
2

8
p2 + 4

39.

(c) -

(b) 0

(b) - 1

dy
is
dx
(d) y log y

(b) 1 for 2 < x < 3

(d) None of these
1

(b) - 1

(c) x

dy
is
dx
(d)

If f(x), g(x) and h(x) are three polynomials of degree 2,

f(x) g(x) h(x)
then f(x) = f (x) g(x) h(x)
f (x) g(x) h(x)
(a) Constant polynomial
(c) Polynomial of degree

42.

If y = (1 + x 4 ) (1 + x 2 ) (1 - x 4 ), then
(a) 1

41.

(d) 2

If f(x) =|x -1| and g(x) = f(f(f(x))), then for x > 2, g (x) is
equal to

(d) None of these

(d) 1

dy
at x = 1 is
dx

(c) 1

(a) 1 for all x > 2

(c) -1 for 2 < x < 3

40.

dy
2x
, then
dx
1 + x2

8
p2 + 4

If 2 x + 2 y = 2 x + y , then the value of

(a) 0

2 x + 3
dy
If f(x) = sin (log x) and y = f
is equal to
, then
dx
3 - 2x

2 x + 3
1
(a)
cos log

2
9 - 4x
3 - 2 x

2 x + 3
12
(b)
cos x log

9 - 4 x2
3 - 2 x

3 - 2 x
12
(c)
cos log

2
9 - 4x
2 x + 3

2 x + 3
12
cos log

2
9 + 4x
3 - 2 x

If y = (logcos x sin x)(logsin x cos x) + sin-1

(a)

dy
1
If 5 f(x) + 3 f = x + 2 and y = xf(x), then
at x = 1 is
x
dx
equal to

(a)

37.

(a) 14

35.

(d)

(b) Polynomial of degree 2

(d) None of these

If ai , bi N for i = 1, 2, 3 then coefficient of x in the

determinant
(1 + x)a1 b1
(1 + x)a2 b1
(1 + x)a3 b1
(a) 0
(c) 2

(1 + x)a1 b2
(1 + x)a2 b2
(1 + x)a3 b2
(b) 1
(d) 3

(1 + x)a1 b3
(1 + x)a2 b3 is
(1 + x)a3 b3

Higher Order Derivative

Mean Value Theorems
Let y = f(x) be a differentiable function such that z = f (x) is
also differentiable. Then, the second derivative of y = f(x) is
d2 y
denoted by y2 (x), f (x) or 2 and is defined by
dx
d2 y
d dy
=
= f (x)
dx dx
dx2
Similarly, we can define
d3 y
d4 y
d d2 y
( iv )
=
2 = f (x) and f (x) =
3
dx dx
dx
dx4
or in general,

dny
d dn - 1 y
=

for any n N.
n
dx dx n - 1
dx

REMEMBER
np
dn
[sin(ax + b )] = a n sin + ax + b
2

dx n
n
dn
p
n
(ii) n [cos(ax + b )] = a cos + ax + b
2

dx
m!
dn
m
n
m -n
(iii) n (ax + b ) =
a (ax + b )
( m - n )!
dx

(i)

( -1) n - 1 ( n - 1)a n
dn
ax
b
[log(
+
)]
=
dx n
(ax + b ) n
n
d
(v)
(a)
[e ax sin( bx + c )] = r n e ax sin( bx + c + nf)
dx n

(iv)

Note Most of the functions like, polynomial, trigonometric,

exponential and logarithmic functions are differentiable at
each point of their domain.

(b)

Second Order Derivative of Parametric Functions

If x = f(t ) and y = y(t ), then
dy
y(t )
d
d
, where y(t ) =
=
{y(t )} and f(t ) =
{f(t )}
dx f(t )
dt
dt
and

d2 y
d dy
d y(t )
=
=

dx dx dx f(t )
dx2
d
dt

y(t ) dt

f(t ) dx

d2 y
d
=
dt
dx2

y(t ) dt

f(t ) dx

Leibnitz Theorem for nth Derivatives of

Product of Two Functions
Let u(x) and v(x) be functions possessing derivatives upto nth
order. Then,

(uv)n = u n(x)v(x) + nC1u n - 1 (x)v1 (x) + K

d n ax
[e cos(bx + c )] = r n e ax cos(bx + c + nf )
dx n
where,
r = a2 + b2
b
and
f = tan -1
a

Mean Value Theorems

Rolles Theorem
Let f be a real valued function defined in the closed interval
[a, b], such that
(i) f is continuous in the closed interval [a, b].
(ii) f(x) is differentiable in the open interval (a, b).
(iii) f(a) = f(b)
Then, there is some point c in the open interval (a, b), such that
f (c) = 0.
Geometrically Under the assumptions of Rolles theorem, the
graph of f(x) starts at point (a,0) and ends at point (b, 0) as
shown in figures.
Y
Y

+ nC ku n - k (x)v k (x) + K + nC nu(x)v n(x)

k

d
u(x) [k th derivative of the function u(x)],
dx k
dk
v(x), 1 k n
1 k n and v k (x) =
dx k
where, uk (x) =

nth derivatives of some elementary functions

dn m
m!x m - n
dn m
, if n m and
(x ) = 0, if n > m.
(x ) =
n
(m - n)!
dx
dx n

dn
np d n
np
(sin x) = sin x +
(cos x) = cos x +
,

2 dx n
2
dx

The conclusion is that there is atleast one point c between a

and b, such that the tangent to the graph at (c, f(c)) is parallel
to the X-axis.

dn
(emx ) = mn emx
dx n

Between any two roots of a polynomial f(x), there is always a

root of its derivative f (x).

65

Lagranges Mean Value Theorem

Geometrically Any chord of the curve y = f(x), there is a point

on the graph, where the tangent is parallel to this chord.

Let f be a real function, continuous on the closed interval [a, b]

and differentiable in the open interval (a, b). Then, there is
atleast one point c in the open interval (a, b), such that
f(b) - f(a)
f (c) =
b- a

Note In the particular case, where f( a ) = f( b ) , the expression

f( b ) - f( a )
becomes zero. Thus, when f( a ) = f( b ), f (c ) = 0 for
b-a

some c in ( a, b ). Thus, Rolle's theorem becomes a particular

case of the mean value theorem.

Best Practice SHOTS

43.

If y = ( A + Bx) emx + (m - 1)-2 ex , then

d2 y
dy
- 2m
+ m2 y is equal to
dx
dx2
(b) e mx

(a) e x

44.

48.

(a) (0, 1)
(c) ( - 1, 0)

(d) e(1 - m)x

(c) e - mx

If y = at 2 + 2 bt + c and t = ax2 + 2 bx + c, then

d3 y
dx3

49.

equals to
(a) 24a 2 ( at + b )
(c) 24a ( at + b )2

45.

(a) 1

46.

(b) 2

(c) 2

n-1

50.

(d) 0

d y
dy
1
is
If x = tan log y , then (1 + x2 ) 2 - (a - 2 x)
a

dx
dx
equal to
(b) 1

(c) 2

(d) 2 x

2
x
3 d y
If y = x log
is equal to
, then x
dx2
a + bx

dy
(a) x
- y
dx

dy
(c) - y
dx

(b)

If the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 has two positive and

real
root,
then
the
equation
ax2 + (b + 6 a)x + (c + 3 b) = 0 has

If f(x) = 3 x2 + 5 x + 7 satisfies the Lagrange mean value

theorem in the interval [1, 3], then the value of c is
(a) 1
(c) 3

51.

(b) 2
(d) None of these

The value of c in lagranges mean value theorem for the

p 5p
function f(x) = log sinx in the interval ,
6 6
p
4
2p
(b)
3
p
(c)
2
(d) None of the above
(a)

a2 x
( a + bx )2

dy
(d) x
+ y
dx

(b) [0, 2]
(d) ( - 2, 0)

(a) atleast one positive roots

(b) exactly one positive roots
(c) exactly two positive roots
(d) None of the above

(a) 0

47.

(b) 24a ( ax + b )2
(d) 24a 2 ( ax + b )

If f(x) = x n , then the value of

f (1) f (1) f (1)
(- 1)n f n (1)
is
f(1) +
+
+ ... +
1!
2!
3!
n!

If 2 a + 3 b + 6 c = 0, then the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0

has atleast one root lies in the interval

Answers
1. (c)

2. (c)

3. (a)

4. (d)

5. (d)

6. (c)

7. (c)

8. (c)

9. (c)

10. (a)

11. (b)

12. (b)

13. (a)

14. (c)

15. (c)

16. (c)

17. (a)

18. (c)

19. (a)

20. (a)

21. (d)

22. (a)

23. (d)

24. (a)

25. (a)

26. (b)

27. (a)

28. (c)

29. (c)

30. (a)

31. (c)

32. (a)

33. (c)

34. (b)

35. (c)

36. (b)

37. (c)

38. (b)

39. (c)

40. (b)

41. (a)

42. (a)

43. (a)

44. (d)

45. (d)

46. (a)

47. (d)

48. (a)

49. (a)

50. (b)

51. (c)

66

Formula at a Glance
(ii) When lim f( x ) = 1 and lim g ( x ) =

1. Let lim f( x) = l and lim g ( x) = m. If l and m exist, then

xa

(i) lim( f g )( x ) = lim f( x ) lim g ( x ) = l m

xa

xa

xa

xa

xa

Then, lim{ f( x )}

xa

g(x )

xa

= lim [1 + f( x ) - 1]g ( x )
xa

(ii) lim( fg )( x ) = lim f( x ) lim g ( x ) = lm

xa

xa

lim [ f( x ) - 1]g ( x )

= e x a

xa

lim f( x )
l
f
(iii) lim ( x ) = x a
= , provided m 0
x a g
lim g ( x ) m

6. When lim f( x) 1 but f( x) is positive in the neighbourhood of

xa

x = a. In this case, we write { f( x )} g ( x ) = eloge { f( x )}

xa

(iv) lim k f( x ) = k lim f( x ), where k is constant.

(v) lim| f( x )| = | lim f( x )| = | l|
xa

(vi) lim( f( x ))
xa

= lim f( x )

lim g ( x )

=l

x a

xa

(vii) lim fog ( x ) = f( lim g ( x )) = f( m), only if f is continuous at

xa

xa

g ( x) = m
In particular,
(a) lim log f( x ) = log( lim f( x )) = log l
xa

(b) lim e

xa

f( x )

xa

=e

lim f( x )

x a

= el

(viii) If lim f( x ) = + or -, then lim

x a f( x )

xa

= 0.

(ix) If f( x ) g ( x ) for every x in the nbd of a, then

lim f( x ) lim g ( x ).
xa

xa

2. L Hospitals Rule
f( x )
0
has an indeterminancy at x = 0 of the type or
g ( x)
0

f( x )
f ( x)
, then lim
, where f is called the
= lim
x a g ( x)
x a g ( x)

derivative of f.
f ( x )
0
too has an indeterminancy at x = a of the type
(ii) If
g ( x )
0

f ( x )
f ( x )
or , then lim
= lim
x a g ( x)
x a g ( x )

(i) If

3.

4.

This can be done continued till we find a determinate

result.
a>1
,

lim a x = 1,
a=1
x
0, 0 a < 1

lim

a 0 x m + a1 x m-1 + ... + am-1 x + am

b 0 x n + a1 x n-1 + ... + an-1 x + an
m<n
0,
a0
m=n
,
= b0
, m > n when a0b 0 > 0

- , m > n when a0b 0 < 0

5.

(i) If lim f( x ) = lim g ( x ) = 0, then

xa

xa

lim

f( x )

xa

(i) If p( x ) is a polynomial, then lim p( x ) = p( a ).

7.

xa

g(x )

lim g ( x )loge f( x )

lim[f( x )]g ( x ) = e x a

xa

xa

g( x )

xa

(ii) lim(1 + x )1/ x = e

x0
(1 + x )n - 1
(iiii) lim
=n
x0
x
ex - 1
(iv) lim
=1
x0
x
ln (1 + x )
(v) lim
=1
x0
x
-1
sin x
tan-1 x
(vi) lim
= 1 = lim
x0
x0
x
x
sin x
tan x
(vii) lim
= lim
= lim cos x = 1 (where,
x0 x
x0 x
x0
radians)

is

in

1
(viii) lim 1 + = e
x
x
ax - 1
= ln ( a ), a R +
x0
x
xm - am m m - n
(x) lim n
= a
x a x - an
n

(ix) lim

(xi) lim

x0

log a(1 + x )
= log a e, a > 0, 1
x

If lim f( x ) = 0, then the following results will be hold.

xa

(xii) lim

xa

sin f( x )
tan f( x )
= lim
= lim cos f( x ) = 1
x a f( x )
xa
f( x )

(xiii) lim

sin-1 f( x )
tan-1 f( x )
= lim
=1
xa
f( x )
f( x )

(xiv) lim

b f( x ) - 1
= In b ( b > 0)
f( x )

xa

xa

(xv) lim(1 + f( x ))1/ f( x ) = e

8. If

xa

f( x ) g ( x ) h( x )

and

lim f( x ) = lim h( x ) = l,

x a

x a

then

lim g ( x ) = l.

x a

9. Following are some of the frequently used series expansions:

x3
+
3!
2
x
(ii) cos x = 1 +
2!
(i) sin x = x -

x5
x7
+K
5! 7 !
4
6
x
x
+K
4!
6!

lim{1 + f( x )}1/ g ( x ) = e x a g ( x )

xa

67

x3 2 x5
+
+K
3
15
x2
x3
(iv) e x = 1 + x +
+
+K
2!
3!
x2
(v) a x = 1 + (ln a ) x + (ln a )2
+ K, a R +
2!
n( n - 1) 2 n( n - 1)( n - 2 ) 3
(vi) (1 + x )n = 1 + nx +
x +
x
2!
3!
+ K, n R.| x| < 1
x2
x3
(vii) ln (1 + x ) = x +
- K, - 1 < x 1
2
3

(ii) If f( x ) is continuous and g ( x ) is discontinuous at x = a,

then product function f ( x ) = f( x ) g ( x ) is not necessarily
be discontinuous at x = a.
(iii) If f( x ) and g( x ) both are discontinuous at x = a, then the
product function, f x = f( x ) g ( x ) is not necessarily be
discontinuous at x = a .

(iii) tan x = x +

10.

(i) Sum, difference, product and quotient of two continuous

functions is always a continuous function.
f( x )
However h( x ) =
is continuous at x = a only, if
g ( x)
g ( a ) 0.

11. If f( x) is differentiable, then its graph must be smooth i.e. there

should be no break or corner. Thus, for a function f( x )
(i) Differentiable Continuous
(ii) Continuous May or may not be differentiable
(iii) Not continuous Not differentiable

12. The function f(x) is said to be non-differentiable at

x = a, if
(i) both Rf ( a ) and Lf ( a ) exist but are not equal.
(ii) either or both Rf ( a ) and Lf ( a ) are not finite.
(iii) either or both Rf ( a ) and Lf ( a ) do not exist.

Continuity and Differentiability of Different Functions

13.
Types of functions

Curve

Identity function

f( x ) = x

Domain and range

Domiain = R, Range = ] - , [
x

Exponential function

f( x ) = a , a > 0, a 1

Domain = R, Range =] 0, [

Logarithmic function

f( x ) = log a x; x, a > 0 and a 1

Domain = ( 0, ), Range = R

Root function

f( x ) =

Domain = [0, ), Range = [0, )

Greatest integer function

f( x ) = [ x ]

Domain = R, Range = l

Least integer function

f( x ) = ( x )

Domain = R, Range = l

Fractional part function

f( x ) = { x} = x - [ x ]

Domain = R, Range = [0, 1)

Signum function

| x|
f( x ) =
x
-1, x < 0

= 0, x = 0
1, x > 0

Domain = R, Range = { -1, 0, 1}

Constant function

f( x ) = c

Domain = R,
Range = {c}, where c constant

Polynomial function

Domain = R
f( x ) = a0 x n + a1 x n - 1
+ a2 x n - 2 + K + an

14.

68

Continuity and differentiability

(i) If f( x ) and g ( x ) are differentiable functions and a R,

d
d
d
and
then
[f( x ) g ( x )] = [f( x )]
[g ( x )]
dx
dx
dx
d
d
[af( x )] = a f( x ).
dx
dx
(ii) Product rule If f( x ) and g ( x ) are differentiable functions,
d
d
d
then [f( x ) g ( x )] = g ( x ) [f( x )] + f( x ) [g ( x )].
dx
dx
dx
d
d
g ( x ) [f( x )] - f( x ) [g ( x )]
d f( x )
dx
dx
(iii) Quotient rule
.
=
dx g ( x )
[g ( x )]2
dy dy du
(iv) Chain rule If y = h(u ) and u = f( x ), then
.
=

dx du dx

15.

Continuous and differentiable in their

domain
Continuous and differentiable in ( 0, )
Other than integral value it is
continuous and differentiable
Continuous and differentiable
everywhere except at x = 0

Continuous and differentiable

everywhere
(i) The trigonometric functions have the following
derivatives
d
d
(sin x ) = cos x,
(cos x ) = - sin x
dx
dx
d
d
(tan x ) = sec 2 x,
(cot x ) = - cosec 2 x
dx
dx
d
d
(sec x ) = sec x tan x,
(cosecx ) = - cosec x cot x
dx
dx
d
(ii) ( x n ) = nx n - 1, if f( x ) is a differentiable function then
dx
d
using chain rule [f( x )n ] = n[f( x )]n - 1 f ( x ).
dx

(ii) If e g ( y ) - e - g ( y ) = 2 f( x ), then
1
dy
f ( x)
=

dx g ( y) 1 + { f( x )} 2

d
1
(log x ) = , if f( x ) is a differentiable function then
dx
x
d
1
[log f( x )] =
f ( x ).
dx
f( x )
d
(iv) ( a x ) = a x log a .
dx
d
d
In particular, (e x ) = e x and (e f( x ) ) = e f( x )f ( x ).
dx
dx
1
d
d
for -1 < x < 1.
(v) (sin-1 x ) = - (cos -1 x ) =
dx
dx
1 - x2
(iii)

At the points x = 1, sin-1 x and cos -1 x are

differentiable.
1
d
d
for all x R.
(vi) (tan-1 x ) = - (cot -1 x ) =
dx
dx
1 + x2
(vii)

(vi) y =

f( x ) +

order. Then,

Function

(uv )n = u n( x )v( x ) + nC1u n - 1( x )v1( x ) + K

where, u k ( x ) =
1 k n.

1.

a2 - x2

x = a sin q or acos q

2.

a2 + x2

x = a tan q oracot q

3.

x2 - a2

x = a sec q or a cosec q

a + x and a - x
a sin x + b cos x

+ nC ku n - k ( x )v k ( x ) + K + nC nu( x )v n( x )

Substitution

23.

x = a cos2 q
a = r cos a, b = r sin a
2

6.

x - a and b - x

x = asin q + b cos q

7.

2 ax - x 2

x = a (1 - cos q)

17. If f( x, y) = 0 be an implicit function, then

f
dy
= - x
f
dx
y

18. If x = f(t ), y = g (t ), where t is parameter, then

dy g (t )
=
dx
f (t )

du
f ( x)
=
dv
g ( x)

20. To differentiate a determinant, we differentiate one row

(or column) at a time, keeping others unchanged.
f( x ) g ( x )
e.g. If D( x ) =
, then
u( x ) v ( x )
f ( x) g ( x)
f( x ) g ( x )
d
[D( x )] =
+
u( x ) v ( x )
u ( x) v ( x)
dx
(i) If y =

f( x ){ f( x )} K ,

dy
y 2f ( x )
then
=
dx f( x ){1 - y log f( x )}

dk
u( x ) [kth derivative of the function u( x )],
dx k

(i)

dn m
m! x m - n
dn
, if n m and n ( x m ) = 0, if n > m .
(x ) =
n
( m - n)!
dx
dx

(ii)

dn
np
(sin x ) = sin x +
,

2
dx n

(iii)

dn
np
(cos x ) = cos x +

2
dx n

(iv)

d n mx
(e ) = mn e mx
dx n

(v)

dn
np
[sin( ax + b )] = a n sin
+ ax + b
2

dx n

(vi)

dn
np
[cos( ax + b )] = a n cos
+ ax + b
2

dx n

(vii)

dn
m!
( ax + b )m =
a n( ax + b )m - n
( m - n)!
dx n

(viii)

( -1)n - 1( n - 1)a n
dn
[log(
ax
+
b
)]
=
dx n
( ax + b )n

19. If u = f( x) and v = g ( x), then derivative of f( x) w.r.t. g ( x) is

21.

dy
f ( x )log( x )
=
dx g ( y) {1 + log f( x )} 2

22. Let u( x) and v( x) be functions possessing derivatives upto nth

expression involving inverse trigonometric functions some

substitutions are very helpful, which are listed below.

4.

dy
f ( x)
=
dx 2 y - 1

dy g ( y) f ( x ) f( x )log g ( y) - g ( y)
=

dx
f( x ) g ( y) g ( y)log f( x ) - f( x )

for| x| > 1.

5.

f( x ) + K , then

(vi) If { f( x )} g ( y ) = { g ( y)} f( x ), then

16. In order to find differential coefficients of complicated

S. No.

f( x ) +

(v) If { f( x )} g ( y ) = e f( x ) - g ( y ), then

not

1
d
d
(sec -1 x ) = - (cosec -1 x ) =
dx
dx
| x| x 2 - 1

1 + g ( x)
1 - g ( x)
dy
g ( x)
, then
=

dx [1 - g ( x )]2 1 + g ( x )
1 - g ( x)

(iii) If y =

(ix) (a)
(b)

d n ax
[e sin( bx + c )] = r ne ax sin( bx + c + nf)
dx n
d n ax
[e cos( bx + c )] = r ne ax cos( bx + c + nf)
dx n
a2 + b 2

where,

r=

and

b
f = tan-1
a

69

Here, we are introducing some important shortcut methods on

relations and functions to save your precious time in tedious
calculations based problems asked in IIT JEE and various
engineering entrance exams. Use these shortcuts, to practice
questions and be acquainted with it.
Relation and function are very important chapter for JEE,
point of view. This chapter is very conceptual. The
following tips help you to crack the some particular type of
problems in a very short span of time. So, students are
advised to learn these tips and practice the examples
based on each tip.

Sol.

(c) Given, A = { x : x is a natural number and x 10}

\

A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
n( A ) = 10
\ Number of reflexive relation
= 2n

- n

= 2 (10)

- 10

= 2 100 - 10 = 2 90

4. Let A be a finite set containing n elements. Then, total

2

number of binary operations on A is nn .

1. If A and B are any two non-empty sets having n

elements in common, then A B and B A have n2
elements in common.

Example If A = { x : x is first five even multiple of 3}, then

the number of binary operations on A is

Example A and B are two sets having 3 elements in

common. If n( A) = 8 and
n[( A B) ( B A)] is equal to
(a) 9
Sol.

(b) 3

(c) 16

n( B) = 6,

(a) 5 25
(c) 510

then

(d) 20

Sol.

2. Let A and B be two non-empty finite sets consisting of

m and n elements respectively, then total number of
relation from A to B is 2mn .

5. Let A be a finite set containing n elements, then the

total number of commutative binary operation on A is
n ( n + 1)

.
2

then the total number of relation from A to B is

Sol.

(b) 24

(c) 2 24

(d) None

number of commutative binary operation on set A

is

B = {7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12}

n( A ) = 4 , n( B) = 6
\ Total number of relation from A to B
= 2 4 6 = 2 24

relations from A to A is 2

Sol.

then the number of reflexive relation from set A to

itself is
(b) 2 65

(c) 2 90

(d) Given, A = { x : x N, 3 x - 5 25}

\

A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
n( A ) = 10

Example If A = { x : x is a natural number and x 10},

(a) 2 100

(b) (10)100
(d) 55

(a) 50
(c) (100)100

3. If a set A has n elements, then number of reflexive

84

Example If A = { x : x N , 3 x - 5 25}, then the total

(c) Given, A = { 3, 5, 7, 9}

n2 - n

A = { 6, 12, 18, 24, 30}

n( A ) = 5

\ Total number of binary operation on A is ( 5)5 = ( 5)25

Example If A = {3, 5, 7, 9 } and B = {7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12},

(a) 2 10

(a) Given, A = { x : x is first five even multiple of 3}

\

(a) Since, A and B have 3 elements in common.

\
n[( A B) ( B A )] = 3 2 = 9

(b) 25 5
(d) None of these

(d) None

Q 3 x - 5 25

x 10

Total number of commutative binary operations

10(10 + 1)
=
2
= 55

6. If a set A contains m elements and another set B

Sol.

Example If A = {2, 3, 5, 7 } and B = { 4, 8, 12, 16, 20}, then

the total number of functions from A to B is
(a) 225
Sol.

(b) 125

(c) Given,

(c) 625

(d) 256

A = {2, 3, 5, 7}, B = { 4, 8, 12, 16, 20}

n( A ) = 4,
n( B) = 5
Total number of functions = ( 5)4 = 625

7. Let f : A B be a function such that A and B are finite

9. If A and B are finite sets and f : A B is a bijection,

then A and B have the same number of elements. If
A has n elements, then the number of bijections from
A to B is n!.
Note The term bijection means one-one and onto.

sets having m and n elements respectively (where,

n > m). The number of one-one functions is
nP , n m
n( n - 1)( n - 2) K ( n - m + 1) = m

n < m
0,

Example If X = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and Y = { a, b, c, d, e, f } and

f : X Y , then the total number of one-one
functions is
(a) 620
Sol.

(b) 240

(c) Given, X = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5},

Here,

(c) 720

Example If X = {1, 2, 3, 4 }, then the number of one-one

onto mappings f : X X is
(a) 25
Sol.

(d) 7776

(c) 36

(d) Given, X = {1, 2, 3, 4},

(d) 24

n( X ) = 4

10. If f ( x ) is periodic with period T, then kf ( ax + b) is

periodic with period

6!
= 6 ! = 720
1!

8. If a set A has m elements and another set B has n

(i) Total number of constant functions = n

(a) 2 p
Sol.

(ii) Total number of many-one functions

nm - nPm , n m
=
m
n<m
n ,

f : A B, then the total number of

(i) constant function (ii) many-one function
(iii) onto function
(iv) into function, are respectively
(b) 5, 505, 0, 625
(d) None of these

(c)

p
4

(d)

p
6

(d) Since, tan x is periodic with period p.

p
\ Period of tan 6 x is .
6

respectively, then we have h( x ) = f1( x ) + f2 ( x ) has

period as
LCM of {T1 , T2 }, if h( x )is not an even functions.

= 1
LCM of {T1 , T2 }, if f1( x )and f2 ( x )
2

n m - nC1( n - 1) m + nC2 ( n - 2 ) m - nC3 ( n - 3 ) m + K , n < m

n!
n=m
=
0,
n >m

Example If A = {2, 4, 6, 8 } and B = { a, e, i, o, u} and

(b) p

11. If f1( x ), f2( x ) are periodic functions with periods T1,, T2

(iii) Total number onto functions

(iv) Total number of into functions

nC ( n - 1)m - nC ( n - 2)m + nC ( n - 3)m - K , n m
2
3
= 1
nm ,
n>m

T
, where a, b, k R and a, k 0
| a|

Example The period of tan 6x is

elements and a function f : A B is defined, then

(a) 4, 200, 325, 625

(c) 5, 0, 225, 325

(b) 30

Total number of bijection from X to X = 4 ! = 24

Y = { a, b, c, d , e, f}

n( X ) = 5,
n( Y ) = 6
n( Y ) > n( X )

Total number of one-one functions = 6P5 =

(b) Given, A = {2, 4, 6, 8}, n( A ) = 4( m)

and B = { a, e, i , o, u}, n( B) = 5( n)
Here,
n( B) > n( A )
(i) Total number of constant functions is 5.
(ii) Total number of many-one functions
5!
= 625 120 = 505
= nm - nPm = ( 5)4 - 5P4 = 625 1!
(iii) Total number of onto functions = 0 [Q n > m, i.e. 5 > 4]
(iv) Total number of into functions = ( 5)4 = 625
[Q n > m]

contains n elements, then total number of functions

= ( n)m .

are complementary pairwise comparable functions.

x
Example The period of f ( x) = tan 3 x + sin is
3

(a) 2 p
Sol.

(b) 2 p

2
(c) p
3

(d) 6p

(d) Since, period of tan x is p

p
\ Period of tan 3 x is . Period of sin x is 2 p.
3
x
3
\ Period of sin is2 p = | 6p|
3
1
p
6p
is 6p.
Thus, LCM of and
3
1
Thus, f( x ) is periodic with period 6p.

85

Example The period of f ( x) = sin4 x + cos4 x is

(a) p
Sol.

(b) 2 p

p
(c)
2

(b) We know that, sin x has period 2 p.

Then, 5 sin x + 4 is also periodic with period 2 p.

Sol.

(d) None

(c) sin4 x and cos 4 x both has period p.

But f( x ) is an even function and sin x,cos x are complementary.
1
p
Hence, f( x ) has period = [LCM of ( p, p )] =
2
2
p
Thus, period of f( x ) is .
2

12. If f ( x ) is periodic with period T, then

13. sinn x, cos n x, sec n x and cosec nx are periodic with

period 2p, when n is odd or fraction and periodic with
period p, if n is even

Example The period of cos x is

(a) p

i.e. if a constant is added, subtracted, multiplied or divided

in a periodic function, its period remains the same.

Example The period of cot3 x is

(a)

(b) 2 p
p
(d)
2

(c) 3p

p
2

(d)

p
4

14. The period of tann x, cot n x is p when n is even or odd

Example The period of f ( x) = 5 sin x + 4 is

(a) p

(c)

(b) Since, period of cos x is 2 p.

1
is fraction.
\ Period of cos x is 2 p as n =
2

Sol.

(a) C f ( x ) is periodic with period T

(b) f ( x + C ) is periodic with period T
(c) f ( x ) C is periodic with period T (C is constant)

(b) 2 p

p
4

(b)

p
2

(c)

p
3

(d) p

(d) Since, period of cot x is p.

\ Period of cot 3 x is p.

Sol.

ANSWERS OF BOARD EXAM CORNER (NOVEMER ISSUE)

1. Given a * b = HCF ( a, b ), a, b N
Value of 20 * 6 = HCF ( 20, 6) = 2
3
2. Let cos -1 - = q, where q [ 0, p ]
5
9
4
3
=
cos q = - sin q = 1 25 5
5

3
sin 2cos -1 - sin 2q
5

4 3
24
2 - 5 5
5

3. We know that,|adj A| = | A|n -1 , where n is order

625 = | A|3 - 1 | A| = 625 = 25
| A| = 25
1 0 0 x 1
x 1
4. 0 1 0 y = - 1 y = - 1

0 0 1 z 0
z 0
x = 1, y = - 1, z = 0 ( Q Equality of matrix)
x + y + z 1 + ( - 1) + 0 0
5. f ( x) = [ x], - 4 < x < 4
f ( x) would be discontinuous at every integral
point in the given interval.
So, f ( x) is discontinuous at seven point.
1
6. Consider f ( x) = x f ( x) =
2 x
Let
x = 0.0036 and Dx = 0.0001
Now, f ( x + Dx) @ f ( x) + Dx f ( x)
1
Dx
x + Dx @ x + Dx
2 x
0.0001
0.0036 + 0.0001 = 0.0036 +
2 0.0036
0.0037 @ 0.06083
7. Since, R is reflexive symmetric and transitive.
Hence, R is an equivalence relation.
8. By LHS sin [cot -1 {cos (tan -1 x)}]

86

= sin cot -1 cos

x2
= sin sin -1
x2

cos -1

+ 1
=
+ 2

x + 1
1

x2 + 1
x2 + 2

or

a
a
= q cos q =
b
b
p q
p q
By LHS tan + + tan -
4 2
4 2
p
q
p
q
tan + tan
tan - tan
4
2 +
4
2
=
p
q
p
q
1 - tan tan
1 + tan tan
4
2
4
2
2
2
2b
=
=
=
= RHS
cos q
a/ b
a

Let

cos -1

9. Let cos -1 x = a, cos -1 y = b and cos -1 z = g

cos a = x, cos b = g and cos g = z
From question a + b + g = p

a + b=p - g

cos ( a + b) = cos (p - g )
cos a cos b - sin a sin b = - cos g
x y - 1 - cos 2 a 1 - cos 2 b = - z
xy - 1 - x2 1 - y 2 = - z
x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2 xyz = 1
or Let x = sin q q = sin -1 x
p
then
sin -1 ( 1 - sin q) - 2q =
2
p
sin -1 ( 1 - sin q) = + 2q
2
p

1 - sin q = sin -1 + 2q
2

After simplification put sin q = x

we get, x = 0

- a+ b - a+c
3b
c-b
a-c b -c
3c
Applying operation C1 (C1 + C 2 + C 3 )
a+ b +c - a+ b - a+c
= a+ b +c
- 3b
c-b
a+ b +c b -c
3c
3a

10. Let D = a - b

Taking out common factor ( a + b + c ) from C1

and again apply properties, we get the required
result.
- bc
b 2 + bc c 2 + bc
11. Let D = a2 + ac
- ac
c 2 + ac
2
2
a + ab b + ab
- ab
Applying R1 aR1 , R2 bR2 , R3 cR3
- abc
ab 2 + abc ac 2 + abc
1
D=
- abc
a2 b + abc
bc 2 + abc
abc 2
2
- abc
a c + abc b c + abc
Taking out common factors a, b, c from
C1 , C 2 , C 3 respectively. Apply the properties
we get the required result.
a2 + 1
ab
ac
12. By LHS let D = ab b 2 + 1 bc
ac
bc
c2 + 1
Applying operation
C1 aC1 , C 2 bC 2 and C 3 cC 3
a( a2 + 1)
ab 2
ac 2
1
=
a2 b
b( b 2 + 1)
bc 2
abc
a2c
b 2c
c(c 2 + 1)
Taking out common factors a, b, c from R1 , R2 ,
R3 , respectively and again apply properties, we
get result.
5 4 3 x 11000
13. (i) 4 3 5 y = 10700

1 1 1 z 200

 5 x + 4y + 3z =
4 x + 3y + 5z =
5 4
(ii) Let A = 4 3
1 1

11000
10700, x + y + z = 2700
3
5 = - 3 0
1

A is invertible, so equations have a unique

solutions.
(iii) Any values of three variables x, y, z which
proper and logical will be consider correct.
14. The given function f ( x) is continuous at x = 1
lim f ( x) = lim f ( x) = f ( 1)

x 1-

x 1+

Now, LHL lim f ( x) = lim f ( 1 + h) = 3a + b

x 1-

h0

RHL = lim f ( x) = lim f ( 1 + h) = 5a - 2b

x 1+

h0

After simplification, we have a = 3, b = 2

15. Given, x = asin

x=

1
sin -1 t
,
a2

-1

, y = acos

y=

1
cos -1 t
a2

Differentiating w.r.t. t, we get

16. Given,

-1

dy
y
=dx
x

y = (tan -1 x)2

(i)

On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get

1

y1 = 2 tan -1 x

1 + x2

( 1 + x2 )y1 = 2 tan -1 x
On squaring both sides, we get
( 1 + x2 )2 y12 = 4(tan -1 x)2
Again differentiating both sides, we get
( 1 + x2 )2 y 2 + 2 x( 1 + x2 )y1 = 2

17. Given, f ( x) = x2 - 4, for x [ 2, 4]

Clearly f ( x) is continuous in & differentiable in
(2, 4). So, there must be exists some c ( 2, 4).
f ( 4) - f ( 2)
Such that f (c ) =
( 4 - 2)
Therefore, c = 6 ( 2, 4)
Hence, mean value theorem is verified.
18. Given, y = ( x)cos x + (cos x)sin x
Let
u = xcos x , v = (cos x)sin x , y = u + v
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
dy du dv
(i)
=
+
dx dx dx
Now, find du / dx, dv / dx and put in Eq. (i), we get
dy
cos x

= xcos x
- (log x)sin x
dx
x

+ (cos x)sin x {- sin x tan x + cos x log (cos x)}

19. Given equation of line is 5y - 15 x = 13

Here,
m=3
\ Slope of the given line is 3.
1
Slope of tangent = - & equation of the curve.
3
(i)
y = x2 - 2 x + 7
dy
= 2x - 2

dx
1
5
217
and y =
\ 2x - 2 = - x =
3
6
36
So, the point on the given curve at which
tangent is perpendicular to given line is
5 217
,
and equation of the tangent is
6 36

12 x + 36y - 227 = 0
20. Given, function f : R+ [ - 5, )

defined by f ( x) = 9 x2 + 6 x - 5
Let y be any arbitrary element of ( - 5, )
y+6-1
y = 9 x2 + 6 x - 5 x =
3
Therefore, f is onto and range of f = [ - 5, )
let us define g : ( - 5, ) R
y+6-1
such that g ( y ) =
3
Now, ( gof )( x) = g ( f ( x)) = g ( 9 x2 + 6 x - 5)
y + 6 - 1
=y
and ( fog )( y ) = f ( g ( y )) = f

Therefore, gof = I R + and fog = I[ - 5, )

Hence, f is invertible and the inverse of f, if given
y+6-1
by f -1 ( y ) = g ( y ) =
3
21. The given equations are
x - y + 2z = 1, 2y - 3z = 1, 3z - 2y + 4z = 2
1 - 1 2
x
1
Let A = 0 2 - 3, X = y and B = 1

3 - 2 4
z
2
then, the given system in matrix form is AX = B
Simplify the matrix equation and use
1 1 0 0
1 -1 2 -2 0
0 2 -3 9 2 -3 = 0 1 0

3 -2 4 6 1 -2 0 0 1
we get x = 0, y = 5, z = 3
1
1
1
22. Putting = u, = v and = w
x
y
z
2u + 3v + 10w = 4, 4u - 6v + 5w = 1
6u + 9v - 20w = 2
Simplify and then x = 2, y = 3, z = 6
23. Let the first, second and third numbers be x, y,
z respectively. Then, according to question,
(i)
x+ y + z = 6
(ii)
x + 2z = 7
(iii)
3 x + y + z = 12
1 1 1
x
6
Let A = 1 0 2, X = y and B = 7

3 1 1
z
12
Then, the given system in matrix form is AX = B
Now simplify and then x = 3, y = 1, z = 2
24. We have, f ( x) = sin x + cos x
f ( x) = cos x - sin x
Now, f ( x) = 0 gives sin x = cos x
p 5p
as 0 x 2p
tan x = 1 x = ,
4 4
0

p
4

5p
4

2 x = 10 - r(p + 2)
pr

25. Let radius of semi-circle = r

\ One side of rectangle = 2r & let other side = x
\ P (Perimeter of figure) = 10 m (given)
1

2 x + 2r + ( 2pr ) = 10
2

D
2r
Let A be area of figure
A = Area of semi-circle + Area of rectangle
1
A = (pr 2 ) + x 2r
2
1
A = pr 2 + r {10 - r(p + 2)}
2
1
= (pr 2 ) + 10r - r 2p - 2r 2
2
pr 2
(i)
A = 10r - 2r 2
2
Differentiate Eq. (ii) twice and use concept of
maxima and minima.
20
10
Hence, length =
, Breadth =
p+4
p+4
or Let P be a point on the hypotenuse AC of
right angled D ABC.
A
q

A
C

B
M
Such that PL ^ AB, PL = a, PM ^ BC , PM = b
Let
APL = ACB = q
AP = a sec q, PC = b cosec q
Let l be the length of the hypotenuse.
then,
l = AP + PC
p
(i)
l = asec q + b cosec q, 0 < q <
2
Differentiate Eq. (i) use concept of maxima and
1/ 3
b
and the
minima, l is minima at q =
a

2/ 3
2/ 3 3
minimum value is ( a
+b ) .

26. Let AB be the line passing through P( 3, 4).

Equation of any line through P( 3, 4) is
y - 4 = m( x - 3)

(i)

2p

p
f is strictly increasing in the intervals 0,
4
5p

and , 2p .
4

p 5p
Also, f ( x) < 0, if x ,

4 4
p 5p
or f is strictly decreasing in ,
.
4 4

(i)

P (3, 4)

This meets X-axis ( y = 0) at A 3 - , 0

m

and Y-axis ( x = 0) at B( 0, 4 - 3m)

4
1
\ Area of DOAB is A = 3 - ( 4 - 3m) (i)
2
m
Differentiate Eq. (i) twice and use concept of
maxima and minima.
4
A is minimum, when m = - and the equation
3
of line is 4 x + 3y = 24.

87

Hurry! win `1000 in Cash

Just Solve & Send

Quizzer (No.14)
1. If x is so small that x3 and higher power of x may be
3

x
3 /2
1 + - (1 + x)
2

may be
neglected, then -
(1 - x)1/ 2

approximated as
3 2
x
8
3
(c) - x 2 + 1
8

(a) -

(b) (d)

3 2
x + 3x
8

minimum
value
of
the
expression
(a4 + 3a2 + 1) (b4 + 5b2 + 1)(c4 + 7c2 + 1)
is not

a2 b2 c2

divisible by the prime number

(b) 2
(d) 11

3. Ramesh has x children by his first wife. Selina has

(x + 1) children by her first husband. They marry and
have children of their own. The whole family has
24 children. Assuming that two children of the same
parents do not fight, then the maximum possible
number of fights that can takes place is
(a) 201
(c) 180

(b) 181
(d) 191

x
3

x
x+
3

x
x+

3
x + x ...

4. The value of lim

x

(a) 1
(c) 3

(b) 2
(d) None of these

1
2

f(x) = [ x] + x + + x + is discontinuous for

3
3

x (0, 3) is (since,[ ] denotes greatest integer function)
(a) 7

(b) 8

(c) 10

(d) 6

6. The base AB of a DABC are fixed and the vertex C

3 2
x
x +
x
2

2. If a, b, c are non-zero real numbers, then the

(a) 3
(c) 5

5. Number of points, where

lies on a fixed circle of radius r. Lines through A and

B are drawn to intersect CB and CA respectively at E
and F such that CE : EB = 1 : 2 and CF : FA = 1 : 2. If the
point of intersection P of these lines lies on the
median through AB for all positions of AB, then the
locus of P is
(a) a circle of radius 2 r
(b) a rectangular hyperbola
(c) a parabola of latusrectum 4r
r
(d) a circle of radius
2

7. If 1, a, a2 , a3 , ..., an - 1 are n, nth roots of unity,

then the

of (2011 - a)(2011 - a2 )(2011 - a3 )

K (2011 - a n - 1) is
(2010)n - 1
2011
(2010)n + 1
(c)
2011

(2011)n + 1
2010
(2011)n - 1
(d)
2010

(a)

(b)

tan[ x]
, x 0
, g(x) = x
1,
x =0
log2 ( x + 3 )
, then in [0, 1] Lagranges
h(x) = {x}, k(x) = 5

8. Given
is

value

f(x) = 4 - - x
2

2 /3

mean value theorem is applicable to the (where, []

and {} represent greatest integer function and
fractional part function, respectively.)
(a) g

(b) k

(c) h

(d) f

95

9. Consider the function defined implicitly by the

2

equation y - 2ye

sin -1 x

2 sin -1 x

+ x - 1 + [ x] + e

=0

(where, [ x] denotes the greatest integer function).

Then, the area of the region bounded by the curve
and the line x = - 1 is
p

(a) - 1 sq unit
2

(b) + 1 sq unit
2

(c) ( p + 1) sq unit

(d) ( p - 1) sq unit

10. Given a function g which has a derivative g(x) for

every real x and which satisfies g (0) = 2 and
g(x + y) = e y g(x) + e x g(y) for all x and y. Then, the
range of the function g(x) is
(a) (2, )
(c) [e, )

2
(b) - ,
e
(d) None of these

KNOWLEDGE
Coefficient
Quizzer (No. 14)

Winner of Knowledge Coefficient

Quizzer (No. 13) (November Issue)
Kavita Sharma (Gonda)

96

Mathematics Spectrum
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