MS 3

w
w
ap
eP
e
tr
.X
w
om
.c
s
er
JUNE 2003
INTERNATIONAL GCSE
MARK SCHEME
MAXIMUM MARK: 40
SYLLABUS/COMPONENT: 0610/01
BIOLOGY
Paper 1 (Multiple Choice)
Page 1
Mark Scheme
IGCSE EXAMINATIONS JUNE 2003
Syllabus
0610
Question
Number
Key
Question
Number
Key
1
2
3
4
5
B
A
B
D
B
21
22
23
24
25
C
D
D
C
D
6
7
8
9
10
A
D
A
A
B
26
27
28
29
30
D
C
B
D
B
11
12
13
14
15
C
D
C
B
C
31
32
33
34
35
A
C
C
C
C
16
17
18
19
20
A
D
C
C
D
36
37
38
39
40
D
A
A
B
A
TOTAL 40
University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate 2003
Paper
1
JUNE 2003
INTERNATIONAL GCSE
MARK SCHEME
MAXIMUM MARK: 70
BIOLOGY
Paper 2 (Core)
Page 1
(a)
Mark Scheme
Syllabus
0610
Paper
2
excretion;
growth;
movement;
ignore - locomotion
nutrition;
ignore - feeding
reproduction;
sensitivity/irritability;
Accept descriptions
Any three 1 mark each
(b)
[3]
put mud in muslin bag/equivalent workable apparatus;

suspend over limewater/calcium hydroxide solution/hydrogencarbonate/
bicarbonate indicator;
in sealed container;
incubate/leave for 12+ hours;
look for limewater to go cloudy/milky/white/hydrogen carbonate to go yellow;
carbon dioxide released indicates respiration;
reference to use of control;
Apply pattern of mark scheme to alternative approaches
e.g. release of heat from or use of oxygen for respiration.
Credit annotated diagrams
Any four 1 mark each
[4]
Total [7]
Page 2
(a)
Mark Scheme
(i)
Syllabus
0610
Paper
2
X stigma/carpel;
Y anther/stamen;
(ii)
[2]
small/insignificant petals/flowers open;

do not prevent wind access to anthers/stigma/pollen;
stamens/anthers hang outside of flower/petals;
to release pollen into wind/air;
stigma feathery;
trap/filter pollen (from air);
stigma hangs outside flower/petals;
to catch pollen (in the wind);
Any feature plus explanation 1 mark each
[2]
(iii) no smell/scent;
no bright colours of petals/flowers/coloured green;
no nectar/nectary;
inconspicuous shape/size of flower/petals;
dry/dusty pollen;
large quantities/smaller size pollen;
(b)
Also features listed in (ii) above but not given

in candidates response to (ii)
Any two 1 mark each
[2]
(i)
southwest;
[1]
(ii)
most fruit found to north and east;
apply error carried forward
[1]
(iii) distribution of fruit on branches;

distribution of branches on tree;
animals feed on/collect fruits from one region around tree;
other valid biological suggestions;
ignore - human intervention.
Any one 1 mark
[1]
Total [9]
Page 3
(a)
Mark Scheme
Syllabus
0610
Paper
2
(i)
C/(i) alongside a relevant arrow;
[1]
(ii)
D/(ii) alongside a relevant arrow;
[1]
(iii) P/(iii) alongside a relevant arrow;
[1]
(iv) R/(iv) alongside a relevant arrow;
[1]
If in any section more than one label is given all of that label must be correct
(b)
(i)
less/no (trees/leaves) to photosynthesise;

more carbon dioxide in air/less removed from air;
no/less (leaves/wood) to decay;
Any two 1 mark each
(ii)
[2]
less (leaves to) transpire/evaporation of water/evapotranspiration;

less roots/plants to absorb water (from deep layers);
less water v/water vapour in air/less rainfall;
Ignore - refs to floods/droughts/erosion/desertification.
Any two 1 mark each
[2]
Total [8]
Page 4
(a)
(b)
Mark Scheme
(i)
Syllabus
0610
Paper
2
A nucleus/nuclear membrane;
B cytoplasm;
[2]
(ii)
label C clearly linked to a cell membrane in each cell;
[1]
(i)
has cilia (on one surface/end of cell);

to move mucus;
ignore - hair
reject - trap bacteria/dust, etc.

[2]
Credit valid references to goblet cells and function of producing mucus
(ii)
has haemoglobin/no nucleus/biconcave;

transport oxygen;
(c)
(i)
movement of molecules/particles/ions;
down concentration gradient/from higher to lower concentration;
(ii)
[2]
[2]
movement of water (molecules);

across/through partially/semi/differentially/selectively
permeable membrane.
[2]
Total [11]
Page 5
(a)
Mark Scheme
Syllabus
0610
Paper
2
mitosis;
diploid;
meiosis;
haploid;
gametes;
(b)
[5]
use of correct symbols/X and Y;

parent genotypes shown;
gamete genotypes shown;
offspring genotypes shown;
phenotypes for both sexes identified.
parent genotype wrong max 3
[4]
Total [9]
Page 6
Mark Scheme
Syllabus
0610
Paper
2
top left box to 2nd right box;
(a)
2nd left box to top right box;
(b)
bottom left box to bottom right box;
[3]
(i)
label to colon/large intestine;
[1]
(ii)
label to liver;
reject - gall bladder
(iii) label to liver;
(iv) label to pancreas;
[1]
[1]
reject - small intestine.
[1]
Total [7]
Page 7
Mark Scheme
(a)
A refracts/bends light rays/lets light enter eye;

ignore - protection
Syllabus
0610
Paper
2
B focuses light rays/image on to the retina/fovea;

ignore - accommodation/change in shape
C controls light entering (inner) eye/reaching retina/lens;
ignore - change in pupil
D changes light into/generates nerve/electrical impulses;
ignore - signals unqualified/messages
(b)
[4]
more/too much light enters/reaches retina;

dazzles person/causes blurred vision/damages retina;
ignore - double vision.
[2]
Total [6]
Page 8
(a)
Mark Scheme
Syllabus
0610
Paper
2
(translocation) is movement of soluble materials/sugars/amino acids;

from supply to demand/clearly identified example;
in phloem;
(transpiration) is diffusion/loss of water vapour/evaporation of water;
from leaves/through stomata to atmosphere;
down concentration gradient;
(b)
[4]
leaves lose water;

water moves/passes/is drawn up/ref to transpiration stream;
up stem/leaf stalk;
through xylem/vessels;
(dye) dissolved/carried in water.
[4]
Total [8]
Page 9
(a)
(b)
(c)
Mark Scheme
Syllabus
0610
Paper
2
(i)
light/sunlight (energy);
ignore - solar
[1]
(ii)
chemical (energy);
ignore - potential
[1]
(i)
bacteria/fungi;
ignore - decomposers/saprophytes [1]
(ii)
heat/thermal (energy);
[1]
energy is not passed back to the sun/grass/producer/

not recycled/OWTTE.
[1]
Total [5]
JUNE 2003
INTERNATIONAL GCSE
MARK SCHEME
MAXIMUM MARK: 70
BIOLOGY
Paper 3 (Extended)
Page 1
(a)
Mark Scheme
Syllabus
0610
Paper
3
one mark for each part (drawn) and labelled correctly:

renal artery;
urethra;
ureter;
one mark for quality of drawing;
MAX. 2 FOR LABELLING "STUMPS" ONLY
(b)
(c)
water;
urea;
Allow nitrogenous waste
uric acid;
salts or minerals or named salts;
Allow vitamins
hormones;
Reject waste products unqual./ions unqual.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
ix.
x.
x.
(d)
max. 3
ref. to blood enters machine from patient AW;

(ONLY CREDIT ONCE)
ref. to pump;
blood passes along + dialysis tubing AW/visking tubing/cellulose
or cellophane tubing;
ref. to tubing AW being semi-permeable/selectively permeable/
acting as a filter AW;
ref. to surrounding liquid;
containing + some salts/glucose/no urea;
ref. to fluid has same O. P. as blood;
waste materials/excess materials + pass from blood;
ref. to diffusion;
ref. to bubble trap/counter flow;
cleaned' blood returns + to patient's circulation/body AW;
(ONLY CREDIT ONCE)
max. 4
(i) ref. to internal environment;

maintained (at constant level)/regulated/balanced;
(ii) ref. to maintaining level of named substance in blood;

method outlined, e.g. filtration/reabsorption/osmosis/diffusion;
(iii) suitable organ named;

named substance levels maintained;
ref. to mechanism for maintaining constant level;
3
max 18
Page 2
Mark Scheme
Syllabus
0610
Paper
3
(a)
one mark for each column drawn and shaded correctly;
(b)
(i) 12 (%);
(ii) AWARD 2 MARKS FOR CORRECT ANSWER, EVEN

WITHOUT WORKING
50 + 12 + 13 + 6 + 7;
= 88 (%);
(c)
REJECT REF. TO FLUORINE ONCE in (i), (ii) or (iii)

(i) fluoride (in water) reduces (the number of) decayed teeth
in children;
(ii) add fluoride to the drinking water in town B;
advise children to use fluoride toothpaste;
use other suitable, named, source of fluoride;
max 1
(iii) i.
ref. to side effects of too much fluoride, e.g. browning of tooth

enamel or possible cancer risk;
ii. ref. to importance of personal choice/makes water impure;
iii. ref. to allergies to fluoride;
iv. ref. to cost of fluoridation;
v. ref. to treatment of whole population when
not all benefit;
Reject refs. to fluoride flavouring water/refs. to being
bad for health/has side effects unqual.
max 1
max 8
Page 3
(a)
(b)
Mark Scheme
Syllabus
0610
involves giving the organism two names;

ref. to genus and species;
(i)
Paper
3
Caulerpa grows at twice their rate AW;

ref. to competition (for light/CO2/space for attachment/other plausible
factor AW); Reject refs. to O2
2
(ii) ref. to primary consumer/(organism) that feeds on plants/producers; 1

(iii) ref. to disease/predation or shortage of + food/herbivores/sea urchins;
resulting in death/migration AW;
2
(c)
(d)
ref. to chlorine being + dangerous/poisonous/damaging to other

organisms/a pollutant;
(i)
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
ref. to possible effects on local food chains or food webs AW;

ref. to destabilization of the ecosystem;
ref. to extinction (of other organisms);
ref. to local fishing industry;
ref. to importance of conservation;
ref. to possible use of local species for medicines;
ref. to effects on biodiversity;
max 2
(ii) ref. to its ability to feed on Caulerpa; Reject ref. to pest unqual.
reduces competition between Caulerpa and local seaweeds;
reduces population of Caulerpa;
allows other species to grow again;
max 2
(iii) i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
it may eat other seaweeds as well;

causing their extinction AW;
ref. to no natural predators of the sea slug present AW;
ref. to unbalancing + food chains/webs/ecosystem;
ref. to introduction of disease;
max 2
max 14
Page 4
(a)
Mark Scheme
Syllabus
0610
Paper
3
(i) (SIMILARITIES)
i. ref. to exoskeleton;
ii. ref. to jointed limbs AW;
iii. no backbone/ref. to invertebrate;
iv. both have segmented body;
v. both members of the arthropod group;
Accept ref. to stages of development, e.g. ecdysis/instars max 3
(ii) (DIFFERENCES)
1 MARK FOR TABLE, MAX. 4 FOR DIFFERENCES
i. table format with suitable headings;
ii. insects have 3 pairs of legs + arachnids have 4 pairs;
iii. insects have wings + arachnids do not; Allow refs to ability to fly
iv. insects have antennae + arachnids do not;
v. insects have compound eyes + arachnids do not/ref. to simple
eyes;
vi. insects have 3 parts to the body + arachnids have 2 parts;
vii. arachnids have chelicerae/pincer-like jaws + insects do not;
viii. arachnids spin webs + insects do not; Allow insects can
be social + arachnids are not AW;
max 5
(b)
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
named insect;
ref. to variation AW;
due to sexual reproduction/mating;
ref. to mutation;
variation/mutation + leads to differential survival AW;
suggestion for environmental change, e.g. temperature, food
available;
vii. suggested change to insect, e.g. thicker cuticle, larger wings;
viii. ref. to benefit of change to the organism;
ix. ref. to survival of fittest/natural selection;
x. favoured genes passed on to next generation AW;
max 7
max 15
Page 5
Mark Scheme
Syllabus
0610
Paper
3
(a)
ACCEPT OTHER PLAUSIBLE ANSWERS

i.
ref. to unsuitable climate/temperature/rainfall/ref. to pollution;
ii.
ref. to natural disasters, e.g. flooding/drought;
iii.
water used for other purposes/diversion of rivers/building
dams/poor irrigation;
iv.
so plants are killed/poor germination/no food for animals;
(linked to i. or ii. or iii.)
v.
next year's seeds eaten through need for food;
vi.
poor soil/lack of inorganic ions or fertiliser;
vii. so plants do not grow well; (linked to vi.)
viii. ref. to desertification/poor or thin soil;
ix.
due to + deforestation/slash and burn; (linked to viii.)
x.
ref. to lack of money + to buy seeds/fertiliser/pesticides/machinery/
import food;
xi.
ref. to war/farm redistribution;
xii. so there is no-one to harvest crops/too dangerous to tend crops/no
experienced farmers AW; (linked to xi.)
xiii. ref. to urbanisation AW;
xiv. so there are fewer people to work the land/less land to grow crops
on; (linked to xiii.)
xv. ref. to increasing population requiring food;
xvi. ref. to growth of + cash crops/monoculture/food for export (not
suitable for local diet);
xvii. ref. to selling of food reserves to + settle national debt/maintain
economy;
xviii. ref. to pest damage/disease (in crops or stored food);
xix. heat causes fresh produce to rot quickly AW;
xx. lack of suitable land to farm/ref. to overgrazing;
xxi. farmers poorly educated;
xxii. forests destroyed + so nothing to hunt/no food to collect;
xxiii. ref. to outmoded farm practices;
xxiv. ref. to poor transport/distribution;
max 10
(b)
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
ref. to auxin;
sprayed onto e.g. tomato flowers to induce fruit production;
happens even if pollination has not occurred;
ref. to use of auxins in + weedkiller/herbicide;
so crops have less competition;
ref. to effect (only) on broad leaved plants (so monocot crops
unaffected);
vii. ref. to use of hormones (e.g. cytokinin) in tissue culture;
viii. to promote root and shoot formation/form a callus;
ix.
ref. to BST (bovine somatotropin);
x.
used with cattle to increase milk production (linked to ix)
xi.
ref. to growth hormone/testosterone;
xii. used to increase meat production;
xiii. ref. to production of seedless fruit;
xiv. ref. to promotion of seed germination;
xv. ref. to production of short plants (to resist wind damage);
xvi. ref. to delaying fruit production/ripening;
xvii. ref. to increasing fruit yield AW;
max 5
max 15
Page 6
(a)
(b)
Mark Scheme
Syllabus
0610
Paper
3
i.
ii.
ref. to a pair of alleles; Reject gene ref. once

in which one is not dominant over the other AW;
Reject both dominant; Allow both equally dominant
iii. so both alleles have an effect in phenotype/heterozygous
organism AW;
ACCEPT PUNNETT SQUARE

IF LINES ARE USED TO LINK GAMETES AND F1, THEY MUST BE
CORRECT
i. mother = IA IO;
ii. father = IB IO;
iii. (parents) IA IO
iv. (gametes)
v.
Allow AO, IA i
I B I O;
IA
IO
I A IB
I A IO
IA
IO
IB
I AI B
I BI O
IO
I AI O
I OI O
(X)
IB
IO
IB I O
I O I O;
vi. IO IO = baby with blood group;
(c)
(i) i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
blood may + clump/clot/coagulate/agglutinate;

due to presence of antigens on (the surface of) blood cells;
and different antibodies present in other blood AW;
ref. to no clumping if donor blood group is group O;
max 3
(ii) i. placenta keeps the blood of mother and fetus separate AW;
ii. since the blood types could be different AW;
iii. but allows exchange of materials between mother
and fetus AW;
max 15
Page 7
(a)
Mark Scheme
Syllabus
0610
Paper
3
MARK FIRST FIVE PARTS AND FUNCTIONS GIVEN ANY FIVE FROM:
i.
ii.
penis + to insert sperm/semen + into vagina AW/ref. to erectile tissue;

urethra + to pass sperm/semen + through penis;
Allow ref. to penis/ urethra + urine once;
iii. testis + to make sperm/testosterone;
iv. vas deferens/sperm duct + pass sperm from testis to urethra;
v. epididymis + to store/mature/move + sperm;
vi. scrotum + contain testes/to keep testes at lower temperature than that
of body AW;
vii. prostate gland/seminal vesicles/cowper's gland + to produce seminal
fluid AW;
5
(b)
(i)
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
(ii) i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
(c)
ref. to swimming;
using tail;
ref. to passing through cervix;
ref. to passing through uterus/womb;
enter an oviduct/fallopian tube;
ref. to chemical sensor AW;
ref. to mitochondria + energy;
max 4
ref. to zona pellucida;

sperm penetrates egg membrane;
ref. to use of enzymes/acrosome;
head of sperm enters egg;
sperm nucleus and egg nucleus fuse;
ref. to formation of zygote;
max 3
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
ref. to use of condom/femidom (during sexual intercourse);

ref. to abstinence from sexual intercourse;
ref. to screening of blood for transfusions/blood checked for HIV;
ref. to use of sterile needles (for injecting drugs)/don't share needles;
Reject refs to clean needles;
v. ref. to maintaining one partner/not sleeping around;
vi. ref. to health education;
vii. avoiding contact with blood + example;
max 3
max 15
JUNE 2003
INTERNATIONAL GCSE
MARK SCHEME
MAXIMUM MARK: 40
BIOLOGY
(Practical)
Page 1
1 (a)
Mark Scheme
Syllabus
0610
Paper
5
* lose if no table;
* use of ruled lines for columns and rows;
* time (table heading);
* height/level/measurement (table heading);
record of units mm/cm and min/(A) clock times;

readings taken at 5 min intervals;
records for both sets of dough S1 and S2;
manipulation of data/recording increase or differences;
max 5
(b)
* lose if bar chart

orientation of axes;
(time horizontal, height vertical)
labels for axes including units;
(A) clock times
plotting data using suitable scale;
c. half the paper min.
* plotting data for S1 (points visible, no obvious error, not (0,0));

* plotting data for S2 (points visible, no obvious error, not (0,0));
* clear lines;
each curve identified/use of key;
max 6
(c)
curve for S1 rises (with time);

comment on rate of increase;
suitable qualification
curve for S2 does not rise;

Look at candidate's graph. If not as expected, apply scheme
as S1 trend, S2 trend and suitable comment on rate of increase
3
Page 2
(d)
Mark Scheme
Syllabus
0610
Paper
5
yeast is, living organism/fungus;

respiration;
without oxygen/anaerobic/fermentation;
sugar source of, food/nutrition/energy/substrate;
equation (for anaerobic respiration);
carbon dioxide evolved;
trapped/bubbles (remain in dough);
causes dough to rise;
rise stops as sugar runs out;
rise stops as yeast killed by alcohol;
dough sinks and valid explanation.
max 6
Total: 20
2 (a)
(i)
purple/mauve/lilac;
reject precipitate/dark purple
(protein) present;
2
(ii)
add, sodium/potassium, hydroxide (solution);

then (a few drops) copper sulphate (solution);
2
(b)
(i)
Drawing clear outline S4;

at least 5 cm in one direction;
main shell (if present)/pattern on dorsal surface (if shell
absent);
foot/other soft parts, shown;
use label to help you identify presence of soft parts if
drawing unclear or if snail in shell
Page 3
Mark Scheme
Labels
shell/dorsal surface pattern;
Syllabus
0610
Paper
5
reject exoskeleton alone
any soft part; (A) soft body reject eyes alone

6
(ii)
length of drawing measured correctly ( 2 mm);

correct calculation of "drawing length specimen length"; (1 d.p.)
ratio needs to be labelled
2
(c)
Candidates may use snails "as they are" in this beaker or remove
some/all of them. Apply scheme to any sensible plan.
use, thermometer/temperature probe;
place thermometer in contact with soft part of snail to record body temp.;
record temp. of surrounding air;
repeats;
(A) area
reject earth
(A) several snails
investigate at different temps.;

leave snails to adjust to surroundings before measuring; (A) time ref.
idea of fair test; (e.g. same procedure when investigating at different
temps.; leave same time interval between measurements; use same
number of snails; other detail of fair test)
reject control
max 3
(d)
(i)
hard/rigid;
colour/pattern;
contrast between inside and outside;
shape;
(A) like ....
hollow;
opening;
texture;
(A) smooth qualified
dimensions;
max 2
Page 4
(ii)
Mark Scheme
Syllabus
0610
Paper
5
effervescence/fizzing/AW;
shell is made of calcium carbonate;
2
(iii) support/protection ((A) shelter)/camouflage/muscle attachment;

1
Total: 20
JUNE 2003
INTERNATIONAL GCSE
MARK SCHEME
MAXIMUM MARK: 40
BIOLOGY
(Alternative to Practical)
Page 1
(a)
Mark Scheme
Syllabus
0610
Paper
6
Two from:
temperature or warmth or heat/[same type of] [amount of] yeast/type
of flour/same size measuring cylinder/same mass or weight of dough/
[same quantity of] [type of] sugar
[2]
(ignore water [in q], amount of ingredients, pH, light, carbon dioxide,
time, humidity, reading at eye level, cold)
(b)
(i) Graph:
O
orientation of axes and label of axes plus units;
use of appropriate and even scale to fill half of the grid;
plotting data A; B; C;
key for separate date;
max [5]
(ii) Line A - rises steadily;

Line B - does not rise/rises slightly/at a constant level;
Line C - rises and flattens; [2 stages]
(iii) 80;
[3]
[1]
(iv) Two from:

1. comment on volume difference, A more;
2. A has yeast [and B has none];
3. correct ref. to production of carbon dioxide;
[2]
(v) Two from:

1. comment on rate difference/speeding up/faster;
2. substance X present in C [A has no X];
3. reasonable suggestion for role of substance X;
(accept enzyme, catalyst, improver, AW)
[2]
Total 15
Page 2
(a)
Mark Scheme
Syllabus
0610
Paper
6
2 conditions = 1 mark. No marks.

warmth [correct/suitable temperature/10 to 30C if specified];
oxygen;
but apply ecf for part (b)
(b)
[1]
Three from:
1. identification of one workable condition from (a) for investigation - two
sets one with and one without;
2. idea of sample size many seeds, a few seeds must be more than one
seed for repetition idea;
3. some common factor of treatment between the two sets [with and
without the condition] under investigation;
(equal watering, equal number of seeds, same species AW)
4. left to grow for same time period;
(if stated minimum 1 + days, accept up to 3 weeks)
max [3]
Total 4
Page 3
(a)
Mark Scheme
Syllabus
0610
Paper
6
(i) Drawing:
clear outline;
correct proportions;
Labels 2 from:
Tentacles;
eye [to be located at the end of the larger tentacles];
foot [qualified];
shell [dorsal/visceral shell or hump];
unsegmented body;
(ignore reference to negative features)
[4]
(ii) Magnification:
Check measurements given are those transcribed into the formula drawing size;
actual size
calculation is correct stated as ....x 1+
(this must be more than 1 if drawings is as large as fig 3.1) max [2]
(iii) Similarity one from:

both have tentacles/eyes/same head/shell;
Difference one from:

A has no large external shell and B has/shell has different
shape or comment on shape; AW
(iv) mollusc:
[2]
[1]
Total: 9
Page 4
(a)
Mark Scheme
Syllabus
0610
Paper
6
(i) introduce a glowing splint/spill

(do not award for match will burn/candles lighting/splints that are
already burning)
addition of pyrogallol;
[1]
(ii) photosynthesis;
[1]
(iii) 10 cm 3 ;
10 5 = 2cm3;
[2]
(iv) Two from, for design of experiment:

1. method for setting up different light intensities;
(bright light in introduction - so maybe dimmer or less light but
must have detail of how this is to be achieved/distances away
from light bulb/AW)
2. describe how to control a factor that may alter rate over a
certain time
(temperature - heat shield, carbon dioxide by adding hydrogen
carbonate/AW)
3. additional feature of design
(same time period for comparison of results/eliminate background
light, carry out investigation in a darkened room/replicates/
repetition/same piece of pondweed/recovery time between sets of
measurements AW)
max [2]
(b)
(i)
Colour
purple
(ii)
red/orange
[1]
[1]
(iii)
yellow
[1]
Explanation
carbon dioxide used up/
photosynthesis
[1]
balance [between photosynthesis
and respiration]
[1]
respiration of 3 water shrimps/
produce carbon dioxide [1]
Total: 12
Grade thresholds taken for Syllabus 0610 (Biology) in the June 2003 examination.
maximum
mark
available
minimum mark required for grade:

A
Component 1
40
29
24
20
Component 2
70
37
25
19
Component 3
70
48
33
Component 5
40
35
29
22
20
Component 6
40
32
24
18
15
The threshold (minimum mark) for B is set halfway between those for Grades A and C.
The threshold (minimum mark) for D is set halfway between those for Grades C and E.
The threshold (minimum mark) for G is set as many marks below the F threshold as the E
threshold is above it.
Grade A* does not exist at the level of an individual component.
w
ap
eP
e
tr
.X
International General Certificate of Secondary Education
MARK SCHEME for the June 2005 question paper
0610 BIOLOGY
0610/03
Paper 3 (Extended Theory), maximum mark 80
This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and students, to indicate the
requirements of the examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were initially
instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the details of the discussions that took place
at an Examiners meeting before marking began. Any substantial changes to the mark
scheme that arose from these discussions will be recorded in the published Report on the
Examination.
All Examiners are instructed that alternative correct answers and unexpected approaches in
candidates scripts must be given marks that fairly reflect the relevant knowledge and skills
demonstrated.
Mark schemes must be read in conjunction with the question papers and the Report on the
Examination.
CIE will not enter into discussion or correspondence in connection with these mark
schemes.
CIE is publishing the mark schemes for the June 2005 question papers for most IGCSE and
GCE Advanced Level and Advanced Subsidiary Level syllabuses and some Ordinary Level
syllabuses.
om
.c
s
er
UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS
Grade thresholds for Syllabus 0610/03 (Biology) in the June 2005 examination.
maximum
mark
available
Component 3
80

A
54
34
22
16
The threshold (minimum mark) for G is set as many marks below the F threshold as the
E threshold is above it.
JUNE 2005
IGCSE
MARK SCHEME
MAXIMUM MARK: 80
BIOLOGY
Paper 3 (Extended Theory)
Page 1
Mark Scheme
(a)
Syllabus
0610
ref. to size/age/species of plant;

light; R sun unqual.
carbon dioxide;
R air unqual. R oxygen
temperature/heat/warmth;
soil type AW;
pH (of soil);
spacing of plants AW;
A other plausible answers
(b)(i)
Paper
3
max. [3]
(description)
max. 2
ref. to reduced growth/stunted growth/plant shorter or smaller AW;
upper leaves pale green + bottom leaves yellow/dead or surface
area smaller;
stem thin(ner);
R feeble/weak unqual.
roots small(er) AW;
(explanation)
to form + proteins/amino acids/other viable example of use of
nitrate;
ref. to lack of chlorophyll/chlorophyll is a protein;
max. [4]
(ii) (description)
(lower) leaves pale green + yellow/(upper) leaves paler than normal;
(explanation)
magnesium needed to form + chlorophyll/chloroplasts/
photosynthesis (or description) will be reduced AW;
[2]
(c)(i)
ref. to use of nitrate by (previous) crop AW/weeds or crop eaten by
animals;
ref. to nitrate changed to protein in crop AW;
ref. to action of denitrifying bacteria/waterlogging of soil;
ref. to leaching; A washed away
max. [2]
(ii)
addition of + manure/compost/sewage sludge;
addition of fertiliser/named nitrogen-based fertiliser; R nitrates
unqual
ref. to growth of + leguminous AW plants/suitable named plants e.g.
clover, peas, beans; R crop rotation unqual.
leave fallow and plough in/plough in dead plants ;
improve soil drainage/aerate soil AW;
max. [2]
University of Cambridge International Examinations 2005
Page 2
Mark Scheme
Syllabus
0610
Paper
3
(d)
(leguminous
plants)
(insectivorous
plants)
ref. to leguminous plants AW/presence of nodules; R nodes

ref. to nitrogen-fixing bacteria;
ref. to conversion of nitrogen into ammonium salts/nitrates;
made available to plant AW/to provide amino acids;
ref. to insects/insectivorous plants;
ref. to enzymes;
ref. to digestion AW of proteins;
to provide amino acids/amino acids absorbed;
ref. to use of active transport/active uptake;
presence of more/lots of + mitochondria/respiration;
(absorption) against concentration gradient AW;
max. [3]
Total: 16
Page 3
(a)
Syllabus
0610
Paper
3
(A) ciliary (muscle/body);

(B) pupil + becomes smaller/constricts; R narrower
R controls amount of light entering
A less light enters eye A makes iris larger/width increases
(b)(i)
[2]
(voluntary)
can be controlled (by will)/involves a decision or thought/not
automatic;
A control by brain R conscious R knowingly
(antagonistic)
ref. to opposing/working against each other/one contracts
while the other relaxes AW;
[2]
CHECK FOR ARROWS OR ANNOTATIONS ON FIG. 2.1

ref. to eye ball pulled to the right AW; A clockwise
R up
A outwards/towards muscle C
[1]
(iii) ref. to contraction AW of muscle D + relaxation of muscle C;

D pulls on eyeball AW;
C is antagonistic to D;
[max. 2]
(ii)
(c)
Mark Scheme
2 MARKS FOR CORRECT ORDER

1 MARK FOR TWO INCORRECT
cornea aqueous humour pupil lens vitreous humour; ;
[2]
(d)
type of light detected
rods
ref. to shades of grey/

dim light/black and white/low
light intensity;
A night/dark/white
cones ref. to colour/bright light/

high light intensity/day(light);
A single named colour
distribution in the retina

ref. to spread over (retina);
A more concentrated on
margins
R on sides unqual.
ref. to in fovea/yellow spot;
[4]
Total: 13]
Page 4
(a)
Mark Scheme
Syllabus
0610
Paper
3
CAN AWARD ROLE WITHOUT CORRECT NAME

CAN ACCEPT RIB CAGE IN B AND V.V.
part
name
ribs;
A rib cage
intercostal muscle;
diaphragm ;
role in breathing in
prevent collapse of thoracic cavity or lungs AW (as a
result of pressure changes) AW/
ref. to attachment of muscles/
move up to + increase volume/decrease pressure;
R space
contracts + to move ribcage up or out/to increase
volume of chest cavity or lungs AW/decrease
pressure;
R refs to internal intercostals
contracts/moves downwards + to increase volume of
chest cavity AW/decrease pressure ; R ref. to
space
max. [6]
(b)(i)
(ii)
ref. to cilia + beat/move AW; R refs to hairs R cilia trap germs

to move dust/mucus + up or out (of bronchus);
ref. to secretion/production + of mucus;
ref. to sticky nature AW;
to trap + dust/bacteria; (linked to mucus)
max. [4]
NO MARK FOR AFFECT WITHOUT CORRECT NAMED SUBSTANCE

1 MARK FOR THE SUBSTANCE, 1 MARK FOR EFFECT
R carbon monoxide
nicotine;
cilia + become paralysed/stop working AW ; R killed
cilia unable to remove mucus from + bronchi/airways AW;
cell lining AW can be infected by trapped microbes;
tar;
ref. to cells become cancerous AW;
increased production of mucus;
cilia + become paralysed/stop working AW; R killed
carbon particles;
increased production of mucus;
max. [2]
Total: [12]
Page 5
Mark Scheme
(a)(i)
Syllabus
0610
Paper
3
1.
slows down air movement/reduces wind effect AW;
ref. to transpired water vapour trapped inside curled leaf AW;
ref. to diffusion gradient reduced/humidity increased inside curled
leaf;
prevents water loss/less + transpiration/water loss/evaporation;
reduces surface area + exposed AW;
max. [2]
2.
prevents evaporation/loss + of water from leaf; R waterproof unqual.
reflects radiant light/reduces heating effect of sun AW;
max. [1]
(ii) 1.
better access AW to + water/mineral salts; R goes deeper unqual.
larger surface area for absorption; R anchorage
max. [1]
2.
ref. to storage of water;

ref. to small surface area to volume AW;
less water loss/less transpiration;
ref. to ability to photosynthesise;
max. [2]
less surface area;

less light absorbed;
less stomata;
less absorption of carbon dioxide;
less transpiration;
less movement of minerals/water + from roots;
less chlorophyll/chloroplasts;
less photosynthesis; A description
max. [2]
(b)
(c)(i)(ii)
MARK COLUMNS INDEPENDENTLY
description
of process
absorption
of water
from the
soil
using water
to form
glucose
name of
process
osmosis;
A diffusion
movement
of water
vapour out
of leaves
transpiration;
A diffusion
A evaporation
photosynthesis;
variable that, if increased, would

speed up the process
concentration of minerals in root hairs/
water in soil/temperature/transpiration (or
any factor that increases it)/number of
root hairs;;
light/conc. of carbon
dioxide/temperature/water/chlorophyll/
chloroplasts;
temperature/wind speed/
dryness of air/number of size of stomata;
A ref. to light/heat
R refs. to humidity
[6]
Total [14]
Page 6
Mark Scheme
(a)(i)
meiosis;
Syllabus
0610
A reduction division
(ii) ref. to half the number of chromosomes/haploid; A v.v

has 23 chromosomes;
A only contains one sex chromosome AW
ref. to presence of tail/ability to move; R refs to shape
A less cytoplasm/less food stores AW
(iii) zygote;
A diploid
R embryo
Paper
3
[1]
max. [1]
[1]
(iv) ref. to sperm cell that fertilises it must be carrying an X (chromosome);

ref. to fertilised egg cell contains XX;
A egg cell had not been fertilised by a Y sperm AW
[1]
(b)(i)
ovary;
A follicle
[1]
(ii) oviduct/fallopian tube;
[1]
(iii) uterus;
[1]
A womb
(c) (amniotic fluid)

protects fetus from physical damage/cushions; R protects unqual.
acts as shock absorber AW ; R prevents shock unqual.
R supports unqual.
prevents unequal pressures from acting on fetus/maintains constant
environment/allows free movement;
protects fetus from temperature fluctuations AW; R insulates
unqual.
protects fetus from drying out AW;
ref. to absorbs + excretory material/urine from fetus;
max. [1]
(amniotic sac)
secretes/produces + amniotic fluid;
encloses/contains + amniotic fluid AW;
max. [1]
(d)(i) IGNORE REFS TO NUTRIENTS/FOOD

ref. to exchange of up to two named materials e.g. oxygen/glucose/
water/amino acids/antibodies/urea/carbon dioxide; ;
A other correct materials
R protein
ref. to physical attachment between fetus and uterus/mother;
ref. to prevention of blood mixing/allows blood systems to be close
AW;
ref. to protection from mothers (high) blood pressure;
ref. to protective role in preventing the entry of some pathogens AW;
R germs/disease
max. [4]
(ii)
ref. to secretion of progesterone; (ignore oestrogen refs.)

to keep lining of uterus thick/prevents menstruation/to prevent
breakdown of uterus lining;
A prevents uterine muscle contracting
[2]
Total 15
Page 7
Mark Scheme
(a)
ref. to presence of feathers;

ref. to presence of beak;
Syllabus
0610
Paper
3
R wings
A bill
[2]
(b)(i) each organism is given two names/ref. to genus and species/trivial;

suitable example (Oxyura jamaicensis or Oxyura leucocephala);
[2]
(ii) cross-mating results in a fertile + duck/variety/offspring/sub-species/

new species;
they both belong to the + same genus/genus Oxyura;
they are attracted to each other AW;
max. [2]
(c)(i)
they also exist in America; R they exist in Spain

R refs to other parts of the world unqual.
[1]
(ii)
ref. to hunting/more predators;

ref. to destruction of habitat;
ref. to pollution;
ref. to disease;
ref. to loss of food/more competition for food or other named factor;
ref. to change in climate/sudden change in environment;
ref. to very small population;
max. [1]
(d)
food chains only show one source of food for each level in a food
chain AW;
ref. to two different organisms at secondary consumer level AW;
ref. to no information about link between seeds and insect larvae AW;
Ruddy duck feeds + as herbivore and carnivore/at two different levels/
as an omnivore AW/has two different sources of food;
Ruddy ducks have two different predators AW;
A is a straight line/a food web is a network AW;
max. [2]
Total 10
w
ap
eP
e
tr
.X
MARK SCHEME for the May/June 2006 question paper
0610 BIOLOGY
0610/03
Paper 3, maximum raw mark 80
These mark schemes are published as an aid to teachers and students, to indicate the requirements
of the examination. They show the basis on which Examiners were initially instructed to award marks.
They do not indicate the details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners meeting before
marking began. Any substantial changes to the mark scheme that arose from these discussions will
be recorded in the published Report on the Examination.
demonstrated.
Examination.
The minimum marks in these components needed for various grades were previously published with
these mark schemes, but are now instead included in the Report on the Examination for this session.
CIE will not enter into discussion or correspondence in connection with these mark schemes.
CIE is publishing the mark schemes for the May/June 2006 question papers for most IGCSE and
syllabuses.
om
.c
s
er
Page 1
Mark Scheme
IGCSE May/June 2006
Syllabus
0610
Paper
03
(a) ciliated tissue moves dust and bacteria up the bronchi ;

root hair tissue absorbs water and minerals from soil ;
xylem tissue transports water and minerals through the stem ;
muscle tissue contracts to cause movement ;
[4]
(b) a leaf contains different types of cells / a tissue only contains one type ;
at least two named examples of tissues in a leaf ;
leaf/organ + carries out a number of functions (or vice versa for tissue) ;
[3]
[Total: 7]
(a) annelids are segmented ; (or v.v) ref. to rings

annelids have identifiable / terminal + mouth / anus ; (or v.v)
annelids can have clitellum ; (or v.v)
annelids (may) have + chaetae / bristles ; (or v.v)
[max. 2]
(b) (animal feature)

ref. to secretion of enzymes / heterotrophic nutrition ;
inability to photosynthesise
ref. to production of glycogen ;
ref. to presence of chitin ;
[max. 1]
(plant feature)
presence of cell wall ;
presence of vacuole ;
(c) (i) diagram recognisable + reasonable size ;
MARK TWO FEATURES DRAWN AND LABELLED FROM:
RNA / DNA strand ;
protein coat / capsid ;
envelope ;
capsomere ;
(ii) ref. to invasion of lymphocytes ;
so no production of antibodies ; (linked to first point)
ref. to decrease in bodys ability to fight infection ;
[max. 1]
[max. 3]
[3]
[max.10]
Page 2
Mark Scheme
IGCSE May/June 2006
Syllabus
0610
Paper
03
(a) (voluntary)
ref. to going into room ;
ref. to switching on light ;
ref. to grabbing door handle ;
(involuntary)
pupils changed size ;
heart beat speeded up ;
ref. to sneezing ;
(b) (i) muscle ;
gland ;
(ii) motor / efferent (neurone) ;
(c) (i) phototropism ; (ignore refs. to positive or negative)
(ii) paint auxin on one side of shoot (or description of other suitable treatment) ;
place shoot in a dark place AW ;
leave + for stated period of time (e.g. 1 to 3 days) / until the shoot
to grows vertically / changes direction AW ;
ref. to control without auxin ;
ref. to repeats used ;
[max. 4]
[2]
[1]
[1]
[max. 4]
(iii) auxin accumulates on or moves to + shaded side of shoot / auxin is broken down by light ;
difference in concentrations on shaded side and light side ;
cells with higher concentration of auxin absorb more water ;
causes unequal growth ;
[max. 3]
(d) i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
ref. to large concentrations used ;

plants / leaves / stems + are stimulated to grow rapidly ;
growth gets out of control ;
root growth inhibited by high concentrations of auxin ;
so plants die ; (linked to ii, iii or iv) ;
ref. to only broad leaved plants affected AW ;
[max. 2]
[max. 17]
Page 3
Mark Scheme
IGCSE May/June 2006
Syllabus
0610
Paper
03
(a) a chemical messenger AW;

secreted by an endocrine gland ;
ref. to transport in blood ;
ref. to affecting a target organ ;
[max. 2]
(b) ref. to blood sugar level being high ;

(insulin) secreted by pancreas ;
passes in blood stream + to liver ;
stimulates liver to absorb glucose ;
converts glucose to glycogen ;
ref. to increased respiration by liver to reduce blood sugar levels ;
[max. 4]
(c) ref. to being digested / broken down ;

by protease / pepsin ;
[2]
(d) (i) CORRECT ORDER AND NAMES NEEDED FOR THREE MARKS
TWO MARKS FOR CORRCT NAMES IN WRONG ORDER
ONE MARK FOR TWO CORRECT NAMES
trachea / windpipe ronchus bronchiole
[3]
(ii) diffusion ;
active uptake / active transport ;
[max. 1]
(iii) thin walls / walls one cell thick ; refs. to cell walls
large surface area ;
large numbers of alveoli ;
closely associated with + capillaries / blood stream ;
moist lining ;
ref. to presence of mitochondria ;
[max. 3]
[max. 15]
Page 4
Mark Scheme
IGCSE May/June 2006
Syllabus
0610
(a) (i) maintaining cell turgidity ;

preventing wilting ;
transport of named materials (minerals / amino acids / sugars) ;
medium for enzyme action ;
raw material for photosynthesis ;
(ii) salt concentration in soil is higher than in roots AW ;
ref. to water potential is greater in root cells than in soil / w.p gradient
goes from cells to soil AW;
so water is drawn out of roots + by osmosis ;
cells become flaccid ;
plant wilts ;
plant lacks water ;
(b) (i) active transport ;
Paper
03
[max. 3]
[max. 3]
[1]
(ii) growth would be slower ;

because some of the plants energy would be used in active transport ;
[2]
(iii) (ACCEPT OTHER NUTRIENTS AND FUNCTIONS)

magnesium ;
ref. to the formation of chlorophyll ;
nitrate ;
ref. to growth / formation of amino acids or protein ;
[4]
(c) the removal of a gene from one species ;

and its insertion into another species ;
(in article) genes are modified, not transferred AW ;
other valid arguments
(d) ref. to leaching of minerals AW ;
ref. to eutrophication + of rivers / lakes ;
ref. to soil erosion ;
creation of water shortage ;
ref. to soil + becomes infertile / lacks minerals ;
[3]
[max. 2]
[max. 18]
Page 5
Mark Scheme
IGCSE May/June 2006
Syllabus
0610
Paper
03
(a) (MAX. 2 IN EACH SECTION)

(developing country)
largest % is at 0-5 years old ;
% decreases as age increases ;
smallest % over 65 years old ;
(developed country)
small percentage of under 15s ;
only small variation in % as age increases AW ;
relatively high % survives beyond 65 years old ;
largest group is 40 - 45 years old ;
[max. 3]
(b) (i) the developing country has a larger % ;

the % decreases in the developing country / % shows little change with
age in the developed country / less infant mortality in developed country ;
[max. 1]
(ii) more over 65s in developed country ;

max. age is 80 in developing country + 90 in developed country ;
(c) (both have) more females than males ;
[max. 1]
[1]
(d) male / father = XY + female / mother = XX ;
So, ratio = 1 : 1 ;
[4]
(e) (i) BOTH ANSWERS MUST BE CORRECT FOR THE MARK
developing country
developed country
average life expectancy

54
74;
(ii) ref. to better health care or medical facilities + in developed countries ;

(or v.v)
ref. to more disease in developing countries ; (or v.v)
ref. to better diet in developed countries AW ; (or v.v)
ref. less food available in developing countries ; (or v.v)
ref. to more wars in developing countries ; (or v.v)
[1]
[max. 2]
[max. 13]
w
e
tr
.X
w
ap
eP
Location Entry Codes
The content assessed by the examination papers and the type of questions are unchanged.
This change means that for this component there are now two variant Question Papers, Mark Schemes and
Principal Examiners Reports where previously there was only one. For any individual country, it is intended
that only one variant is used. This document contains both variants which will give all Centres access to
even more past examination material than is usually the case.
The diagram shows the relationship between the Question Papers, Mark Schemes and Principal Examiners
Reports.
Question Paper
Mark Scheme
Principal Examiners Report
Introduction
Introduction
Introduction
First variant Question Paper
First variant Mark Scheme
First variant Principal

Examiners Report
Second variant Question Paper
Second variant Mark Scheme
Second variant Principal

Examiners Report
Who can I contact for further information on these changes?

Please direct any questions about this to CIEs Customer Services team at: international@cie.org.uk
om
.c
s
er
From the June 2007 session, as part of CIEs continual commitment to maintaining best practice in
assessment, CIE has begun to use different variants of some question papers for our most popular
assessments with extremely large and widespread candidature, The question papers are closely related and
the relationships between them have been thoroughly established using our assessment expertise. All
versions of the paper give assessment of equal standard.

0610 BIOLOGY
0610/03
Paper 3 (Extended Theory), maximum raw mark 80
This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of
the examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not
indicate the details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners meeting before marking began.
demonstrated.
Mark schemes must be read in conjunction with the question papers and the report on the
examination.
CIE will not enter into discussions or correspondence in connection with these mark schemes.
CIE is publishing the mark schemes for the May/June 2007 question papers for most IGCSE, GCE
Advanced Level and Advanced Subsidiary Level syllabuses and some Ordinary Level syllabuses.
Page 2
Mark Scheme
IGCSE May/June 2007
Syllabus
0610
Paper
03
INSTRUCTIONS FOR EXAMINERS

Spellings
Accept phonetic spellings except where indicated or if there is confusion with another term
Accept wayward spelling if words are recognisable
Marking questions where a specified number of responses is indicated
Mark first answer on each row unless considered neutral
If several answers on first line and no answers on subsequent lines, mark all answers on first line up
to the number specified in the question
Do not mark answers in excess of number indicated by the question
Calculations
Allow tolerance as indicated if figure(s) have to be taken from drawing / diagram / graph
Award full marks for correct answer even if no working shown
If incorrect measurement is taken then award one mark for correct method if shown
Errors carried forward
Examples:
If structure is identified incorrectly, then apply error carried forward rule for subsequent answers
If parental genotypes identified incorrectly, then apply error carried forward rule for gametes and F1 to
a maximum of 2
Vague answers
Reject affects, effect, influences unless qualified
Do not allow particles in place of molecules
UCLES 2007

Page 3
1
Mark Scheme
IGCSE May/June 2007
Syllabus
0610
Paper
03
(a) assume answer is about plant cells unless told otherwise, allow reverse argument
(large / sap) vacuole ; A animal cell has small vacuoles R sap unqualified
chloroplasts ; R chlorophyll
(cellulose) cell wall ;
starch grain(s) ; R starch unqualified
[max. 2]
(b) (i) B ;
E;
F;
A;
D;
[5]
(ii) award two marks if correct answer (x 990 to 1010) is given, ignore units
ecf award one mark if incorrect measurement or 10 cm is divided by 0.1
if answer is correct put two ticks on answer
if answer is incorrect but the denominator is 0.1, place a tick on the working
100 / 0.1 ; A 99 - 101
= (x) 1000 ; A 990 - 1010
[2]
(c) do not award the function mark unless the cell name is correct
(animal cell)
(function)
red blood cell / erythrocyte ;

transports, oxygen / carbon dioxide ; haemoglobin is neutral
either
(plant cell)
(function)
xylem (cell / vessel) ;

transports, water / minerals / named mineral / AW ; A provides support
or
(plant cell)
(function)
phloem (cell) ; A sieve tube R companion cell

transports, sugars / sucrose / amino acids / minerals / AW ;
ignore water R glucose / nutrients
[4]
[Total: 13]
UCLES 2007

Page 4
Mark Scheme
IGCSE May/June 2007
Syllabus
0610
Paper
03
(a) (i) accept other valid responses must be long-term and not behavioural / social
1
2
3
liver, damage / failure / disease / cirrhosis ; R destroys A hardens

brain damage / loss of brain cells / loss of neurones / loss of memory / AW ;
cancer of correct named part of body ;
mouth / pharynx / oesophagus / gut / pancreas / liver / breast
4 stomach ulcers ;
5 heart disease / stroke / AW ;
6 high blood pressure / hypertension ;
7 alcoholism / addiction / dependence / tolerance ;
8 (risk of) damage, to fetus / pregnant womans baby / fetal alcohol syndrome / AW ;
e.g. low birth weight / poor mental development
9 increased risk of miscarriage ;
10 malnutrition / named deficiency disease(s) ;
11 obesity / weight gain ;
12 loss in weight / wasting ;
[max. 2]
(ii) (500 x 2 =) 1000 (cm3) ;
[1]
(b) (i) (nutrients are) large molecules / need to be small molecules ;

A complex / simple, molecules
(some nutrients are) insoluble / need to be soluble ;
must pass through, intestine wall / capillary wall ;
R ref. to absorption unqualified by wall(s)
[max. 2]
(ii) small intestine / ileum / villi ; A duodenum
[1]
(iii) fatty acids / glycerol / maltose / peptides / AW ; R fat / lactose / sucrose
[1]
(c) (i) (x) 9.0 (%) ;
[1]
(ii) as blood alcohol content of blood increases, so does risk of accident / AW ;

relevant comment on part of graph ;
use of figures ;
little increase in risk up to, 0.05 / 0.075, g 100 cm-3
greater increase in risk above, 0.05 / 0.075, g 100 cm-3
comparative use of figures must use figures from both axes
[max. 2]
(iii) 1
2
3
depressant ;
slows down nerve impulses ; R signals / messages
slows down / increases, reaction / response, time(s) ;
A ref to reflexes R reaction time decreases
4 e.g. for stimulus or response traffic lights / braking / swerving / stopping / AW ;
5 blurred / double / impaired / poor, vision AW ;
6 poor / lack of, co-ordination / AW ; A dizziness
7 overconfidence / poor decision making / memory impaired ;
8 poor judgment (of distances) ;
9 sleep / drowsiness / less conscious / AW ;
10 poor concentration / less aware ;
[max. 3
[Total: 13]
UCLES 2007

Page 5
Mark Scheme
IGCSE May/June 2007
Syllabus
0610
(a) (i) fur / hair / whiskers / vibrissae ; A teat / nipple / breast / AW

external ears / pinna(e) ; A ear flaps
Paper
03
[max. 1]
(ii) internal development / young develops in uterus / gives birth to live young / AW ;
sweat glands ;
feeding of young with milk / breast feeding ;
mammary glands / breasts / nipples ; R if given in (i)
four types of teeth / named teeth (incisors, canines and molars) ; A two sets of teeth
three, bones in (middle) ear / ossicles ;
diaphragm ;
red blood cells without nuclei ;
neocortex ;
seven neck vertebrae ;
external testes ;
dentary / single bone forming lower jaw / secondary palate ;
[max. 1]
(b) (i) (light conditions)
(explanation)
bright / AW ;
narrow / small, pupils ; A enlarged iris
[2]
(ii) answer must be linked with answer given in (i)

less light enters eyes / prevents too much light entering eyes ;
receptors / retina / rods / cones / light sensitive cells, protected from damage / AW;
R damage to eyes
allow ecf if (b)(i) incorrect
more light enters eyes ;
enough light to stimulate, retina / rods / cones ;
[2]
(c) ref. to, no cones present / only rods ; R many rods R no, yellow spot / fovea
[1]
(d) ref to image (of zebras) on, fovea / retina ; R picture

ciliary body / ciliary muscles, relax ; R cilia muscle
suspensory ligament(s) becomes taut / AW e.g. pulled ; R contract, stretched
lens is, made thin(ner) / less convex / flat(ter) / AW ; ignore long
less refraction of light ; A bending, correct ref to focal length
R if answer implies that the iris is responsible for shape of lens
R change in iris for depth of field (would not change in this bright light)
(e) maintains natural habitat / AW ; e.g. prevent, human interference / development
prevention of extinction ;
less, hunting / poaching / killing / AW ;
tourism / economic reason ;
maintain (bio)diversity ;
maintain, gene, pool / diversity ; A ref to source of genes / alleles
maintain, food chains / balanced ecosystems ;
available for scientific study / AW ;
retain for future generations / AW ; e.g. aesthetic value
R any aspect(s) of management of reserves
[max. 3]
[max. 3]
[Total: 13]
UCLES 2007

Page 6
4
Mark Scheme
IGCSE May/June 2007
Syllabus
0610
Paper
03
(a) (i)
process
source of materials
in the plant
materials moved
water + (mineral) salts / AW ;
transpiration
roots / root hairs ;
sink for materials

in the plant
leaves / shoot / stem ;
A flowers / fruits named,
cell(s) / tissue(s)
A ions / minerals / named ion

R nutrients
translocation
two from
sugars / sucrose
amino acids
ions / minerals / AW
hormones / named hormone;
leaves /
(named) storage organ /
seed(s) / cotyledon ;
R glucose
R nutrients
roots / stem / shoot /

named growing region /
(named) storage organ ;
A buds / flowers / fruits /
tubers
A named cell(s) /
tissue(s)
[6]
(ii) answer needs to make clear which structures are source and sink
during germination / AW, (source is) seed / cotyledon ;
idea that leaves grow and start to photosynthesise (so become source) ;
leaves may, be shed / die / be shaded / AW ;
leaves may stop photosynthesising (so become sink) / AW ; A slow down
(in early growth) root (is sink) ;
(later) flowers / fruits / seeds / tubers / AW (become sinks) ;
[max. 2]
[Total: 8]
UCLES 2007

Page 7
5
Mark Scheme
IGCSE May/June 2007
Syllabus
0610
Paper
03
(a) (i) accept converse argument

(more) black moths eaten (by, predators / consumers) ;
(because) black moths, are not camouflaged / do not blend in / AW ;
[max. 1]
(ii) either
more black moths would be caught ; A numerical answer see Table 5.1
black moths have better camouflage / AW ;
accept converse argument
or
less of both varieties recaptured ;
death due to the pollution ;
(b) (i) (first heading)
(second heading)
[max. 2]
phenotype ;
genotype ;
(ii) (dominant wing colour) pale / speckled ; A white
[2]
[1]
(explanation)
(pale / speckled) appears when,
the dominant allele / G, is present ;
in, heterozygous / Gg (moths) ;
accept black only appears when, homozygous / gg / AW ;
(c) 1
2
3
4
5
[max. 1]
discontinuous variation ;
(wing colour determined by) a, gene / few genes ; A ref to alleles
black is recessive / pale is dominant ;
explanation of inheritance ; must include ref. to, terms / genotypes
(black) inherited when parents are, homozygous recessive / gg, or heterozygous
(pale) inherited when only one parent has, dominant allele / G / AW ;
ref to, sexual reproduction / meiosis ; A mating / breeding / fertilisation
[max. 3]
UCLES 2007

Page 8
(d)
Mark Scheme
IGCSE May/June 2007
Paper
03

accept other letters

ignore any row headings in candidate answers
answer may be given with a Punnett square
gametes may be accepted in the Punnett square even if not labelled as such
gametes do not have to be circled
accept contents of Punnett square as F1 genotypes

allow ecf if incorrect parental genotypes but only for gametes and F1 to max 2
allow ecf if no genotype for parent and gametes are wrong allow F1 and phenotype to
max 2
genotype of parents
put ticks and

crosses in a
column on
right hand
side of
answer
Syllabus
0610
gametes
F1
GG
phenotypes
proportion
pale
Gg
Gg ;
G
Gg
Gg
gg ;
pale
pale
black ;
lines must be
correct for F1
genotype mark
0.25 / / 25% / 1 in 4 ;
A 1 black to 3 pale but (R) 1 in 3 or 3:1

(e) (i) mutation ;
[5]
[1]
(ii) UV light / (ionising) radiation / X rays / (named radioactive) chemical(s) ;

A nuclear fall out
[max. 1]
[Total: 17]
UCLES 2007

Page 9
6
Mark Scheme
IGCSE May/June 2007
Syllabus
0610
Paper
03
(a) idea that gene(s) are transferred ; A genetic information / DNA R chromosome
from one, species / organism, to another, species / organism ;
[2]
(b) DNA / RNA / nucleic acid ;
[1]
(c) (i) testosterone ; R spellings with oge
[1]
(ii) voice will break / AW ;

hair on, chest / face / under arms / in pubic area / around sex organs ;
shoulders broaden ;
muscle develops ;
penis enlarges ;
A genitals, grow / enlarge
testes / scrotum, enlarge ;
produce, sperm / seminal fluid / AW ;
named behavioural change ;
(d) (i) (x axis) time / years / months ;
(y axis) number of toads / number of individuals / population / AW ;
put ticks and
R toads unqualified A amount of toads
crosses in a
S shaped curve ;
column on
exponential / log, phase labelled on straight part of curve (bracket or line) ;
right hand
side of
(ii) (lack of) food / prey ; A fewer scarab beetles
answer
ref. to habitat change or damage ;
change in temperature / global warming ;
ref. to pollution ;
(bacterial) disease / parasite ;
(lack of) breeding places ;
shortage of water / drought ;
[max. 2]
[4]
[max. 1]
(e) (i) ignore references to virus

crocodile
dingo
ignore dingo crocodile / ora
cane toad
scarab beetle
sugar cane
i.
ii.
arrows must point from food to feeder (even if incorrect organisms) ;

all five organisms included in correct order with lines even if no arrows ;
A if more organisms included
(ii) no other answers are acceptable

(carnivore) cane toad + dingo + crocodile ;
(herbivore) scarab beetle ;
(producer) sugar cane ;
[2]
[3]
[Total: 16]
UCLES 2007

Page 10
1
Mark Scheme
IGCSE May/June 2007
Syllabus
0610
Paper
03
(a) (i) P = red (blood) cell / erythrocyte / red corpuscle ; R RBC

Q = lymphocyte / T cell / B cell / monocyte ;
R = phagocyte / granulocyte / neutrophil / polymorph ;
[3]
(ii) max. 3 for either Q or R

allow ecf rules as follows:
if Q is identified as phagocyte and R as lymphocyte accept correct functions for the
names
if Q is identified as phagocyte and R as lymphocyte with functions as below then allow
to max. 4
If no names given in (i) allow functions as given below
ref. to, fighting disease / defence against disease ; A once only
A destroy / kill, pathogen / named pathogen / bacteria / antigen / foreign body
R kill, infections / diseases
(Q)
releases / produces / AW, antibodies ;
ref. to specificity ;
any function of antibodies ;
agglutination / described e.g. clumping of bacteria
causing bacteria to burst / lysins
neutralising toxins / antitoxins
preventing viruses entering cells
immobilising bacteria
(R)
ingest / engulf / surround, bacteria / AW ; R eats
ref. to digestion of bacteria / AW ;
[max. 4]
(b) (i) 1
2
3
idea that the body recognises transplanted skin as, foreign / different / harmful ;
A ref. to recognition of antigen(s)
idea of the response of the immune system ; e.g. immune system attacks...
further detail ;
e.g. white cells / named white cells, migrate to transplanted skin
ref. to antibodies
white cells attach to, foreign / transplanted, cells / tissue
foreign / transplanted, cells, killed / destroyed / AW
ignore ref to blood groups
[max. 2]
(ii) ref. to means of protecting body from, foreign organism / disease / pathogen / parasites /
AW ; A attacks
[1]
(iii) the body is unable to fight other infections / AW ;
A the body is more prone to developing, cancer / tumours
A there is no immunity against
A unable to fight pathogens
[1]
[Total: 11]
UCLES 2007

Page 11
2
Mark Scheme
IGCSE May/June 2007
Syllabus
0610
Paper
03
(a) (i) accept other valid responses must be long-term and not behavioural / social
1
2
3
liver, damage / failure / disease / cirrhosis ; R destroys A hardens

brain damage / loss of brain cells / loss of neurones / loss of memory / AW ;
cancer of correct named part of body ;
mouth / pharynx / oesophagus / gut / pancreas / liver / breast
4 stomach ulcers ;
5 heart disease / stroke / AW ;
6 high blood pressure / hypertension ;
7 alcoholism / addiction / dependence / tolerance ;
8 (risk of) damage, to fetus / pregnant womans baby / fetal alcohol syndrome / AW ;
e.g. low birth weight / poor mental development
9 increased risk of miscarriage ;
10 malnutrition / named deficiency disease(s) ;
11 obesity / weight gain ;
12 loss in weight / wasting ;
[max. 2]
(ii) (500 x 2 =) 1000 (cm3) ;
[1]
(b) (i) (nutrients are) large molecules / need to be small molecules ;

A complex / simple, molecules
(some nutrients are) insoluble / need to be soluble ;
must pass through, intestine wall / capillary wall ;
R ref. to absorption unqualified by wall(s)
[max. 2]
(ii) small intestine / ileum / villi ; A duodenum
[1]
(iii) fatty acids / glycerol / maltose / peptides / AW ; R fat / lactose / sucrose
[1]
(c) (i) x 9.0 (%) ;
[1]
(ii) as blood alcohol content of blood increases, so does risk of accident / AW ;

relevant comment on part of graph ;
use of figures ;
little increase in risk up to, 0.05 / 0.075, g 100 cm-3
greater increase in risk above, 0.05 / 0.075, g 100 cm-3
comparative use of figures must use figures from both axes
[max. 2]
(iii) 1
2
3
depressant ;
slows down nerve impulses ; R signals / messages
slows down / increases, reaction / response, time(s) ;
A ref to reflexes R reaction time decreases
4 e.g. for stimulus or response traffic lights / braking / swerving / stopping / AW ;
5 blurred / double / impaired / poor, vision AW ;
6 poor / lack of, co-ordination / AW ; A dizziness
7 overconfidence / poor decision making / memory impaired ;
8 poor judgment (of distances) ;
9 sleep / drowsiness / less conscious / AW ;
10 poor concentration / less aware ;
[max. 3]
[Total: 13]
UCLES 2007

Page 12
3
Mark Scheme
IGCSE May/June 2007
Syllabus
0610
(a) (i) fur / hair / whiskers / vibrissae ; A teat / nipple / breast / AW

external ears / pinna(e) ; A ear flaps
Paper
03
[max. 1]
(ii) internal development / young develops in uterus / gives birth to live young / AW ;
sweat glands ;
feeding of young with milk / breast feeding ;
mammary glands / breasts / nipples ; R if given in (i)
four types of teeth / named teeth (incisors, canines and molars) ; A two sets of teeth
three, bones in (middle) ear / ossicles ;
diaphragm ;
red blood cells without nuclei ;
neocortex ;
seven neck vertebrae ;
external testes ;
dentary / single bone forming lower jaw / secondary palate ;
[max. 1]
(b) (i) (light conditions)
(explanation)
bright / AW
narrow / small, pupils ; A enlarged iris
[2]
(ii) answer must be linked with answer given in (i)

less light enters eyes / prevents too much light entering eyes / AW ;
receptors / retina / rods / cones / light sensitive cells, protected from damage / AW ;
R damage to eyes
allow ecf if (b)(i) incorrect
more light enters eyes ;
enough light to stimulate, retina / rods / cones ;
(c) ref. to, no cones present / only rods ;
R many rods R no, yellow spot / fovea
[2]
[1]
(d) ref to image (of zebras) on, fovea / retina ; R picture

ciliary body / ciliary muscles, relax ; R cilia muscle
suspensory ligament(s) becomes taut / AW e.g. pulled ; R contract, stretched
lens is, made thin(ner) / less convex / flat(ter) / AW ; ignore long
less refraction of light ; A bending, correct ref to focal length
R if answer implies that the iris is responsible for shape of lens
R change in iris for depth of field (would not change in this bright light)
(e) maintains natural habitat / AW ; e.g. prevent, human interference / development
prevention of extinction ;
less, hunting / poaching / killing / AW ;
tourism / economic reason ;
maintain (bio)diversity ;
maintain, gene, pool / diversity ; A ref to source of genes / alleles
maintain, food chains / balanced ecosystems ;
available for scientific study / AW ;
retain for future generations / AW ; e.g. aesthetic value
R any aspect(s) of management of reserves
[max. 3]
[max. 3]
[Total: 13]
UCLES 2007

Page 13
Mark Scheme
IGCSE May/June 2007
Syllabus
0610
(a) (i) chloroplast ; R chlorophyll
Paper
03
[1]
(ii) absorbs light / AW ; e.g. light energy chemical energy

photosynthesis / equation / described ; e.g. to make glucose
absorption of carbon dioxide ;
production of, starch / sucrose ; R food
(b) (i) ref. to enabling leaf to float / buoyancy ;
ref to diffusion (of gases) ; A movement
access to, carbon dioxide ;
access to, oxygen ;
ref. to better access to light ;
[max. 2]
[max. 2]
(ii) accept converse arguments

stomata allow, carbon dioxide / oxygen / gases, to diffuse into / enter, leaf ;
water would enter (leaf) through stomata ;
carbon dioxide less able to enter ;
leaves would, not float / sink ;
carbon dioxide diffuses faster through air than through water / AW ;
(c) roots have access to oxygen ;
ref. to (aerobic) respiration ;
to provide, energy / ATP ;
A active uptake uses energy R make / create, energy
needed for active uptake of, minerals / nutrients / salts / ions / AW ;
[max. 2]
[max. 3]
[Total: 10]
UCLES 2007

Page 14
5
Mark Scheme
IGCSE May/June 2007
Syllabus
0610
Paper
03
(a) idea that gene(s) are transferred ; A genetic information / DNA R chromosome
from one, species / organism, to another, species / organism ;
[2]
(b) DNA / RNA / nucleic acid ;
[1]
(c) (i) testosterone ; R spellings with oge
[1]
(ii) voice will break / AW ;

hair on, chest / face / under arms / in pubic area / around sex organs ;
shoulders broaden ;
muscle develops ;
penis enlarges ;
A genitals, grow / enlarge
testes / scrotum, enlarge ;
produce, sperm / seminal fluid / AW ;
named behavioural change ;
(d) (i) (x axis) time / years / months ;
(y axis) number of toads / number of individuals / population / AW ;
put ticks and
R toads unqualified A amount of toads
crosses in a
S shaped curve ;
column on
exponential / log, phase labelled on straight part of curve (bracket or line) ;
right hand
side of
(ii) (lack of) food / prey ; A fewer scarab beetles
answer
ref. to habitat change or damage ;
change in temperature / global warming ;
ref. to pollution ;
(bacterial) disease / parasite ;
(lack of) breeding places ;
[max. 2]
[4]
[max. 1]
(e) (i) ignore references to virus

crocodile
dingo
ignore dingo crocodile / ora
cane toad
scarab beetle
sugar cane
i.
ii.
arrows must point from food to feeder (even if incorrect organisms) ;

all five organisms included in correct order with lines even if no arrows ;
A if more organisms included
(ii) no other answers are acceptable

(carnivore) cane toad + dingo + crocodile ;
(herbivore) scarab beetle ;
(producer) sugar cane ;
[2]
[3]
[Total: 16]
UCLES 2007

Page 15
6
Mark Scheme
IGCSE May/June 2007
Syllabus
0610
Paper
03
(a) (i) accept converse argument

(more) black moths eaten (by, predators / consumers) ;
(because) black moths, are not camouflaged / do not blend in / AW ;
[max. 1]
(ii) either
more black moths would be caught ; A numerical answer see Table 5.1
black moths have better camouflage / AW ;
accept converse argument
or
less of both varieties recaptured ;
death due to the pollution ;
(b) (i) (first heading)
(second heading)
[max. 2]
phenotype ;
genotype ;
(ii) (dominant wing colour) pale / speckled ; A white
[2]
[1]
(explanation)
(pale / speckled) appears when,
the dominant allele / G, is present ;
in, heterozygous / Gg (moths) ;
accept black only appears when, homozygous / gg / AW ;
(c) 1
2
3
4
5
[max. 1]
discontinuous variation ;
(wing colour determined by) a, gene / few genes ; A ref to alleles
black is recessive / pale is dominant ;
explanation of inheritance ; must include ref. to, terms / genotypes
(black) inherited when parents are, homozygous recessive / gg, or heterozygous
(pale) inherited when only one parent has, dominant allele / G / AW ;
ref to, sexual reproduction / meiosis ; A mating / breeding / fertilisation
[max. 3]
UCLES 2007

Page 16
(d)
Mark Scheme
IGCSE May/June 2007
Paper
03

accept other letters

ignore any row headings in candidate answers
answer may be given with a Punnett square
gametes may be accepted in the Punnett square even if not labelled as such
gametes do not have to be circled
accept contents of Punnett square as F1 genotypes

allow ecf if incorrect parental genotypes but only for gametes and F1 to max 2
allow ecf if no genotype for parent and gametes are wrong allow F1 and phenotype to
max 2
genotype of parents
put ticks and

crosses in a
column on
right hand
side of
answer
Syllabus
0610
gametes
F1
GG
phenotypes
proportion
pale
Gg
Gg ;
G
Gg
Gg
gg ;
pale
pale
black ;
lines must be
correct for F1
genotype mark
0.25 / / 25% / 1 in 4 ;
A 1 black to 3 pale but (R) 1 in 3 or 3:1

(e) (i) mutation ;
[5]
[1]
(ii) UV light / (ionising) radiation / X rays / (named radioactive) chemical(s) ;

A nuclear fall out
[max. 1]
[Total: 17]
UCLES 2007
w
e
tr
.X
w
ap
eP
Reports.
Question Paper
Mark Scheme
Introduction
Introduction
Introduction

Examiners Report

Examiners Report

om
.c
s
er
As part of CIEs continual commitment to maintaining best practice in assessment, CIE has begun to use
different variants of some question papers for our most popular assessments with extremely large and
widespread candidature, The question papers are closely related and the relationships between them have
been thoroughly established using our assessment expertise. All versions of the paper give assessment of
equal standard.

0610 BIOLOGY
0610/31
demonstrated.
examination.

Page 2
1
Mark Scheme
IGCSE May/June 2008
Syllabus
0610
Paper
31
(a) reject lines to or from the same box, e.g. anther and petal to produce pollen grains
A if lines do not touch box but meaning is clear
anther
allows the passage of the

pollen tube to the ovary
petal
attracts insects for pollination
sepal
produces pollen grains
style
protects the flower when in

bud
stigma
the surface which receives

pollen during pollination
[4]
(b) assume answer is about stigma of wind-pollinated flower unless told otherwise, accept
ora, 2 max for differences, 1 or 2 for significance
wind-pollinated stigma,
insect-pollinated stigma
feathery / hairy ; R branched

ignore not sticky
large(r) ; A large surface area
outside flower / AW ;
A pendulous / exposed
ignore long and short
not, feathery / hairy ;

ignore sticky
small(er) ; A small surface area
inside flower / AW ;
[2 max]
explanation
to catch pollen / AW (in the wind) ; A for pollen to attach (to stigma)
or make pollination more likely / easier
increase chance of pollination ;
more likely to catch pollen = 2 marks
(c) 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
[max 3]
little / less / AW / no, variation ; R cloning

ref to becoming homozygous ; ignore ref to gene
e.g. of consequence good or bad ;
e.g. less chance of adapting to changing conditions / less ability to evolve /
may become extinct / adapted variety spreads / AW ;
greater chance of pollination / ensures pollination occurs ;
A reproduction / fertilisation
useful if no other plants (of same species) nearby ;
less wastage of pollen ; A gametes
not dependent on (named) agent of pollination ;
[max 3]
[Total: 10]
UCLES 2008

Page 3
2
Mark Scheme
IGCSE May/June 2008
Syllabus
0610
(a) (i) eats / consumes / feeds on, animals / meat / flesh ;
Paper
31
[1]
(ii) fur / hair / whiskers / vibrissae ;

external ear(s) / pinna(e) ;
mammary glands / breasts / nipple / glands that produce milk / AW ;
R milk unqualified by external structure
[max 1]
(b) (i) disease / parasite(s) / (named) pathogen(s) ;

hunting (by farmers) ; R poaching
shortage of, food / antelopes ; A idea of fewer
predation (by lions) ; A more lions
loss of habitat / AW e.g. territory ; R space unqualified
change of climate / AW ;
pollution ;
AVP ; e.g. shortage of mates / small populations do not breed as much
R competition unqualified
[max 2]
(ii) extinction / become endangered / become rare / inbreeding ;
[1]
(c)
grass
antelope
wild dog
lion
producer
primary
consumer /
herbivore
secondary
consumer /
carnivore
tertiary
consumer /
top carnivore /
top predator /
1 mark for minimum of two arrows in correct direction ;

1 mark for all organisms named and all in correct order as a chain ;
ignore sun / decomposers / parasites
2 marks for labelling the trophic levels
either producer, primary, secondary + tertiary consumer
or
1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th ;;
if one or two labels incorrect award 1 mark
UCLES 2008
[4]

Page 4
Mark Scheme
IGCSE May/June 2008
Syllabus
0610
Paper
31
(d) (i) maintenance / protection / preservation / caring for / looking after ,

of, habitat / ecosystem / community / species / (named) organisms / resources;
making a habitat = 1 mark
One of the following for a max 1 mark
for future generations / prevent extinction ;
encourage breeding (in wild or in captivity) ;
ref to, biodiversity / genetic resources / AW ;
(ii) prevent destruction of, grassland / habitat ; A preserve
(nature) reserve / wild life park / AW ;
rangers / wardens ;
ensure good supply of, food / antelopes / prey / AW ;
legislation / AW ; e.g. refs to poaching / wild life trade
control of, predators / lions ;
A kill lions / drive lions away / provide food for lions
education of local population ;
captive breeding / breed in a zoo / breeding programme ;
reintroduction to the wild ;
AVP ; e.g. further detail of any of the above points
[max 2]
[max 3]
(e) ignore refs to nitrogen fixation / denitrification

marking points 7 + 8 must be in the correct context
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
(eaten / digested by) (named) scavenger(s) / hyaenas / vultures ;

excretion / urine / egestion / faeces / AW ;
dung beetles / detritivores / maggots ;
decay / decomposition / rotting, by, bacteria / fungi / named decomposer ;
protein amino acids ;
deamination / amino acids ammonia ;
A protein ammonia
ammonia nitrite ;
nitrite nitrate ;
A ammonia nitrate
nitrification / nitrifying bacteria ;
Nitrosomonas / Nitrobacter in correct context of nitrification ;
plants absorb, nitrate / ammonia ;
decomposition by nitrifying bacteria = 0
[max 5]
[Total: 19]
UCLES 2008

Page 5
3
Mark Scheme
IGCSE May/June 2008
Syllabus
0610
Paper
31
(a) (i) excretion ;
[1]
(ii) biological ; A made by, cells / organisms

catalyst / described ;
(made of) protein / AW ;
bio-catalyst = 2 marks
[max 2]
(b) (i) pH ; A ph / PH / Ph
[1]
(ii) temperature ; R heat ignore room

size / mass / quantity / amount / surface area / type, of potato ;
volume of hydrogen peroxide ;
concentration of hydrogen peroxide ;
A amount with respect to hydrogen peroxide
R refs to catalase / enzyme
[max 2]
(c) award two marks if correct answer (0.56 / 0.57 / 0.58) is given may be in white space
below the table
if no answer or incorrect answer award one mark for correct working
if 0.5 or 0.6 award one mark
10 divided by 17.4
0.56 / 0.57 / 0.58 ;;
[2]
(d) graph
1 x-axis labelled pH ;
2 y-axis labelled must have units
rate (of oxygen production / of reaction), cm3 min1 / cm3 per min ;
3 points all correct ; use the overlay, but A ecf from (c)
4 continuous and clear line , which may be either a curve which may not go through
all the points or straight lines between points
R if line goes beyond plotted points
[4]
(e) (i) increase in rate to (pH) 6 then decrease / reaches a peak at (pH) 6 ;
any rate given as a data quote, with cm3 min1 / cm3 per min ;
[2]
(ii) pH 6 is, optimum / when enzyme works best ;

following points may refer to optimum or sub-optimum
ref to shape of enzyme ;
ref to active site ;
ref to denaturation ; A destroyed R killed
ref to substrate / hydrogen peroxide, fitting into, enzyme / active site ;
[max 3]
[Total: 17]
UCLES 2008

Page 6
4
Mark Scheme
IGCSE May/June 2008
Syllabus
0610
(a) try to mate them together, failure = suggests different species ;

mate together, no offspring = suggests different species ;
breed together and see if any offspring are, sterile / infertile ;
test DNA / examine chromosomes ;
Paper
31
[max 1]
(b) (i) continuous ; A discrete
[1]
(ii) Equus grevyi ; A grevyi
[1]
(c) (i) phenotype ; A close phonetic spellings
[1]
(ii) these two points are linked change unqualified does not get a mark, but change
in DNA gets 2 marks
change / AW ; e.g. substitution / deletion / error in meiosis
in, DNA / gene(s) / chromosome(s) ;
change in genotype / genetic, structure / genetic make-up = 1 mark
(d) (i) exoskeleton / external skeleton ;
segmented / jointed, limbs / legs / appendages ;
segmented body ;
(ii) three parts to the body / head + thorax + abdomen ;
A sections / R segments
wings ; ignore numbers of wings if given
6 / 3 pairs of, legs ;
(e) (i) stripes (on head and neck), become / are, horizontal (when feeding) ;
less attractive to (tsetse), flies / insects ; A AW
A camouflage in grass ;
(ii) 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
[2]
[max 1]
[max 2]
[2]
ref to mutation and number of stripes ;

ref to number of stripes and likelihood of being bitten ;
ref to, disease / death ;
survivors breed ;
ref to offspring ; (fewer stripes = less / more stripes = more)
passing on advantageous, alleles / genes (for more stripes) ;
natural selection / survival of fittest ;
R artificial selection
[max 3]
[Total: 14]
UCLES 2008

Page 7
5
Mark Scheme
IGCSE May/June 2008
Syllabus
0610
Paper
31
(a) balanced diet

provides, sufficient energy / energy for needs ;
provides, molecules / materials, for metabolism / equivalent ; A substances
provides, nutrients / named nutrients ; CPFVM H2O fibre
A minimum of any three named nutrients
A contains (all the) food, groups / types / classes R substances
in correct / right, quantities / proportions / amounts ;
A adequate / sufficient R equal
R balanced as it is in the question
[max 2]
(b) (i) liver ;
[1]
(ii) glucose ; R if two compounds are given
[1]
(iii) aerobic ;
carbon dioxide / water / no lactic acid, produced ;
anaerobic = 0 for the whole of (iii)
[2]
(c) dissolved / in solution / soluble ;

in plasma ;
[2]
(d) mark name and function independently

read the functions of A and B together before awarding marks
part
name of part
glomerulus ;
A knot of capillaries
R capillaries
B
C
capsule ;
R cup
tubule ;
distal is neutal
R nephron / tube
collecting duct ;
function
filtration / filtering (blood) ;
A increase in (blood) pressure / ref to high pressure
A substances forced out
R diffusion
collects filtrate / allows filtration ;
(selective) reabsorption ;
reabsorbs, water / glucose / salts / minerals / ions /
amino acids ;
ignore nutrients
A description of reabsorption, e.g. active uptake of
glucose
absorption back into blood
(re)absorbs water / passes urine to pelvis or ureter ;
R urea unless with water
A waste substances
[8]
UCLES 2008

Page 8
Mark Scheme
IGCSE May/June 2008
Syllabus
0610
Paper
31
(e) (i) award two marks if correct answer (1699 / 1699.2 / 1700) is given
award one mark if no answer or incorrect answer but correct working is shown
1.18 60 24 / 1.18 1440
1699 / 1699.2 / 1700 (dm3) ;;
[2]
(ii) award two marks if

correct answer (0.1) is given
allow ecf from (e)(i) so check calculation
if no answer or incorrect answer award one mark for dividing 1.7 by something and
multiplied by 100
1.7 / 1700 100
0.1 (%) ;;
[2]
[Total: 20]
UCLES 2008

0610 BIOLOGY
0610/32
demonstrated.
examination.

Page 2
1
Mark Scheme
IGCSE May/June 2008
Syllabus
0610
Paper
32
(a) reject lines to or from the same box, e.g. anther and petal to produce pollen grains
A if lines do not touch box but meaning is clear
anther
allows the passage of the

pollen tube to the ovary
petal
attracts insects for pollination
sepal
produces pollen grains
style
protects the flower when in

bud
stigma
the surface which receives

pollen during pollination
[4]
(b) assume answer is about stigma of wind-pollinated flower unless told otherwise, accept
ora, 2 max for differences, 1 or 2 for significance
wind-pollinated stigma,
insect-pollinated stigma
feathery / hairy ; R branched

ignore not sticky
large(r) ; A large surface area
outside flower / AW ;
A pendulous / exposed
ignore long and short
not, feathery / hairy ;

ignore sticky
small(er) ; A small surface area
inside flower / AW ;
[2 max]
explanation
to catch pollen / AW ; A for pollen to attach (to stigma)
increase chance of pollination or make pollination more likely / easier
more likely to catch pollen = 2 marks
(c) 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
[max 3]
little / less / AW / no, variation ; R cloning

ref to becoming homozygous ; ignore ref to gene
e.g. of consequence good or bad ;
e.g. less chance of adapting to changing conditions / less ability to evolve /
may become extinct / adapted variety spreads / AW ;
useful if no other plants (of same species) nearby ;
less wastage of pollen ; A gametes
not dependent on (named) agent of pollination ;
[max 3]
[Total: 10]
UCLES 2008

Page 3
2
Mark Scheme
IGCSE May/June 2008
Syllabus
0610
Paper
32
(a) (i) community / (all) organisms / animals and plants / (all) species / (all) populations / biotic
components, (living together) in same, area / place / environment ; R habitat
many habitats ;
interacting / interdependent / AW ; A description of food chains / food web
(together with / interacting with)
abiotic / physical / non-living, factors / features ;
[max 2]
(ii) few (native) animals in Namibia eat it ;
grows uncontrollably / AW ; R reproduce quickly
(S. molesta has) flat leaves that grow over surface of water
so less light penetrates to plants below ;
less / no, photosynthesis ;
plants die and are decomposed by bacteria ;
aerobic bacteria / bacteria use oxygen ;
less oxygen for, animals ; A organisms / ref to BOD R plants
must be linked to less photosynthesis / bacteria use oxygen
less food for, animals / herbivores ;
destruction of, food chains / food web ;
AVP ; e.g. bacteria produce toxins
(b) (i) herbicides (may), kill / harm, all / other, plants ; R organisms
consumer / beetle, will not eat all plants / specific to S. molesta ;
idea that herbicides will disrupt, food chain / community / ecosystem ;
herbicides accumulate in food chain ;
plants may develop resistance to herbicides ;
[max 4]
[max 2]
(ii) Australian beetle may have no (natural) predator ;

may eat other, plants / organisms ;
(increase in numbers and) cause damage to, crops / AW ;
compete with other plant eaters ;
idea that beetles disrupt, food chain / community / ecosystem ;
comparison with any other example, e.g. cane toad ;
[max 2]
(c) (i) S-shaped curve ; ignore start at the origin / ignore death phase
stationary phase may show fluctuations
[1]
(ii) each label must be in correct place on curve

lag ;
log / exponential ;
stable / stationary / constant ; A plateau / fluctuating / oscillating
(iii) space / grazing / (eaten by) beetles / (eaten by) herbivores / C. saliniae ;
UCLES 2008
[3]
[1]

Page 4
Mark Scheme
IGCSE May/June 2008
Syllabus
0610
Paper
32
(iv) magnesium and nitrate may score 2 marks each

accept other named ions and correct reasons
if candidate gives minerals and magnesium or nitrate - mark to max 2
competition must be qualified by one of these factors
R limit growth as in the question A less growth in correct context
space ; A water in context of space (if not in (c)(iii))
no more wetlands to grow over / nowhere for new leaves to grow /
competition for raw materials or light / AW ; A less growth
grazing / eaten by herbivores (if not given in (c)(iii)) ;
reduces leaf area for photosynthesis / removes products of photosynthesis / AW ;
light intensity ; A amount of light / less light / limited light
R light unqualified
less energy trapped / for photosynthesis / AW ;
carbon dioxide, concentration / level ; A amount of CO2 R CO2 unqualified
for photosynthesis ;
temperature ;
ref to, enzymes / growth / photosynthesis / rate of chemical reactions ;
water ;
A any appropriate function of water ;
e.g. turgidity / transport / photosynthesis / growth
minerals / nutrients / salts / ions ;
ref to less growth ; R growth unqualified
magnesium (ions) ;
idea that lack restricts formation of chlorophyll ;
nitrate (ions) / ammonium ions / ammonia ; R nitrogen
ref to less for making, amino acids / proteins / DNA / RNA / nucleic acids ;
iron (ions) ;
for making chlorophyll ;
salt ; as in increasing salinity of irrigated land
reduce water potential / make it difficult to absorb water ;
disease ;
removes products of photosynthesis / less (material for) growth / less
reproduction / AW ; A plants die
[max 4]
[Total: 19]
UCLES 2008

Page 5
3
Mark Scheme
IGCSE May/June 2008
Syllabus
0610
Paper
32
(a) (i) excretion ;
[1]
(ii) biological ; A made by, cells / organisms

catalyst / described ;
(made of) protein / AW ;
bio-catalyst = 2 marks
[max 2]
(b) (i) pH ;
[1]
(ii) temperature ; R heat ignore room

size / mass / quantity / amount / surface area / type, of potato ;
volume of hydrogen peroxide ;
concentration of hydrogen peroxide ;
A amount with respect to hydrogen peroxide
R refs to catalase / enzyme
[max 2]
(c) award two marks if correct answer (0.56 / 0.57 / 0.58) is given may be in white space
below the table
if 0.5 or 0.6 award one mark
10 divided by 17.4
0.56 / 0.57 / 0.58 ;;
[2]
(d) graph
1 x-axis labelled pH ;
2 y-axis labelled must have units
rate (of oxygen production / of reaction), cm3 min1 / cm3 per min ;
3 points all correct ; A ecf from (c)
4 continuous and clear line which may be either a curve which may not go through
all the points or straight lines between points
R if line goes beyond plotted points
[4]
(e) (i) increase in rate to (pH) 6 then decrease / reaches a peak at (pH) 6 ;
any rate given as a data quote, with cm3 min1 or cm3 per min ;
[2]
(ii) pH 6 is, optimum / when enzyme works best ;

following points may refer to optimum or sub-optimum
ref to shape of enzyme ;
ref to active site ;
ref to denaturation ; A destroyed R killed
ref to substrate / hydrogen peroxide, fitting into, enzyme / active site ;
[max 3]
[Total: 17]
UCLES 2008

Page 6
4
Mark Scheme
IGCSE May/June 2008
Syllabus
0610
(a) try to mate them together, failure = suggests different species ;

mate together, no offspring = suggests different species ;
breed together and see if any offspring are, sterile / infertile ;
test DNA / examine chromosomes ;
Paper
32
[max 1]
(b) (i) continuous ; A discrete
[1]
(ii) Equus grevyi ; A grevyi
[1]
(c) (i) phenotype ; A close phonetic spellings
[1]
(ii) these two points are linked change unqualified does not get a mark, but change
in DNA gets 2 marks
change / AW ; e.g. substitution / deletion / error in meiosis
in, DNA / gene(s) / chromosome(s) ;
change in genotype / genetic, structure / genetic make-up = 1 mark
(d) (i) exoskeleton / external skeleton ;
segmented / jointed, limbs / legs / appendages ;
segmented body ;
(ii) three parts to the body / head + thorax + abdomen ;
A sections / R segments
wings ; ignore numbers of wings if given
6 / 3 pairs of, legs ;
(e) (i) stripes (on head and neck), become / are, horizontal (when feeding) ;
less attractive to (tsetse), flies / insects ;
A camouflage in grass ;
(ii) 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
[2]
[max 1]
[max 2]
[2]
ref to mutation and number of stripes ;

ref to number of stripes and likelihood of being bitten ;
ref to, disease / death ;
survivors breed ;
ref to offspring ; (fewer stripes = less / more stripes = more)
passing on advantageous, alleles / genes (for more stripes) ;
natural selection / survival of fittest ;
R artificial selection
[max 3]
[Total: 14]
UCLES 2008

Page 7
5
Mark Scheme
IGCSE May/June 2008
Syllabus
0610
Paper
32
(a) balanced diet

provides, molecules / materials, for metabolism / equivalent ; A substances
provides, nutrients / named nutrients ; CPFVM H2O fibre
A contains (all the) food, groups / types / classes R substances
R balanced as it is in the question
[max 2]
(b) (i) liver ;
[1]
(ii) glucose ; R if two compounds are given
[1]
(iii) aerobic ;
carbon dioxide / water / no lactic acid, produced ;
anaerobic = 0 for the whole of (iii)
[2]
(c) dissolved / in solution / soluble ;

in plasma ;
[2]
(d) mark name and function independently

read the functions of A and B together before awarding marks
part
A
B
C
name of part
function
filtration / filtering (blood) ;

glomerulus ;
A
increase in (blood) pressure / ref to high pressure
A knot / bundle, of
A substances forced out
capillaries
R diffusion
R capillaries
capsule ;
collects filtrate / allows filtration ;
R cup
tubule ;
distal is neutal
reabsorbs, water / glucose / salts / minerals / ions /
R nephron / tube
amino acids ;
ignore nutrients
A description of reabsorption, e.g. active uptake of
glucose
absorption back into blood
collecting duct ;
(re)absorbs water / passes urine to pelvis or ureter ;
R urea unless with water
A waste substances
[8]
UCLES 2008

Page 8
Mark Scheme
IGCSE May/June 2008
Syllabus
0610
Paper
32
(e) (i) award two marks if correct answer (1699 / 1699.2 / 1700) is given
award one mark if no answer or incorrect answer but correct working is shown
1.18 60 24 / 1.18 1440
1699 / 1699.2 / 1700 (dm3) ;;
[2]
(ii) award two marks if

correct answer (0.1) is given
allow ecf from (e)(i) so check calculation
if no answer or incorrect answer award one mark for dividing 1.7 by something and
multiplied by 100
1.7 / 1700 100
0.1 (%) ;;
[2]
[Total: 20]
UCLES 2008
w
e
tr
.X
w
ap
eP
Reports.
Question Paper
Mark Scheme
Introduction
Introduction
Introduction

Examiners Report

Examiners Report

om
.c
s
er
equal standard.


for the guidance of teachers
0610 BIOLOGY
0610/31
indicate the details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners meeting before marking began,
which would have considered the acceptability of alternative answers.
examination.

Page 2
Mark Scheme: Teachers version

IGCSE May/June 2009
Syllabus
0610
Question
Expected Answers
one mark per row, treat blank spaces and crossed ticks as crosses
Paper
31
Marks
if ticks and crosses and blanks in the same row, treat as incorrect
allow yes and no for ticks and crosses
feature
fish
amphibian
reptiles
birds
mammals
mammary glands
fur / hair
;
scales / scaly skin

A (except
feet/legs)
external ears
;
feathers
;
[4]
[Total: 4]
(a)
(b)
(i)
gut / alimentary canal / oesophagus / small intestine / ileum / duodenum /

large (A big) intestine / colon / rectum / intestine / AW ;
R stomach
[1]
(ii)
hepatic portal vein ; A hephatic R HPV
[1]
(i)
answers may be in space below question

A nucleus ;
B cell / plasma, membrane ; A plasmalemma
C cytoplasm ;
[3]
(ii)
award two marks if correct answer (between 1983 2017) is given, ignore
units
award one mark if incorrect measurement is divided by 0.06
allow +/- 1 mm in reading the line
120 (mm) / 0.06 (mm) 12 (cm) / 0.006 (cm)
2000 ;;
A 1983 2017
UCLES 2009
[2]

Page 3

IGCSE May/June 2009
Syllabus
0610
Paper
31
award in either section
(c)
1
2
ref to enzymes (within liver cells) ;

ref to negative feedback / homeostasis ;
A concentration returns to normal / reduces glucose level / AW
penalise once if insulin / glucagon are described as acting like enzymes
MP5/7
ignore incorrect source of hormone(s)
penalise once if starch is given instead of glycogen and if glycogen is
misspelt
blood glucose concentration is higher than normal
3
4
5
insulin ;
glucose, enters / diffuses into / goes into / absorbed (by liver / cells) ;
(liver cells) store glucose as glycogen / convert glucose to glycogen ;
A increase respiration / increase metabolism of glucose / storage of fat
/ AW
blood glucose concentration is lower than normal
(d)
6
7
8
glucagon ;
(liver cells) convert / break down, glycogen to form glucose ;
glucose, goes out of cells / enters the blood ;
[5 max]
makes (named) protein / protein synthesis / forms peptide bonds / are

assimilated ;
(excess are) broken down / deaminated ;
removal of, amino group / NH2 / nitrogen-containing part ; R nitrogen
unqualified
(to form) ammonia ;
converted to urea ;A amino acids are, broken down / converted, to urea
rest of molecule (A carbohydrate), is respired / used to provide energy /
stored ;
transamination / described ;
[3 max]
2
3
4
5
6
7
[Total: 15]
description required not an explanation, so ignore collisions / denaturation

MP3 may be awarded for comments within the range 50 oC to 90 oC
(a)
1
2
3
4
5
no activity, at / below, 10 oC ;
increased activity between 10 oC and 90 oC ;
steep(est) increase / exponential increase, between 50 or 60 oC and 90 oC ;
optimum / peak / maximum, at 90 oC ; A works best at / most active at
above 90 oC activity decreases ;
UCLES 2009
[3 max]

Page 4

IGCSE May/June 2009
Paper
31
ignore details of genetically modified bacteria
(b)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
(bacteria grown in) fermenter / bioreactor / vat ; R tanks

(bacteria provided with) substrate / feedstock / food substances / glucose /
sugars / starch / minerals / whey / waste substances / nutrients / amino
acids / AW ;
R food / raw materials
oxygen / aerobic conditions ; A air bubbled through / aerated
optimum conditions / 26 oC / pH 56 / sterile ;
stirred to, prevent settling / mix bacteria with nutrients ;
(bacteria) grow / reproduce / divide / multiply, rapidly ;
(extracellular) enzymes, secreted / released / AW ; R production
enzymes, extracted / harvested / separated / collected / removed (from,
bacteria / mixture) ;
A ref to filtration / crushing bacteria R crushing enzymes
[4 max]
enzymes must be in the correct context

do not award MP9 if there are no other points made
(c)
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
protein digested to, amino acids / (poly)peptides ; A broken down /

hydrolysed
(by) protease(s) ;
fats digested to fatty acids (and glycerol) ;
(by) lipase(s) ; R ligase
(by) amylase ;
starch to, sugar, maltose, glucose ;
(by) cellulase ;
breaksdown cellulose (fibres) to release stains ; A reduces pilling
idea that products are, soluble / washed away (in the water) ;
[4 max]
1
2
3
4
thrombin / protease ;
fibrinogen converted to fibrin ;
soluble (protein) converted to insoluble (protein) ;
fibrin, traps blood cells / forms mesh / forms nets ;
[3 max]
(d)
Syllabus
0610
[Total: 14]
4
(a)
(b)
osmosis ;
water, diffuses / moves, down water potential gradient ; A high to low water
potential
R high water potential gradient to a low water potential gradient
through partially permeable membrane ; A selectively / semisalts / sugars / solutes, in root hair cell (to lower water potential) ;
20.0 ; A 20 accept if not in table
UCLES 2009
[3 max]
[1]

Page 5
(c)
(d)
(e)

IGCSE May/June 2009
Syllabus
0610
Paper
31
(rate of water) uptake increases / AW ;

positive correlation / exponential / not linear / AW ; R directionally proportional
comparative use of figures with units ;
e.g. 0.4 mm min-1 at 0 m s-1 / no wind, 20 mm min-1 at 8 m s-1 A increase by
50
[2 max]
temperature ; R heat
humidity ;
light intensity ; R amount / levels, of light
[2 max]
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
(raw material for) photosynthesis / forming glucose or carbohydrate ;

turgidity / support ;
transport of, solutes / named solute / food substances ;
forming vacuoles / growth / (cell) expansion ;
taking part in chemical reaction(s) ; e.g. hydrolysis / breaking down food
substance
medium for chemical reactions / AW ;
AVP ; e.g. activating enzymes
R to keep hydrated / solvent unqualified
(f)
1
2
3
4
5
6
[2 max]
loss of water (vapour) through stomata (in leaves) ;

evaporation, from surfaces of (mesophyll) cells / into air spaces (in leaf) ;
loss of water from leaf (cells) lowers water potential ;
water moves into leaf (from xylem) ;
(this) pulls on / creates tension (in water column in xylem) ;
cohesion of water molecules / AW ; A stick together, ref to polar
R root pressure / adhesion / capillarity
UCLES 2009
[4 max]

Page 6
(g)

IGCSE May/June 2009
Syllabus
0610
Paper
31
note question says structural adaptations

leaves, small / reduced to spines / are needles ; A small surface area
no leaves ;
curled / rolled, leaves ;
hairs on the, leaves / stems ;
thick (waxy) cuticle ; R skin / waxy cuticle unqualified
sunken stomata / AW ;
few stomata ;
fleshy / succulent, leaves / stems ; A described as reserves / stores of water
small surface area: volume ratio ;
deep roots ;
long / extensive, shallow roots ; A long roots near the surface
AVP ;
AVP ;
e.g. photosynthesis in stems
ignore stomata close during the day
[3 max]
[Total: 17]
(a)
(b)
(length of) DNA / part of chromosome / on a chromosome ,

that codes for a protein or polypeptide or enzyme / controls a characteristic ;
[1]
HNHS x HNHS ; accept N and S

HN, HS + HN, HS ;
square
HSHS ;
gametes must be clear accept on dotted line or in Punnett
ecf from correct gametes if wrong parental genotype
[3]
check http://www.sicklecellsociety.org/education/healthpr.htm for AVPs
(c)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
red (blood) cells become, sickle shaped / distorted / AW ; R abnormal

unqualified
in areas of low oxygen concentrations / in tissues ;
fewer / less elastic / less flexible / short-lived, red blood cells ; ora
less haemoglobin ;
blood / haemoglobin, less efficient at transporting oxygen ; R no oxygen
less respiration ; R no respiration
less energy / fatigued / exhaustion / less active / feeling faint or tired /
breathless ;
capillaries are blocked ;
pain ;
death of tissues linked to blood supply ;
sickle cell crisis ; A attacks needing oxygen
slow / poor, growth ;
susceptible to infections ;
reduced life span ;
AVP ;
AVP ;
UCLES 2009
[4 max]

Page 7
(d)

IGCSE May/June 2009
Paper
31
5
6
7
8
idea that areas with high percentage of sickle cell (allele) are places with
malaria ;
HSHS / homozygous recessive, reduced life span because of sickle cell
anaemia ;
HNHN / homozygous dominant / without HS , susceptible to malaria / AW ;
HNHS / heterozygous / carrier/ with HS, resistant / not affected / less
susceptible ;
A HSHS R immune / immunity
N S
H H (carrier) survive and have children / HNHN or HSHS do not ;
HNHS / carrier, pass on the allele / HS ;
(if HNHS x HNHS) 1 in 4 chance of, HSHS / homozygous recessive ;
2 in 4 / 50% / , have advantage of resistance to malaria ;
idea that distinct groups / categories ; ref to bar chart
either sickle cell anaemia (HSHS), sickle cell trait (HNHS), normal (HNHN) /
or
normal, anaemic ; A some people have disease, some do not
A some people have the allele, some do not
no intermediates / no continuous scale of anaemia / AW ;
genetic condition / environment has no effect (or its expression) ;
A ref to small number of, genes / alleles, involved
1
2
3
4
(e)
Syllabus
0610
3
4
[5 max]
[3 max]
[Total: 16]
6
(a)
(b)
(i)
nitrogen, fixation / fixing ;
[1]
(ii)
decomposition / decay / putrefaction / rotting ;

deamination / ammonification ;
nitrification ; A nitrifying , oxidation of, ammonia / nitrite
[2]
award two marks for correct answer (24), if answer incorrect or no answer award
one mark for correct working, look out for x 100
28.8 / 120 x 100 ;
24 (%) ;
[2]
UCLES 2009

Page 8
(c)

IGCSE May/June 2009
Paper
31
proteins ;
enzymes ;
hormones ;
nucleic acid / DNA / RNA ;
membranes ;
muscle ;
growth / new cells / new tissues ;
repair / replacement ;
respiration / release energy ;
AVP ;
AVP ;
[2 max]
1
2
3
4
5
in animals
deamination ;
ammonia ;
urea ;
lost in urine / excreted ;
lost in faeces / egested / not absorbed;
in field
recycled / nitrification, to nitrate (ions) ;
nitrate, taken up / absorbed, by plants ;
denitrification / nitrate to nitrogen (gas) or N2 ;
9
10
leached / run-off (from field), into, rivers / streams / lakes / freshwater ;

taken up / absorbed, by aquatic plants / algal bloom ;
1
2
3
4
5
increase in (human) population / demand for energy ;

combustion of, fossil fuels / named fossil fuel / wood ;
industrialisation / factories / power stations ;
transport ;
intensive farming ;
6
7
deforestation ;
burning of forests ;
8
9
10
less plant life to absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere ;

ref to photosynthesis ;
AVP ;
(d)
(e)
Syllabus
0610
R increase in CO2 because of respiration of humans
[2 max]
[Total: 14]
UCLES 2009
[5 max]


0610 BIOLOGY
0610/32
examination.

Page 2

IGCSE May/June 2009
Syllabus
0610
Question
Expected Answers
one mark per row, treat blank spaces and crossed ticks as crosses
Paper
32
Marks
if ticks and crosses and blanks in the same row, treat as incorrect
feature
fish
amphibian
reptiles
birds
mammals
mammary glands
fur / hair
;
scales / scaly skin

A (except
feet/legs)
external ears
;
feathers
;
[4]
[Total: 4]
(a)
(b)
(i)
gut / alimentary canal / oesophagus / small intestine / ileum / duodenum /

large (A big) intestine / colon / rectum / intestine / AW ;
R stomach
[1]
(ii)
hepatic portal vein ; A hephatic R HPV
[1]
(i)
answers may be in space below question

A nucleus ;
B cell / plasma, membrane ; A plasmalemma
C cytoplasm ;
[3]
(ii)
award two marks if correct answer (between 1983 2017) is given, ignore
units
award one mark if incorrect measurement is divided by 0.06
allow +/- 1 mm in reading the line
120 (mm) / 0.06 (mm) 12 (cm) / 0.006 (cm)
2000 ;;
A 1983 2017
UCLES 2009
[2]

Page 3

IGCSE May/June 2009
Syllabus
0610
Paper
32
award in either section
(c)
1
2
ref to enzymes (within liver cells) ;

ref to negative feedback / homeostasis ;
A concentration returns to normal / reduces glucose level / AW
penalise once if insulin / glucagon are described as acting like enzymes MP5/7
ignore incorrect source of hormone(s)
penalise once if starch is given instead of glycogen and if glycogen is
misspelt
blood glucose concentration is higher than normal
3
4
5
insulin ;
glucose, enters / diffuses into / goes into / absorbed (by liver / cells) ;
(liver cells) store glucose as glycogen / convert glucose to glycogen ;
A increase respiration / increase metabolism of glucose / storage of fat
/ AW
blood glucose concentration is lower than normal
(d)
6
7
8
glucagon ;
(liver cells) convert / break down, glycogen to form glucose ;
glucose, goes out of cells / enters the blood ;
[5 max]
makes (named) protein / protein synthesis / forms peptide bonds / are

assimilated ;
(excess are) broken down / deaminated ;
removal of, amino group / NH2 / nitrogen-containing part ; R nitrogen
unqualified
(to form) ammonia ;
converted to urea ; A amino acids are, broken down / converted, to urea
rest of molecule (A carbohydrate), is respired / used to provide energy /
stored ;
transamination / described ;
[3 max]
2
3
4
5
6
7
[Total: 15]
3
description required not an explanation, so ignore collisions / denaturation

MP3 may be awarded for comments within the range 50 oC to 90 oC
(a)
1
2
3
4
5
no activity, at / below, 10 oC ;
increased activity between 10 oC and 90 oC ;
steep(est) increase / exponential increase, between 50 or 60 oC and 90 oC;
optimum / peak / maximum, at 90 oC ; A works best at / most active at
above 90 oC activity decreases ;
UCLES 2009
[3 max]

Page 4

IGCSE May/June 2009
Paper
32
ignore details of genetically modified bacteria
(b)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
(bacteria grown in) fermenter / bioreactor / vat ; R tanks

(bacteria provided with) substrate / feedstock / food substances / glucose /
sugars / starch / minerals / whey / waste substances / nutrients / amino
acids / AW ;
R food / raw materials
oxygen / aerobic conditions ; A air bubbled through / aerated
optimum conditions / 26 oC / pH 56 / sterile ;
stirred to, prevent settling / mix bacteria with nutrients ;
(bacteria) grow / reproduce / divide / multiply, rapidly ;
(extracellular) enzymes, secreted / released / AW ; R production
enzymes, extracted / harvested / separated / collected / removed (from,
bacteria / mixture) ;
A ref to filtration / crushing bacteria R crushing enzymes
[4 max]
enzymes must be in the correct context

do not award MP9 if there are no other points made
(c)
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
protein digested to, amino acids / (poly)peptides ; A broken down /

hydrolysed
(by) protease(s) ;
fats digested to fatty acids (and glycerol) ;
(by) lipase(s) ; R ligase
(by) amylase ;
starch to, sugar, maltose, glucose ;
(by) cellulase ;
breaksdown cellulose (fibres) to release stains ; A reduces pilling
idea that products are, soluble / washed away (in the water) ;
[4 max]
1
2
3
4
thrombin / protease ;
soluble (protein) converted to insoluble (protein) ;
fibrin, traps blood cells / forms mesh / forms nets ;
[3 max]
(d)
Syllabus
0610
[Total: 14]
4
(a)
1
2
3
4
5
(b)
against concentration gradient / from low concentration to high

concentration ;
across membrane ;
(carrier) protein ; ignore channel
using, ATP / energy ;
from, respiration / mitochondria ;
6.3 ;
[3 max]
[1]
UCLES 2009

Page 5
(c)
(d)
(e)

IGCSE May/June 2009
Paper
32
temperature ;
humidity ;
air speed ;
light intensity ;
carbon dioxide concentration ;
same species / same variety / same type ;
constant flow (of nutrients) ;
volume of (nutrient) solution ; R amount
concentration of (nutrient) solution ; R amount
oxygen concentration / aeration, of water ;
R oxygen unqualified / oxygen in the air R nutrients unqualified
[3]
leave to dry for a suitable period of time ; 12 hours / overnight minimum

weigh / use a balance ; A scales
repeat until two readings are the same ;
(i)
(ii)
(f)
Syllabus
0610
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
[3 max]
plants small(er) / stunted growth/ shorter plants / poor growth ;

short(er) roots ;
small(er) / few(er), leaves ;
pale / yellow, leaves ; A chlorotic
leaves die early ;
stem is thin / plant is spindly ; R weak / thin unqualified / stalk
[2 max]
used to make amino acids ;

(amino acids) used to make protein ; A from nitrate
a use of protein in plants ; e.g. enzyme / membrane / wall / cytoplasm /
protoplasm
used to make, nucleic acids / DNA / RNA ;
used to make chlorophyll ; R chlorophyll is a protein R chloroplast
[2 max]
it / magnesium, is needed to make / is part of, chlorophyll (molecule) / AW ;

(so) little / no, chlorophyll ;
little / less / no, absorption of light ;
little / less / no, photosynthesis ;
little / less / no, food / material (for growth) ;
e.g. cellulose / sugars / protein / AW ;
little / less / no, energy for, growth / active transport / AW ;
[3 max]
[Total: 17]
UCLES 2009

Page 6
(a)
(b)

IGCSE May/June 2009
Paper
32
(length of) DNA / part of chromosome / on a chromosome ,

that codes for a protein or polypeptide or enzyme / controls a characteristic ;
[1]
HNHS x HNHS ; accept N and S

HN, HS + HN, HS ;
square
HSHS ;
gametes must be clear accept on dotted line or in Punnett
ecf from correct gametes if wrong parental genotype
[3]
check http://www.sicklecellsociety.org/education/healthpr.htm for AVPs
(c)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
(d)
Syllabus
0610
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
red (blood) cells become, sickle shaped / distorted / AW ; R abnormal

unqualified
in areas of low oxygen concentrations / in tissues ;
fewer / less elastic / less flexible / short-lived, red blood cells ; ora
less haemoglobin ;
blood / haemoglobin, less efficient at transporting oxygen ; R no oxygen
less respiration ; R no respiration
less energy / fatigued / exhaustion / less active / feeling faint or tired /
breathless ;
pain ;
death of tissues linked to blood supply ;
sickle cell crisis ; A attacks needing oxygen
susceptible to infections ;
reduced life span ;
AVP ;
AVP ;
[4 max]
idea that areas with high percentage of sickle cell (allele) are places with
malaria ;
HSHS / homozygous recessive, reduced life span because of sickle cell
anaemia ;
HNHN / homozygous dominant / without HS , susceptible to malaria / AW ;
HNHS / heterozygous / carrier/ with HS, resistant / not affected / less
susceptible ;
A HSHS R immune / immunity
N S
H H (carrier) survive and have children / HNHN or HSHS do not ;
HNHS / carrier, pass on the allele / HS ;
(if HNHS x HNHS) 1 in 4 chance of, HSHS / homozygous recessive ;
2 in 4 / 50% / , have advantage of resistance to malaria ;
[5 max]
UCLES 2009

Page 7
(e)

IGCSE May/June 2009
Syllabus
0610
Paper
32
idea that distinct groups / categories ; ref to bar chart
either sickle cell anaemia (HSHS), sickle cell trait (HNHS), normal (HNHN) /
or
normal, anaemic ; A some people have disease, some do not
A some people have the allele, some do not
no intermediates / no continuous scale of anaemia / AW ;
genetic condition / environment has no effect (on its expression) ;
A ref to small number of, genes / alleles, involved
3
4
[3 max]
[Total: 16]
6
this is not a question about energy losses in animals
(a)
1
not all plant material is used in the animal feed ; A named e.g.
A lost in manufacture of feed
2
3
4
light transmitted through plants / not absorbed by plants ;

light reflected ;
water evaporates from plants / ref transpiration ;
5
6
temperature too, low / high (to use light efficiently) ;

carbon dioxide concentration too low (to use light efficiently) ;
loss of energy in (plant) respiration / loss of heat to surroundings / loss of

energy in metabolism ;
8
9
10
11
plants are eaten by, insects / pests ;

plants are diseased ;
leaves / roots, die ;
energy to decomposers ;
12
13
AVP ;
AVP ;
e.g. active uptake of ions
ignore used for growth / used for reproduction / making protein
(b)
[3 max]
award two marks if correct answer (19) is given

if incorrect answer or no answer award mark for correct working look out for
100
380 000 / 2 000 000 100 ;
19 (%) ;
[2]
UCLES 2009

Page 8
(c)

IGCSE May/June 2009
plants = producers / 1st trophic level ;

animals / livestock = primary consumers / 2nd trophic level ;
energy is lost, between / in each, trophic levels ;

A along the food chain / only 10% is transferred
2 000 000 kJ available from first trophic level but 380 000 kJ from, second
trophic level / meat ;
(e)
Paper
32
1
2
(d)
Syllabus
0610
(only) 19% is transferred from crop plant to humans / 81% is lost /

1 620 000 kJ lost ; A ecf from (b)
6
7
energy losses in animals

respiration / movement / heat / method of losing heat ;
urine / excretion / faeces / food egested ;
[5 max]
1
2
3
4
5
cannot lose (as much) energy in, movement / exercise ;

do not have to use as much energy in, keeping warm / keeping cool ;
easier to keep animals free of, disease / parasites ;
may be provided with better food / food supply better controlled ;
AVP ;
[2 max]
1
2
increased use of fossil fuels ;

more industrialisation / more transport ;
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
nitrogen oxide(s) / sulfur dioxide, in atmosphere ; A NOx

dissolves, limestone (marble or sandstone) / corrodes zinc roofs ;
acidification of, lakes / rivers / freshwater / soils ;
kills fish ;
some animals cannot form shells properly ;
release of aluminium (ions) (in soils) ;
defoliation / death of, trees / plants ; A crown die back
10
AVP ; e.g. loss of biodiversity if no ref to plant or animals in MP6 / 7 / 9
A more implied
[Total: 14]
UCLES 2009
[2 max]
w
ap
eP
e
tr
.X
0610 BIOLOGY
0610/31
examination.
om
.c
s
er
Page 2

IGCSE May/June 2010
Syllabus
0610
Paper
31
General notes
Symbols used in mark scheme and guidance notes.
/
separates alternatives for a marking point
separates points for the award of a mark
accept as a correct response
reject this is marked with a cross and any following correct statements do not gain any
marks
ignore/irrelevant/inadequate this response gains no mark, but any following correct

answers can gain marks.
( )
the word/phrase in brackets is not required to gain marks but sets context of response
for credit. e.g. (waxy) cuticle. Waxy not needed but if it was described as a cellulose
cuticle then no mark.
Small
underlined words this word only/must be spelled correctly
ORA
or reverse argument/answer
ref./refs.
answer makes appropriate reference to
AVP
additional valid point (e.g. in comments)
AW
alternative words of equivalent meaning
MP
marking point (number)
UCLES 2010
Page 3
Question
1 (a)

IGCSE May/June 2010
Expected Answers
detect / sense / feel / AW, changes (in the environment) / stimuli ;
make response(s) / react ;

(b) (i) A cornea ;
B iris ;
C lens ;
D suspensory ligaments ;
Syllabus
0610
Paper
31
Marks
Guidance
a response to a stimulus = 1 mark
IGNORE an example as a definition asked for
[max 2] IGNORE sensitive
accept labels on Fig. 1.1 if not on answer lines
D ACCEPT suspendary / suspendory and other
[4] similar misspellings
(ii) do not allow any ecf from (b)(i)

R pupil reflex
A circular muscles contract in bright light to protect the
retina
A radial muscles contract in dim light to help vision
iris
controls / changes / adjusts, amount of light (entering the eye) ;
controls / changes / adjusts, the size of the pupil ;
protects, retina / light sensitive cells, from, bright / excess, light ;
[max 1] A stop retina from being bleached

IGNORE size
A change how light is refracted in the eye
A contract and relax to focus the lens
A relaxes to increase tension in suspensory
[max 1] ligaments
ciliary muscle contracts to

change, focal length / thickness / shape, of lens ;
(brings about) accommodation ;
slacken the suspensory ligaments ;
(c) (i) if these two responses are given the wrong way round award no
marks, but look for ecf in (d)
G
H
yellow spot / fovea ;

blind spot / optic disc ;
A optic(al) nerve
[2]
UCLES 2010
Page 4

IGCSE May/June 2010
Question Expected Answers

(ii) 1 detects light of low intensity ; A ora
2 converts light to (electrical) impulses ;
3 provides night vision / work at night / work in dim light / see in the
dark ;
4 high sensitivity (to light) ;
(d)
5 give peripheral vision / described ;

6 gives black and white vision / gives shades of grey ; A ora
allow ecf from (c)(i) if G is blind spot and H is fovea
peak at G ;
nothing at H ;
Syllabus
0610
Marks
Paper
31
Guidance
2 R signals / messages / pulses
3 R rods capture light
4 A very sensitive (to light) / more sensitive than

cones
5 e.g. not looking directly at object
[max 2] 6 ora = cannot see colour / AW
look for these two points, ignore the rest of any
line(s) drawn by the candidates
mark independently
2 marks if only a peak at G
ACCEPT lines that just go into H
R one vertical line in G.

[2]
[Total: 14]
UCLES 2010
Page 5

IGCSE May/June 2010
Question
Expected Answers
any time within the range 06.00 06.30 / 6.00 6.30 (am) ;
(a) (i)
Syllabus
0610
Marks
(ii) 08.00 / 8.00 (am) ,

19.00 / 7.00 (pm) ;
Paper
31
Guidance
[1] A in (i) and (ii) if 0600 etc

A within range 18.45 to 19.00
[1]
IGNORE anaerobic respiration (in plants)
A only respire at night
R respires instead of photosynthesises
(iii) one of the following

plant (only) respires
rate of respiration > rate of photosynthesis
no photosynthesis, only respiration ;
[1]
note that CO2 is in the question
(iv) 1 (carbon dioxide) required for photosynthesis / making food /

released in respiration ;
2 photosynthesis / food made, in day is greater than, respiration /
food use / energy release, at night ;
3 so surplus food produced / surplus energy / growth is possible ;
ora
2 if rate of uptake during the day and release at night are the same ;
3 no, growth / no surplus / no food / no glucose / no energy ;
A not enough, for growth / food / glucose / energy
R comments on [CO2] in atmosphere

ACCEPT descriptions of photosynthesis and
respiration
ACCEPT respiration and photosynthesis might
balance
[max 2]
(b) (i) award two marks if the correct answer (12.56 / 12.6 / 13) is given if
answer missing or incorrect, award one mark for correct working
(95.0 84.4 = 10.6)
10.6
100
84.4
12.56 / 12.6 / 13 ;;
[2]
UCLES 2010
Page 6

IGCSE May/June 2010

Marks
(ii) 1 (taller plants / more leaves) = more yield ;
2 height more, flowers / fruits / tomatoes / leaves ;
3
ref to competition for light / access to more light ;
4 leaves increase surface area ;
5
more, chlorophyll / chloroplasts ;
6
for, absorption / trapping, of light ;
7
more stomata for uptake of carbon dioxide ;
8
more photosynthesis ;
[max 3]
9
production of more, sugars / food / starch / AW ;
(c)
1 planted at same time / same growing period / same age or size at
planting ;
same
2 species / variety / strain / type, of plant ; R same seeds unqualified ;
3 soil type ;
4 soil pH ;
5 distance between plants / planting density ;
6 soil water / quantity of water applied / AW ;
7 type of, fertiliser / minerals / nutrients ;
8 quantity of, fertiliser / minerals / nutrients ;
9 ref to protection against, pests / diseases ;
10 AVP ; e.g. soil, quantity / depth ;
[max 3]
(d)
1 ref to, sensor(s) / thermostat / AW ;
2 computer control / negative feedback / automated control ;
3 ref to, reducing / controlling, effect of limiting factors ;
4 provide (artificial) light (when light intensity is low) ;
5 provide shade ;
6 temperature control / heating / cooling / ventilation / air conditioning ;
7 carbon dioxide, enrichment ; A method described ;
8 control humidity / misting ;
9 watering ;
10 soil-less cultivation / hydroponics / described ; A sterile conditions
11 ref to, fertilisers / minerals / nutrients ;
[max 4]
12 AVP ;
[Total: 17]
UCLES 2010
Syllabus
0610
Paper
31
Guidance
look for idea of more / increase where indicated in
some of the MPs
1 question says affects so description is OK
2 A more space for tomatoes to grow
3 more chance of pollination
9 R making energy
IGNORE light intensity / carbon dioxide concentration
/ temperature / humidity /
air movement
9 A spraying (named) pesticide

examples of AVP
protection from, wind / hail / gales / extreme
easier to control, pests / diseases
can control / exclude, (named) grazers
easier to control, weeds / competitors
R ref. to day length / photoperiod
R use animals to give off carbon dioxide
weather
Page 7

IGCSE May/June 2010

3 (a) (i) ovulation ;
Syllabus
0610
Marks
Paper
31
Guidance
[1]
(ii) one set of chromosomes / one of each pair of chromosomes ;

half the number of chromosomes of, (named) body / normal / diploid, cell ;
A .of the species
(refers to) product of meiosis ;
R half unqualified
IGNORE refs to DNA / genes
[max 1] IGNORE n rather than 2n
(b)
feature
site of production
relative size
numbers produced
mobility
egg cell
ovary / ovaries /
follicle(s)
large(r) ,
~100 m
one per month
/ few / AW
needs to be moved
or
moved by, cilia /
peristalsis (of
oviduct)
one mark per row
sperm cell
testis / testes /
seminiferous tubules ;
small(er) ;
4060 m
many / AW, all the time ;
IGNORE epididymis if testis also give
uses, tail / flagellum

or can swim
or description of action of
tail
ACCEPT hundreds for egg cell and millions

for sperm (if lifetime production)
R scale bar length (10 m) for sperm
A one at a time for number of eggs
A not mobile
(highly) mobile / can move ;
[4]
(c) (i) ovary / ovaries / follicle(s) ;
(ii) 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
R corpus luteum / placenta
(stimulates / causes) repair of the, uterus lining / endometrium ;

(stimulates / causes) growth / thickening, of uterus lining / endometrium ;
ready for, implantation / receive egg or embryo ;
inhibits (release of) FSH ;
stops, production / release, of more eggs ;
stimulates release of LH ;
(stimulates / causes) change in cervical mucus ;
UCLES 2010
[1]
A womb for uterus
1/2 A ref. to glands / blood vessels in uterus
as equivalent to lining
2 A builds up / rebuilds for one mark only
R wall if given for lining
[max 2] R make / create, lining
Page 8
Question
(d)

IGCSE May/June 2010
Expected Answers
if in vitro fertilisation is described mark to max 1
Syllabus
0610
Marks
1 semen / sperm, is collected from, male / donor / sperm bank ;

even if IVF described
2 inserted into, vagina / cervix / uterus / womb / oviduct ;
3 near time of ovulation / at fertile time ;
UCLES 2010
Paper
31
Guidance
R a / single / one, sperm

[max 2]
[Total: 11]
Page 9

IGCSE May/June 2010
Syllabus
0610
Paper
31

Marks
Guidance
IGNORE air pollution unqualified
4 (a) (i) 1 NOx / oxides of nitrogen ;
R ref. to carbon dioxide
2 vehicle / car, exhausts / fumes / emissions / gases / AW ;
2 R cars unqualified
3 burning fossil fuels in houses / burning forests ;
4 volcanic eruptions / snow melt ;
[1] 4 A volcano(es) unqualified
1 A destroyed
(ii) 1 leaves / trees / producers / vegetation / plants, harmed / damaged /
1 IGNORE corroded / eroded
killed ;
2 trees more likely to get diseased ;
3 bark is damaged ;
4 roots killed ;
5 (sensitive species of) lichens killed ;
6 (named) microorganisms killed ; bacteria / fungi / AW
7 soil pH decreases / soil becomes more acidic ; A soil erosion
8 aluminium ions become mobile ;
9 A acid dissolves nutrients
9 nutrients / named example(s), leached ;
10 food chains / food webs disrupted / AW ;
[max 2] 11 A fish eggs fail to hatch / death of animals
11 loss of habitat / less biodiversity / extinction of species ;
(b)
1 use, alternative / renewable / green / AW , sources of energy ;
A example(s)
nuclear power / wind power / wave power / solar power /
hydrogen power
2 use low sulfur fuels ;
3 reduce use of coal ;
4 flue gas desulfurisation / use scrubbers / chimney electrostatic
4 R abbreviation (FGD) on its own or
precipitators / neutralise waste gasses with lime ;
unqualified
5 catalytic converters ;
6 provide / use, more public transport ;
7 car sharing / car pools / reduce use of cars / hybrid cars / electric
7 R fewer cars unqualified
cars /
10 international treaties e.g. Sulphur Emissions
use biofuels ;
Reduction Protocol / Convention on Long-Range
8 walking / cycling ;
Transboundary Air Pollution,
9 reduce food miles / AW ;
10 AVP ; e.g. (named) international treaty for reducing acid rain
R fewer factories
[max 2]
UCLES 2010
Page 10
Question
(c)

IGCSE May/June 2010
Expected Answers
look for positive features, not absent ones apart from unsegmented
unsegmented / not segmented / shell / (muscular) foot ;

(d) (i) frogs / black-fly larvae ;
(ii) clams / snails / molluscs ;
(iii) 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Syllabus
0610
Marks
Paper
31
Guidance
[1] IGNORE soft body

[1]
[1]
enzymes do not function (well) / AW ;

acid damages, shells / scales / skin ; A only external tissues
calcium ions not available for shells / difficult to make shells ;
aluminium in solution, toxic to fish / fish die ;
acid / low pH, kills fish ;
fish produce (lots of) mucus ;
blocks gills ;
AVP ;
UCLES 2010
1 A enzymes denatured
2 A acid dissolves shells
[max 2] IGNORE consequences for food chain

[Total: 10]
Page 11

IGCSE May/June 2010
Syllabus
0610
Question Mark scheme

5 (a) (i) high temperature
denature enzymes ;
kill bacteria ;
Guidance
R kills enzymes
R denatures bacteria
to give optimum temperature (for, enzymes / bacteria) ;

(ii) respiration is anaerobic ;
lactic acid, produced ; A lactate / formula
(iii) A named example of a food additive ;
colouring ;
preservative / stabiliser / emulsifier / antioxidant ;
flavouring / (artificial) sweetener ;
thickening agent ;
description
(b)
1 sigmoid (growth curve) or lag phase + exponential/log +
stationary 2
phase ;
2 little/no growth, rapid growth, no growth / leveling off ;
explanation
lag phase
3 small number of bacteria ;
4 produce, proteins / enzymes / DNA ; A builds up energy/food
stores
exponential phase
5 binary fission / asexual reproduction ;
6 no limiting factors / no competition / plenty of food / plenty of
resources ;
stationary phase
7 death rate = birth rate ;
8 resources / food, used up ;
9
Paper
31
pH not, favourable / optimum ;
[max 2]
IGNORE carbon dioxide
[2] treat MPs independently
IGNORE international numbers / E-numbers
R any food nutrient(s)
A conservants
[max 1]
marking points may be taken from labels and
annotations on the graph
R adapting to the environment

5 population doubles every time bacteria divide
6 IGNORE ref. to temperature
8
[max 5]
UCLES 2010
A factors now limiting / competition for food /

oxygen used up / toxins built up
Page 12
Question
(c)

IGCSE May/June 2010
Expected Answers
1 conditions not favourable ;
Syllabus
0610
Marks
2 cannot compete with S. thermophilus ; ora

3 cannot increase until pH, falls / changes ; ora
4 cannot increase until oxygen concentration decreases ; ora
Paper
31
Guidance
R direct feeding of L. bulgaricus on S thermophilus
5 grows slower than S. thermophilus ;

6 takes longer to, adapt / feed ;
7 fewer L. bulgaricus to start with ;
8 idea that substance / condition, provided by S. thermophilus ;
[2]
[Total: 12]
UCLES 2010
8 A S. thermophilus changed the environment

to allow for growth of L. bulgaricus
Page 13

IGCSE May/June 2010
Syllabus
0610
Question Mark scheme

6 (a) (i) any two suitable examples
Paper
31
Guidance
flood ;
tsunami / tidal wave ;
monsoon ;
volcanic eruption ; A volcano(es)
earthquake ;
typhoon / hurricane / storm / cyclone ;
fire ;
drought ;
crop / animal, disease ; R disease unqualified
plague of pests of, crops / animals ; (e.g. locusts)
AVP ;
(ii) drought ;
soil erosion ;
desertification ;
salinity of soils ;
global warming ;
rise in sea levels ;
AVP ;
(b)
1 overall increase (over the time period of Fig. 6.1) ;
2 natural disasters, fluctuates / described / irregular ;
3 human induced, increase ;
4 comparative data quote for named cause or for total causes ;
5 sudden onset increase / ora ;
6 economic factors increase / ora ;
7 comparative data quote for same cause ;
R snowstorms / tornadoes / landslides / avalanches /

mudslides
[max 2]
R volcanoes / volcanic eruptions
R famine
R drying up of land
[max 1]
2 increase + decrease is minimum
4 with year and number of shortages for each
quote
[max 5] 7 as for 4
UCLES 2010
Page 14
Question
(c)

IGCSE May/June 2010
Syllabus
0610
Mark scheme
1 land needed for, building / urbanisation / AW ;
2 (so) not enough land to grow crops ;
3 increase in food production damages land ;
4 salination ;
5 desertification / erosion ;
6 overgrazing ;
7 not enough water ;
Paper
31
Guidance
3 A overcultivation
7 disruption to water supply or e.g. such as

dams
8 idea that increase in demand for food makes food too expensive
for poorer people to buy ;
9 richer nations take more of food / food crops exported (for foreign
currency) / agricultural land used for, cash crops / non food crops ;
10 difficult to distribute food ;
(d)
(e)
11 increased competition / conflict, if food production stays the same

while population increase ;
12 AVP ; e.g. food production does not keep up with population
growth, increase population leads to increase pollution
1 suitable named crop plant or domesticated animal ;
2 suitable feature to improve ;
3 select individuals for breeding ;
4 select offspring that show improvement ;
5 use these for future breeding / AW ; A repeat the process
transfer of, a gene / an allele, from one species to another ;
A type of organism or from one variety to another
UCLES 2010
[max 3]
R genetic modification
R cows bred together
A cattle with high milk yield are bred together / high
yielding corn are bred together = 3 marks
[max 4] R cow for milk x bull for meat
[1]
[Total: 16]
w
ap
eP
e
tr
.X
0610 BIOLOGY
0610/32
examination.
om
.c
s
er
Page 2

IGCSE May/June 2010
Syllabus
0610
Paper
32
General notes
/
marks

( )
Small
ORA
ref./refs.
AVP
AW
MP
UCLES 2010
Page 3

IGCSE May/June 2010
Question
Expected Answers
sensitivity
(ability to) detect / sense, changes (in the environment) / stimuli ;
make responses ;
(a)
Marks
(d)
Guidance
A a reflex because it is automatic

[max 3]
A responses on the diagram
R references to nerves and CNS
A sense organ in C but R sensory neurone
spinal cord / grey matter ;

motor neurone / axon / efferent fibre ;
sensory cell / receptor / muscle spindle ;
quadriceps / muscle / effector ;
[4]
(ii) movement of, ions / molecules + against a concentration gradient / AW ;

using, energy (from respiration) / ATP ;
R references to particles
(c)
Paper
32
A automatic qualified
reflex or an example unqualified is not enough
involuntary action
a response that does not involve, decision / thought / AW ;
A a response that is not under conscious control
(b) (i) A
B
C
D
Syllabus
0610
sensory neurone still carries an impulse / can still feel the sharp blow ;
no impulses in (motor) neurone / after the cut ;
to, muscle / effector ;
no, response / contraction ;
to test if the nervous system is functioning properly / AW ;
A ref. to active transport slowed down by metabolic

poison as alternative to energy / respiration / ATP
NB be aware of contradictory statements re
[2] concentration and reject
R signals and messages
A action potential
[max 3]
[1] A to see if the nerves are working properly
[Total: 13]
UCLES 2010
Page 4
Question
2 (a)

IGCSE May/June 2010
Expected Answers
general marks
roots absorb water ;
idea of both gaining water over a large, volume / area, of soil ;
AVP ;
Syllabus
0610
Marks
(b)
Guidance
NB water absorption and area marks given once
only
R long roots unqualified
A has deep roots / go a long way down ;

to gain water that drains through soil / reach water table / AW ;
B has shallow roots / wide spreading roots / AW ;
absorbs water, before it drains or evaporates / immediately after
rainfall ;
thick cuticle ;
longer distance for diffusion / not easy for water to pass through / ref
to impermeable ;
Paper
32
[max 4]
R cuticle unqualified or ref to waxy without
description of thickness
Must be TWO descriptions (max) with appropriate
linked explanations
rolled leaves ;
air trapped inside rolled leaf has higher humidity AW / stomata
protected from wind or moving air (reduces transpiration) ;
explanations alone cannot be accepted
sunken stomata / stomata in pits or grooves or depressions ;

chamber has higher humidity AW / stomata protected from wind or
moving air (so reducing transpiration) ;
A correct references to water potential /

concentration gradient for rolled leaves or sunken
stomata
hairs on leaf ;
reduce air flow over the surface (so reducing transpiration) /
increase humidity by trapping water (molecules) ;
IGNORE references to succulent leaves and

storage (not water loss)
sharp leaves also need to be small
small leaves / leaves reduced to spines / leaves are needles / no

leaves / leaves shed in very dry periods ;
small(er) / no surface area (for transpiration) ;
fewer stomata / stomata closed during hot parts of day ;
stomata are pores through which water can pass (so reducing
transpiration) ;
UCLES 2010
[2 + 2]
Page 5
Question
(c)

IGCSE May/June 2010
Expected Answers
tissue
Marks
substances
transported
source
roots ;
xylem
water, ions / named

ion / mineral / salts ;
either
leaf ;
phloem
Syllabus
0610
Sucrose / sugar,
amino acids ;
or
storage
organ ;
Paper
32
Guidance
NB substances transported score:-
sink
ONE mark for TWO correct responses
stem / growing
points / buds /
leaf / flower /
fruit / seed /
storage organ ;
R references to single cells as sources or

sinks e.g. root hairs
R glucose
stem / growing
points / buds /
root / flower /
fruit / seed /
storage organ ;
young AW
leaf / stem /
growing points
/ buds / root ;
UCLES 2010
mark each box independently
[6]
[Total: 14]
Page 6

IGCSE May/June 2010

3 (a) (i) award two marks if the correct answer (92.86 / 92.9 / 93) is given
if answer missing or incorrect, award one mark for correct working
Syllabus
0610
Marks
(difference = 11.7)
11.7 x 100
12.6
92.86 / 92.9 / 93 ;;
(ii) state link between height and yield (using figures) ;
[2]
taller plants have more leaves ;

more leaves, increases surface area to absorb light / have more
chlorophyll or chloroplasts ;
more leaves increases photosynthesis ;
more photosynthesis / more leaves, leads to increased, food
production / potatoes / yield ;
taller stems allows more, banking / earthing up ;
allows more, potato tubers, to form ;
[max 2]
UCLES 2010
Paper
32
Guidance
R rounding down to 92.8
Page 7

IGCSE May/June 2010

(iii) plots F to H
Syllabus
0610
Marks
Paper
32
Guidance
increased yield, (per hectare / increased yield per plant) / AW ;

smaller, increase / effect, when treated with manure compared to
chemical fertiliser ;
greatest increase when treated with both manure and chemical
fertiliser together ;
less increase in yield when both manure and chemicals are used
rather than one (compared with none) ;
comparative use of data ;
(iv) nitrate used to make, amino acids / proteins ;
ref to protein required for growth* ;
ref to enzymes* ;
[max 3]
* linked marks must refer to use of nitrate
nitrogen / nitrates, used to make chlorophyll ;

ref to photosynthesis* ;
(v) control ;
to, determine / compare, the effect of adding, chemicals / fertilisers /
manure ;
UCLES 2010
[max 2]
[max 1]
Page 8
Question
(b)

IGCSE May/June 2010
Expected Answers
advantages to max 4
Syllabus
0610
Marks
Paper
32
Guidance
IGNORE references to costing / profit
higher yields (therefore more food) ;

nutrients more readily available (than from manure) ;
quick acting / no decomposition needed ;
less labour (than using manure) / easier to apply ;
exact quantities can be applied ;
can apply specific nutrients (that crop requires / that are deficient in
soil) ;
disadvantages to max 4
loss of soil structure /erosion / reduced earthworm population ;
parts of the eutrophication process but not
disadvantages therefore IGNORE not credit
(algae / plants, die)
(decomposers / bacteria, use up oxygen dissolved
in water)
fertiliser lost from land by, leaching / run off (into waterways) ;
leads to, eutrophication / growth of algae / algal bloom ;
death / migration, of fish / invertebrates / animals ;
two AVP to max 2
AVP ; e.g. allergies / stomach cancer
AVP ; e.g. weed growth / wilting
[max 5]
[Total: 15]
UCLES 2010
Page 9
Question
4 (a)

IGCSE May/June 2010
Expected Answers
drug / medicine(AW) / chemical / substance ;
produced by microorganisms ;
A ref to idea of synthetic analogues
kills / stops, growth of, bacteria / other microbes ;
Syllabus
0610
Paper
32
Marks
Guidance
medicine / AW e.g. (antibiotic) used to treat
infection is worth a mark
A examples e.g. penicillin qualified
penicillin is an antibiotic that kills bacteria/AW
would gain 2 marks
penicillin alone cannot score
[max 2] R viruses
(b) (i) (most) were killed by the antibiotic ; ora

[1]
(ii) (only) antibiotic-resistant bacteria transferred from B / (only)
resistant bacteria in C / fewer resistant bacteria in B / non-resistant
bacteria were killed in B ;
(c)
resistant bacteria, survive / not killed / are selected for / selection
pressure ;
eventually, all / many, become resistant ;
AVP ; e.g. any consequence of overuse / antibiotic no longer
effective ;
(d)
X-rays caused mutations ;
change in DNA ;
ref to, gene / allele ;
mutation causes antibiotic resistance ;
(e)
assume answer is about bacteria unless told otherwise, accept ora /
AVP for viruses e.g. capsid
bacteria have cells ;
cell wall ;
cell membrane ;
cytoplasm ;
ribosome(s) ;
flagellum ;
capsule ;
AVP ;
[1]
R references to immunity as alternative to
resistance
[max 2]
ALLOW radiation
[max 3]
R nucleus in bacteria
IGNORE composition of cell wall
[max 2]
UCLES 2010
Page 10
Question
(f)

IGCSE May/June 2010
Expected Answers
HIV infects lymphocytes ;
T helper (lymphocytes / cells) ;
Syllabus
0610
Marks
fewer antibodies produced ;

infected cells not killed (by immune system) ;
phagocytes less effective ;
increased susceptibility to / longer recovery time for, (infectious)
diseases / named disease (TB) ;
cancers ;
opportunistic diseases ;
ref to AIDS ;
[max 4]
[Total: 15]
UCLES 2010
Guidance
Paper
32
Page 11

IGCSE May/June 2010

5 (a) (i) diffusion ;
used in (aerobic) respiration ;
(ii) any two from
water
glucose / simple sugars / named
amino acids
salts / ions / named ion / minerals
vitamins
AVP e.g. vitamins
(iii) any two from
carbon dioxide
water
protein / amino acids / hormone / named hormone / enzyme
urea
lactic acid
AVP e.g. vitamins
(b)
D pores / holes / gaps in capillary wall / AW ;
E allows filtration /movement of small molecules (between blood and
tissue fluid) ;
Syllabus
0610
Marks
Guidance
[2]
NB 2 substances required for one mark.
R sugar unqualified
A protein
[1]
R sugar / waste unqualified
A metabolic waste / glucose
[1]
NB
Descriptor(D) must be linked to an
Explanation(E) for 2 marks
D alone can gain a point
E alone cannot score
1 + 1 and 1 + 1
D thin wall / wall is one cell thick / thin lining ;

E short diffusion distance / AW ;
R capillary one cell thick
D small / thin / narrow / AW ;

E blood moves slowly (for exchange) / more cells or blood close to
wall ;
D large numbers of capillaries /capillary bed ;
E provide large surface area ;
(c) (i) lymph (vessel) ;
Paper
32
[2 + 2]
not lymphatic system or node
[1] IGNORE lacteal
R valves unqualified
(ii) squeezed by muscles / AW ;

valves, ensure one-way flow / prevent backflow ;
passive not pumped ;
[max 1]
[Total: 10]
UCLES 2010
Page 12
Question
6 (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

IGCSE May/June 2010
Expected Answers
concentration of both gases (relatively) constant until about 1800 ;
steep / AW, increase in both from 1800 (until 2000) ;
comparative use of figures ;
two figs for one of the gases or one fig for each
max 3 for carbon dioxide
industrialisation / AW ;
burning of fossil fuels ;
vehicle exhausts / AW ;
deforestation / fewer trees / AW ;
less carbon dioxide absorbed by plants / AW ;
more methane from, rice fields / cattle ;
increased waste (disposal) ;
methane from (anaerobic breakdown in), landfill sites / waste dumps /
AW ;
AVP ;
radiation emitted / reflected by earths surface ;
ref to infra red ;
heat prevented from leaving (the atmosphere) ;
gases, absorb / reflect / trap infra red ;
atmosphere gets warmer ;
fewer trees cut down ;
less waste ;
less material burnt ;
ref to, land-fill / rubbish tips / environmental / ecological issues / AW ;
conservation of, finite resources / raw materials / AW ;
ref to biodegradable products / plastic is non biodegradable ;
any correct ref to atmospheric gases e.g. carbon dioxide / methane ;
AVP ;
UCLES 2010
Syllabus
0610
Marks
Paper
32
Guidance
Ref. to both gases required
[3]
R fumes unqualified
IGNORE ref to natural disasters, etc.
NB incorrect references to methane e.g. cars
producing both gases
but allow factories producing both gases
[max 4]
[max 3] A ref. to global warming

IGNORE ref to cost of recycling
[3]
[Total: 13]
w
ap
eP
e
tr
.X
0610 BIOLOGY
0610/33
examination.
om
.c
s
er
Page 2

IGCSE May/June 2010
Syllabus
0610
Paper
33
General notes
/
marks

( )
Small
ORA
ref./refs.
AVP
AW
MP
UCLES 2010
Page 3

IGCSE May/June 2010
Question
Expected Answers
sensitivity
(ability to) detect / sense, changes (in the environment) / stimuli ;
make responses ;
(a)
Marks
(d)
Guidance
A a reflex because it is automatic

[max 3]
A responses on the diagram
R references to nerves and CNS
A sense organ in C but R sensory neurone
spinal cord / grey matter ;

motor neurone / axon / efferent fibre ;
sensory cell / receptor / muscle spindle ;
quadriceps / muscle / effector ;
[4]
(ii) movement of, ions / molecules + against a concentration gradient / AW ;

using, energy (from respiration) / ATP ;
R references to particles
(c)
Paper
33
A automatic qualified
reflex or an example unqualified is not enough
involuntary action
a response that does not involve, decision / thought / AW ;
A a response that is not under conscious control
(b) (i) A
B
C
D
Syllabus
0610
sensory neurone still carries an impulse / can still feel the sharp blow ;
no impulses in (motor) neurone / after the cut ;
to, muscle / effector ;
no, response / contraction ;
to test if the nervous system is functioning properly / AW ;
A ref. to active transport slowed down by metabolic

poison as alternative to energy / respiration / ATP
NB be aware of contradictory statements re
[2] concentration and reject
R signals and messages
A action potential
[max 3]
[1] A to see if the nerves are working properly
[Total: 13]
UCLES 2010
Page 4
Question
2 (a)

IGCSE May/June 2010
Expected Answers
general marks
roots absorb water ;
idea of both gaining water over a large, volume / area, of soil ;
AVP ;
Syllabus
0610
Marks
(b)
Guidance
NB water absorption and area marks given once
only
R long roots unqualified
A has deep roots / go a long way down ;

to gain water that drains through soil / reach water table / AW ;
B has shallow roots / wide spreading roots / AW ;
absorbs water, before it drains or evaporates / immediately after
rainfall ;
thick cuticle ;
longer distance for diffusion / not easy for water to pass through / ref
to impermeable ;
Paper
33
[max 4]
R cuticle unqualified or ref to waxy without
description of thickness
Must be TWO descriptions (max) with appropriate
linked explanations
rolled leaves ;
air trapped inside rolled leaf has higher humidity AW / stomata
protected from wind or moving air (reduces transpiration) ;
explanations alone cannot be accepted
sunken stomata / stomata in pits or grooves or depressions ;

chamber has higher humidity AW / stomata protected from wind or
moving air (so reducing transpiration) ;
A correct references to water potential /

concentration gradient for rolled leaves or sunken
stomata
hairs on leaf ;
reduce air flow over the surface (so reducing transpiration) /
increase humidity by trapping water (molecules) ;
IGNORE references to succulent leaves and

storage (not water loss)
sharp leaves also need to be small
small leaves / leaves reduced to spines / leaves are needles / no

leaves / leaves shed in very dry periods ;
small(er) / no surface area (for transpiration) ;
fewer stomata / stomata closed during hot parts of day ;
stomata are pores through which water can pass (so reducing
transpiration) ;
UCLES 2010
[2 + 2]
Page 5
Question
(c)

IGCSE May/June 2010
Expected Answers
tissue
Marks
substances
transported
source
roots ;
xylem
water, ions / named

ion / mineral / salts ;
either
leaf ;
phloem
Syllabus
0610
Sucrose / sugar,
amino acids ;
or
storage
organ ;
Paper
33
Guidance
NB substances transported score:-
sink
ONE mark for TWO correct responses
stem / growing
points / buds /
leaf / flower /
fruit / seed /
storage organ ;
R references to single cells as sources or

sinks e.g. root hairs
R glucose
stem / growing
points / buds /
root / flower /
fruit / seed /
storage organ ;
young AW
leaf / stem /
growing points
/ buds / root ;
UCLES 2010
mark each box independently
[6]
[Total: 14]
Page 6

IGCSE May/June 2010

3 (a) (i) award two marks if the correct answer (92.86 / 92.9 / 93) is given
if answer missing or incorrect, award one mark for correct working
Syllabus
0610
Marks
(difference = 11.7)
11.7 x 100
12.6
92.86 / 92.9 / 93 ;;
(ii) state link between height and yield (using figures) ;
[2]
taller plants have more leaves ;

more leaves, increases surface area to absorb light / have more
chlorophyll or chloroplasts ;
more leaves increases photosynthesis ;
more photosynthesis / more leaves, leads to increased, food
production / potatoes / yield ;
taller stems allows more, banking / earthing up ;
allows more, potato tubers, to form ;
[max 2]
UCLES 2010
Paper
33
Guidance
R rounding down to 92.8
Page 7

IGCSE May/June 2010

(iii) plots F to H
Syllabus
0610
Marks
Paper
33
Guidance
increased yield, (per hectare / increased yield per plant) / AW ;

smaller, increase / effect, when treated with manure compared to
chemical fertiliser ;
greatest increase when treated with both manure and chemical
fertiliser together ;
less increase in yield when both manure and chemicals are used
rather than one (compared with none) ;
comparative use of data ;
(iv) nitrate used to make, amino acids / proteins ;
ref to protein required for growth* ;
ref to enzymes* ;
[max 3]
* linked marks must refer to use of nitrate
nitrogen / nitrates, used to make chlorophyll ;

ref to photosynthesis* ;
(v) control ;
to, determine / compare, the effect of adding, chemicals / fertilisers /
manure ;
UCLES 2010
[max 2]
[max 1]
Page 8
Question
(b)

IGCSE May/June 2010
Expected Answers
advantages to max 4
Syllabus
0610
Marks
Paper
33
Guidance
IGNORE references to costing / profit
higher yields (therefore more food) ;

nutrients more readily available (than from manure) ;
quick acting / no decomposition needed ;
less labour (than using manure) / easier to apply ;
exact quantities can be applied ;
can apply specific nutrients (that crop requires / that are deficient in
soil) ;
loss of soil structure /erosion / reduced earthworm population ;
parts of the eutrophication process but not
disadvantages therefore IGNORE not credit
(algae / plants, die)
(decomposers / bacteria, use up oxygen dissolved
in water)
fertiliser lost from land by, leaching / run off (into waterways) ;
leads to, eutrophication / growth of algae / algal bloom ;
death / migration, of fish / invertebrates / animals ;
two AVP to max 2
AVP ; e.g. allergies / stomach cancer
AVP ; e.g. weed growth / wilting
[max 5]
[Total: 15]
UCLES 2010
Page 9
Question
4 (a)

IGCSE May/June 2010
Expected Answers
drug / medicine(AW) / chemical / substance ;
produced by microorganisms ;
A ref to idea of synthetic analogues
kills / stops, growth of, bacteria / other microbes ;
Syllabus
0610
Paper
33
Marks
Guidance
medicine / AW e.g. (antibiotic) used to treat
infection is worth a mark
A examples e.g. penicillin qualified
penicillin is an antibiotic that kills bacteria/AW
would gain 2 marks
penicillin alone cannot score
[max 2] R viruses
(b) (i) (most) were killed by the antibiotic ; ora

[1]
(ii) (only) antibiotic-resistant bacteria transferred from B / (only)
resistant bacteria in C / fewer resistant bacteria in B / non-resistant
bacteria were killed in B ;
(c)
resistant bacteria, survive / not killed / are selected for / selection
pressure ;
eventually, all / many, become resistant ;
AVP ; e.g. any consequence of overuse / antibiotic no longer
effective ;
(d)
X-rays caused mutations ;
change in DNA ;
ref to, gene / allele ;
mutation causes antibiotic resistance ;
(e)
assume answer is about bacteria unless told otherwise, accept ora /
AVP for viruses e.g. capsid
bacteria have cells ;
cell wall ;
cell membrane ;
cytoplasm ;
ribosome(s) ;
flagellum ;
capsule ;
AVP ;
[1]
R references to immunity as alternative to
resistance
[max 2]
ALLOW radiation
[max 3]
R nucleus in bacteria
IGNORE composition of cell wall
[max 2]
UCLES 2010
Page 10
Question
(f)

IGCSE May/June 2010
Expected Answers
HIV infects lymphocytes ;
T helper (lymphocytes / cells) ;
Syllabus
0610
Marks

infected cells not killed (by immune system) ;
phagocytes less effective ;
increased susceptibility to / longer recovery time for, (infectious)
diseases / named disease (TB) ;
cancers ;
opportunistic diseases ;
ref to AIDS ;
[max 4]
[Total: 15]
UCLES 2010
Guidance
Paper
33
Page 11

IGCSE May/June 2010

5 (a) (i) diffusion ;
used in (aerobic) respiration ;
(ii) any two from
water
glucose / simple sugars / named
amino acids
salts / ions / named ion / minerals
vitamins
AVP e.g. vitamins
(iii) any two from
carbon dioxide
water
protein / amino acids / hormone / named hormone / enzyme
urea
lactic acid
AVP e.g. vitamins
(b)
D pores / holes / gaps in capillary wall / AW ;
E allows filtration /movement of small molecules (between blood and
tissue fluid) ;
Syllabus
0610
Marks
Guidance
[2]
R sugar unqualified
A protein
[1]
R sugar / waste unqualified
A metabolic waste / glucose
[1]
NB
Descriptor(D) must be linked to an
Explanation(E) for 2 marks
D alone can gain a point
E alone cannot score
1 + 1 and 1 + 1
D thin wall / wall is one cell thick / thin lining ;

E short diffusion distance / AW ;
R capillary one cell thick
D small / thin / narrow / AW ;

E blood moves slowly (for exchange) / more cells or blood close to
wall ;
D large numbers of capillaries /capillary bed ;
E provide large surface area ;
(c) (i) lymph (vessel) ;
Paper
33
[2 + 2]
not lymphatic system or node
[1] IGNORE lacteal
R valves unqualified
(ii) squeezed by muscles / AW ;

valves, ensure one-way flow / prevent backflow ;
passive not pumped ;
[max 1]
[Total: 10]
UCLES 2010
Page 12
Question
6 (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

IGCSE May/June 2010
Expected Answers
concentration of both gases (relatively) constant until about 1800 ;
steep / AW, increase in both from 1800 (until 2000) ;
comparative use of figures ;
two figs for one of the gases or one fig for each
max 3 for carbon dioxide
industrialisation / AW ;
burning of fossil fuels ;
vehicle exhausts / AW ;
deforestation / fewer trees / AW ;
less carbon dioxide absorbed by plants / AW ;
more methane from, rice fields / cattle ;
increased waste (disposal) ;
methane from (anaerobic breakdown in), landfill sites / waste dumps /
AW ;
AVP ;
radiation emitted / reflected by earths surface ;
ref to infra red ;
heat prevented from leaving (the atmosphere) ;
gases, absorb / reflect / trap infra red ;
atmosphere gets warmer ;
fewer trees cut down ;
less waste ;
less material burnt ;
ref to, land-fill / rubbish tips / environmental / ecological issues / AW ;
conservation of, finite resources / raw materials / AW ;
ref to biodegradable products / plastic is non biodegradable ;
any correct ref to atmospheric gases e.g. carbon dioxide / methane ;
AVP ;
UCLES 2010
Syllabus
0610
Marks
Paper
33
Guidance
Ref. to both gases required
[3]
R fumes unqualified
IGNORE ref to natural disasters, etc.
NB incorrect references to methane e.g. cars
producing both gases
but allow factories producing both gases
[max 4]
[max 3] A ref. to global warming

IGNORE ref. to cost of recycling
[3]
[Total: 13]
w
ap
eP
e
tr
.X
0610 BIOLOGY
0610/31
examination.
Cambridge will not enter into discussions or correspondence in connection with these mark schemes.
Cambridge is publishing the mark schemes for the May/June 2011 question papers for most IGCSE,
syllabuses.
om
.c
s
er
Page 2

IGCSE May/June 2011
Syllabus
0610
Paper
31
General notes
/
marks
ignore / irrelevant / inadequate this response gains no mark, but any following correct
( )
the word / phrase in brackets is not required to gain marks but sets context of response
Small
underlined words this word only / must be spelled correctly
ORA
or reverse argument / answer
ref.
AVP
AW
MP
Page 3
Question
Expected answers
from the top

capillary ;
epithelium / goblet cell(s) ;
(a)

IGCSE May/June 2011
Mark
lacteal / lymph(atic) vessel / lymph(atic) capillary ;

(b)
Syllabus
0610
A side to side / up and down / waves

about
R push the food along, support, keeps
it in place
MP 2, 3 and 4 must be linked to the idea of movement

idea that exposes villus to more food / changes surface area ;
increases / helping / AW, absorption ;
increase / maintain, diffusion / concentration, gradient ;
(helps to) empty lacteal / move blood / move lymph ;
Additional Guidance
ignore blood vessel

ignore any qualification of epithelium
e.g. ciliated epithelium
[3] R lymph unqualified
(contracts to) move villus ;
Paper
31
A change the shape
(c)
absorption must be qualified in some way

ignore assimilation
[max 2]
either
active transport ; A absorption
one mark for the process and one mark

for the explanation
against concentration gradient / uses energy / needs ATP / ref. to carrier

molecules / ref. to protein pumps ;
allow idea that the concentrations are the

same (initially) so cant be diffusion /
must be active transport
or
respiration ;
used for energy / release of energy ; R produce energy
[max 2]
Page 4
Question

IGCSE May/June 2011
Expected answers
Mark
1
2
3
4
small intestine
idea that glucose, taken up by cells / moved outside bag ;
lower water potential outside bag ; A ora
water, moves / diffuses, out of bag ;
by osmosis ;
5
6
Visking tubing
no difference in, water potential / concentration ;
no (net), osmosis / diffusion of water ; R no diffusion
(d)
(e) (i)
Syllabus
0610
Additional Guidance
if bag not identified assume it is the
small intestine
[max 3]
stomach ;
[1]
(ii)
small intestine / ileum / duodenum ;
[1]
(iii) 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
for breakdown of (large / insoluble) food (molecules) / hydrolysis ;

(used in) chemical digestion ;
solvent / for dissolving, enzymes / named secretion ;
solvent / for dissolving, food ; A named small food molecule(s)
could be either soluble components of food or products of digestion
softens food ;
makes it easier to move food (in alimentary canal) / AW ;
makes it easier to, chew / swallow / egest ;
1
2
3
4
prevents
loss of, large volume of / lots of water ;
loss of, ions / salts (in solution) ;
diarrhoea ;
dehydration / ora ;
(iv)
Paper
31
A alkali / bile (salts) / named enzyme(s)

glucose / sugar / amino acids / fatty acids
/ glycerol / vitamins / minerals / ions
A acts as a lubricant
[max 3]
if none of the expected answers
accept
5 any function of water in the body for
max 1
e.g. transport / sweating / excretion /
solvent / medium for reactions / reactant
[max 2] R turgidity of cells / respiration
[Total: 17]
Page 5

IGCSE May/June 2011
Question
Expected answers
A excretion / egestion / defaecation ;

B nitrification / oxidation ;
(a)
(b)
Mark
5
6
7
8
root nodules contain, bacteria / Rhizobium ;

(bacteria) fix nitrogen / nitrogen fixation / nitrogen fixing ;
form, ammonia / ammonium (ions) ;
provide, fixed nitrogen / ammonia / amino acids, to rest of, plant ;
R via soil
(fixed nitrogen etc) needed for growth ;
used to make, amino acids / proteins / DNA / RNA / chlorophyll / AW ;
(so) nitrogen made available to, animals / other organisms ;
AVP ; only for detail of any of the points above
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
proteins in cells
enzymes ;
control / catalyse, reactions / AW ;
e.g. respiration / photosynthesis ; A ref. to any specific reaction(s)
(part of cell) membranes ;
carrier proteins / description of role allowing movement in and out of cell ;
haemoglobin ;
transport of, oxygen / carbon dioxide / gases ;
making cytoplasm / (cell) growth ;
AVP ; e.g. chloroplast / named organelle / providing energy
1
2
3
4
(c)
10
11
12
13
Syllabus
0610
DNA in cells
ref. to, genes / alleles / genetic information / genetic code ;
control functions of the cell ;
code for proteins ;
AVP ; e.g. a specific feature of cells / cell division / mitosis / meiosis
Paper
31
Additional Guidance
R death
[2] A nitrify / ignore bacteria
ignore incorrect name or type of bacteria
R if root nodules fix nitrogen
ignore nitrate / R if occurs in soil
ignore useful nitrogen A useable
nitrogen
ecf provide nitrate to plant if penalised in
MP3
R chloroplast
do not allow anything for events that
[max 4] occur after bacteria or plants die
R digestion unless clearly inside cell,

e.g. in a phagocyte
A protein pumps
R antibodies / hormones / collagen /
keratin
[max 3] ignore repair
R produce / make energy
R hereditary material / AW
A sends messages to the cytoplasm /
[max 2] tells the cells what to do
A ref. to mRNA
Page 6
Question
(d)

IGCSE May/June 2011
Expected answers
Syllabus
0610
Mark
Paper
31
Additional Guidance
1
2
3
4
5
eutrophication ;
growth of algae / algal bloom / weed growth ;
reduces light reaching other plants ;
algae / plants, die ;
bacteria, decompose / feed on, dead plants ; A dead animals / eat
aerobic respiration ; A aerobic bacteria
(bacteria cause) oxygen (concentration in water) to decrease ;
R decrease in oxygen if linked to less

photosynthesis
(so) fish / invertebrates / animals, suffocate / die / migrate ;
R change in pH / toxins as cause of

death
AVP ; e.g. any further detail or consequence of any of the above marking
points, e.g. reduces biodiversity / destroys food chains
e.g. from lack of light / no resources

A decomposers / fungi / microorganisms
for bacteria
must be linked to shortage of oxygen

(however caused)
[max 4]
[Total: 15]
Page 7
Question
3
(a)
Expected answers
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Syllabus
0610
Mark
Additional Guidance
A holds
(amniotic) sac, contains / secretes, the amniotic fluid ;

sac, prevents entry of pathogens (from vagina) ; A disease
amniotic fluid or amniotic sac
supports fetus ;
protects / cushions, against, damage / sudden movements / bumps / AW ;
provides constant temperature / protects against fluctuating temperature ;
allows fetus to move ;
needed for, bone / muscle, growth / development ;
helps, lungs / gut, develop ;
collects fetal, urine / waste / excretion(s) ;
provides sterile environment / AW ;
Paper
31
A the baby
A shock absorber
ignore pH, A keeps the fetus warm
A correct / suitable, temperature
ignore egest
[max 4]
functions of the placenta one mark per line
(b)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
(c)

IGCSE May/June 2011
ref to barrier between blood systems / prevention of maternal and fetal blood
mixing ;
idea that protection against mothers immune system ;
supply of oxygen (to fetus) ;
loss of carbon dioxide (from fetus) ;
loss of, urea / waste ; R urine
protection against, pathogen(s) / named pathogen(s) ; A disease
transfer of antibodies (from mother) ;
supply of, nutrients / named nutrient(s) ; ignore food
supply / removes, water ;
secretes, hormone(s) / named hormone(s) ;
A dilates / widens / expands / stretches ;
B contracts ;
award one mark for idea of exchange if

no ref. to any substance
R breathing
[max 3] progesterone / oestrogen / HCG

ignore relaxes / opens
[2]
Page 8
Question
(d)

IGCSE May/June 2011
Expected answers
Syllabus
0610
Mark
Paper
31
Additional Guidance
advantages to max 3
A any suitable comment about nutrients
A right composition for humans
provides, best / complete / most suitable / AW, food ;

easy to digest ;
no additives ;
contains antibodies / ref. to colostrums / provides passive immunity ;
provides protection against, pathogens / diseases / microorganisms ;
further detail, e.g. diseases that the mother has had / common diseases ;
sterile / no risk of infection from, formula milk / bottled milk ;
is at, body / correct, temperature ;
no preparation / always available ;
bonding with mother ;
its free / cheap ;
reduce risk of allergies ;
protects against, breast cancer / ovarian cancer ;
helps the body to return to normal ; e.g. weight loss / restores uterus
contraceptive effect ;
A temporary immunity / AW
A named microorganism(s) R fights
disease
A less likely to get diarrhoea
possible disadvantages to max 3

transfer of, viruses / HIV / hepatitis B ;
painful / sore nipples / mastitis ;
stressful / may be embarrassing / AW ;
mother may not be able to produce enough milk ;
cannot see how much baby has consumed ;
task cannot be shared with other parent ;
medications / drugs / alcohol, can pass to baby ;
AVP ;
[max 4]
[Total: 13]
Page 9
Question
4
(a)
1
2
3
4
(b)
1
2
3
4
5
6
(c) (i)

IGCSE May/June 2011
Paper
31
Expected answers
Mark
AB
urea (concentration) decreases ;
water (content) increases / decreases ;
salt (concentration), decreases ;
ref to, glucose / sugar ; could be increase, decrease or stays the same
A passes out of blood / passes into

blood / removed / taken out / diffuses in /
diffuses out
[max 2] A minerals / any named salt or ion
advantages of transplants
long term solution / person no longer needs (regular) dialysis ;
an example of a disadvantage of dialysis ;
A pain / tiring / discomfort / takes a long time / fails eventually
increased freedom / better quality of life / ora ;
better / more efficient, control of composition of blood ;
can have wider diet / ora ;
ref. to cost or economic benefit to health service or to individual ;
A O
B O
I I xI I ;
IA , IO + IB , IO ;
A , O
OO , (blood group) O ;
(allele) IO recessive to IA and IB ;
(allele) O recessive to A and B ;
25% / 0.25 / / 1 in 4 ;
MP6 R cost unqualified

[max 3] A dialysis machine available for others
R one I for the genotypes, e.g. IAO
gametes must be derived correctly from
the parental genotypes
+ B , O;
IOIO , (blood group) O ;
Additional Guidance
A doesnt need to go to clinic / hospital

MP2 is medical issue A any appropriate
blood borne disorder
MP3 is social issue
accept:
AO x BO ;
parents must both, have IO / O / be heterozygous ;

(ii)
Syllabus
0610
written explanation may be written in

terms of parents pass on the allele IO
ignore gene for allele
[max 4]
[1] R a ratio e.g. 1:3
[Total: 10]
Page 10

IGCSE May/June 2011
Question
Expected answers
6CO2 + 6H2O ; C6H12O6 + 6O2 ;
(a)
Mark
if no marks for the balanced equation allow one mark for correct word
equation if given
features
Paper
31
Additional Guidance
correct equation = 3 marks
correctly balanced ;
(b)
Syllabus
0610
if formulae of molecules are correct but

equation is not correctly balanced = 2
marks
with one mark for each side of the
[3] equation
if more than one function given in a box,
take the first answer. If this is
contradicted by the second answer then
award 0.
functions
transparent to allow light to penetrate into the leaf
max one
open / close, stoma(ta) ;
allow movement of, gas(es) / oxygen / carbon dioxide / water
vapour ;
allows / controls rate of, transpiration ;
ignore gas exchange / movement of air
absorbs light / photosynthesis / starch or sugar production ;
buoyancy / floating / diffusion or movement of gas or named gas ;
A controls size of stoma(ta)

A for (named) gas to, enter / leave
[3]
ignore gas exchange

R gas(es) in and / or out
Page 11
Question
(c)

IGCSE May/June 2011
Expected answers
Mark
1
2
large air spaces / large spongy mesophyll ; A alternatives for large

for, buoyancy / floating ;
3
4
leaves float ;
efficient at absorbing light / gets more light / AW ;
5
6
stomata in upper, surface / epidermis ; A ora

diffusion / movement, of gas / gases (from the air) ;
R stops entry of water
7
8
thin cuticle ;
no need to reduce water loss by transpiration ;
(d) (i)
Syllabus
0610
Paper
31
Additional Guidance
mark first way only
marking points are in pairs only one
pair is needed to gain the two marks
ignore gas exchange in this question
A top of the leaf / at top
R transpiration ref.
ignore ref. to stomata on lower surface
and uptake of water
[2 max]
effect of decreasing concentration of magnesium salt

fewer plants / smaller number of plants / reduction in number / less
(asexual) reproduction ; R ref. to survival
must be a clear statement that this is

about the number of plants, do not accept
numbers alone for this point
data quote number of plants from two stated concentrations with unit ;
plants, were yellow / had yellow spots (at lower concentrations) / ora ;
ref. to yellow spots at 0.15 or 0.10 / nearly all yellow at 0.05 mg dm3 ;
(ii) 1
2
A highest and lowest concentrations

[max 3] without units
magnesium required for making chlorophyll ;
chlorophyll gives (leaves) green colour / without chlorophyll (leaves) are

yellow ;
less photosynthesis / cannot produce (much), food / glucose ;
(so) less, food / glucose / AW, therefore less growth ;
A magnesium is needed for chlorophyll

A (less magnesium) less chlorophyll is
made
A no photosynthesis R chlorophyll is
needed for photosynthesis
[max 3] A no food, therefore no growth
[Total: 14]
Page 12

IGCSE May/June 2011
Question
Expected answers
either
insects 1 and 2, are in the same genus / have the same generic name ;
(both have) Vespula ;
or
insect 3 is in a different genus ;
(its name is) Callicera ;
(a) (i)
(ii)
(b)
(c)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Syllabus
0610
Mark
Paper
31
Additional Guidance
ignore any references to the species
[max 2]
R any feature of 1 and 2 that is said to be
similar unless qualified
A four wings R two wings
A feelers / bent shape
insects 1 and 2
have two pairs of wings ;
have antennae that are, long(er) / same shape / thick ;
have small(er) eyes ;
have stripes / have a pattern / have similar markings ;
any correct reference to size ; e.g. they have similar size
AVP ; e.g. similar shape of abdomen
[max 2] R similar shape unqualified
predators / other animals, mistake it for, Vespula / V. flavopilosa ;

predators / other animals, recognise, warning appearance / stripes / AW ;
fear of painful sting / frightened of being stung ;
do not eat it / avoid it / do not attack it / do not go near it ;
[max 2]
R stripes on thorax
mutation ;
gives stripes ;
(some) stripey insects were not, eaten / killed (by, predators / other animals) ;
survived ;
to, breed / reproduce / mate ;
pass on the allele(s) for stripes (to next generation) ; A gene(s)
non-stripey insects, did not survive / became extinct / died out ;
(natural) selection ; A ref. to selected for / selected against
R camouflage
[max 5]
[Total: 11]
w
ap
eP
e
tr
.X
0610 BIOLOGY
0610/32
examination.
syllabuses.
om
.c
s
er
Page 2

IGCSE May/June 2011
Syllabus
0610
Paper
32
General notes
/
marks
( )
Small
ORA
ref.
AVP
AW
MP
Page 3

IGCSE May/June 2011
Question
Expected Answers
animals written in the correct boxes in the food web
(a)
(b)
(c) (i)
(ii)
Syllabus
0610
Marks
(Ruppells) vulture ;
cheetah ;
mice / mouse ;
[3]
(primary) producer ;
primary / first consumer ;
[2]
Sun / sunlight / light ;
[1]
(lost) to the atmosphere / (lost as) infra red (radiation) / heat / AW ;

[1]
(d)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
idea that small percentage of energy from sun is fixed by photosynthesis ;

most energy from sun not available / reference to wrong wavelength / AW ;
energy is lost, between / within, trophic levels / along food chain ;
ref. to 10% energy transfer / ORA ;
ref. to material that is, inedible / not digestible ;
energy lost, in respiration / heat / (named) metabolic process / decomposers ;
ref. to (small) total percentage reaching fourth trophic level ;
not enough energy in fourth trophic level to support another level ;
except parasites ;
ref. to another problem of animal that would prey on, top carnivores /
scavengers ;
[max 3]
Paper
32
Additional Guidance
R reflect
R lost only needs qualifying
NB: MP3 is for loss with no reference to
magnitude, also award MP4 if magnitude
given
e.g. 90% lost between trophic levels is 2
marks
MP5 A ref to faeces
examples for MP10 animal would have to
be very large, would need much energy
to catch a cheetah, there would be very
small populations
Page 4
Question
(e)

IGCSE May/June 2011
Syllabus
0610
Expected Answers
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Marks
Paper
32
Additional Guidance
No credit for energy losses along the
chain as already given in Question 1d
feed is expensive / fish is sold at high price ;

more energy efficient to feed humans on, crops / producers / animals used to
make the fish food ;
waste from salmon / excess feed, causes eutrophication ;
diseases / parasites, spread easily in (high density of) salmon ;
diseases spread to, wild fish / other organisms ;
chemicals used to control disease also pollutants ;
escapees breed with wild fish ;
idea of genetic pollution of wild fish ;
escapees compete with wild fish ;
extinction of wild fish ;
AVP ;
[max 3]
[Total : 13]
AVP e.g. chemicals / antibiotics /

hormones in feed passed on
e.g. less waste if humans could eat high
protein fish food instead
e.g. low quality stock compared with wild
(less competition)
Page 5
Question
2
(a)
Expected Answers
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
(b)
(c)

IGCSE May/June 2011
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Marks
muscular contraction / movement / pump blood ;

maintenance of body temperature ;
active transport / described / (passage of) nerve impulses ;
metabolic reactions / named example (e.g. excretion / biosynthesis /
digestion)
growth / replacement / repair ;
mitosis / nuclear division / cell division ;
making, gametes / sperm ;
aerobic ;
Syllabus
0610
respiration ;
Paper
32
Additional Guidance
MP1 A maintain posture R sitting
unqualified
R breathing unqualified
MP2 R heat unqualified
MP4 R respiration
[max 3]
[2]
oxygen debt ;
oxygen not supplied fast enough (from lung / heart) / ORA more O2 supplied;
to muscles ;
removal of excess carbon dioxide ;
anaerobic respiration (in muscles) ;
lactic acid / lactate ;
builds up in muscle / not carried away fast enough in blood ;
lowers blood pH ;
makes person feel tired / muscle stiffness / fatigue / AW ;
muscle cannot contract any more ;
lactic acid is, broken down / respired / converted to glucose ;
[max 4]
A lactic acid, converted to CO2 and water

/ lactic acid oxidised
Page 6
Question

IGCSE May/June 2011
Expected Answers
Syllabus
0610
Marks
at start of run
(d)
Paper
32
Additional Guidance
NB: All marks should be qualified by
reference to stage of the run
1
2
3
4
5
vasoconstriction;
(constriction / AW) of arterioles ; A arteries
decrease in supply of blood to skin capillaries ;
ref. to shunt vessels ;
to increase supply of blood to muscles ;
no / little sweat ;
R constriction of capillaries / blood

vessels / veins
later as body temperature increases

7
8
9
10
11
vasodilation ;
(relaxation / AW) of arterioles ; A arteries
increase in supply of blood to skin capillaries ;
(causes) loss of heat ;
by, conduction / convection / radiation ;
12
13
14
increase in blood flow to sweat glands ;

increase production of sweat ;
loss of heat by evaporation ;

vessels / veins
[max 5]
[Total:14]
Page 7

IGCSE May/June 2011
Question
Expected Answers
NB: one mark for sites of production

one mark for two 2 sexual characteristics for testosterone
one mark for two 2 sexual characteristics for oestrogen
(a)
Marks
sex hormones
testosterone
oestrogen
site of production
testis / testes / testicles
follicle / ovary ;
secondary sexual
characteristics
(b) (i)
(ii)
Syllabus
0610
any two
hair on face
body / pubic, hair
increase in muscles
growth of genitals
growth of vocal cords
/ larynx / deep voice
broad shoulders;
Paper
32
Additional Guidance
any two
growth of breasts
body / pubic, hair
hips widen
fat deposition ;
[3]
pituitary (gland) ;
[1]
ovary ;
[1]
A ref. to levelling out 6 10 / 11 as part
of overall decrease MP2
(c) (i) 1
2
3
4
5
increasing concentration, days 0 to 2 / 3 ;

(then) decreases until day 10 13 ;
peak at, ovulation / middle of the cycle / day 14 ;
decreases / low concentration from days 14 to 22 / 23 / 24 ;
(then) increases from day 23 / 24 ;
MP3 need peak / max / highest / AW

[max 3] not just up / down
(c) (ii) 1
2
3
4
5
6
FSH stimulates follicle (cells) ;

to grow ;
to secrete oestrogen ;
ref. to, development / maturation of egg ;
correct reference to subsequent effect on, oestrogen / LH at ovulation ;
low FSH after ovulation, prevents further follicle stimulation ;
[max 3]
[Total: 11]
Page 8
Question
4
(a)
Expected Answers
1
2
3
[3]
cross
Paper
32
Additional Guidance
R AcAc etc A Ac , Ac
MP2 relies on correct MP1, allow ECF
MP3 stands alone (A orange)
genotypes of offspring
offspring x offspring
ACAC , AYAY , ACAY ;
offspring x crimson-flowered plant
ACAC , ACAY ;
offspring x yellow-flowered plant
AYAY, ACAY ;
2
3
4
phenotype of ACAY (offspring of cross 1) is different from either parent /

homozygote genotype / AW ;
the phenotype, was intermediate / mixture of two colours ;
both alleles are expressed ;
co / incomplete dominance ;
5
6
7
offspring of cross 2 gives three phenotypes not two ;

offspring of crosses 3 and 4 both give two phenotypes ;
if dominance then cross 3 or 4 would give one phenotype only ;
Syllabus
0610
Marks
AC
AY ;
C Y
A A ;
orange-red ;
(b)
(c)

IGCSE May/June 2011
Allow ECF from Question 4a
[3]
MP2 orange / red must be qualified

MP3 R genes
[max 3]
Page 9
Question
(d)
(e)

IGCSE May/June 2011
Expected Answers
Marks
1
2
3
transfer of pollen from, anthers / stamen , to stigma ;

self = within same flower (or flower on same plant);
cross = between flowers on different plants (of same species) ;
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
limited / little, variation ;

offspring become homozygous (over time) / AW ;
variation is due to mutation ;
low chance that mutations will be expressed / AW ;
offspring will be well adapted to conditions, locally / near parent ;
if environment does not change ;
limited / no, opportunity for evolution, if environment changes / example of
change / will not be able to adapt to change in the environment ;
AVP ; e.g. some variation due to meiosis / reduced variation leads to
intraspecific competition locally
Syllabus
0610
Paper
32
Additional Guidance
R fertilisation
[2]
MP2, 3 need ref to flowers at some point

R no variation
MP2 A ref to inbreeding / limited gene
pool
[max 4]
[Total: 15]
MP7 A ref to disease in context (as a

change)
R parents resistant, therefore offspring
resistant /AW
Page 10
Question
5

IGCSE May/June 2011
Expected Answers
Syllabus
0610
Marks
Paper
32
Additional Guidance
for
(fluoride) helps to strengthen tooth enamel ;
available to all / treats whole population ;
free (to people) / cheap to supply ;
AVP ;
NB: Max 2 (argument for)
1
2
3
4
against
ref. to allergies / qualified side effects ;
bad taste (in water) ;
dosage not controlled for individuals / no individual choice ;
mottled / discoloured teeth / fluorosis ;
AVP ;
NB: Max 2 (argument against)
5
6
7
8
9
(a)
1
2
3
sugar consumption
Chile increased to 1997, decreased (slightly) ;
Australia increased to 2000, decreased / decrease till 1995, then steady ;
any two figures with units and years ;
either for the same country or for both countries
4
5
6
7
tooth decay
Chile decreases 1977 to 1990, then increases to 1995 ;
Chile decreases from 1995 / AW ;
Australia keeps decreasing (from 1977) ;
(b)
[max 3]
MP5 ONLY accept these possible side

effects: gastric disturbance / AW,
cardiovascular problems, headache, fits
MP8 A any colour effect here
MP1 A peaks in 1997
MP2 A peaks in 2000
MP3 A units given only once
MP4 A peaks in 1995
[max 4]

A a difference in tooth decay for any two
years
Page 11
Question
(c)

IGCSE May/June 2011
Syllabus
0610
Expected Answers
Marks
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
sugar remains on teeth ;

bacteria, grow on teeth / feed on sugar / form plaque ;
bacteria respire ;
(lactic) acid formed ;
wear away enamel ;
exposes softer dentine ;
AVP ;
[max 4]
1
2
3
4
5
similarities (tooth decay decreases in both countries)

decrease in tooth decay is not related to decrease in sugar consumption ;
better, oral hygiene / dental care / awareness / AW ;
diet contains less sugar / reduction in sugary drinks for children ;
fluoride toothpastes ;
AVP ;
6
7
8
differences (tooth decay in Australia decreases before that in Chile / tooth

decay in Australia is lower than in Chile)
fluoridation (of water supply) in Australia may be responsible ;
better dental service / awareness / education in Australia / AW ;
AVP ;
(d)
Paper
32
Additional Guidance
NB: All explanations should be qualified
MP6 ORA Chile

[max 3]
[Total: 14]
Page 12
Question
6
(a)
(b)

IGCSE May/June 2011
Expected Answers
1
2
3
Syllabus
0610
Marks
broad leaves ;
network of veins ;
five petals ;
Paper
32
Additional Guidance
[3]
one mark for mesophyll cells, one mark for guard cell
NB: B + E = 1 mark
F = 1 mark
NB: Each extra tick (over 3) penalise by one mark

features
cells that carry out photosynthesis
A
B
C
D
E
;
;
[2]
Page 13
Question
(c)

IGCSE May/June 2011
Expected Answers
Syllabus
0610
Marks
Paper
32
Additional Guidance
1
2
upper epidermis is transparent / thin ;

lets light through to palisade, cells / mesophyll ;
3
4
palisade cells with many chloroplasts ; A lots of chlorophyll

absorb as much light as possible / AW ;
NB: Paired MPs (i.e. explanation must be

linked to correct feature)
5
6
palisade cells arranged lengthways ;

less cell walls to scatter light / AW ;
If a letter is given rather than named feature

then allow the explanation mark if relevant
7
8
palisade cells close together ;

absorb as much light as possible ;
MP3 need ref. to more, lots of / AW

MP4 light qualified much as possible etc.
9
10
spaces in spongy mesophyll ;

allow (diffusion of) carbon dioxide to mesophyll cells ;
A each cell has surface for gas exchange
11
12
guard cells / stomata ;

allow (diffusion of) carbon dioxide into leaf ;
13
14
xylem ;
to provide water (as raw material) ;
15
16
phloem ;
to remove products of photosynthesis ;
(d) (i)
(ii)
sucrose ; R sugar
amino acids ;
hormones / plant growth substances / auxin(s) ;
leaf ;
two of the following for one mark
stem, root, bud, flower, fruit, seed, storage organ ;
[2 + 2]
[max 2]
[2]
[Total: 13]
w
ap
eP
e
tr
.X
0610 BIOLOGY
0610/33
examination.
syllabuses.
om
.c
s
er
Page 2

IGCSE May/June 2011
Syllabus
0610
Paper
33
General notes
/
marks
( )
Small
ORA
ref.
AVP
AW
MP
Page 3

IGCSE May/June 2011
Question
Expected Answers
animals written in the correct boxes in the food web
(a)
(b)
(c) (i)
(ii)
Syllabus
0610
Marks
(Ruppells) vulture ;
cheetah ;
mice / mouse ;
[3]
(primary) producer ;
primary / first consumer ;
[2]
Sun / sunlight / light ;
[1]
(lost) to the atmosphere / (lost as) infra red (radiation) / heat / AW ;

[1]
(d)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
idea that small percentage of energy from sun is fixed by photosynthesis ;

most energy from sun not available / reference to wrong wavelength / AW ;
ref. to 10% energy transfer / ORA ;
ref. to material that is, inedible / not digestible ;
energy lost, in respiration / heat / (named) metabolic process / decomposers ;
ref. to (small) total percentage reaching fourth trophic level ;
not enough energy in fourth trophic level to support another level ;
except parasites ;
ref. to another problem of animal that would prey on, top carnivores /
scavengers ;
[max 3]
Paper
33
Additional Guidance
R reflect
R lost only needs qualifying
NB: MP3 is for loss with no reference to
magnitude, also award MP4 if magnitude
given
e.g. 90% lost between trophic levels is 2
marks
MP5 A ref to faeces
examples for MP10 animal would have to
be very large, would need much energy
to catch a cheetah, there would be very
small populations
Page 4
Question
(e)

IGCSE May/June 2011
Syllabus
0610
Expected Answers
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Marks
Paper
33
Additional Guidance
No credit for energy losses along the
chain as already given in Question 1d
feed is expensive / fish is sold at high price ;

more energy efficient to feed humans on, crops / producers / animals used to
make the fish food ;
waste from salmon / excess feed, causes eutrophication ;
diseases / parasites, spread easily in (high density of) salmon ;
diseases spread to, wild fish / other organisms ;
chemicals used to control disease also pollutants ;
escapees breed with wild fish ;
idea of genetic pollution of wild fish ;
escapees compete with wild fish ;
extinction of wild fish ;
AVP ;
[max 3]
[Total : 13]
AVP e.g. chemicals / antibiotics /

hormones in feed passed on
e.g. less waste if humans could eat high
protein fish food instead
e.g. low quality stock compared with wild
(less competition)
Page 5
Question
2
(a)
Expected Answers
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
(b)
(c)

IGCSE May/June 2011
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Marks
muscular contraction / movement / pump blood ;

maintenance of body temperature ;
active transport / described / (passage of) nerve impulses ;
metabolic reactions / named example (e.g. excretion / biosynthesis /
digestion)
growth / replacement / repair ;
mitosis / nuclear division / cell division ;
making, gametes / sperm ;
aerobic ;
Syllabus
0610
respiration ;
Paper
33
Additional Guidance
MP1 A maintain posture R sitting
unqualified
R breathing unqualified
MP2 R heat unqualified
MP4 R respiration
[max 3]
[2]
oxygen debt ;
oxygen not supplied fast enough (from lung / heart) / ORA more O2 supplied;
to muscles ;
removal of excess carbon dioxide ;
anaerobic respiration (in muscles) ;
lactic acid / lactate ;
builds up in muscle / not carried away fast enough in blood ;
lowers blood pH ;
makes person feel tired / muscle stiffness / fatigue / AW ;
muscle cannot contract any more ;
[max 4]
A lactic acid, converted to CO2 and water

/ lactic acid oxidised
Page 6
Question

IGCSE May/June 2011
Expected Answers
Syllabus
0610
Marks
at start of run
(d)
Paper
33
Additional Guidance
NB: All marks should be qualified by
reference to stage of the run
1
2
3
4
5
vasoconstriction;
(constriction / AW) of arterioles ; A arteries
decrease in supply of blood to skin capillaries ;
ref. to shunt vessels ;
to increase supply of blood to muscles ;
no / little sweat ;

vessels / veins
later as body temperature increases

7
8
9
10
11
vasodilation ;
(relaxation / AW) of arterioles ; A arteries
increase in supply of blood to skin capillaries ;
(causes) loss of heat ;
by, conduction / convection / radiation ;
12
13
14
increase in blood flow to sweat glands ;

increase production of sweat ;
loss of heat by evaporation ;

vessels / veins
[max 5]
[Total:14]
Page 7

IGCSE May/June 2011
Question
Expected Answers
NB: one mark for sites of production

one mark for two 2 sexual characteristics for testosterone
one mark for two 2 sexual characteristics for oestrogen
(a)
Marks
sex hormones
testosterone
oestrogen
site of production
testis / testes / testicles
follicle / ovary ;
secondary sexual
characteristics
(b) (i)
(ii)
Syllabus
0610
any two
hair on face
body / pubic, hair
increase in muscles
growth of genitals
growth of vocal cords
/ larynx / deep voice
broad shoulders;
Paper
33
Additional Guidance
any two
growth of breasts
body / pubic, hair
hips widen
fat deposition ;
[3]
pituitary (gland) ;
[1]
ovary ;
[1]
A ref. to levelling out 6 10 / 11 as part
of overall decrease MP2
(c) (i) 1
2
3
4
5
increasing concentration, days 0 to 2 / 3 ;

(then) decreases until day 10 13 ;
peak at, ovulation / middle of the cycle / day 14 ;
decreases / low concentration from days 14 to 22 / 23 / 24 ;
(then) increases from day 23 / 24 ;
MP3 need peak / max / highest / AW

[max 3] not just up / down
(c) (ii) 1
2
3
4
5
6
FSH stimulates follicle (cells) ;

to grow ;
to secrete oestrogen ;
ref. to, development / maturation of egg ;
correct reference to subsequent effect on, oestrogen / LH at ovulation ;
low FSH after ovulation, prevents further follicle stimulation ;
[max 3]
[Total: 11]
Page 8
Question
4
(a)
Expected Answers
1
2
3
[3]
cross
Paper
33
Additional Guidance
R AcAc etc A Ac , Ac
MP2 relies on correct MP1, allow ECF
MP3 stands alone (A orange)
genotypes of offspring
offspring x offspring
ACAC , AYAY , ACAY ;
offspring x crimson-flowered plant
ACAC , ACAY ;
offspring x yellow-flowered plant
AYAY, ACAY ;
2
3
4
phenotype of ACAY (offspring of cross 1) is different from either parent /

homozygote genotype / AW ;
the phenotype, was intermediate / mixture of two colours ;
both alleles are expressed ;
co / incomplete dominance ;
5
6
7
offspring of cross 2 gives three phenotypes not two ;

offspring of crosses 3 and 4 both give two phenotypes ;
if dominance then cross 3 or 4 would give one phenotype only ;
Syllabus
0610
Marks
AC
AY ;
C Y
A A ;
orange-red ;
(b)
(c)

IGCSE May/June 2011
Allow ECF from Question 4a
[3]
MP2 orange / red must be qualified

MP3 R genes
[max 3]
Page 9
Question
(d)
(e)

IGCSE May/June 2011
Expected Answers
Marks
1
2
3
transfer of pollen from, anthers / stamen , to stigma ;

self = within same flower (or flower on same plant);
cross = between flowers on different plants (of same species) ;
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
limited / little, variation ;

offspring become homozygous (over time) / AW ;
variation is due to mutation ;
low chance that mutations will be expressed / AW ;
offspring will be well adapted to conditions, locally / near parent ;
if environment does not change ;
limited / no, opportunity for evolution, if environment changes / example of
change / will not be able to adapt to change in the environment ;
AVP ; e.g. some variation due to meiosis / reduced variation leads to
intraspecific competition locally
Syllabus
0610
Paper
33
Additional Guidance
R fertilisation
[2]
MP2, 3 need ref to flowers at some point

R no variation
MP2 A ref to inbreeding / limited gene
pool
[max 4]
[Total: 15]
MP7 A ref to disease in context (as a

change)
R parents resistant, therefore offspring
resistant /AW
Page 10
Question
5

IGCSE May/June 2011
Expected Answers
Syllabus
0610
Marks
Paper
33
Additional Guidance
for
(fluoride) helps to strengthen tooth enamel ;
available to all / treats whole population ;
free (to people) / cheap to supply ;
AVP ;
NB: Max 2 (argument for)
1
2
3
4
against
ref. to allergies / qualified side effects ;
bad taste (in water) ;
dosage not controlled for individuals / no individual choice ;
mottled / discoloured teeth / fluorosis ;
AVP ;
NB: Max 2 (argument against)
5
6
7
8
9
(a)
1
2
3
sugar consumption
Chile increased to 1997, decreased (slightly) ;
Australia increased to 2000, decreased / decrease till 1995, then steady ;
4
5
6
7
tooth decay
Chile decreases 1977 to 1990, then increases to 1995 ;
Chile decreases from 1995 / AW ;
Australia keeps decreasing (from 1977) ;
(b)
[max 3]
MP5 ONLY accept these possible side

effects: gastric disturbance / AW,
cardiovascular problems, headache, fits
MP8 A any colour effect here
MP1 A peaks in 1997
MP2 A peaks in 2000
MP4 A peaks in 1995
[max 4]

A a difference in tooth decay for any two
years
Page 11
Question
(c)

IGCSE May/June 2011
Syllabus
0610
Expected Answers
Marks
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
sugar remains on teeth ;

bacteria, grow on teeth / feed on sugar / form plaque ;
bacteria respire ;
(lactic) acid formed ;
wear away enamel ;
exposes softer dentine ;
AVP ;
[max 4]
1
2
3
4
5
similarities (tooth decay decreases in both countries)

decrease in tooth decay is not related to decrease in sugar consumption ;
better, oral hygiene / dental care / awareness / AW ;
diet contains less sugar / reduction in sugary drinks for children ;
fluoride toothpastes ;
AVP ;
6
7
8
differences (tooth decay in Australia decreases before that in Chile / tooth

decay in Australia is lower than in Chile)
fluoridation (of water supply) in Australia may be responsible ;
better dental service / awareness / education in Australia / AW ;
AVP ;
(d)
Paper
33
Additional Guidance
NB: All explanations should be qualified
MP6 ORA Chile

[max 3]
[Total: 14]
Page 12
Question
6
(a)
(b)

IGCSE May/June 2011
Expected Answers
1
2
3
Syllabus
0610
Marks
broad leaves ;
network of veins ;
five petals ;
Paper
33
Additional Guidance
[3]
one mark for mesophyll cells, one mark for guard cell
NB: B + E = 1 mark
F = 1 mark
NB: Each extra tick (over 3) penalise by one mark

features
cells that carry out photosynthesis
A
B
C
D
E
;
;
[2]
Page 13
Question
(c)

IGCSE May/June 2011
Expected Answers
Syllabus
0610
Marks
Paper
33
Additional Guidance
1
2
upper epidermis is transparent / thin ;

lets light through to palisade, cells / mesophyll ;
3
4
palisade cells with many chloroplasts ; A lots of chlorophyll

absorb as much light as possible / AW ;
NB: Paired MPs (i.e. explanation must be

linked to correct feature)
5
6
palisade cells arranged lengthways ;

less cell walls to scatter light / AW ;
If a letter is given rather than named feature

then allow the explanation mark if relevant
7
8
palisade cells close together ;

absorb as much light as possible ;
MP3 need ref. to more, lots of / AW

MP4 light qualified much as possible etc.
9
10
spaces in spongy mesophyll ;

allow (diffusion of) carbon dioxide to mesophyll cells ;
A each cell has surface for gas exchange
11
12
guard cells / stomata ;

allow (diffusion of) carbon dioxide into leaf ;
13
14
xylem ;
to provide water (as raw material) ;
15
16
phloem ;
to remove products of photosynthesis ;
(d) (i)
(ii)
sucrose ; R sugar
amino acids ;
hormones / plant growth substances / auxin(s) ;
leaf ;
two of the following for one mark
stem, root, bud, flower, fruit, seed, storage organ ;
[2 + 2]
[max 2]
[2]
[Total: 13]
w
ap
eP
e
tr
.X

0610 BIOLOGY
0610/31
examination.
syllabuses.
om
.c
s
er
Page 2
Question
1

IGCSE May/June 2012
Syllabus
0610
Expected Answers
Paper
31
Marks
(a)
function
letter
peristalsis
protein digestion
C/H/E;
insulin production
D;
deamination
J;
partially digested food is mixed with bile
H;
most water is reabsorbed
E;
[5]
(b) (i)
large molecule
nutrients absorbed
protein
amino acids ;
glycogen
fat
(ii)
(iii)
Glucose / C6H12O6 ;
fatty acids and glycerol ;
[3]
calcium / Ca2+ ;
iron / Fe2+ ;
[2]
vitamins / named vitamin ;
[1]
Page 3
(c)
MP1
MP2
MP3
MP4
MP5
MP6
MP7
MP8
MP9
MP10
MP11

IGCSE May/June 2012
Syllabus
0610
platelets ;
promote / cause / stimulate, clotting ;
thrombin / enzyme ;
(converts) fibrinogen to fibrin ;
soluble to insoluble / fibrin is insoluble ;
mesh / network / web, to trap blood (cells) / prevent blood loss ;
forms scab / hardens ;
phagocytes, engulf / destroy / AW, bacteria / pathogens ;
cells divide by mitosis ;
identical cells ;
(tissues form to) make / grow, epidermis / capillary / new skin ;
Paper
31
[max 5]
[Total: 16]
(a)
(b)
(c)
pinna / external ear ;

fur ;
mammary glands / secretes milk ;
sweat glands ;
endothermic / homoeothermic / AW ; A warm blooded
different types of teeth ;
3 middle ear bones ;
[max 3]
MP1
MP2
MP3
MP4
MP5
MP6
MP7
MP8
MP9
MP10
[max 5]
redirects blood away from skin to (internal / vital) organs ;

vasoconstriction ;
fat under the skin ;
fur / hair ;
traps air ;
fat / air, poor conductors of heat / insulators ;
reduces heat loss ;
by, conduction / convection ;
generate heat, by metabolism / shivering ; A endothermic
small surface area to volume ratio / large size ;
group of organisms of one species ;

live in the same place, at the same time / together ;
[2]
Page 4

IGCSE May/June 2012
(d)
different species have different, genes / DNA ;
(e)
any two suitable suggestions, e.g.
Syllabus
0610
maintaining, genetic diversity ;

important in food web ;
possible medical application / useful genes ;
Paper
31
[1]
[max 2]
[Total: 13]
(a)
K plumule ;
L radicle ;
M cotyledon ;
N testa ;
[4]
(b)
hypha(e) ;
[1]
(c)
MP1
MP2
MP3
MP4
MP5
MP6
MP7
(d)
(e)
substrate, fits into enzyme ;

active site (of enzyme);
shape is complementary ;
substrate is key, enzyme is lock ;
substrate / starch / nutrient, converted (into products) / AW ;
(2) products (molecules) leave ;
enzyme / amylase, can work again on another substrate ;
[max 4]
very little activity until day 5 ;

increase to day 11 / peak at day 11 ;
decrease to day 15 ;
data quote with day and activity ;
[max 3]
ref to different shapes of the lines ;

(therefore) there is enzyme activity in both pH ;
enzyme activity influenced by / specific to, pH ;
data quote ; e.g. quote of activity at pH 8 and pH 5 on a specified day ;
suggesting one enzyme prefers acid conditions, but by day 15 less enzyme, produced / available ;
[max 3]
[Total: 15]
Page 5
(a)
(b)
MP1
MP2
MP3
MP4
MP5
MP6
MP7

IGCSE May/June 2012
Syllabus
0610
attach to virus / bacteria / antigens ;

prevent movement around the body ;
prevent entry into cells ;
stop division ;
combine with / neutralise, toxins ;
clump, bacteria / viruses, together ;
help phagocytes engulf virus / bacteria ;
Paper
31
[max 3]
kidney would be rejected ;

(lymphocytes produce anti-A) antibodies ;
(antibodies) attach to blood vessels ;
[max 2]
(c)
no, blood / capillaries / antigens / antibodies / white cells / lymphocytes, in the cornea ;
[max 1]
(d)
IAIO IBIO ;
I A IO + I B IO ;
IO I O ;
[3]
(e)
term
example
IA
a dominant allele
heterozygous genotype
IAIO / IBIO / IAIB ;
codominant alleles
IA and IB ;
phenotype
(blood) group, A / B / AB / O ;
[3]
[Total: 12]
Page 6

IGCSE May/June 2012
Syllabus
0610
Paper
31
(a) (i)
(ii)
circulatory system
blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood
maternal
V;
fetal
Y / Y and X ;
umbilical cord ;
Any one of the following:
tied / clamped ;
cut ;
(part attached to mother) comes away with placenta ;
(part attached to baby) drops off ;
(iii)
(b)
[2]
MP1 oxygen, from maternal / to fetal ;

MP2 carbon dioxide, from fetal / to maternal ;
MP3 named nutrients from maternal / to fetal ;
MP4 water, either direction or both ;
MP5 antibodies, from maternal / to fetal ;
MP6 urea / nitrogenous waste, from fetal / to maternal ;
MP7 passage of hormones, from maternal / to fetal / both directions ;
MP8 diffusion in correct context ;
MP9 active transport in correct context ; (amino acids)
[2]
[max 4]
oestrogen and progesterone

MP1
MP2
MP3
MP4
MP5
MP6
develops, (lining of) uterus / endometrium ;

prevent, shedding of lining / menstruation ;
inhibit (release of) FSH ;
by pituitary gland ;
prevent egg cells / follicles, developing (in ovary) / ovulation ;
promote development / growth, of mammary glands ;
[max 3]
[Total: 11]
Page 7
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)

IGCSE May/June 2012
Syllabus
0610
Paper
31
MP1
MP2
MP3
MP4
MP5
MP6
MP7
reduction of (wild) habitat / change the ecosystem ;

area too small to support many organisms ;
populations, are too small / isolated, to survive / breed;
disruption to food chain / food web ;
flooding ;
erosion ;
leaching of minerals ;
[max 3]
MP1
MP2
MP3
MP4
MP5
more energy available ;

energy loss, within / between, trophic levels ;
energy lost in animals, metabolism / respiration / movement / excretion ;
little energy for animal growth ;
(about) 90% loss / (only) 10% passed on to humans ;
[max 3]
MP1
MP2
MP3
MP4
MP5
MP6
MP7
MP8
MP9
burning trees gives off carbon dioxide ;

less photosynthesis ;
so less carbon dioxide, absorbed ;
less oxygen produced ;
cows give off, methane ;
methane, greenhouse gas ;
traps heat in the atmosphere ;
less transpiration ;
reduced rainfall ;
[max 3]
soils, are thin / have little humus content ;

no / less, recycling organic material ;
competition for minerals from crop ;
constant cultivation, removes / overuses, minerals ;
plant pest population increases ;
[max 2]
less, forest cleared ;

less energy used ;
less water used in paper production from recycled paper ;
less waste to, landfill ;
less rubbish burnt, so less carbon dioxide given off ;
[max 2]
[Total: 13]
w
ap
eP
e
tr
.X
0610 BIOLOGY
0610/32
examination.
syllabuses.
om
.c
s
er
Page 2

IGCSE May/June 2012
Syllabus
0610
Question
Expected Answers
(a)
microvilli ;
(b)
water ;
glucose ;
ions ;
amino acids ;
vitamins ;
oxygen ;
[max 3]
(microvilli) give large surface area ;

(large surface area) for diffusion ;
(large surface area / mitochondria) for active transport ;
ref to, carriers / proteins, (in membranes) ;
mitochondria, to provide energy ;
[max 2]
(c)
(d)
1
2
3
4
5
Marks
Additional Guidance
[1]
small intestine / duodenum / ileum ;
Paper
32
[1]
[Total: 7]
Page 3
Question
2
(a)
Marks
increase in size ;
(permanent) increase in dry mass ;
increase in cell number ;
[max 2]
positive ;
phototropism ;
[max 2]
tip of shoot is area where stimulus is detected ;

response to light is a growth response ;
response occurs, F / with tip and light ;
no response, E / whole seedling in darkness / G / when tip was
covered / H / without the tip ;
[max 3]
1
2
3
expose a larger surface area of leaves ;

so absorbs more light ;
so more photosynthesis ;
[max 2]
1
2
3
4
auxins stimulate cell elongation ;

cells have turgor pressure causes cells to lengthen ;
more auxins on shaded side ;
more, lengthening / growth, on shaded side causes bending ;
[max 2]
1
2
3
4
5
up to 30 minutes no response ;
control group showed more, bending / response ;
no pigment group, bending increases slowly ;
control group, initial lag, increase, levels off, with time ;
maximum bending is 73o for control OR
maximum bending is 8o for variety with no pigment ;
[max 4]
variety without pigment is not able to absorb blue light ;

does not detect, (direction of) light ;
shows, no / less, bending / response ;
[max 2]
(b)
1
2
3
4
(d)
(e)
(f)
(i)
(ii)
Syllabus
0610
Expected Answers
1
2
3
(c)

IGCSE May/June 2012
1
2
3
Paper
32
Additional Guidance
Units must be stated at least once.
[Total: 17]
Page 4

IGCSE May/June 2012
Question
Expected Answers
community and the environment / abiotic factors ;

interacting / interdependent / in a given area ;
(a)
(b)
1
2
3
4
5
6
(c)
Syllabus
0610
Marks
[2]
mammals have
fur ;
sweat glands ;
pinnae / external ears ;
three middle ear bones ;
mammary glands / secrete milk ;
different types of teeth ;
[max 3]
any two suitable suggestions

e.g. good sense of hearing / smell / touch
refuge / hide during day
correct ref. to rods / cones ;;
[max 2]
Paper
32
Additional Guidance
Page 5
Question
(d)

IGCSE May/June 2012
Syllabus
0610
Expected Answers
Marks
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
give some protection for endangered species / prevent extinction ;

encourages biodiversity ;
maintains (natural) habitats ;
encourages genetic diversity ;
maintain food, webs / chains ;
services that wild places provide ;
increasing awareness / education / research ;
[max 4]
(e)
ideas of the following required

breed and have fertile offspring ;
examine DNA to show that they are similar / have similar genes ;
[max 1]
[Total: 12]
Paper
32
Additional Guidance
Page 6
Question
Expected Answers
J aorta ;
K pulmonary vein ;
L vena cava ;
M pulmonary artery ;
(a)
(b) (i) 1
2
3
4
5
(ii)
[4]
J blood goes to the whole body / greater distance ;

M blood goes to the lungs / shorter distance ;
J blood is pumped by, more muscular, ventricle ;
M blood is pumped by, less muscular, ventricle ;
greater resistance to blood flow in circulation to the body / ora ;
1
2
3
Valve N
opens when, atrium contracts ;
closes when ventricle contracts ;
stops back flow from ventricle to atrium ;
4
5
6
Valve O
opens when ventricle contracts ;
closes when ventricle relaxes ;
stops back flow from, J, to ventricle ;
description of way in which valve flaps or pockets prevent backflow ;

veins ;
Syllabus
0610
Marks
(blood in K and L) travelled through the capillaries ;

larger / wider lumen ;
(c)
(d)

IGCSE May/June 2012
[max 2]
[2]
[max 4]
[1]
Paper
32
Additional Guidance
Page 7
Question
5

IGCSE May/June 2012
Expected Answers
Syllabus
0610
Marks
Additional Guidance
(a)
Function
structure
stores urine
produces gametes
F;
produce seminal fluid
B/C;
move gametes by peristalsis
D/J;
produce testosterone
F;
[4]
(b) 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
flagellum / tail ;
motile ;
smaller / ref to actual sizes ;
acrosome ;
no food store ;
less cytoplasm ;
produced in larger numbers ;
contains X or Y (chromosome) ;
Paper
32
[max 4]
Page 8
(c) (i) 1
2
3
4
5
(ii) 1
2
3

IGCSE May/June 2012
Syllabus
0610
(Fertility drugs may contain) FSH / LH ;

taken / injected, during early stage of menstrual cycle ;
stimulates ovaries ;
(FSH) stimulates follicles to develop ;
(LH / FSH) stimulates ovulation ;
[max 3]
collect sperm from male / donor ;

inject into uterus ;
when egg likely to be in oviduct ;
[max 2]
Paper
32
Accept through cervix
[Total: 13]
Page 9

IGCSE May/June 2012
Syllabus
0610
(a)
stage
Process
nitrogen fixation ;
protein synthesis ;
feeding / digestion ;
deamination
nitrification ;
denitrification ;
[5]
Paper
32
Page 10
Question

IGCSE May/June 2012
Syllabus
0610
Expected Answers
Marks
(b) 1
2
3
4
plants from irradiated seeds had more nodules ;

plants from irradiated seeds had nodules with more mass ;
comparative data quote for number ;
comparative data quote for dry mass of nodules ;
[max 3]
(c)
mutation ;
change in, gene(s) / DNA ;
Additional Guidance
Units are required at least once.
[2]
(d) 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
choose plants with desired feature(s) ;

cross / breed plants ;
any detail ; e.g. bagging flowers, transfer of pollen with paintbrush
collect seeds ;
grow seeds and check plants for features ;
cross plants showing features with original variety ;
keep crossing and selecting ;
[max 4]
(e) 1
2
3
4
genetic engineering / genetic modification ;

introduced a gene from a different species ;
results, after one generation ;
any detail of method involved e.g. use of vector / plasmid ;
[max 2]
(f)
fix nitrogen ;
products of fixation / nitrates provide a source of protein ;
increases nitrogen in soil when beans decay ;
maintain / higher, yields (of maize) ;
[max 2]
1
2
3
4
Paper
32
[Total: 18]
w
ap
eP
e
tr
.X
0610 BIOLOGY
0610/33
examination.
syllabuses.
om
.c
s
er
Page 2

IGCSE May/June 2012
Syllabus
0610
Paper
33
General notes
/
marks
( )
Small
ORA
ref
AVP
AW
MP
Page 3

IGCSE May/June 2012
Question
Expected Answers
jointed / articulated, legs ;

exoskeleton / described ;
(a)
Syllabus
0610
Marks
Additional Guidance
[max 2]
(b)
6/7 RIGHT = 4
5 RIGHT = 3
3/4 RIGHT = 2
1/2 RIGHT =1
0 RIGHT = 0
go to 2
go to 7
Schistocerca gregaria
go to 3
go to 4
Drosophila melanogaster
go to 5
go to 6
Ephestia cautella
Batrachedra amydraula
Rhynchophorus ferrugineus
Oryctes agamemnon
Microcerotermes diversus
Oligonychus afrasiaticus
Paper
33
[4]
R antennae / wings
R many legs
R segmentation body
Page 4
(c)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
(d)

IGCSE May/June 2012
kills, harmless / other / non-pest, insects / animals / fish ;

ref to, predators / parasites, of pests ;
idea that pesticides are concentrated in food chains ;
any effect on animals higher up food chain ; e.g. extinction
any further detail, e.g. kills birds of prey / egg shell thinning ;
pollutes / poisons, streams / rivers / lakes / sea ;
AVP ;
as a control ;
pesticide
numbers decreased, immediately (after spraying) / on day 4 ;
then increased ;
use of figures reference to day and density ;
4
5
6
7
fungal spores
numbers did not decrease immediately / decreased after day 7 ;
decreased, slowly ;
did not increase ;
use of figures reference to day and density ;
any comparison to the control ;
Paper
33
MP5 A any consequence for food

chain/web/ecosystem
[max 4]
[1]
1
2
3
(e) (i)
Syllabus
0610
[max 5]
A idea that it is used as a reference to see

the effect of the pesticide
Page 5

IGCSE May/June 2012
4
5
6
7
pesticide
kills nearly all grasshoppers / kills instantly ;
on contact / or immediately after ingesting it ;
some resistant / some tolerant / some not hit by spray / some not eaten
pesticide / some survive ;
pesticide decays / removed / not effective for long ;
more grasshoppers migrate from neighbouring areas ;
more grasshoppers, hatching / AW ;
eggs not killed ;
8
9
10
11
12
13
fungal spores
did not kill on contact / did not kill immediately ;
spores need to, germinate / grow ;
takes several days (must be linked to MP9) ;
fungus (produces spores) that infect other grasshoppers ;
ref to transmission of fungus ;
any grasshoppers that migrate into area are infected (and killed) ;
(ii)
1
2
3
Syllabus
0610
[max 4]
[Total: 20]
(a)
A
B
C
(b) (i)
(ii)
cell membrane ;
cytoplasm ;
nucleus
[3]
retina ;
[1]
fovea / yellow spot ;

blind spot / optic disc / end of optic nerve ;
[2]
Paper
33
Page 6
(c)

IGCSE May/June 2012
1
2
3
4
light absorbed (by a pigment) ;

rods detect low light (intensity) ;
give black and white vision / do not detect colour ;
provide night vision / AW ;
5
6
7
8
9
10
cones detect high light (intensity) ;

cones detect colour ;
any detail, e.g. three different types of cone ;
convert light into (electrical) impulses ;
impulses sent to brain ;
via, neurones / sensory nerve / optic nerve ;
Syllabus
0610
[max 4]
[Total: 10]
(a)
(b)
1
2
3
4
5
6
carbon dioxide is required for photosynthesis ;

(more carbon dioxide) more, glucose is produced ;
carbon dioxide concentration is a limiting factor ;
more carbon dioxide = faster rate of photosynthesis ;
prevents concentration falling below that of atmosphere / AW ;
ref to more, growth / yield ;
[max 2]
carbon dioxide will diffuse out of the glasshouse ;

carbon dioxide is wasted ;
idea that extra, growth / yield, does not cover the cost of the carbon
dioxide ;
[max 2]
Paper
33
Page 7
(c) (i)
(ii) 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

IGCSE May/June 2012
Syllabus
0610
plants respire at night and do not photosynthesise ;

decrease temperature on hot days / AW / avoid plants overheating ;
denaturing of enzymes ;
avoids plants wilting ;
idea that open to allow carbon dioxide to enter during the day / ref to F ;
idea that open to allow oxygen to enter at night ;
to allow plants to respire ;
allow water vapour to escape / avoids air becoming too humid ;
reduces chances of (fungal) disease ;
[1]
Paper
33
both ideas are needed for the mark
[max 4]
[Total: 9]
(a)
glucose R ;
oxygen Q ;
urea P ;
(b)
(c) (i)
(ii)
[3]
R the liver produces amino acids
amino acids used to make proteins ;

deamination ;
removal of, nitrogen-containing group / amino group / amine group / AW ;
formation of urea ;
rest of molecule / carbohydrate, is, respired / stored as glycogen /
converted to fat / used for energy ;
[max 3]
(stimulates liver cells to)

absorb more glucose ; A sugar
store / convert, glucose ;
to glycogen (for storage) ;
[max 2]
(stimulates liver cells to) breakdown glycogen ;

to glucose ;
release glucose ;
A convert to / AW
[max 2]
Page 8
(iii)
(d)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

IGCSE May/June 2012
Syllabus
0610
fatty liver / build up of fat deposits ;

hepatitis ;
fibrous tissue ;
cirrhosis ;
liver cancer ;
liver failure ;
[max 2]
bile contains bile salts ;

emulsify (fats) / emulsification (of fats) ;
break large globules of fat into smaller globules / AW ;
mechanical / physical, digestion ;
increases surface area ;
for digestion by lipase ;
(chemical) digestion of fat, takes longer / is harder ;
[max 4]
Paper
33
[Total: 16]
5
(a)
34/35/36mm
0.14
answer = (x) 243 to 257 ;;
(b)
(c)
[2]
only accept structural points
no, flagellum / tail ;

no, acrosome / (digestive) enzymes ;
has, food / energy, store ;
more cytoplasm ;
larger nucleus ;
more membrane / larger surface area ;
[max 3]
reduces / halves, number of chromosomes ;

so number of chromosomes does not double each generation ;
gives variation ;
[max 2]
Page 9
(d)
(e)
(f)

IGCSE May/June 2012
Syllabus
0610
man
cannot produce sperm ;
sperm cannot swim / defective sperm / AW ;
few sperm / low sperm count ;
blockage of, epididymis / vas deferens ;
result of, STD / named STD ;
AVP ; had a vasectomy / problem with ejaculation / not enough nutrient
in semen
[max 1]
woman
low concentration of / no, FSH ;
follicles do not develop / cannot ovulate ;
damaged / blocked / cut, oviduct ;
AVP ; e.g. post menopause / embryo cannot implant / uterine lining does
not thicken
[max 1]
to increase chances of fertilisation ;

fertilisation occurs in the oviduct ;
sperm can only survive for a few days (in the oviduct) ;
placed in the uterus and not in the vagina as sperm less likely to die /
AW ;
AVP ; e.g. ref to females immune system
takes 12 days for sperm to reach, egg / oviduct
[max 3]
to maintain, endometrium / lining of uterus ;

for implantation ;
prevent loss of embryo (through menstruation) ;
inhibits, secretion / release, of FSH / LH ;
no development of (more) follicles / AW ;
[max 3]
Paper
33
Page 10
(g)

IGCSE May/June 2012
number of women who become pregnant out of all women who have AI ;
as a percentage / out of every 100 ;
Syllabus
0610
[2]
[Total: 17]
(a)
(b)
(c)
1
2
3
4
decrease number of trees used / less deforestation ;

any consequence for biodiversity ;
less carbon dioxide produced (by burning) ; A ora
ref to greenhouse gas / global warming ;
less energy needed to recycle compared to making paper from trees ;
[max 3]
bacteria continue to, secrete / release / produce, enzymes / lipase ;

(therefore) maintain / increase, concentration of lipase ;
(over time) lipase may become, inactive / used up / denatured ;
bacteria reproduce ;
[max 3]
no enzyme activity ;
bacteria (killed so) do not produce any enzymes ;
enzymes are denatured ;
destruction of, active site / shape of enzymes ;
[max 2]
[Total: 8]
Paper
33
w
ap
eP
e
tr
.X
CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS
0610 BIOLOGY
0610/31
Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the question paper and the Principal Examiner
Report for Teachers.
Cambridge will not enter into discussions about these mark schemes.
Cambridge is publishing the mark schemes for the May/June 2013 series for most IGCSE, GCE
Advanced Level and Advanced Subsidiary Level components and some Ordinary Level components.
om
.c
MARK SCHEME for the May/June 2013 series
s
er
Page 2
Mark Scheme
IGCSE May/June 2013
Syllabus
0610
Paper
31
Mark schemes will use these abbreviations
;
/
R
A
I
ecf
AW
AVP
ORA
underline
()
D, L, T, Q
max
separates marking points

alternatives
reject
accept (for answers correctly cued by the question)
ignore as irrelevant
error carried forward
alternative wording (where responses vary more than usual)
alternative valid point
or reverse argument
actual word given must be used by candidate (grammatical variants excepted)
the word / phrase in brackets is not required but sets the context
quality of: drawing / labelling / table / detail as indicated
indicates the maximum number of marks
Cambridge International Examinations 2013
Page 3
Mark Scheme
IGCSE May/June 2013
Answer
1
Syllabus
0610
Marks
Paper
31
Guidance for Examiners
(a)
(b) (i)
(ii)
(iii)
structure
letter from Fig. 1.1
left lung
bronchus
diaphragm
intercostal muscle
rib
trachea
Only one letter per box; if more than one letter no

mark
If letter crossed out but not rewritten mark it
JEHCB
[5]
3750 ; no mark for working alone
[1]
number of breaths (per minute) / different rate of breathing ;

exhaled breath has a higher temperature ;
water vapour / H2O / any named rare or inert gas or pollutant ;
[max 1]
[1]
if the answer is not in the table look for it in the

space for working
A faster, slower, change in frequency
ignore depth (as in the table) / heavier
names, correct symbols or formulae for any of the
following: H2, Ar, He, Xe, Ne, Rn, Kr, SO2, O3, CO,
NO2, N2O, CH4, NH3, I2
Page 4
Mark Scheme
IGCSE May/June 2013
Answer
(iv)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
2
(a) (i)
(ii)
Marks
in breathed out air

after exercise less oxygen and more carbon dioxide / ora ;
use of data with % to quantify (for either oxygen or carbon
dioxide) ;
explanation in terms of the following increasing
more oxygen, absorbed / is needed / used up ;
more carbon dioxide, produced ;
more gas exchange ;
more respiration ; R more anaerobic respiration
more energy required ;
repaying / AW, oxygen debt ;
L = (primary) producer(s) ;
N = secondary consumer(s) ;
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
R inhaled
R exhaled
R produce energy
[max 3]
[1]
idea that
no, energy left ;
use figures from Fig. 2.1 to show that all energy to O is already
little / not enough, energy available from eating, tertiary
consumers / O / AW ;
loss of (90%) energy, at / between, each trophic level / AW ;
would be very small population of predators of O ;
(population of) predators of O unlikely to survive ;
AVP ; e.g. idea that difficult to be a predator of O because O is
likely to be large and fierce
Paper
31
MP2
oxygen 17.2 to 15.3% / 1.9%
carbon dioxide 3.6 to 5.5% / 1.9%
[2]
energy, of / at, each trophic level ;

A shows that energy, decreases / is lost (at each trophic level)
e.g. L has more energy than M
(iii)
Syllabus
0610
ignore (green) plant

ignore carnivore
R biomass / numbers
R production of energy
ignore energy passed on shown by the arrows
not the boxes
A needing to eat a lot to get enough energy?

MP4 no need to use the term trophic level if idea is
implied
[max 3]
Page 5
Mark Scheme
IGCSE May/June 2013
Answer
(iv)
1
2
3
4
(b)
1
2
3
4
5
6
3
loss of energy (from, each / all, trophic level(s)) ;

(by) respiration ;
(to the) environment / atmosphere / surroundings ;
as, heat / thermal energy ;
M is the herbivore
more (biomass of / energy in), producers / L ;
as fewer / no, herbivores / primary consumers / predators (to eat
L) / M ;
fewer / extinction of, carnivores / secondary consumers / N ;
fewer / extinction of, tertiary consumers / O ;
as less, food / energy ;
more competition ;
Syllabus
0610
Paper
31
Marks
[max 2]
accept once only

ignore any changes to decomposers / recycling
A the argument that more primary consumers will
migrate into the ecosystem
ignore predators / organisms unqualified
[max 3]
(a)
(b) (i)
(ii)
letter from
Fig. 3.1
function
name of organ
production of gametes
ovary
T;
site of implantation
uterus
X;
site of fertilisation
oviduct / fallopian tube
R;
dilates during birth
cervix
ovary / ovaries ; ignore T
ignore lining / endometrium not an organ

R uterus wall
R egg, canal / tube
[3]
[1]
makes (Graafian) follicle, form / develop / mature / be produced ;

causes, secretion / release / production, of oestrogen ;
[max 1]
R follicle not an organ

A egg / ovum / gamete for follicle
R ovulation / described
Page 6
Mark Scheme
IGCSE May/June 2013
Answer
Syllabus
0610
Marks
Paper
31
(c) (i)
award the following to max 3
award max 2 for data quotes including changes in concentration over stated
number of days - units must be used at least once in the answer
increase from, day 1 / first day, to day 11 ;

A peaks at day 11 / increases over first 10/11 days
155 / 156 (arbitrary) units on day 11 ;
decreases from day 11 to day 15 ;
54 / 55 (arbitrary) units on day 15 ;
increases to day 20 / peaks (again) at day 20 ;
136 (arbitrary) units on day 20 ;
decreases to, day 27 / last day ;
40 (arbitrary) units on day 27 ;

[max 4]
(ii)
either
from, ovary / follicle
or
into fallopian tube / oviduct ;
(d)
R ovule
release of, egg / egg cell / ovum / oocyte / female gamete ;
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
[2]
sperm cell digests way through, jelly coat / AW ;

uses enzymes (from acrosome) ;
sperm, attaches to / fuses with, egg / AW ; A fusion of gametes
whole sperm cell enters egg / head of sperm enters egg ;
(egg membrane changes so that) no other sperm can enter ;
haploid / 23 chromosomes ;
nuclei, fuse / join ; A ref to chromosomes coming together
diploid / 46 chromosomes ;
zygote ;
ignore egg wall / cell wall
ignore events after fertilisation

[max 3]
Page 7
Mark Scheme
IGCSE May/June 2013
Answer
(e) (i)
Syllabus
0610
Marks
length / molecule / thread / strand, of DNA (and proteins) ;

made of (string of), genes / alleles ; A contains genes
Paper
31

R pair of genes
[max 2]
(ii)
4
46 ; A 23 pairs
(a)
phloem
[1]
1 mark for drawing and 1 mark for labelling
drawing must represent correct position of xylem
and phloem as shown in Fig. 4.1
xylem
if cells are drawn, these must be in the correct

positions for xylem and phloem as in the
photograph
[2]
(b)
sucrose ;
(c)
[1]
ignore sugar / non-reducing sugar

A phonetic spellings
during growing season / when photosynthesising / when food is

made ;
(substances are) transported (down), to the roots or to (named)
A when there is plenty of light
transported (up) to the, growing points / flowers / fruits / seeds /

new leaves / AW ;
A move for are transported

MP3 A transported up for either time of year once
only
(time of year) when no photosynthesis / when food is not made ;
(substances are transported upwards) from, roots / storage organ

/ seed ;
(substances transported) from source to sink ;
[max 4]
source may be a storage organ or a leaf

depending on the time of year
Page 8
Mark Scheme
IGCSE May/June 2013
Answer
(d)
(e)
(a) (i)
(ii)
(b) (i)
Marks
1
2
3
4
evaporation of water, from (surfaces of) mesophyll ;

movement / diffusion / loss of, water vapour ;
from, leaves ; A (named) aerial / upper, parts ;
through / from, stomata / cuticle ;
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
evaporation / transpiration, causes movement of water ;

in xylem ;
reduces pressure at the top of the plant / ref to a water potential
transpiration pull ;
maintained by cohesion between water molecules ;
maintains a continuous column of water / AW ;
adhesion of water / AW, to walls of xylem ;
without enzymes reactions, occur too slowly / not at all ;

A enzymes speed up reactions
reduce, activation energy / energy needed for a reaction ;
reactions take place at lower temperatures ;
enzymes are catalysts ;
2
3
4
lipase pancreas ;
protease stomach / pancreas ;
amylase salivary gland / pancreas ;
Paper
31
[max 3]
ignore capillarity (except if discussing events at
interface between water and air in mesophyll in
leaf)
[max 4]
MP1 A some aspect of metabolism as an
alternative to reactions, e.g. digestion
[max 3]
[3]
control ; R control(led) variable

to show differences in, colour / pH / fat, due to, enzyme / lipase ;
organs have to be different

if the answer for lipase is incorrect A pancreas for
either protease or amylase but not both
A to show what happens without, enzyme / lipase,
and bile salts
[max 2]
to use for comparing, colours / pH ;

(ii)
Syllabus
0610
acid pH / below pH 5 / lowers the pH / becomes acidic ;

fat has been, digested / broken down ;
fatty acids (and glycerol) ;
R ref to lipase / bile salts being acidic

[3]
Page 9
Mark Scheme
IGCSE May/June 2013
Answer
(iii)
Syllabus
0610
Marks
ref to specific, pH / colour in, B / C ;

i.e. B is blue / 8-10 / alkaline
i.e. C is yellow / 4-5 / slightly acid
Paper
31
testtube
contents
ignore bile salts / lipase is alkaline in B

2
3
4
(a)
(b) (i)
B
no, (chemical) digestion / breakdown (of fat) ;
no fatty acids ;
no lipase ;
5
6
7
8
C
some, (chemical) digestion / breakdown (of fat) ;
fat not emulsified ;
so slower reaction (than A) ;
fewer fatty acids produced ;
9
10
11
award for B / C
bile salts emulsify fats ;
ref to increasing surface area of fat (globules / AW) ;
bile salts are not enzymes ;
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
cell wall ;
plasmid ;
flagella ;
capsule ;
loop of DNA / circular chromosome / no chromosome(s) ;
no nucleus ;
no, organelles / named organelle ;
AVP ; e.g. smaller ribosomes
A lag ;
B exponential / log ;
colour of pH
indicator after
5 minutes at 40 oC
milk, alkaline
solution, lipase and
bile salts
milk, alkaline
solution, bile salts
and water
milk, alkaline
solution, lipase and
water
yellow
milk, alkaline
solution and water
blue
orange
blue
[max 4]
R size
A fimbriae / pili
ignore thread of DNA unqualified
some of these structures are not in all bacteria, but
are often shown in diagrams of bacteria
[max 2]
please look carefully at spelling of lag and log
[2]
Page 10
Mark Scheme
IGCSE May/June 2013
Syllabus
0610
Answer
(ii)
(c) (i)
(ii)
Marks
Paper
31

A rate of growth / reproduction for birth
D birth = death ;
E death > birth ;
3
4
5
for either D or E
less / no, food / nutrients ;
less / no, oxygen ;
accumulation of, wastes / toxins ;
limiting factor(s) used in appropriate context ;
carrying capacity / described ;
[max 3]
jointed, legs / limbs / appendages ;

exoskeleton ;
[max 1]
either
A limit / limits in context
or
1
2
3
4
idea that bottom of sea, predators / prey, unable to see ;

camouflage not needed (ref to, avoiding predators /
(therefore) no need to make pigment ;
less energy needed (to make pigment) ;
5
6
7
8
9
mutation / change in gene or DNA ;

so no pigment made (allow only if MP5 is given) ;
white crabs / albino crabs, survive and reproduce ;
pass on their, gene(s) / allele(s) (for no pigment) ;
ref to (natural) selection in context ; R if artificial
3
4
bottom of the sea is covered in white, sand / rock ;

dark coloured crabs, are conspicuous / easily seen,
by predators / more likely to be predated ;
no need to make pigment ;
less energy needed (to make pigment) ;
5
6
7
8
9
mutation / change in gene / DNA ;

so no pigment made (allow only if MP5 is given) ;
white crabs / albino crabs, survive and reproduce ;
pass on their, gene(s) / allele(s) (for no pigment) ;
ref to (natural) selection in context ; R if artificial
1
2
[max 4]
w
ap
eP
e
tr
.X
0610 BIOLOGY
0610/32
om
.c
s
er
Page 2
Mark Scheme
IGCSE May/June 2013
Syllabus
0610
;
/
alternatives
R
reject
A
I
ecf
AW
AVP alternative valid point
ORA or reverse argument
underline
()
max indicates the maximum number of marks
Paper
32
Page 3
Mark Scheme
IGCSE May/June 2013
Syllabus
0610
Question
Expected Answer
plasma ;
[1]
excretion ;
[1]
(a) (i)
(ii)
1
2
3
A
(ultra)filtration ;
small molecules, from blood or glomerulus / into (Bowmans / renal) capsule ;
are forced / pushed (out) / under (high) pressure ;
4
5
6
B
back into the blood / capillaries ;
e.g. of any substance that is filtered or reabsorbed ;
(b)
(c) (i)
(d)
Marks
[max 4]
[1]
(ii)
glucose ;
[1]
(iii)
urea ;
[1]
Additional Guidance
A small particles / examples of relevant

small molecules instead of small
molecules
protein ;
water has been reabsorbed ;

by osmosis ;
(in / by) collecting duct / nephron / (proximal convoluted) tubule ;
idea that by Z there is no change in, sodium ions / urea / solutes, but volume of
water is less ;
Paper
32
A loop of Henle
[max 2]
Page 4
(e) (i)
1
2
3
Mark Scheme
IGCSE May/June 2013
Syllabus
0610
either
0.35 (g per 100 cm3) ;
Paper
32
Note: Mpts 2 or 3 linked to correct answer

for Mpt 1
same concentration as the blood / to be in equilibrium with the blood / to prevent

loss or gain, of sodium ions ;
prevents / reduces, osmosis ;
or
any figure greater than 0 and less than 0.35 (g per 100 cm3) ;
5
6
excess, sodium / salt, in the blood ;

diffusion, from blood / into dialysis fluid ;
(e) (ii)
red blood cells / erythrocytes ;

white blood cells / lymphocytes / phagocytes ;
platelets / thrombocytes ;
(named) plasma protein(s) e.g. fibrinogen, antibodies ;;
(named) hormones ;;
urea / uric acid ;
amino acids / (named) vitamins / cholesterol / fats / fatty
acids / glycerol / bacteria / virus ;;
Note: Mpts 5 or 6 linked to correct answer

for Mpt 4
[max 2]
Ignore protein, cells, plasma, (named)
gases, iron, (named) toxins, (named)
drugs
R glucose, (mineral) salt, minerals,
sodium, (named) ions, water,
carbohydrate, starch, blood, ammonia
[max 2]
(f)
1
2
3
4
5
6
ref to platelets (in correct context of clotting) ;

soluble to insoluble / fibrin is insoluble ;
thrombin / enzyme, in context ;
mesh / network / web, to trap blood (cells) ;
AVP ; e.g. ref to prothrombin or involvement of, calcium ions / clotting factors
A ref to thrombocytes
[max 3]
[Total:18]
Page 5
(a) (i)
Mark Scheme
IGCSE May/June 2013
Syllabus
0610
all bacteria are, susceptible / sensitive to this antibiotic / not resistant ;

(antibiotics) killed the bacteria / stopped bacteria growing / AW ;
(ii)
(all) bacteria are, resistant / not affected (by the antibiotic) / ORA ;
(iii)
1
2
3
only a few bacteria from the sample are resistant / ORA ;

caused, by mutations / genes ;
resistant bacteria, grew / reproduced ;
Paper
32
R immune (as equivalent to resistance)
[max 1]
[1]
[max 2]

ecf from 2(a)(i)
ecf from 2 (a)(i) and 2 (a)(ii)
A susceptible bacteria did not grow
(b)
No ecf from 2 (a)
1
2
3
4
person may be infected with bacteria, that are resistant to, some / an, antibiotic(s) ;
(test) to find the most effective antibiotic ;
that kills all bacteria (in the person) ;
prevents antibiotic resistance ;
[max 2]
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
prescribe / use, antibiotics less often ;

not for, viral / fungal, infections ;
make sure people complete the course of antibiotics / AW ;
develop new antibiotics ;
do not use the same antibiotics for too long / rotate antibiotics / AW ;
use combinations of antibiotics ;
AVP ; e.g. isolation of patients with antibiotic-resistant infections / good hygiene to
prevent spread of infection
[max 4]
(c)
Page 6
(d) (i)
(ii)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Mark Scheme
IGCSE May/June 2013
V
easier / quicker, to supply the demand ;

more cost effective ;
no / less, rejection / allergies / side effects ;
human insulin more effective (than animal insulin) ;
because can be individually modified ;
no risk of transmission of disease from animals ;
ethical / religious / animal welfare consideration ;
Syllabus
0610
[1]
[max 3]
[Total:14]
Paper
32
Page 7
(a) (i)
(ii)
(b) (i)
(ii)
Mark Scheme
IGCSE May/June 2013
Syllabus
0610
Paper
32
Cornea / aqueous humour / vitreous humour / conjunctiva ;
[1]
retina / fovea / yellow spot / rods and cones ;
[1]
D indicating any position along the bottom line of the plot ;
[1]
R ambiguous placing on slopes near

bottom line
ciliary muscles
contracts ;
suspensory ligaments
slacken / less taut / loosen / AW ;
[2]
R relax
(c)
1
2
3
4
5
6
cones (in context of colour vision) ;

and two from
three different types ;
respond to, different wavelengths / red, green and blue ;
convert light into electrical impulses / signals ;
optic nerve ;
brain interprets impulses in terms of, colours / red, green and blue ;
R messages for impulses

[max 3]
[Total:8]
Page 8
(a)
(b) (i)
(ii)
1
2
3
4
6
7
8
Mark Scheme
IGCSE May/June 2013
Syllabus
0610
Ignore long and thin unqualified
narrow leaves ;
parallel / unbranched, veins on leaves ;
sheath / no petiole ;
flower parts in multiples of 3 ;
one cotyledon (in the seed) ;
fibrous roots ;
scattered vascular bundles ;
no, cambium / woody tissue ;
[max 2]
pollination
pollen transferred, from anther, to stigma ;
fertilisation
gametes / sex cells / ova and pollen nuclei / sperm and egg, fuse / join / combine
together ;
[max 2]
[max 2]
zygote (is formed) ;

divides by mitosis ;
to form embryo ;
formation of radicle and plumule ;
formation of, cotyledons / seed leaf / food reserve ;
formation of, testa / seed coat ;
ref to endosperm ;
seed formed from ovule ;
[max 4]
Ignore pollen unqualified

Ignore meet / mix
R no variation
R no evolution
R clones / asexual reproduction
inferred
less variation / reduced gene pool / uniform crop ;

less chance, for evolution to occur / adaption to new environment ;
more chance to pass on genetic disease ;
well adapted to environment ;
no external agent of pollination required / more chance of fertilisation ;
single plant can reproduce ;
whole crop would be susceptible to adverse factors e.g. drought / disease ;
(c)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Paper
32
Page 9
Mark Scheme
IGCSE May/June 2013
Syllabus
0610
(d)
1
2
3
4
5
6

either
animals are, at second trophic level / primary consumers
or
plants are, autotrophs / producers / first trophic level ;
(energy lost) in animal respiration / heat / (named) metabolic process / movement ;
ref to (more) material that is, inedible / not digestible (in longer food chains) ;
ref to 10% energy transfer / ORA ;
livestock require additional resources / cost for their maintenance ;
[max 3]
[Total:13]
Paper
32
Page 10
1
2
3
4
chemical digestion (max 2)

ref to breakdown of molecules ;
breaking bonds ;
using enzymes ;
insoluble to soluble ;
5
6
7
mechanical digestion (max 2)

ref to breakdown of, particle / molecule ;
ref to increase surface area (for chemical digestion) ;
to, mix /churn ;
(a)
(b)
Mark Scheme
IGCSE May/June 2013
function
produces bile
most soluble food is
absorbed into the
blood
indigestible food is
egested
name of the part
liver
Syllabus
0610
Paper
32
[max 3]
one mark per correct row
letter from Fig.

1.1
J
E;
small intestine / ileum
anus / anal canal
F;
hydrochloric acid is
produced
stomach
C;
protease, lipase and

amylase are
produced
pancreas
D;
[4]
Page 11
Mark Scheme
IGCSE May/June 2013
Syllabus
0610
Paper
32
(c)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
less / no bile, secreted / released ;

(so) no / less, bile salts ;
enter small intestine / duodenum ;
no / less, emulsification of fat ;
less / no, increased surface area of fat (globules / AW)
for lipase ;
slower / harder, digestion ;
coronary heart disease / CHD / heart attack / cardiac arrest / angina / myocardial
infarction ;
reduced blood flow / blockage of artery or arteries ;
damaged / hardened artery wall / atheroma / atherosclerosis ;
(blood) clot / thrombus / thrombosis / (coronary) aneurysm ;
causes high blood pressure ;
reduced supply of, oxygen / nutrients, to heart tissue / muscle ;
muscle respires anaerobically ;
[max 3]
R no digestion
(d)
2
3
4
5
6
7
Ignore cardiovascular disease / CVD

A narrowing of artery reduces blood
flow
[max 3]
[Total:13]
Page 12
Mark Scheme
IGCSE May/June 2013
Syllabus
0610
Paper
32
(a)
1
2
3, 4
5
6
Ignore descriptions of
greenhouse effect
(CO2) is a greenhouse gas / causes (increase in) (enhanced) greenhouse effect ;

global warming ;
any two qualified examples of environment effects of global warming e.g. flooding,
extreme weather conditions, qualified habitat change, reduced biodiversity ;;
Ignore descriptions of global

warming
increase in rate of photosynthesis ;

causes increase in, plant growth / crop yield / vegetation ;
[max 4]
1
2
3
4
nitrate ions (max 3)

needed to make amino acids ;
amino acids to proteins ;
protein needed for growth ;
suitable use of protein ; e.g. membranes / enzymes
5
6
7
8
magnesium ions (max 2)

needed for making chlorophyll ;
to absorb (much) light ;
for (energy for) photosynthesis ;
for producing sugars / organic compounds produced / energy available ;
(b)
(c) (i)
(ii)
1
2
3
eutrophication ;
Mpt 1 A proteins or nucleic acids
[max 4]
[1]
dead plant material ;

decomposed by, bacteria / microorganisms / decomposers ;
use oxygen in (aerobic) respiration ;
Ignore ref to deforestation
[max 2]
Page 13
Mark Scheme
IGCSE May/June 2013
Syllabus
0610
(d)
1
2
3
4
5
6
sedimentation / filtration / screening ;

digestion by, bacteria / fungi / decomposers / microorganisms ;
with aeration (tank) / trickle filter ;
second settling tank (to remove / collect microorganisms) ;
treated with, chlorine / ozone / UV ;
collection of water from evaporator ;
[max 3]
[Total 14]
Paper
32
w
ap
eP
e
tr
.X
0610 BIOLOGY
0610/33
om
.c
s
er
Page 2
Mark Scheme
IGCSE May/June 2013
Syllabus
0610
;
/
R
A
I
ecf
AW
AVP
ORA
underline
()
D, L, T, Q
max

alternatives
reject
or reverse argument
Paper
33
Page 3
Mark Scheme
IGCSE May/June 2013
Answer
1
(a)
Syllabus
0610
Marks
genus / generic (name) ;
(c) (i)
(all the) organisms / community ;

in a given area / AW ;
and non-living factors / abiotic factors AW ;
idea of interacting together ;
max [3]
[1]
max [3]
(ii)

A sections / divisions / rings / parts / sub-parts
A bristles / chaetae / hairs
R feet / legs / AW
segments ;
antennae / feelers ;
projections over whole of the body / AW ;
idea of heads / tails ;
A not parasitic / free living / AW ;
(b)
Paper
33
A genus part of species name

A place / location / region / habitat
R ecosystem
i.e. physical factors / named
e.g. feeding (ignore feeding on each other)
arrows point from food feeder ;

organisms in correct sequence ;
plankton annelid / named wading bird(s) bird of prey = 2 marks
(iii)
[2]
shows complex feeding relationships / AW ;

all organisms in the ecosystem ; A (many) more / part of / wide
range of
each species has more than one food source / AW ;
each species has more than one predator / AW ;
AVP ; e.g. shows possible chain reaction to an animals
change
A all possible connections
population
max [2]
Page 4
(d)
(e)
Mark Scheme
IGCSE May/June 2013
many, sperm and eggs / gametes, released at the same time ;

increases chances of gametes fusing ;
(many individuals so more genetic) variation ;
may occur at a time when food is available ;
for development of, young / offspring ;
or when there are currents to disperse young ;
smaller proportion of, eggs / zygotes / embryos, eaten by predators ;
AVP ;
Syllabus
0610
max [3]
Paper
33
R fewer predators
assume answer is about meiosis unless told otherwise

mark differences between meiosis and mitosis to max 3
ignore quoted numbers of chromosomes
1
2
3
4
5
two divisions ;
four, cells / nuclei / gametes, produced ;
halves chromosome number ;
(diploid to) haploid ;
variation (between cells / nuclei / gametes) ;
R genes
6
7
gametes have different alleles ;

gives (more) variation in offspring ;
so chromosome number remains the same in next generation ;

max [4]
[Total:18]
A number does not double with each generation /

full pairs of chromosomes when fertilized / AW
A ora for mitosis
Page 5
(a) (i)
(ii)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Mark Scheme
IGCSE May/June 2013
light intensity ;
constant ; A control(led) variable
ref to limiting factor ;
intensity / amount of light, will affect (rate of) photosynthesis
raw material for / is needed for / AW, photosynthesis ;
maintain suitable concentration ;
carbon dioxide, concentration / AW, is / could be / wasnt a limiting
factor ;
rate of photosynthesis (it)
general description increases and decreases ;
peak / maximum rate, at 30 oC ;
optimum temperature is 30 oC ;
use of two figures from the table to illustrate, including units ;
if no enzymes then rate should increase as temperature
but rate decreases, above 30 oC / at high temperatures ;
enzymes are denatured ;
ref to active site destroyed ;
substrate no longer fits into active site ;
reaction not catalysed / AW ;
ref to fewer limiting factors ;
higher temperatures / hot temperatures;
higher rates of photosynthesis ;
more food for, growth / reproduction ;
no, grazers / animals to feed on it ;
more suitable habitats / more fertile soils / more nutrients ;
no disease ;
fewer / no, competitors ;
AVP ;
Syllabus
0610
Paper
33
ignore refs to temperature change

max [2]
A amount for concentration, A fixed quantity
max [2]
ignore droplet movement unqualified
max [3]
increases ;
A (30 C) optimum temperature / described
max [4]
This MP is dependent on making point 3.

A no predators
R space
max [2]
[Total:13]
Page 6
(a)
(b)
Mark Scheme
IGCSE May/June 2013
controls the cell / contains DNA / contains genes ;
makes protein / makes insulin / respiration / storage / contains

the insulin (that will be released) ;
controls movement of (named) substance(s), in / out, of cell ;
Syllabus
0610
Paper
33
A contains code for insulin / controls cell

development
ignore just provides protein
[3]
glucose is soluble, glycogen is insoluble ;

glucose in blood would, lower water potential / AW e.g. (cause)
hyperglycemia ;
A affect water potential / affect blood glucose

concentration / AW
water leaves cells ;

by osmosis ;
much larger quantities can be stored ;
can be stored for (much) longer ;
glucose would not be reabsorbed in the kidney ;
(and would be) excreted / lost, in the urine ;
AVP ;
(c) (i)
(ii)
(d)
A urinated
max [2]
stimulates liver cells

to break down glycogen and release glucose ;
[1]
A glycogen glucose for breakdown
(in the) blood / plasma / circulatory system ;
[1]
A via hepatic portal vein
oestrogen ;
progesterone ;
testosterone ;
max [2]
Page 7
(e) (i)
(ii)
(f)
Mark Scheme
IGCSE May/June 2013
grow faster so keep animals for shorter time ;

can provide less food (for animals);
better economic return ; however expressed
less waste / described ;
fewer problems with waste disposal / described / example ;
cattle produce, methane / carbon dioxide (greenhouse gases) ;
(if more food converted to meat), less is excreted / egested /
less waste / less carbon dioxide / less methane ;
if eat less food, then less emissions ;
if growth rate is higher, do not to keep them for as long ;
fewer cattle means that less methane is released ;
Syllabus
0610
R more meat (in Q)

[2]
if less methane award mp1 too

max [2]
health risk / hormones may have adverse effect, in humans ;

any e.g. ;
faster growth rate / early puberty / cancer
ref to animal welfare / kill animals ;
harm to animals of fast growth rates ;
any likely health issue in animals ;
AVP ; e.g. protect European farmers
Paper
33
A ill / sickness / increased mass

A mens gender effect R bacteria (that make the
hormone) making cattle / humans ill
max [2]
[Total:15]
Page 8
(a) (i)
Mark Scheme
IGCSE May/June 2013
Syllabus
0610
red blood cell ;
[1]
(ii)
plasma ;
[1]
(iii)
capillary ;
[1]
(b)
oxygen ;
carbon dioxide ;
water ;
glucose ;
sodium ions ;
amino acids ;
urea, (named) hormone(s) ;
AVP ;;; e.g. lactic acid
(c) (i)
max [3]
1150 (%)
[1]
(ii)
increase in energy demand in muscle ;

for contraction (of muscle) ;
increase in respiration in muscle ;
look in the space for working if answer is not in

table
A lot of energy
increase in blood flow supplies

more oxygen ;
for aerobic respiration ;
more glucose ;
more, fat / fatty acids ;
increase in blood flow removes
carbon dioxide ;
lactate / lactic acid ;
from anaerobic respiration ;
Paper
33
A lot of oxygen
A conversion of lactic acid

max [5]
Page 9
(iii)
Mark Scheme
IGCSE May/June 2013
Syllabus
0610
max 3 for increase blood flow

vasodilation ;
muscle in wall relaxes ;
arterioles / arteries ;
widen / dilate ;
more blood flows to capillaries ;
Paper
33
R blood vessels once only
allow ecf for blood vessels
max 3 for decrease blood flow

vasoconstriction ;
muscle in wall contracts ;
arterioles / arteries ;
narrow / constrict ;
less blood flows to capillaries ;
max [4]
[Total:16]
(a)
pollen (grain) germinates / pollen (grain) grows pollen tube ;

pollen tube grows down the style ;
reaches the ovule ;
(tip of) pollen tube breaks open ;
male gamete(s) travels down the pollen tube ;
male gamete(s) / (male) nucleus / nuclei, enter ovule ;
(male gamete) fuses with female gamete / ovum ;
zygote forms ;
A pollen grain gametes / nucleus

A fertilization / fusion, occurs inside the ovule
max [3]
Page 10
(b)
Mark Scheme
IGCSE May/June 2013
Syllabus
0610
protection
(amnion / uterus / amniotic fluid)
1 provides protection against, mechanical damage / knocks ;
2 provides sterile environment / no entry of pathogens ;
3 backbone provides protection against, jolts / AW ;
4 placenta provides a barrier to (named) pathogen(s) / AW ;
5 placenta prevents mixing of blood between fetus and mother
Paper
33
max 3 from each section
constant temperature
6 ref to blood flow to the, uterus / placenta / amnion ;
7 brings heat from elsewhere in mothers body ;
8 removes heat from amniotic fluid ;
9 fetus enclosed inside, any named structure / the mothers body ;
10 named structure(s), acts as insulators / reduces heat loss ;
A baby for fetus

R amniotic sac as insulator
nutrients
11 across placenta / through placenta ;
12 diffusion / active transport ;
13 between mothers blood and fetal blood / into fetal blood;
R absorbed by placenta
excretion of metabolic waste

14 across placenta / through placenta ;
15 diffusion of, urea / carbon dioxide ;
16 from fetal blood to mothers blood / into mothers blood ;
nutrients / excretion A once only
17 umbilical cord transports, nutrients / excretory products ;
max [8]
[Total:11]
Page 11
(a)
Mark Scheme
IGCSE May/June 2013
group of organisms of the same species ;

in the same area / at the same time ;
(b) (i)
(ii)
Syllabus
0610
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
A of a kind / a species
[2]
greater predation by owls / more predators / more owls;

lack of food / starvation / more competition for food ;
adverse (named) weather condition (s) ;
disease / sickness / illness;
emigration ;
AVP ; habitat destruction
owl population increases, after / AW, vole population increases ;
owl population crashes (in year 7) ;
immediately after crash in vole population ;
vole population crashes / decreases (in year 6) ;
when there are most owls ;
if owls ate (much) other prey there would not be a close
relationship / AW ;
ref to numbers of owls from the graph ;
Paper
33
A same habitat / ecosystem / community

R climate change
max [3]
if MP1 and MP2 not given accept the idea that owl
population follows changes in vole population if
answer does not refer to the increase or decrease
max [2]
[Total:7]
ap
eP
e
tr
.X
om
.c
s
er
w
ap
eP
e
tr
.X
MARK SCHEME for the November 2003 question papers
0610 BIOLOGY
0610/01
Paper 1 (Multiple Choice), maximum mark 40
0610/02
Paper 2 (Core), maximum mark 70
0610/03
Paper 3 (Extended), maximum mark 70
0610/05
Paper 5 (Practical), maximum mark 40
0610/06
Paper 6 (Alternative to Practical), maximum mark 40
These mark schemes are published as an aid to teachers and students, to indicate the requirements
of the examination. They show the basis on which Examiners were initially instructed to award marks.
They do not indicate the details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners meeting before
marking began. Any substantial changes to the mark scheme that arose from these discussions will
be recorded in the published Report on the Examination.
demonstrated.
Examination.
CIE is publishing the mark schemes for the November 2003 question papers for most IGCSE and
GCE Advanced Level syllabuses.
om
.c
s
er
Grade thresholds taken for Syllabus 0610 (Biology) in the November 2003 examination.
maximum
mark
available

A
Component 1
40
34
28
25
Component 2
70
36
23
18
Component 3
70
50
39
Component 5
40
32
26
19
17
Component 6
40
26
19
13
11
NOVEMBER 2003
INTERNATIONAL GCSE
MARK SCHEME
MAXIMUM MARK: 40
BIOLOGY
Paper 1 (Multiple Choice)
Page 1
Mark Scheme
IGCSE EXAMINATIONS NOVEMBER 2003
Question
Number
Syllabus
0610
Question
Number
Key
1
2
3
4
5
A
C
B
C
A
21
22
23
24
25
D
B
A
B
D
6
7
8
9
10
A
B
B
C
C
26
27
28
29
30
D
A
C
C
A
11
12
13
14
15
C
D
B
B
B
31
32
33
34
35
C
C
C
D
D
16
17
18
19
20
A
D
B
B
A
36
37
38
39
40
C
B
A
D
B
TOTAL 40
Paper
1
NOVEMBER 2003
INTERNATIONAL GCSE
MARK SCHEME
MAXIMUM MARK: 70
BIOLOGY
Paper 2 (Core)
Page 1
Mark Scheme
Syllabus
0610
Paper
2
A Anax;
B Aranea;
C Pandalina;
D Cancer;
E Buthus
F Musca;
Ignore use of common names e.g. crab, spider, fly etc
Any four correct 1 mark each
[4]
Total [4]
(a)
(i)
Y exponential (phase) / log (phase);
[1]
(ii)
animals take time to adjust / get used to the new habitat / A/W;
few (reproducing) individuals present;
individuals may be widely dispersed / A/W;
Any two 1 mark each
(b)
[2]
food / water supply;

disease;
predators / parasites;
availability of space / named example;
climate qualified / habitat qualified;
Ignore ref. to pollution
[3]
Total [6]
(a)
(b)
(i)
label to upper region of vagina / near to cervix;
[1]
(ii)
label to upper third of oviduct;
[1]
(iii)
label to uterine lining;
[1]
(iv)
label to ovary;
[1]
development of breasts / mammary glands;

widening of hips;
thicker layer of fat (under skin);
growth of axillary / pubic hair;
inhibition of FSH production;
[3]
Page 2
Mark Scheme
Syllabus
0610
/ yes
/ or left blank / no
/ yes;
(Note only 1 red tick to show correct response)
(c)
Paper
2
[1]
Total [8]
(a)
(i)
formation of amino acids / proteins / polypeptides;
(ii)
nitrates lost with crop plants / by leaching;

must be replaced / to increase yield / increase growth;
(b)
[1]
[2]
plants / algae grow rapidly / algal bloom;

cover surface;
cut out light so submerge plants die;
Ignore ref. to water turbidity.
dead plants decomposed;

bacteria multiply;
(bacteria) use up oxygen;
pond / water becomes anaerobic;
animals die;
Ignore ref. to suffocation
eutrophication;
Any five 1 mark each
[5]
Total [8]
(a)
(i)
lipase;
[1]
(ii)
fatty acids and glycerol;
[1]
(iii)
(fatty acids) increase acidity of mixture / make it acidic;

to below pH5 / lowers pH;
enzyme activity faster at 35 oC / collisions occur more frequently / A/W / ORA;
(b)
(fatty) acids released more rapidly / sooner / ORA;

(c)
[2]
(i)
5 oC yellow;
55 oC blue;
(ii)
[2]
[2]
5 oC enzyme inactive / working very slowly in cold;

works faster / digests / breaks down (oil when warmed);
55 oC enzyme destroyed / denatured / damaged /
ref. to active site changes;
R - killed
permanent change / not reversed when cooled (and no digestion of oil);
[4]
Total [12]
Page 3
(a)
Mark Scheme
(i)
(ii)
(b)
Syllabus
0610
(parent genotypes -)
Gg,
(gamete genotypes -)
G,
g,
G,
g;
(offspring genotypes -)
GG,
Gg,
Gg,
gg;
Paper
2
Gg;
(offspring phenotypes -)
green,
green, green, white;
Accept - normal chlorophyll / normal for green, lacks chlorophyll for white
[4]
green 375 white 125;

(Note only 1 red tick to show correct response)
[1]
20 seeds not viable etc./ do not germinate;

75% / 360 of seedlings to be green;
25% / 120 white seedlings die;
because they lack chlorophyll;
* thus no photosynthesis;
* seedlings use up reserves / run out of food / cannot make own food;
the two points with * can be awarded as converse statements in
relation to green seedlings if not already awarded
Any five 1 mark each
[5]
Total [10]
(a)
(i)
X aorta;
Y pulmonary vein;
[2]
(ii)
prevent backflow / give one-way flow / control direction of flow of blood;
[1]
(iii)
has to generate greater pressure;

to push / pump blood all round body / further;
(b)
(i)
open
[2]
closed;
closed
open;
Note mark across each row)
(ii)
[2]
(tricuspid valve -)
pressure in (right) atrium / 2 units, greater than in (right) ventricle / 0 units;
(semilunar valve -)
pressure in pulmonary artery / 3 units, greater than in (right) ventricle / 0 units; [2]
Total [9]
Page 4
(a)
Mark Scheme
(i)
Syllabus
0610
Paper
2
X sensory neurone;
Y relay / intermediate / connector / internuncial / multipolar neurone;
(ii)
(b)
Z motor neurone;
[3]
muscle / named muscle / gland / named gland;
[1]
slower;
blood;
electrical;
sense organ/ receptor;
[4]
Total [8]
(a)
user becomes dependent upon drug / description of dependency;

(this can be physiological, physical or psychological dependency)
user suffers withdrawal symptoms if denied drug / craving for drug;
Note - Ignore vague statements
Any one 1 mark
(b)
[1]
periods of drowsiness / stupor / not with it / slow responses to surroundings;

damage to blood vessels in nose / blue veining;
damage to blood vessels in limbs / bruising / injection marks;
abscesses on limbs where injecting;
constricted pupils / black panda eyes;
very happy / relaxed but with mood swings;
no desire for food / drink / lack of sexual appetite;
constipation;
Any two 1 mark each
(c)
[2]
inhaling damage to membranes / cilia of nose / throat;

injecting risk of infection by hepatitis / HIV / septicemia;
[2]
Total [5]
NOVEMBER 2003
INTERNATIONAL GCSE
MARK SCHEME
MAXIMUM MARK: 70
BIOLOGY
Paper 3 (Extended)
Page 1
Q1
Mark Scheme
(a)
Syllabus
0610
(A)
(B)
testa/seed coat
plumule;
embryonic shoot
(C)
radicle;
embryonic root
root unqual.
(D)
cotyledon;
food store
endosperm
Paper
3
shoot unqual.
[4]
(b)
ovary; gynoecium/pistil/carpel/ovule
[1]
(c)(i)
ref. to transfer / AW, of pollen;

from anther to stigma ;
[2]
(ii)
ref. to large petals;

flower
ref. to coloured petals;
ref. to petals as landing stage;
ref. to presence of guide lines on petals;
ref. to scent;
ref. to production of nectar/presence of nectary;
ref. to large amount of pollen;
max. 2
(iii)
i. ref. to more variation / AW;
ii. due to genetic mixing / AW / hybridisation;
iii. ref. to natural selection/greater ability to adapt;
iv. so more chance of survival/ref. to resistance to disease;
other suitable benefits of variation
(d)(i)
max. 2
allows pollen tube to enter ovule; ovary wall

ref. to male + gamete/nucleus; pollen nucleus
to reach/fertilise + ovum/egg (nucleus)/female gamete / AW;
max. 2
(ii)
(e)
allows water to enter (seed) / AW;

ref. to weak point for exit of radicle / AW;
refs to root or shoot
ref. to digestion/be broken down/convert into soluble products
changed to (simple) sugars;
[1]
[1]
Total 15
Q2
(a)
carbon + hydrogen + oxygen ;
(b)(i)
sweet potato ;
(ii) peas;
chemical symbols
potato unqual.
chick peas
[1]
[1]
[1]
Page 2
Mark Scheme
(c)(i)
sweet potato;
Syllabus
0610
potato unqual.
[1]
(ii) AWARD TWO MARKS FOR CORRECT ANSWER, WITH NO

CALCULATION
MAX 1 WITH NO UNIT
MARK ANSWER BASED ON THAT GIVEN FOR (c)(i)
some working involving: 20.5 8.9 = 11.6 or 11.6 X 5
58g ;
(d)(i)
(ii)
energy level would increase / AW;

potato gains fat/oil from frying;
fat/oil is an energy source / AW;
(ii)
(iii)
[2]
max. 2
i. animal fats contain cholesterol;

ii. which can build up in arteries/arterioles;
ref. to atheroma/atherosclerosis/arteriosclerosis/hardening of arteries
ref. to fatty substances refs to fats
iii. to obesity/overweight;
iv. which can lead to heart disease or attack//strain on heart/
high blood pressure/joint problems/diabetes;
(e)(i)
Paper
3
400g;
with no unit
cabbage/other names green vegetable;

citrus fruit/named citrus fruit;
blackcurrants;
tomatoes;
kiwi fruit;
max. 2
[1]
max. 1
ref. to skin covered with bruises/ulcers/ref. to broken skin/sores;

ref. to soft/bleeding + gums;
ref. to loss of teeth;
ref. to poor healing of wounds;
ref. to bleeding around connective tissue AW;
ref. to heart failure;
ref. to anaemia;
max. 2
Total 14
Q3
(a)
(i)
MAX. 1 EACH FOR (i) AND (ii) WITH NO LETTERS

at point X it starts to drop;
then increases towards Y;
drops again towards Z;
(ii) at point X it increases (sharply) / AW

drops/returns (nearly) to original level between Y and Z / AW;
(b)(i)
ref. to respiration by + sewage fungus/bacteria;

lack of algae/water plants + to produce oxygen;
ref. to increase in temperature;
(ii) ref. to lack of sewage fungus/bacteria;

photosynthesis by algae;
ref. to water turbulence AW;
max. 2
[2]
max. 1
max. 1
Page 3
Mark Scheme
(c)(i)
Syllabus
0610
Paper
3
i.
(ref. to suspended solids/sewage) + blocks light for algae / AW /

algae cannot photosynthesise;
ii. ref. to lack/shortage + of nitrate in water; no nitrate
iii. ref. to possible presence of toxins in sewage/ref. to disease;
iv. ref. to possible increase in temperature or unsuitable temperature;
max. 2
(ii) ref. to shortage of nitrates;

ref. to grazing by (aquatic) herbivores AW;
ref. to possible drop in temperature;
(d)
max. 2
ref. to herbicides will kill + algae/water plants/other organisms;

ref. to disruption of food chains AW;
ref. to eutrophication or description;
max. 1
Total 11
Q4
(a)
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
ix.
internal intercostal muscles + contract;

external intercostal muscles + relax;
so ribcage + drops(s)/goes down or in; (linked to i. or ii.)
diaphragm (muscles) relax(es);
diaphragm + rises/becomes dome-shaped;
volume of chest cavity decreases AW; ref. to lungs/thorax
internal pressure increases;
ref. to lower pressure outside lungs AW;
so air is forced out AW + of lungs; (linked to vi., vii. or viii.)
max. 7
(b)
table with suitable headings;

ACCEPT WITHOUG TEASONS COLUMN
symbols for gases
MAX. 2 FOR COMPARISONS WITHOUT PERCENTAGES
CAN AWARD MARK FOR ONE % PLUS CHANGE FOR EACH GAS
nitrogen
inhaled
air %
78 1
exhaled
air %
78 1;
oxygen
21 1
16 1;
carbon dioxide
0.04
0.01
4 1;
water vapour
variable
higher;
gas
reason
not used in respiration/insoluble/not
used by body/not absorbed by blood;
used up in respiration/absorbed by
blood/ref. to diffusion gradient;
waste product of respiration/released
from blood in lungs/excreted by
lungs/ref. to diffusion gradient;
product of respiration/evaporates (from
surface of alveoli AW)/ref. to diffusion
gradient;
ref. to diffusion gradient ONCE
max. 8
Total 15
Page 4
Q5
Mark Scheme
(a) (i)
Syllabus
0610
Paper
3
food chain with FOUR suitable NAMED organisms in correct order;

parasite/decomposer at end of chain, if named
starts with producer; (ignore sun/light if included)
arrows all correct ;
[3]
(ii) i. solar/light + energy trapped/absorbed + by producer; sun unqual.

ii. ref. to photosynthesis;
iii. changed to chemical energy/stored in food AW/used to make
starch or glucose;
iv. primary consumer + eats producer;
v. some energy stored in p. consumer;
vi. ref. to respiration;
vii. some used for movement;
viii. e.g. to find a mate/find food/escape from predators;
ix. ref. to not all energy extracted from food/not all parts of organism
eaten/undigested food egested AW;
x. secondary consumer + eats primary consumer;
xi. ref. to 90% of energy lost at each stage;
xii. ref. to other forms of energy loss e.g. through excretion/heat;
xiii. tertiary consumer + eats secondary consumer;
xiv. ref. to arrows show direction of energy flow;
max. 8
(b)(i)
suitable species named;

valid reason for its conservation;
[2]
(ii) suitable habitat named;

valid reason for its conservation
[2]
Total 15
Q6
(a)
(FUNCTION)
i. defence against + disease/foreign bodies;
ii. ref. to pathogens/bacteria/viruses/fungi;
(ANTIBODY PRODUCTION)
iii. antibodies produced by lymphocytes;
iv. lymphocytes + produce antitoxins/inhibit toxins AW;
v. lymphocytes made in + lymph nodes/named nodes;
vi. in response to presence of pathogens/foreign bodies/toxins;
(linked to v.)
vii. ref. to presence of antigens on surface of foreign cells AW;
viii. antibodies + kill pathogens/make them clump/prepare them for
action by phagocytes;
ix. ref. to remain in blood to provide long-term protection AW;
(PHAGOCYTOSIS)
x. ref. to phagocytes/granulocytes/polymorphs;
xi. move to site of infection;
xii. ingest/engulf + bacteria/pathogens/foreign bodies;
xiii. and kill them by + digestion/breaking them down AW;
max. 9
Page 5
(b)
Mark Scheme
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
ix.
x.
Syllabus
0610
Paper
3
transplanted organ may be a different tissue type;

so there is a chance of rejection;
ref. to need for similar tissue type/good match/same blood group;
e.g. from close relative AW;
ref. to use of immunosuppressant drugs;
ref. to loss of protection from disease for patient AW;
so patient needs to be kept in isolation AW; (linked to vi.)
ref. to use of genetic engineering/cloning + to produce organs;
ref. to use of other animal organs/xenotransplantaion/use of own
vein to repair e.g. heart;
ref. to shortage of organs for transplantation/creates black
market/ref. to high cost/use of data base to locate suitable organ
max. 6
Total 15
Q7
(a)
(b)
MAX. 2 WITHOUT NAMED EXAMPLE

named tissue;
blood
made up of a group of cells;
of the same type;
performing the same function;
max. 3
MAX. TWO IF PART IS NOT NAMED

i
A = upper epidermis;
ii ref. to a single layer of cells;
iii produces/secretes wax/cuticle;
iv to make leaf waterproof/decreases transpiration; (linked to iii)
v ref. to transparent nature of + cells/cuticle; ref. to lack of
chloroplasts
vi to allow light to pass through; (linked to v.)
vii ref. to acting as a barrier against + bacteria/fungi AW;
max. 3
viii
ix
x
xi
B = palisade mesophyll;
cells are very long/columnar AW;
cells contain many chloroplasts/much chlorophyll; AWARD ONCE
ref. to photosynthesis; AWARD ONCE
max. 3
xii
xiii
xiv
xv
xvi
xvii
C = spongy mesophyll;
cells are rounded;
ref. to presence of air spaces (between cells)/cells loosely packed;
cells contain + chloroplasts/chlorophyll; AWARD ONCE
ref. to photosynthesis; AWARD ONCE
ref. to gaseous exchange AW; description
max. 3
xviii D = guard cells/stoma(ata);

xix ref. to presence of guard cells in pairs;
xx guard cells surround a + pore/hole/stoma;
xxi and control its opening or closing;
xxii ref. to gaseous exchange AW;
xxiii ref. to control of transpiration;
xxiv cells contain + chloroplasts/chlorophyll; AWARD ONCE
xxv ref. to shape of guard cells/irregular thickness of cell wall;
xxvi correct ref. to role of turgor in cells; (can award for A, B, C or D)
max. 3
Total 15
NOVEMBER 2003
INTERNATIONAL GCSE
MARK SCHEME
MAXIMUM MARK: 40
BIOLOGY
(Practical)
Page 1
(a)
Mark Scheme
lose these marking points if no table

use of ruled lines for columns and rows ;

time (table heading) ;
temperature (table heading) ;
Syllabus
0610
record of units temp and min/clock times ;

readings taken at 2 min intervals ; (6 readings in total)
records for both A and B ;

(b)
Paper
5
max 5
only credit these marking points if bar chart drawn

lose these marking points if axes the wrong way round AND award max 4
orientation of axes ; (time horizontal, temp vertical)

labels for axes including units ; (A) clock times
plotting data using suitable scale ; c. half the paper min.,
linear scale,
sensible scale,
grid capable of plotting their results
plotting data for A (points visible, no obvious error, not (0,0)) ;
plotting data for B (points visible, no obvious error, not (0,0)) ;
clear lines ;
correctly drawn,
not extending beyond data plots
each curve identified/use of key ;
(c) (i)
(ii)
temperature decreases ;
comment on decrease ;
temp. of A decreases more than B/converse ;
more heat lost from A/converse ;
B remains almost the same/use of comparative figs./
comment on gradient/comment on rate ;
(iii) animal at the centre of a group will retain, heat/warmth ;

solitary animal will lose more heat ;
crowding is better to retain heat (in cold conditions) ;
ref. to surface area (of individual v. group) ;
(iv) suggestion ;
explanation/detail ;
suggestion ;
explanation/detail ;
Credit any reasonable suggestion such as
increase time/change starting temperature/
change the no. of tubes/repeats/
cover tubes with different material/
other suitable suggestion
max 5
2
max 2
max 2
4
[Total : 20]
Page 2
(a) (i)
(ii)
(b)
Mark Scheme
Drawing ~
clear outline W1 ;
at least 5 cm in one direction ;
3 body sections shown ;
Labels ~
legs ; ( should be 6/3 pairs)

antennae/compound eyes ;
head/thorax/abdomen ;
Syllabus
0610
Paper
5
(should be 2 / 1 pair)
6
length of drawing measured correctly ( 2 mm) ; with units

clear measurement line shown ;
correct calculation of drawing length specimen length ;
to 1dp
(allow .25 or .75 exactly)
no units
3
Credit any reasonable suggestion together with reason, such as .
cover top with vegetation ;
camouflage ;
make sure that container is deep enough ;
to prevent insects from escaping ;
put water in container ;
kill insects/stop insects escaping ;
smooth/slippery side ;
stop insects escaping ;
bait ;
to attract insects ;
other valid suggestion ; ;
(c) (i)
(ii)
max 4
W1
W2
thick/tough/sturdy/shape ref. ;
thin / delicate / shape ref. ;
W1
W2
biting/chewing/cutting/holding/grasping/ etc. ;
sucking/equivalent ;
Credit any suitable comparison, such as

W1 has no outstretched wings and W2 has outstretched wings ;
W1 has hard casing and W2 does not ;
W2 has longer antennae ;
W2 has more delicate legs ;
other suitable comparison ; ; ;
max 3
[Total : 20]
NOVMEBER 2003
INTERNATIONAL GCSE
MARK SCHEME
MAXIMUM MARK: 40
BIOLOGY
(Alternative to Practical)
Page 1
Mark Scheme
Syllabus
0610
Paper
6
Question 1
(a) (i)
Graph
O S L
P+PD -
axes to show correct orientation;

suitable scale to fill the printed grid; [at 10 mins scale should cover 2 large squares]
label axes correctly with appropriate unit;
correct plotting [minus 1 for 1 error, minus 2 for 2 errors]
ruled straight lines from point to point / smooth line of best fit [ R. wavy lines. No
extrapolation back to axes. Allow extra line past 10 min for label line]
(ii)
K - identify lines by labels or use of a key;

Histogram allow L, O, K to max 3.
[7]
temperature drops faster at first / AW;

temperature continues to drop but slower / AW;
but if A loses heat with no further detail, max 1 mark
no credit for a description comparing A with B and C
[2]
(iii)
reference to one tube having dropped more / lower / faster than another;
A compared with B / A compared with C / B compared with C;
(if just final temperatures given with no working = 0)
(iv)
reference to animals or tubes with idea of transfer of heat/trap warm air/keep them warm
/maintain body temperature;
use of appropriate scientific term insulation/conduction/radiation/convection;
[2]
(b)
shield tubes from draughts/move apparatus out of draught;

use of lids [to reduce loss of heat from too exposed surface];
stir the water before taking temperature reading;
replication/average/ accept measure more tubes in outer ring C;
more frequent readings; [ignore longer periods]
R. leave longer/use more test tubes or larger groups/use of animals or blood instead of
water/lagging tubes/alter volume of water.
MAX [2]
[Total: 15]
Question 2
(a) (i)
Drawing: clear outline of whole animal; R sketchy outlines and excessive

artistic shading
proportions; R. obvious gross errors/extra detail not present
e.g. open carapace
detail; check 3 parts to body and 3 pairs of segmented legs.
Labels:
(ii)
number and structure for 1 mark

6 legs/3 pairs/6 jointed appendages;
2 antennae/feelers; R. anthers/tentacles;
3 parts to body / head and thorax and abdomen;
R. segmented body alone
2 pairs of wings (accept 1 pair of wings / wing covers)
ignore mouthparts/carpace/hard case.
measurement of Fig 2.1

3 to 4.2 cm max. AND
measurement of the candidates drawing ..cm [to include units once];
working to calculate magnification;
magnification;
check answer, must be times or x in front of figure without units.
if answer is incorrect look for correct working accept a ratio if correct
MAX [5]
[3]
Page 2
(b)
Mark Scheme
Syllabus
0610
Paper
6
TWO precautions and explanations from:traps must be checked early and regularly;
so animals do not become eaten/escape;
use of suitable fluid;
to kill the insects/to stop carnivorous insects/predators/large animals eating beetles;
suitable covering/mesh;
animals washed away/eaten; rain;
container deep enough/grease sides of pit;
so beetles cannot escape/trap insects;
R. bait/food to attract insects/identification of insects/exit holes for rain/glass pits/position of
pits/gap around tin/sharp edge/use of gloves.
MAX [4]
(c)
THREE visible differences between beetle in Fig. 2.1 and the butterfly in Fig. 2.3
Need points from both insects to be compared statements MUST be paired.
Feature
Beetle fig 2.1
Butterfly fig 2.3
wings
one pair /
2 pairs of wings [alone] /
no wings /
bigger / visible wings /
folded wings
unfolded / upright wings;
wing covers
present
wings exposed / absent;
antennae (accept ecf for

incorrect name already
penalised)
shorter / smaller /
longer / larger /
no swellings /
swellings at tip /
segmented
not segmented;
pincers / claws /
proboscis / tongue /
piercing parts / AW
sucking;
none / not visible / small
compound / visible / large;
mouthparts
eyes
R. simple eyes
body
accept small
abdomen
not visible (accept not segmented visible / segmented;

segments not visible)
legs
hairy / claws
accept large;
R. striped/shaded
not hairy / no claws;
R. length of legs
MAX [3]
[Total: 15]
Page 3
Mark Scheme
Syllabus
0610
Paper
6
Question 3
(a)
Award 1 + 1 mark in pairs (i.e. second mark can only be awarded with its own first mark)
ONE of:Cover with petroleum jelly;. Plant will not wilt;
Cover with polythene bag/bell jar/bottle;.. condensation/drops of water will collect; R.
water vapour
Use of photometer;. bubble movement/level of capillary water;
Shoot in container;. water taken up; [needs for water to be covered with oil to
prevent evaporation/covered with polythene].
Cobalt chloride paper;. colour change to pink;
Anhydrous copper sulphatecolour change to blue; R. litmus/universal indicator
[2]
(b)
to prevent / minimise loss of moisture / water from the soil / pot by evaporation;
[1]
(c)
similar apparatus including same sized/mass plants/equal number of leaves; ignore ref. to
same bags
same conditions of water added before starting investigation;
same time for readings/one day;
same conditions of light;
same temperature;
same humidity;
same air movement;
data analysis/comparison of graphs;
if candidate describes a different experiment, then max 2 for 2 controlled conditions
MAX [4]
(d)
feature
leaves
stem
(R. bulb)
cuticle / skin
roots
description
no leaves / small leaves /
small surface area / spines /
thorns;
hairs [or stem or plant];
swollen / thick / fleshy /
succulent;
green / ref. chlorophyll;
thick/waxy;
long / tap;
R. hard alone
shallow / network / fibrous /

many roots;
hairs/spines
stomata
on stem / plant / surface;
not in direct light / sunken /

less in number;
plant shape
width / thickness / less surface
area to volume ratio / reduce
surface area; ignore compact
3 valid features without adaptation comment = max 1
R. big roots / main root / light reflecting / shiny / ribs / grooves
comment relating to adaptation

to reduce water loss /
transpiration;
for protection / to prevent being
grazed / eaten;
to trap water;
stores water;
for photosynthesis [as leaf
area reduced];
stops water loss;
to trap / absorb water from
deep;
to trap/absorb water over wide
area;
R. store water
traps moist air;
reduce transpiration;
reduce water loss / reduce
transpiration;
stores water / reduce water
loss;
MAX [3]
[Total: 10]
w
ap
eP
e
tr
.X
MARK SCHEME for the November 2004 question papers
0610 BIOLOGY
0610/03
Paper 3 (Extended Theory), maximum mark 80
Examination.
demonstrated.
Examination.
schemes.
CIE is publishing the mark schemes for the November 2004 question papers for most IGCSE
and GCE Advanced Level syllabuses.
om
.c
s
er
Grade thresholds taken for Syllabus 0610/03 (Biology) in the November 2004
examination.
maximum
mark
available
Component 3
80

A
52
39
26
21
NOVEMBER 2004
INTERNATIONAL GCSE
MARK SCHEME
MAXIMUM MARK: 80
BIOLOGY
Paper 3 (Extended Theory)
Page 1
(a)
(b)
Mark Scheme
Syllabus
0610
Paper
3
(i)
(ANIMAL CELLS) B, C + (PLANT CELLS) A, D;
[1]
(ii)
Ref. to (cell) wall/(sap) vacuole; chloroplast
[1]
MARK COLUMNS INDEPENDENTLY

CELL SPECIAL FEATURE
CELL FUNCTION
(A) ref. to chloroplasts

/chlorophyll;
ref. to
photosynthesis/ability to
trap or absorb light/make
starch AW;
(B) ref. to fibrils or fibres or

protein strands/ability to
contract AW;
ref. to many mitochondria
elastic
ref. to movement AW;

to contract (if not
already given)
to relax unqualified
elastic
(C) presence of cilia/hairs/ref to

ciliated cell;
has hair villi
ref. to movement of
mucus/removal of
bacteria or impurities or
dust AW (from
windpipe)/movement of
egg (in oviduct);
to trap bacteria
absorption of
glucose/amino acids
(linked to microvilli or
brush border)
microvilli/brush border
(D) ref. to root hair/(long)

extension AW/large surface
area;
ref. to hair-like extension
large vacuole;
ref. to absorption of water

or minerals/ref. to
osmosis/ref. to diffusion +
of oxygen or other named
material/anchorage or
support AW;
ref. to large surface
area (if not awarded
under feature column)
[8]
*ONLY AWARD MITOCHRONDRIA AS A FEATURE ONCE*
Total 10
Page 2
Mark Scheme
(a)
Paper
3
DO NOT ACCEPT TERMS OTHER THAN LESS OR MORE
African
diet
contains
(b)
(c)
Syllabus
0610
(i)
(ii)
dairy
products
cereals
less
more
meat,
eggs,
fish
less
sugar,
sweets
vegetables,
fruit
less
more
ALL NEED TO BE CORECT FOR THE MARK
[1]
1. cereals/sugar/sweets/vegetables/fruit;
2. dairy products/meat/eggs/fish/sweets; sugar unqual.
[2]
ACCEPT CONVERSE ARGUMENTS

ref. to less or not enough proteins in African diet + ref. to less
meat/eggs/fish/dairy products AW; no protein
less calcium in diet + ref. to less dairy products
[1]
ref. to less or not enough vegetables/fruit; no vegetables/fruit

ref. to less vitamin C/ascorbic acid; less vitamins unqual.
[2]
(iii)
i. ref. to less or not enough vegetable/fruit/cereals;
no vegetables/fruit
ii. ref. to less or not enough roughage/fibre/cellulose + present AW;
no fibre
iii. gives bulk to food passing through gut AW;
iv. to help with peristalsis AW;
v. ref. to more meat + increases chance of colon cancer AW; max. [3]
Total 9
3
(a)
(b)
(i)
capillary drawn as double line + with correct links to artery and vein;
D arrow for direction of blood flow + correct;
arrow if no capillary is drawn
[2]
(ii)
liver; hepatic portal vein
(i)
glucose; sugars
amino acids;
minerals;
named examples
vitamins;
named examples vitamin A or D
carbon dioxide;
water;
[1]
max. [1]
(ii)
oxygen;
[1]
Page 3
Mark Scheme
(c)
presence of microvilli;
one cell thick or ref. to (very) thin; thin cell wall
large surface area;
ref. to partially permeable AW;
high respiration rate/ref. to active transport;
presence of mitochondria in cells
(d) (i)
(ii)
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
(e)
Syllabus
0610
Paper
3
max. [2]
[1]
lacteal;
ref. to (absorption of) fatty acids;

ref. to (absorption of) glycerol;
ref. to (absorption of) fat/fat droplets/lipids;
ref. to (absorption of) fat-soluble vitamins;
ref. to absorption into + lymphatic system/lymph/lymph vessel;
refs. to lacteal
max. [2]
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
ref. to lymph + glands/nodes;

ref. to production of white blood cells/lymphocytes;
ref. to role of lymphocytes - producing antibodies/antitoxins;
antibodies+ fight or kill or destroy bacteria or microbes/neutralise
bacteria or toxins AW; germs disease
v. ref. to return of tissue fluid AW/transport of fats + to blood
stream AW; refs. to transport of fats/tissue fluid
unqualified
vi. ref. to prevention of oedema AW/draining of tissue fluid AW;
vii. ref. to transport of white blood cells;
max. [3]
Total 13
4.
(a)
i. mosquitoes/ticks/fleas are carriers/vectors; arthropods unqual.

transmitted by
ii. mosquito feeds on blood of infected bird/mammal;
ii. infected mosquito feeds on human/bird/mammal + passes
on infection AW
max. [2]
(b)
TREAT ANSWER AS A LIST MARK FIRST TWO RESPONSES

i ref. to raw materials/water/DNA/RNA/nucleic acid + available;
food oxygen
ii ref. to suitable temperature/warm;
iii ref. to cells present; r e d blood cells
iv blood provides transport (to cells) AW;
max. [2]
(c)
ref. to travelling (large) distances/from place to place/migrate/fly;

ref. to export of birds
[1]
Page 4
Mark Scheme
(d) i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
Syllabus
0610
Paper
3
ref. to some pesticides/DDT + kill indiscriminately/non-specific/kill

useful insects AW; harms insects
ref. to some pesticides/DDT + are non-biodegradable/remain in
environment for a long time AW; refs to atmosphere
ref. to soil/land/water/river/lake + pollution;
refs to eutrophication
ref. to cause deformed babies;
ref. to accumulates in fat/stored in fat;
ref. to bioaccumulation in food chains AW;
ref. to effect on animals at top of food chain;
ref. to disruption of food chains;
max. [3]
(e) i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
ref. to exoskeleton or cuticle;

ref. to bilateral symmetry;
ref. to segmented body;
ref. to jointed limbs;
ref. to pairs of appendages AW/paired limbs/3 or more pairs of limbs;
wings/compound eyes/antennae/2 or 3 parts to body
max.
max. [2]
(f)
each organism has two names/ref. to genus and species;

genus = Culex
trivial/species names = pipiens;
ref. to use of Latin for name/name in italics/name underlined;
i.
ii.
iii.
iii.
max. [3]
Total 13
5
(a) (i)
NO MARKS FOR REFS. TO PHOTOTROPISM

positive;
(only award if linked to geotropism)
geotropism; (can award, even if linked to 'negative')
[2]
(ii)
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
ref. to auxin;
produced (near) tip of root AW;
ref. to diffusion to other parts of root;
collects on/moves to + lower side of root AW; ref. to effect of
gravity
v. slows down cell growth on lower side;
vi. resulting in differential growth rate AW;
max. [3]
(iii) to obtain water;

to obtain minerals/named minerals/salts/nutrients/ food
ref. to anchorage/stability AW;
max. [2]
Page 5
Mark Scheme
Syllabus
0610
Paper
3
(b) (i)
ref. to control;
ref. to acting as a comparison;
ref. to no effect of gravity AW/gravity is constantly changing AW;
max. [1]
(ii) ref. to light will be another variable;
root will respond to light as well as gravity AW; to keep conditions
uniform AW;
max. [1]
(c) i. plumules/leaves in dark will lack chlorophyll/be more
yellow/pale/white/etiolated;
ii. plumules/stem in dark + will be longer/thinner/weaker/have longer
internodes/grow faster; etiolated if not already given
iii. leaves in dark will be undeveloped/smaller;
iv. plumules in light will bend towards light;
max. [2]
Total 11
6
(a)
(b)
feeding/nutrition;
excreting; urinating defaecating
responding to stimuli/sensitivity/irritability breathing;
reproduction + laying eggs
grow
max. [2]
temperature of lizard drops AW;

ref. to relationship being directly proportional;
from 20 to 10/drops 10;
max. [2]
Page 6
Mark Scheme
(c)
Syllabus
0610
Paper
3
MAX. 3 PER MECHANISM

ANY TWO MECHANISMS FROM:
MAX. 2 IF REF. TO CAPILLARIES/VEINS
i.
ref. to vasoconstriction/description of process;
refs to movement of blood vessels
ii.
no or less blood near skin surface/blood insulated below fat AW;
iii.
so less heat + lost/radiated from skin (surface); no heat lost
iv.
ref. to hairs becoming erect AW; ref. to presence of hairs unqual.
v.
due to erector muscles + contracting;
vi.
hairs trap layer of air;
vii.
air acts as insulator/ref. to poor conductor AW;
viii.
ref. to shivering;
ix.
muscles contract uncontrollably AW;
x.
heat generated through respiration (in muscles);
xi.
sweat production slows down; stops;
xii.
less water evaporates from skin (surface);
xiii.
so heat lost by evaporation is reduced/more heat retained AW;
xiv.
ref. to liver;
xv.
ref. to conversion AW of glycogen to glucose;
xvi.
ref. to adrenaline;
xvii. ref. to increase in + metabolic rate/rate of respiration;
xviii. more heat (energy) produced;
xix.
ref. to increase in exercise/movement;
x. ref. to increase in rate of respiration;
xxi.
ref. to some heat produced AW;
max. [6]
(d) i.
ii.
ii.
vi.
less respiration/metabolic reactions slow down AW;

respiration controlled by enzymes;
enzymes work more slowly as temperature drops AW;
less energy + released/available;
max. [2]
Total 12
(a) (i)
A + E; (both needed for the mark)
[1]
(ii)
i.
improved + health facilities/more doctors/housing/medicine/

immunisation AW/eradication of disease/less diseases;
ii. more/better + food supplies AW;
iii. better health education;
iv. cleaner water supplies/better sanitation;
v. ref. to (better) control of disease vectors AW;
ref. to use of insecticides
vi. less wars;
max. [2]
Page 7
Mark Scheme
Syllabus
0610
Paper
3
(b)
ONLY AWARD EXPLANATION MARK IF COUNTRY IS CORRECT

(country) B;
ref. to the biggest drop in life expectancy/from 59 to 39/drops by 20;
has the lowest life expectancy
[2]
(c) (i)
HIV + is a virus/is not a bacterium;

antibiotics only are only effective against bacterial diseases AW;
converse statement
(ii)
[2]
sheath/condom/femidom;
ref. to no transfer of body fluids (between penis and vagina) AW;
stops mixing of body fluids AW refs to sperm unqualified[2]
(iii) ANY ONE DESCRIPTION FROM:

i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
ix.
ref. to injection (of drugs)/use of sharp instrument AW;

ref. to sharing needles + between infected and non-infected people;
ref. to contamination on needle AW; unsterilised/dirty
ref. to blood transfusion/surgical operation;
ref. to contaminated blood/contaminated equipment;
ref. to lack of screening (of blood or donors);
passed from mother to fetus AW;
via placenta/breast milk;
ref. to contamination during birth process AW;
max. [3]
Total 12
0610/03 BIOLOGY
0610/03
Paper 3, maximum mark 80
Examination.
demonstrated.
Examination.
The minimum marks in these components needed for various grades were previously
published with these mark schemes, but are now instead included in the Report on the
Examination for this session.
schemes.
CIE is publishing the mark schemes for the November 2005 question papers for most IGCSE
and GCE Advanced Level and Advanced Subsidiary Level syllabuses and some Ordinary
Level syllabuses.
om
.c
MARK SCHEME for the November 2005 question paper
s
er
ap
eP
e
tr
.X
Page 1
Q1
(a)
Mark Scheme
IGCSE NOVEMBER 2005
(i)
ref. to moist skin ;
(ii)
mammal ;
bird ;
fish ;
reptile ;
Syllabus
0610
Paper
3
[1]
[max. 2]
(b)
ref. to both belonging to the same genus (or ref. to Bufo) ;

(ignore refs. to both animals being toads)
[1]
(c)
ref. to sand dunes becoming developed for + camp sites ;

ref. to habitat is changing e.g. to woodland ; ref. to loss of habitat
naterjacks cannot survive in colder habitats AW ;
[max. 2]
(d)
ref. to some heathland or sand dunes becoming protected areas AW ;

ref. to removal of trees / seedling trees AW + from heathland ;
ref. to creation of more heathland / sand dunes + introduction of natterjacks ;
ref. to captive breeding programmes ;
[max. 2]
(e)
(i)
secondary consumer / third level ; (top) carnivore
[1]
(ii)
insect larvae + adult insects ; (BOTH NEEDED FOR 1 MARK)
[1]
(iii)
ref. to a wider range of food sources AW ;
[1]
[max. 11]
Q2
(a)
(b)
(c)
column drawn and shaded correctly ;

Y axis labelled ;
X axis labelled + units ;
[3]
(i)
continuous ;
[1]
(ii)
ref. to different amounts of light ; environmental differences unqual.

ref. to different amounts of minerals ;
ref. to exposure to different temperatures ;
ref. to disease / fungal or viral infection ;
ref. to competition for water ;
ref. to genetic differences ;
ref. to trampling ;
ref. to grazing ;
[max. 3]
(i)
ref. to large + petals ;

ref. to coloured + petals ;
ref. to scent ;
ref. to presence of nectar ;
(ii)
(d)
ref. to pollination AW ;
ref. to self-pollination / ref. to other agents of pollination ;

so fertilization occurs using pollen from same flower AW ;
[max. 2]
[1]
[2]
[max.12]
Page 2
Q3
(a)
(b)
(c)
Mark Scheme
IGCSE NOVEMBER 2005
(i)
Paper
3
oxygen ;
glucose ; other valid substances
[2]
(ii)
carbon dioxide ;
[1]
(i)
muscle ;
[1]
(ii)
ref. to contraction / shortening ;
[1]
(iii)
ref. to increased pressure ;

so blood leaves heart + via aorta ;
ref. to volume decreases AW ;
[max. 2]
ref. to high + fat diet / cholesterol AW ;

ref. to smoking ;
ref. to stress ;
ref. to lack of exercise ;
ref. to genetic influence AW ;
refs to blood clots
[max. 2]
(i)
(ii)
(d)
Syllabus
0610
all parts of artery below point B shaded ;
(structure)
(explanation)
(structure)
(explanation)
(structure)
(explanation)
[1]
presence of valves ;
prevents backflow of blood AW ;
ref. to wide lumen ;
allows blood to flow with minimum resistance AW ;
ref. to tough wall / collagen present ;
to prevent bursting AW ;
[max. 4]
[max. 14]
Q4
(a)
(i)
(ii)
(b)
(c)
pupil drawn in both diagrams + smaller in first diagram ;

iris in both diagrams the same diameter ;
[2]
labels correct for:

iris ;
pupil ;
sclera ;
[3]
(pupils gets bigger)

ref. to contraction + of radial muscles ;
ref. to relaxation of circular muscles ;
ref. to role of rods in detecting black and white images AW ;
ref. to sensitivity even in low light intensities AW ;
ref. to role of cones in detecting colour AW ;
ref. to cones needing high light intensity to trigger them AW ;
[2]
[max. 3]
[max. 10]
Page 3
Q5
(a)
(b)
Mark Scheme
IGCSE NOVEMBER 2005
Syllabus
0610
Paper
3
(i)
ref. to recent meal / intake of carbohydrate food AW ;
[1]
(ii)
pancreas ;
[1]
(iii)
ref. to glucose absorbed from blood ;

ref. to conversion to glycogen ;
ref. to increased rate of respiration ;
[max. 2]
(iv)
homeostasis ;
[1]
(i)
intake by mouth would result in digestion in the stomach AW ;

due to presence of + protease / pepsin ;
[2]
(ii)
insulin gene removed from human + DNA / chromosome ;

ref. to restriction + endonuclease / enzyme ;
ref. to plasmid cut open AW ;
ref. to use of ligase + in placing insulin gene into plasmid ;
ref. to formation of recombinant DNA ;
ref. to insertion of plasmid into host bacterial cell AW ;
ref. to culture of bacteria ;
ref. to use of + fermenter / bioreactor ;
[max. 4]
[max. 11]
Q6
(a)
ref. to biological ;
catalyst AW ;
ref. to protein nature AW ;
[max. 2]
(b) (i)
ref. to stains may be protein / fat / not removable with detergent only AW ;
ref. to presence of lipase ;
breaks down fat (stain) + to form fatty acids and glycerol ;
ref. to presence of protease ;
breaks down protein (stain) + to form amino acids ;
ref. to products being soluble AW ;
[max. 3]
(ii)
high temperature denatures enzymes ;

so enzymes will not work AW ;
low temperature + enzymes work slowly AW ;
appropriate explanation e.g. ref to kinetic energy of molecules ;
ref, to constant temperature maintains optimum conditions AW ; [max. 3]
(iii)
TEMPERATURE AND EXPLANATION NEEDED FOR THE MARK

around 37oC + ref. to optimum temperature for enzyme action ;
refs. to higher temperatures (up to 70oC with suitable explanation e.g.
modified to withstand high temperatures)
[1]
(c)
ref. to fermenter ;
ref. to source of enzyme e.g. yeast / fungus / bacteria ;
ref. to feedstock / starch solution ;
ref. to suitable conditions air bubbled ;
ref. to suitable conditions stirring ;
ref. to intracellular enzymes + microbes filtered ;
then crushed and extracted ;
ref. to extracellular enzymes + extracted from filtered feedstock ;
[max. 4]
[max. 13]
Page 4
Q7
(a)
Mark Scheme
IGCSE NOVEMBER 2005
Syllabus
0610
Paper
3
some red blood cells are sickle shaped AW ;

ref. to haemoglobin + distorts at low oxygen concentrations ;
results in less efficient oxygen transport AW ;
cells can block capillaries / become trapped in capillaries / ref. to crisis AW ;
[max. 2]
(b) (i)
(ii)
father = INIS + mother = INIS ;

genetic make-up of gametes stated ;
F1 genotypes stated or shown on diagram ;
probability: 0.5 / 50% / one in two ; 1:1
[4]
malarial parasite is unable to breed / survive in INIS blood cells ;

so provides protection from malaria ; (or v.v)
parent with ISIS + is likely to die from sickle cell anaemia ;
parent with ININ + is likely to die from malaria ;
[max. 3]
[max. 9]
w
ap
eP
e
tr
.X
0610 BIOLOGY
0610/03
This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and students, to indicate the requirements of the
examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not
demonstrated.
examination.
The grade thresholds for various grades are published in the report on the examination for most
IGCSE, GCE Advanced Level and Advanced Subsidiary Level syllabuses.
CIE is publishing the mark schemes for the October/November 2006 question papers for most IGCSE,
syllabuses.
om
.c
MARK SCHEME for the October/November 2006 question paper
s
er
Page 2
Q1
Mark Scheme
IGCSE - OCT/NOV 2006
(a)
Paper
3
CHECK FIG. 1.1 FOR ANSWERS

C
D
E
A
B
(b)
Syllabus
0610
(Clethrionomys glareolus) ;
(Oryctolagus cuniculus) ;
(Sciurus caroliniensis) ;
(Sorex araneus) ;
(Talpa europaea) ;
max. 4
Bracket the first two answers together for the first tick
ref. to presence of fur / hair ;

ref. to mammary gland / breast / udders / nipples / breast feeding /
production of milk (to feed young) / suckling ;
ref. to external ears / presence of pinna ; A description
max. 2
total max. 6
Q2
(a)
(i)
root(s) ;
(ii)
molar ; R premolar
ref. to the presence of (a number of) cusps / description of cusps ;
A refs to bumps / dents R ridges
ref. to presence of three roots / more than two roots ;
ref. to crown ;
ref. to (upper part has) enamel / lower part does not have enamel ;
root / lower part + covered with cement / dentine ;
enamel is harder than + dentine / cement ; A stronger
root AW is more soluble / less resistant to acid / more easily
penetrated AW ; A converse answer
max. 3
v.
vi.
(the toothpaste) has an alkaline pH / pH 8.5 ; R high pH

which neutralises acids in the mouth / maintains alkaline conditions /
so pH in mouth is raised ; linked to i.
ref. to (the toothpaste contains) fluoride ; R fluorine
fluoride hardens enamel AW : linked to iii.
R fluoride hardens tooth unqual.
ref. to (the toothpaste contains) anti-bacterial agent ;
kills bacteria + that produce acid AW ; linked to v.
max. 4
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
ix.
x.
xi.
regular visits to the dentist AW ; A ref. to doctor qual.

use of dental floss / tooth pick ;
avoiding + eating sugary food / eating between meals ;
ref. to fluoride + drinking water / mouthwash ;
use (antibacterial) mouthwash / (antiseptic) mouthwash ;
eat + apples / crisp fruit ;
eat foods containing calcium / phosphate / vitamin D / vitamin C ;
do not open bottles / crack open nuts + with teeth
rinse mouth with water after eating ;
brush or massage gums ; R brushing teeth
have teeth coated with protective coating ;
(iii)
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
(b)
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
(c)
UCLES 2006
max. 2
total max. 13
Page 3
Q3
Mark Scheme
(a)
(i)
Syllabus
0610
deforestation / slash and burn ;
(timber (ii) ref. (to timber) for housing / furniture / wood / paper / fence posts AW ;
use)
ref. to (timber for) fuel AW ; A burn to keep warm
(land
ref. to roads / industry / housing / airports / other use of land ;
use)(spaces)
Paper
3
1
max. 2
(iii)
i.
ref. to soil erosion / mudslides / silting of rivers / desertification / dust

bowl ;
ii.
due to lack of (tree) roots to stabilise soil ; (linked to i.)
iii.
ref. to increased risk of flooding ;
iv.
due to lack of trees to slow down water ; (linked to ii.) A leaf litter
absorbs water
v.
ref. to leaching of soil / minerals washed out / soil becomes infertile ;
vi
can lead to eutrophication of rivers / lakes AW ;
vii. less photosynthesis / burning or rotting wood ;
viii. less CO2 absorbed from atmosphere / more CO2 produced / in
atmosphere ;
ix.
ref. to global warming / greenhouse effect ; (linked to vii. or viii.)
x.
ref. to drop in oxygen in atmosphere AW ;
xi.
less rain (change in weather) ;
xii. due to less transpiration AW ; (linked to xi.)
xiii. ref. to reduction of habitats AW / habitats split up AW ;
xiv. ref. to disruption of food chains / loss of food ;
xv. so animals / plants + can become extinct or numbers depleted / loss of
biodiversity ;
xvi. ref. to loss of genes / sources of chemicals for medicines AW ;
xvii. ref. to more pollution + due to smoke / road traffic / factories AW ;
xviii. ref. loss of income + tourism
(b)
(i)
(fat)
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
MAX. 3 IF ONLY ONE NUTRIENT IS USED

IGNORE ENERGY REFS PROTEIN
soya contains less fat ; A both sets of figures
ref. to less cholesterol ;
less risk of atherosclerosis / blockage of arteries / atheroma / stroke ;
less risk of a heart attack / heart disease AW ;
ref. to less risk of obesity ; (O.R.A.)
(fibre)
vi.
vii.
vii.
viii.
soya contains (more) fibre ; A both sets of figures

so there is less risk of constipation (prevents) ;
less risk of colon cancer ;
fibre absorbs or removes toxins ; (O.R.A.)
(ii)
i.
ii.
iii.
FOOD CHAINS MUST USE NAMED ORGANISMS R plant etc.

(soya food chain) soya human ; A description
(corned beef food chain) grass cow human ; A description
beef food chain has an extra level AW / has extra link / beef food chain
longer ;
energy lost through food chain / 90% energy lost at each level;
more energy is lost in beef chain ;
example of energy loss e.g. body heat / movement of animal / not all
food digested / energy lost in faeces / urinating / excretion / respiration
/ egestion ;
in food chain there is more biomass in soya than in cows ; R more
producers than consumers unqual. R less energy in beef than soya
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
UCLES 2006
max. 6
max. 4
max. 4
total max. I7
Page 4
Q4
Mark Scheme
(a)
(i)
(ii)
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
(b)
(i)
(ii)
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
Syllabus
0610
(resistance) has increased / more resistant ;

ref. to doubled every 2 years / x 4 over 5 years / 20% more bacteria
are resistant / 400% increase in resistance / exponential rise /
geometric rise ; A figures quoted e.g. 7, 14, 28 (+1 -1 on figure)
Paper
3
ref. to mutation / variation / DNA change ;

(new strain) has resistance ; linked to i. A refs to immunity
(new strain) not killed by treatment ;
ref. to natural selection / survival of fittest / less competition for
resistant bacteria if most of normal bacteria have died ;
(new strain) reproduces ;
increased numbers of population have resistance ;
ref. to over-prescription / not completing antibiotic course ;
ref. to use in animal husbandry ;
max. 4
yoghurt ;
cheese ;
curds / sour milk ;
tofu ;
single cell protein / SCP ;
max. 1
ref. to nitrogen-fixing bacteria ; I refs to being in root nodules

change nitrogen into + nitrate / ammonium salts ; A ammonia
ref. to role of saprophytes / decay / decomposition / release of
nutrients or named minerals AW ;
ref. to nitrifying bacteria ;
ref. to nitrification / conversion of ammonia to nitrates AW ;
max. 3
(c)
description of the stage
all the plasmids are removed from the
bacterial cell
a chromosome is removed from a
healthy human cell
plasmids are returned to the bacterial cell
restriction endonuclease enzyme is used
bacterial cells are allowed to reproduce
in a fermenter
number of the stage

5;
2;
8;
3 / 6;
9;
5
total max. 15
UCLES 2006
Page 5
Q5
Mark Scheme
(a)
Paper
3
order needs to be correct for one mark ; TICK TO LEFT OF TABLE

All numbers correct for two marks ; ; * NUMBER TO MATCH TISSUE
Three correct for one mark
tissue
Syllabus
0610
upper epidermal cells

palisade mesophyll
spongy mesophyll
guard cells
number of
chloroplasts
none
many
some / many
some
+
+

3
(b)
(i)
ONE MARK FOR SYMBOLS CORRECT R energy

ONE MARK FOR CORRECT BALANCING
6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2
(ii)
i.
iii.
internal factor / external factor / environmental variable / named factor

(CO2 / H2O / light / temp) ;
which restricts the effects of others AW / limits rate of reaction ;
A converse answer R photosynthesis / growth
it is the one in short(est) supply ;
(iii)
carbon dioxide / CO2 ;
ii.
(c)
(i)
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
(ii)
(d)
ref. to long / tubular / formed as a vessel AW / lumen present / hollow ;

ref. to absence of end walls ;
ref. to dead cells / lack of cell contents / named part(s) (cytoplasm /
nucleus) ;
ref. to lignified walls ;
ref. to tracheids ;
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
MAX. 3 IN EITHER SECTION

(xylem)
ref. to transport / carry ; AWARD ONCE
ref. to water ;
ref. to mineral salts / named salts / ions ; R nutrients unqual.
from roots to leaves :
provides structural support AW ;
ref. to transpiration ;
vii.
viii.
ix.
x.
xi.
(phloem)
ref. to transport ; (IF NOT ALREADY GIVEN)
ref. to amino acids ;
ref. to sugars / sucrose / organic materials ; R glucose, food, nutrients
from leaves to storage area or place of use AW ; R up the plant
ref. to translocation ;
ref. to reduce (less / no) + water loss / wilting / transpiration ;
max. 2
1
max 3
max 4
1
total max. 16
UCLES 2006
Page 6
Q6
Mark Scheme
(a)
(b)
Syllabus
0610
MUST USE LABEL LINES

ACCEPT NAMES AS WELL AS LETTERS
S. any point in the vagina ;
D. the cervix ;
M. the ovary ;
F. the oviduct ;
E. any point on the surface of the uterus or in cavity ;
R if line is in muscular wall
(i)
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
(ovum)
ref. to fallopian tube / oviduct ;
ref. to presence of ciliated cells / cilia (in wall) ;
ref. to (ovum) wafted down / propelled / moved / conveyed AW /
sweep ; R passed unqual. R transport
ref. to peristaltic movement AW of oviduct ;
(ii)
i.
ii.
iii.
(sperm)
ref. to presence of tail + to swim / move AW ;
ref. to mitochondria + to provide energy / power ;
ref. to sperm streamlined / light / very small ;
(iii)
i.
ii.
iii.
(zygote)
ref. to a fertilised egg / fused egg and sperm (nucleus) ;
contains chromosomes of egg and sperm ;
egg and sperm / gametes / sex cells + are both haploid / have half
normal number of chromosomes / have 23 chromosomes / (both)
formed by meiosis ;
(iv)
ref. to progesterone ;
secreted / produced by + placenta ;
Paper
3
max 2
max 2
2
total max. 13
UCLES 2006
w
e
tr
.X
w
ap
eP
Reports.
Question Paper
Mark Scheme
Introduction
Introduction
Introduction

Examiners Report

Examiners Report

om
.c
s
er
equal standard.

0610 BIOLOGY
0610/03
demonstrated.
examination.
syllabuses.

Page 2
1
Mark Scheme
IGCSE October/November 2007
Syllabus
0610
(a) (i) chloroplasts ; R chlorophyll

cellulose cell wall ; A not made of, murein / peptidoglycan
(sap / large / permanent) vacuole(s) ; A tonoplast
nucleus / nuclear membrane / nuclear envelope ; R DNA / RNA
nucleolus ;
mitochondria ;
endoplasmic reticulum / Golgi ;
amyloplasts ; A starch, grains / granules
more than one chromosome / linear chromosome(s) ;
(ii) membrane ;
cytoplasm ;
ribosomes ;
chromosomes ; A strands of DNA R DNA unqualified
glycogen granules ;
oil droplets ;
(b) cheese ;
yoghurt ;
sour milk ;
bread ;
alcohol / any named alcoholic drink ;
Quorn / mycoprotein ;
single cell protein ;
tofu ;
soya sauce ;
sauerkraut ;
vinegar ;
tapai ;
tempe / tempeh ;
kimchee ;
Paper
03
[4]
[max 2]
[max 2]
(c) reject bacteria becoming immune and antibiotics causing mutation

1
2
3
4
5
mutation / mutant ;
stronger wall / less permeable wall / enzyme to breakdown antibiotic / AW ;
antibiotic kills bacteria except those that are , mutant / resistant ;
antibiotic is, selective agent / AW ; A ref to (natural) selection
(resistant) bacteria reproduce ; ignore mitosis
[max 3]
(d) this may be answered with reference to insulin

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
fast reproduction rate / AW ;

identical offspring / cloning ;
small number of genes ;
single cells ;
copy / use, genes from, other organisms / viruses ;
makes, protein / named protein, from another organism ;
have plasmids ;
used to transfer gene(s) into bacteria / easy to put gene(s) in bacteria ;
A DNA for gene
R product / protein, taken from, human / other organism
[max 2]
[Total: 13]
UCLES 2007

Page 3
2
Mark Scheme
Syllabus
0610
(a) temperature / heat / cold ;

pressure ;
pain / sharpness ;
texture / touch ;
Paper
03
[max 2]
(b) ganglion ;
grey matter (of spinal cord) ;
[2]
(c) (i) electrical ;

A electrochemical / movement of ions / electric current
R electrons / electricity
[1]
(ii) myelin / (fatty) sheath ;
[1]
(iii) award two marks if correct answer with units is given

if not, award one mark if
correct answer with no units
incorrect answer with correct units
no answer but correct working
incorrect answer but correct working
1.5 / 0.02 ;
75, metres per second or m/s or m s1 or m sec1 ;
[2]
(iv) synapse(s) / gap(s) (between neurones) ;
[1]
(d) (i) (V / biceps) contracts ;

arm / elbow, flexes / bends / pulls away from stimulus / AW ;
[2]
(ii) allow ecf from (i)

if muscle not identified assume it is V
triceps (muscle) / (muscle) W / antagonistic muscle / opposing muscle, contracts ;
muscle V relaxes / passive stretching of V ;
A ref to W as antagonistic if already said it contracts
R V relaxes that causes contraction of W
[2]
[Total: 13]
UCLES 2007

Page 4
3
Mark Scheme
Syllabus
0610
(a) removal of waste (products) of, metabolism / chemical reactions ;

A made within cells as alternative to metabolism
harmful / toxic / poisonous / AW ;
substance(s) in excess of requirements ;
Paper
03
[3]
(b) (i) accept statements from the question instead of letter

accept letter written on the structure (no label line) or nearby if clear
reject if letter used on two or more areas and one is incorrect
F on cortex / white area between fibrous capsule and stippled medulla ;
glomerulus but not anywhere else on tubule
R on renal artery including after it divides ;
U on ureter ;
allow on
[3]
(ii) ref to blood pressure ;

due to the heart / AW ;
ref to capillaries ; A glomerulus
small molecules forced out (of blood) ;
two examples ;
urea, water, amino acids, glucose / sugar, salts / ions / minerals, uric acid, ammonia,
any named hormone / spent hormone
A any two named, ions / hormones as the two examples
[max 3]
(iii) glucose mark only the first two answers if more than two given
diffusion ;
A selective , reabsorption / uptake ;
[max 2]
water mark only the first answer if more than one given
osmosis ; A diffusion
[3]
[Total: 12]
UCLES 2007

Page 5
4
Mark Scheme
(a) (where sperm are stored before ejaculation)

(is cut or tied during a vasectomy)
(produces fluid for sperm to swim in)
(where meiosis occurs)
Syllabus
0610
E;
B;
C;
F;
(b) (i) urethra ;
Paper
03
[4]
[1]
(ii) reduction in flow of urine / difficult to urinate ;

difficult to empty bladder ;
pain (when urinating) ;
needing to urinate more often ;
dribbling / spraying, of urine ;
increased risk of infections of, bladder / kidney / prostate / urethra ;
difficult to ejaculate ; A difficulty in release of, sperm / semen
[max 2]
(c) many examples that candidates may give

named structure ;
how diameter is reduced ;
purpose ;
[3]
(d) fertility drugs

FSH / LH / clomiphene / clomid ; R oestrogen
causes the ovaries to produce more eggs / AW ;
increases chance of fertilisation ;
ref to in vitro fertilisation ;
female hCG ;
stimulates follicles to release eggs ;
progesterone ;
causes, lining of uterus / endometrium, to thicken ; A maintains lining
increases chance of implantation ;
male
hCG ;
to stimulate testosterone production ;
FSH / LH / testosterone ;
stimulates sperm production ;
max 3
chemical methods of birth control
oestrogen / progesterone ;
(contraceptive) pill / patch / injection / implant ; R tablet / medicine
prevents FSH release / AW ;
prevents, egg / follicle, development ;
prevents, ovulation / release of eggs ; A no egg to be fertilised
(progesterone only pills)
inhibit sperm movement through cervix / plug of mucus at cervix ;
prevents implantation ;
kills sperm in, vagina / cervix ;
prevents sperm, reaching egg / entering oviduct ;
max 3
[6]
[Total: 16]
UCLES 2007

Page 6
5
Mark Scheme
Syllabus
0610
Paper
03
(a) (i)
boil the leaf in water
to test for starch
boil the leaft in ethanol

(alcohol)
to break down cell

membranes
soak the leaf in water
to remove chlorophyll
add iodine solution to

the leaf
to soften the leaf

[4]
(ii) chlorophyll masks the colour change (shown with iodine) / AW ;

(b) light ;
water ; A moisture
suitable temperature ; R heat
chlorophyll ;
[1]
[max 2]
(c) to show that the factor under test is responsible for the change observed / AW ;
e.g. to show carbon dioxide is needed
to show plants can photosynthesis under the glass cover
A so there is only one variable
(d)
to be sure that starch is produced during the experiment ;
[1]
[1]
(e) correct result for starch test and reason needed for each mark
reject crossed ticks
stage
leaf from
plant
starch test
( or )
A and B
plants have had no light for photosynthesis /

destarched / AW ;
plant has had no carbon dioxide for photosynthesis ;
plant has had, carbon dioxide / all conditions, for

photosynthesis ;
reason
[3]
UCLES 2007

Page 7
Mark Scheme
Syllabus
0610
(f) no photosynthesis ;
plant respires ; R plant begins to respire / instead it respires
carbon dioxide produced ; A correct equation for aerobic respiration
carbon dioxide, released / diffuses, from plant ;
Paper
03
[max 3]
[Total: 15]
(a) community / (all) organisms / animals and plants / (all) species / (all) populations / AW ;
(living together) in same, area / place / environment ; R habitat
many habitats ;
interacting / interdependent / AW ; A food chains / food web
(together with) abiotic / physical / non-living, factors / features ;
[max 2]
(b) they provide excellent food for humans ;
they provide, sport / fishing, for tourists ;
[2]
(c) (producer)
(herbivore)
(carnivore)
[3]
(d) 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
algae ;
cichlid fish + prawns ;
Nile perch + humans ;
algae grow / plants grow ; A algal bloom

less light for, plants / photosynthesis ; A more competition for light
(therefore) plants die ;
plants stop producing oxygen ;
(aerobic) bacteria / decomposers, feed on dead plants ;
use up oxygen (in respiration) / ref to aerobic ;
low levels of oxygen cause fish to, die / suffocate ; A not enough oxygen to breathe /
AW
bacteria produce toxins which cause fish to die ;
[max 4]
[Total: 11]
UCLES 2007

Page 8
1
Mark Scheme
Syllabus
0610
(a) (i) chloroplasts ; R chlorophyll

cellulose cell wall ; A not made of, murein / peptidoglycan
(sap / large / permanent) vacuole(s) ; A tonoplast
nucleus / nuclear membrane / nuclear envelope ; R DNA / RNA
nucleolus ;
mitochondria ;
endoplasmic reticulum / Golgi ;
amyloplasts ; A starch, grains / granules
more than one chromosome / linear chromosome(s) ;
(ii) membrane ;
cytoplasm ;
ribosomes ;
chromosomes ; A strands of DNA R DNA unqualified
glycogen granules ;
oil droplets ;
(b) cheese ;
yoghurt ;
sour milk ;
bread ;
alcohol / any named alcoholic drink ;
Quorn / mycoprotein ;
single cell protein ;
tofu ;
soya sauce ;
sauerkraut ;
vinegar ;
tapai ;
tempe / tempeh ;
kimchee ;
Paper
03
[4]
[max 2]
[max 2]
(c) reject bacteria becoming immune and antibiotics causing mutation

1
2
3
4
5
mutation / mutant ;
stronger wall / less permeable wall / enzyme to breakdown antibiotic / AW ;
antibiotic kills bacteria except those that are , mutant / resistant ;
antibiotic is, selective agent / AW ; A ref to (natural) selection
(resistant) bacteria reproduce ; ignore mitosis
[max 3]
(d) this may be answered with reference to insulin

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
fast reproduction rate / AW ;

identical offspring / cloning ;
small number of genes ;
single cells ;
copy / use, genes from, other organisms / viruses ;
makes, protein / named protein, from another organism ;
have plasmids ;
used to transfer gene(s) into bacteria / easy to put gene(s) in bacteria ;
A DNA for gene
R product / protein, taken from, human / other organism
[max 2]
[Total: 13]
UCLES 2007

Page 9
2
Mark Scheme
Syllabus
0610
(a) (i) produce / secrete, saliva ; R excrete

amylase / ptyalin ;
digests / breaks down, starch (to maltose) ;
water for, enzyme action / hydrolysis ;
lubricates / softens, food (to make it easier to chew) ;
ref to pH ;
Paper
03
[max 3]
(ii) grinding / chewing / crushing, food to reduce particle size ;

surface area increases ;
for enzymes ;
makes swallowing easier ;
[max 3]
(b) bacteria, feed on / respire, sugars ; A sweets / sugary drinks / AW

produce acid ; R sugar turns to acid / sugar is acidic
acid, dissolves / AW, enamel ;
dentine is exposed ;
dentine, softer / dissolves more rapidly, (than enamel) ;
[max 3]
(c) (fluoride) hardens / strengthens, enamel ;
[1]
(d) people do not have a choice if fluoride is in the water / AW ;

can choose to use toothpaste with fluoride instead ;
fluoride can cause, mottling / discolouring, of teeth ;
only benefits children / does not benefit adults ;
unknown effects / side effects / harmful to health / poisonous in large amounts ; A allergic to
fluoride, not healthy
bones become, weaker / more brittle ;
may cause bone cancer (in boys) ;
ref to cost ;
[max 3]
[Total: 13]
UCLES 2007

Page 10
3
Mark Scheme
Syllabus
0610
(a) removal of waste (products) of, metabolism / chemical reactions ;

A made within cells as alternative to metabolism
harmful / toxic / poisonous / AW ;
substance(s) in excess of requirements ;
Paper
03
[3]
(b) (i) accept statements from the question instead of letter

accept letter written on the structure (no label line) or nearby if clear
reject if letter used on two or more areas and one is incorrect
F on cortex / white area between fibrous capsule and stippled medulla ;
glomerulus but not anywhere else on tubule
R on renal artery including after it divides ;
U on ureter ;
allow on
[3]
(ii) ref to blood pressure ;

due to the heart / AW ;
ref to capillaries ; A glomerulus
small molecules forced out (of blood) ;
two examples ;
urea, water, amino acids, glucose / sugar, salts / ions / minerals, uric acid, ammonia,
any named hormone / spent hormone
A any two named, ions / hormones as the two examples
[max 3]
(iii) glucose mark only the first two answers if more than two given
diffusion ;
A selective , reabsorption / uptake ;
[max 2]
water mark only the first answer if more than one given
[3]
[Total: 12]
UCLES 2007

Page 11
4
Mark Scheme
(a) (where sperm are stored before ejaculation)

(is cut or tied during a vasectomy)
(produces fluid for sperm to swim in)
(where meiosis occurs)
Syllabus
0610
E;
B;
C;
F;
(b) (i) urethra ;
Paper
03
[4]
[1]
(ii) reduction in flow of urine / difficult to urinate ;

difficult to empty bladder ;
pain (when urinating) ;
needing to urinate more often ;
dribbling / spraying, of urine ;
increased risk of infections of, bladder / kidney / prostate / urethra ;
difficult to ejaculate ; A difficulty in release of, sperm / semen
[max 2]
(c) many examples that candidates may give

named structure ;
how diameter is reduced ;
purpose ;
[3]
(d) fertility drugs

FSH / LH / clomiphene / clomid ; R oestrogen
causes the ovaries to produce more eggs / AW ;
increases chance of fertilisation ;
ref to in vitro fertilisation ;
female hCG ;
stimulates follicles to release eggs ;
progesterone ;
causes, lining of uterus / endometrium, to thicken ; A maintains lining
increases chance of implantation ;
male
hCG ;
to stimulate testosterone production ;
FSH / LH / testosterone ;
stimulates sperm production ;
max 3
chemical methods of birth control
oestrogen / progesterone ;
(contraceptive) pill / patch / injection / implant ; R tablet / medicine
prevents FSH release / AW ;
prevents, egg / follicle, development ;
prevents, ovulation / release of eggs ; A no egg to be fertilised
(progesterone only pills)
inhibit sperm movement through cervix / plug of mucus at cervix ;
prevents implantation ;
kills sperm in, vagina / cervix ;
prevents sperm, reaching egg / entering oviduct ;
max 3
[6]
[Total: 16]
UCLES 2007

Page 12
5
Mark Scheme
Syllabus
0610
(a) idea that gaseous exchange surface is

place where gases move between organism and its environment ;
Paper
03
[1]
(b) thin / one cell thick / short distance ; A ref to, cuticle / epidermis
capillary / blood, near to, surface / epidermis ;
gases dissolve in layer of, water / mucus ;
[max 2]
(c) (i) softens testa ;

activation of enzymes ;
provide medium for transport / AW ;
vacuolation of cells ; A ref to cytoplasm
water is a solvent ;
hydrolysis / breakdown of, food stores ;
A involved in reactions R photosynthesis
[max 1]
(ii) growth / development (of plumule / radicle / cells) ;

formation of, cytoplasm / organelles / membranes / cell walls / named molecule ;
to metabolise food stores / AW ;
transport ;
active uptake of, minerals / ions ;
cell division / mitosis ;
[max 1]
(d) (i) to (oil droplet) moves, towards the peas / to the left / towards the tube ;
due to uptake of oxygen by seeds ;
carbon dioxide produced is absorbed by soda lime ;
volume of oxygen absorbed = volume of carbon dioxide produced ;
reduction in gas volume in boiling tube ;
reduction in pressure of gas in tube ;
(ii) 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
carry out at, different temperatures / stated temperatures ;

allow peas to adjust to (new) temperature ;
measure distance travelled by oil droplet ;
over known period of time ;
rate = distance divided by time ; A cm min1
remove bung to allow fresh air in to apparatus / replace soda lime ;
repeats at each temperature ;
named variable to be controlled ; e.g. mass of, seeds / soda lime
[max 3]
[max 5]
(iii) kinetic energy influenced by temperature ;

more frequent collisions at higher temperatures / fewer collisions at low temperature ;
respiration is controlled by enzymes / AW ;
enzymes denatured by high temperatures ;
[max 2]
[Total: 15]
UCLES 2007

Page 13
6
Mark Scheme
Syllabus
0610
Paper
03
(a) community / (all) organisms / animals and plants / (all) species / (all) populations / AW ;
(living together) in same, area / place / environment ; R habitat
many habitats ;
interacting / interdependent / AW ; A food chains / food web
(together with) abiotic / physical / non-living, factors / features ;
[max 2]
(b) they provide excellent food for humans ;
they provide, sport / fishing, for tourists ;
[2]
(c) (producer)
(herbivore)
(carnivore)
[3]
(d) 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
algae ;
cichlid fish + prawns ;
Nile perch + humans ;
algae grow / plants grow ; A algal bloom

less light for, plants / photosynthesis ; A more competition for light
(therefore) plants die ;
plants stop producing oxygen ;
(aerobic) bacteria / decomposers, feed on dead plants ;
use up oxygen (in respiration) / ref to aerobic ;
low levels of oxygen cause fish to, die / suffocate ; A not enough oxygen to breathe /
AW
bacteria produce toxins which cause fish to die ;
[max 4]
[Total: 11]
UCLES 2007
w
e
tr
.X
w
ap
eP
Reports.
Question Paper
Mark Scheme
Introduction
Introduction
Introduction

Examiners Report

Examiners Report

om
.c
s
er
equal standard.

0610 BIOLOGY
0610/31
demonstrated.
examination.
syllabuses.

Page 2
Mark Scheme
Syllabus
0610
Paper
31
Question 1
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
ignore absence of feature(s)

ignore slime
shell ;
muscular foot ; R leg / false foot
(soft) unsegmented body ;
tentacles ;
mantle / mantle cavity ;
gills ;
AVP ; e.g. visceral mass
R exoskeleton
[max 2]
species name
ignore refs to generic name
second name / follows genus name ;
begins with small letter / all small letters ;
[max 1]
asexual = 0 marks
sexual / external ;
involves, gametes / fertilisation ;
[2]
(i) current of water provides

(good) source of oxygen ; A ref to obtaining oxygen
R from gills / easy to breathe
low carbon dioxide concentration ; A ref to losing carbon dioxide
food source ;
protection / hiding, from predators ;
blood / mucus (from gills), may be food source ;
(ii) one of the following
ignore growth / maturity
increase in complexity
differentiation / specialisation, of cells / tissues
formation of, new structures / organs / tissues / different types of cells
A change in, structure / form
(e)
[max 1]
[1]
one mark for named species, two max for details. If no species = no marks,
NB species may be identified in outline of conservation
named species ; must be an endangered species R whale(s), A rhino(s)
if in doubt check IUCN red list http://www.iucnredlist.org
[1]
nature reserve / game park / sanctuary / AW ;
protection of habitat / stop habitat destruction / fenced area / restore habitat
A example ;
control of, predators / grazers / parasites / disease ;
provide food supply ;
prevent hunting / reduce poaching / reduce fishing / AW ;
A wardens / rangers
education (of local population) ;
captive breeding / provide breeding sites ;
release of captive bred organisms ;
AVP ; ; e.g. dehorn rhinos, ban trade
[max 2]
[Total: 10]
UCLES 2008

Page 3
Mark Scheme
Syllabus
0610
Paper
31
Question 2
(a)
bars must be within potato square

bars plotted accurately at 2.6 and 5.6 ;
shading correct according to key ;
(b)
(c)
(i) (sugar) beet ;

(ii) wheat ;
[2]
[1]
[1]
award three different main points as given below

or award two marks for the main points and max one for any detail of one
point
use of named appropriate machinery ; e.g. tractor / combine harvester
detail e.g. more efficient, sowing / harvesting / watering ;
(artificial) fertilisers ;
detail e.g. prevent mineral deficiencies / provide more nutrients ;
pesticides / insecticides / fungicides / AW ;
detail e.g. control, pests / diseases, feed / destroy / damage, crops ;
A reduce losses to, pests / diseases
herbicides ;
detail e.g. control / kill, weeds / competitors ;
use of, hormones / named hormone(s) ;
detail e.g. reduce vegetative growth / promote fruiting / AW ;
irrigation ; R put on (more) water
detail e.g. prevent water becoming limiting factor / not relying on rain / AW ;
glasshouses / greenhouses ;
detail e.g. control, light intensity / carbon dioxide concentration / temperature
monoculture ;
detail e.g. easier to harvest ;
genetic engineering / gene transfer / GM ; ignore genetic technology
artificial selection / selective breeding ;
detail e.g. improve, growth / aspect of yield / quality / disease resistance /
pest resistance ;
[max 3]
(d)
idea that water content of plants varies ;
[1]
(e)
idea that energy is lost, along a food chain / between maize and cows ;
[1]
energy loss by animals to max 2

food not eaten ;
food not, digested / absorbed ; A egested
(chemical energy) excreted ;
heat loss ;
movement ;
respiration ;
UCLES 2008
[max 2]

Page 4
(f)
Mark Scheme
Syllabus
0610
(i) 6O2 ; R 6O2 / 6O2
Paper
31
[1]
(ii) large surface area / broad / wide ; R flat

chloroplasts / chlorophyll ;
leaf mosaic / leaves arranged to avoid shading ;
leaves, grow at right angles to light / move to follow the sun ;
cuticle / epidermis, thin / transparent ;
leaf is thin ;
palisade cells tightly packed ;
movement of chloroplasts towards light source ;
AVP ;
[max 2]
(iii) root hair(s) ;

down water potential gradient / from high to low water potential / soil has
higher water potential / root has lower water potential ;
osmosis / across partially permeable membrane ;
A semi-permeable / selectively permeable
R and active uptake
[3]
(iv) (carbon dioxide) diffuses (from air) / ref to down diffusion gradient ;
through stoma(ta) ;
air spaces, between (mesophyll) cells / in leaf ;
dissolves in water, on / in, cell wall ;
(diffuses) through, cell wall / membrane ;
carbon dioxide from, respiration / mitochondria ;
[max 2]
[Total: 19]
UCLES 2008

Page 5
Mark Scheme
Syllabus
0610
Paper
31
Question 3
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(i) mycoprotein has

accept converse answers for beef
less protein / figures compared ;
less fat / figures compared ;
fibre / figures compared ;
A roughage
carbohydrate / figures compared ;
[max 2]
(ii) assume answers are about mycoprotein

less fat / 9.2 g compared to 48.6 g / 39.4 g less fat / 5 less fat ;
so less risk of + heart disease / heart attack / blockage of arteries / obesity ;
A clogged / furred / hardening
ignore diabetes
fibre / 19.5 g compared to 0 g ;
so less risk of, constipation / bowel cancer ;
A faster transit time / helps peristalsis / easier defecation explained
[4]
(i) award two marks if correct answer (1.7) is given

if no answer or incorrect answer award one mark for correct addition to get
98.3
49 + 9.2 + 19.5 + 20.6 = 98.3
100 98.3 = 1.7 (g) ;;
[2]
(ii) accept first answer on the line

mineral(s) / named mineral / ions / salt(s) / vitamin(s) / named vitamin ;
calcium / potassium / sodium / magnesium / iron / phosphate / iodine / zinc
R nitrate / sulphate / micronutrients
[1]
(i) glucose / sucrose / lactose / maltose / sugar(s) / molasses / corn steep

liquor ;
A carbon source
minerals / mineral salts / vitamin(s) ;
ammonia / ammonium / amino acids ; A nitrogen source
[max 2]
(ii) filter / separate liquid from solid / retain solids / AW ;
[1]
(iii) carbon dioxide ; A CO2
[1]
(i) 24 C ; A a temperature within range 20 to 30 C
[1]
(ii) ignore refs to the paddle

heat released / exothermic ;
(during) respiration / metabolism / fermentation ;
[2]
(iii) constant, production / growth ;

A optimum temperature / produce antibiotic as fast as possible
low temperature will slow down, enzyme action / fungal growth ;
high temperature will, denature enzymes ; R if and too low
high temperature will kill fungus ; R if and too low
high temperature may breakdown, product / antibiotic / penicillin ;
(iv) use a water jacket ;
[max 2]
[1]
[Total: 19]
UCLES 2008

Page 6
Mark Scheme
Syllabus
0610
Paper
31
Question 4
(a)
(b)
(c)
penis becomes, firm / erect ;

penis inserted into vagina ;
ejaculation ;
sperm / semen, deposited, in vagina / near cervix ;
[max 2]
(i) mechanical / barrier ; A physical
[1]
(ii) semen / sperm, collect / trapped, in condom ; A cannot enter female

so fertilisation is not possible / sperm cannot reach egg or oviduct / AW ;
A male gamete for sperm
R sperm cannot reach ovary
[2]
(i) 1
2
3
4
HIV transmitted in, semen / vaginal fluids / body fluids / blood ;

from infected to, uninfected / AW, during sexual intercourse ;
condoms, prevent contact between body fluids ; A mixing of body fluids
(no condoms) more unprotected sex / greater chance of infection ;
(ii) sharing needles (during drug taking) ; R unsterilised / used

tattoos / body piercing ;
(transmission in) blood products / blood transfusion / transplants ;
A blood to blood contact, e.g. open wounds ;
A refs to breast milk ; across placenta ; (blood mixing) at birth ;
[max 2]
[max 2]
(iii) virus, invades / attacks / kills, lymphocytes / CD4 cells / T cells ;

R white blood cells unqualified
antibodies, not produced / dont work / not effective ; ora
phagocytes not as effective ; ora
loss of (existing) immunity ;
cannot defend against / (more) susceptible to / less resistance to ,
pathogen / infection / disease ; A ref to opportunistic infection
R fight disease / infection
(d)
[max 3]
(i) sores / ulcers, on, penis / genitals ;

discharge (of pus) from, penis / urethra / sex organ(s) ;
(male) pain when urinating ;
inflammation of, testes / prostate / urethra / vagina ;
discharge of pus from the vagina ;
[max 1]
(ii) accept any from (i) if not already given

damage to, urinary / reproductive, organs ;
sterility / infertility ;
blindness in a baby born to a mother with the disease ;
abdominal pain ;
produce antibodies ;
[max 1]
(iii) use antibiotic(s) / named antibiotic ; A penicillin (although not used now)
[max 1]
[Total: 15]
UCLES 2008

Page 7
Mark Scheme
Syllabus
0610
Paper
31
Question 5
(a)
(i) reserves last longer for walking / ora ;

(approx) 4 times longer / other use of figures ;
[2]
(ii) glucose and muscle glycogen ;
[1]
(iii) fat and carbohydrate ;
[1]
(iv) award two marks if correct answer (16.6 / 17) is given

1660 / 100 OR 5800 / 350 OR average of the two
16.57 / 16.58 / 16.59 / 16.6 / 17 (kJ per gram) ;; R rounding down to 16.5
(b)
(c)
[2]
(i) muscle, growth / development / repair ; A make / build up, muscle
[1]
(ii) to build up, energy / glycogen, reserves / stores ;

muscle / liver, glycogen ;
converted to fat / stored as fat ;
[2]
(i) C6H12O6
2C3H6O3 (+ energy released)
1 mark for glucose + lactic acid formulae correct ;

1 mark for balanced equation ; R if anything else given (CO2 + H2O)
(ii) 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
[2]
short, time / distance, for sprint or long, time / distance, for marathon ;
sprint needs (lots of) energy quickly / marathon needs energy over long
period ;
sprint oxygen supply not sufficient / oxygen supplied during marathon ;
anaerobic does not need oxygen / aerobic needs oxygen ;
lactic acid, removed after sprint / would build up in marathon ;
ref to muscle, fatigue / cramp / pain ;
ref to oxygen debt ;
AVP ; e.g. fat has higher energy content useful for marathon
(iii) glycogen in liver broken down to glucose ;

correct ref to glucagon ; R if glucagon breaks down glycogen
glucose from liver enters the blood ; R excreted into blood
idea that balances use of glucose ; A replaces glucose used up
[max 4]
[max 2]
[Total: 17]
UCLES 2008

0610 BIOLOGY
0610/32
demonstrated.
examination.
syllabuses.

Page 2
Mark Scheme
Syllabus
0610
Paper
32
Question 1
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
ignore absence of feature(s)

ignore slime
shell ;
muscular foot ; R leg / false foot
(soft) unsegmented body ;
tentacles ;
mantle / mantle cavity ;
gills ;
AVP ; e.g. visceral mass
R exoskeleton
[max 2]
species name
ignore refs to generic name
second name / follows genus name ;
begins with small letter / all small letters ;
[max 1]
asexual = 0 marks
sexual / external ;
involves, gametes / fertilisation ;
[2]
(i) current of water provides

(good) source of oxygen ; A ref to obtaining oxygen
R from gills / easy to breathe
low carbon dioxide concentration ; A ref to losing carbon dioxide
food source ;
protection / hiding, from predators ;
blood / mucus (from gills), may be food source ;
(ii) one of the following
ignore growth / maturity
increase in complexity
differentiation / specialisation, of cells / tissues
formation of, new structures / organs / tissues / different types of cells
A change in, structure / form
(e)
[max 1]
[1]
one mark for named species, two max for details

if no species = no marks
NB species may be identified in outline of conservation
named species ; must be an endangered species R whale(s), A rhino(s)
if in doubt check IUCN red list http://www.iucnredlist.org
[1]
nature reserve / game park / sanctuary / AW ;
protection of habitat / stop habitat destruction / fenced area / restore habitat
A example ;
control of, predators / grazers / parasites / disease ;
provide food supply ;
prevent hunting / reduce poaching / reduce fishing / AW ;
A wardens / rangers
education (of local population) ;
captive breeding / provide breeding sites ;
release of captive bred organisms ;
AVP ; ; e.g. dehorn rhinos, ban trade
[max 2]
[Total: 10]
UCLES 2008

Page 3
Mark Scheme
Syllabus
0610
Paper
32
Question 2
(a)
(b)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
weigh the nut / use known mass of nut ;

put 25 cm3 water into the (boiling) tube ;
(take) start temperature of water ;
set nut on fire ;
hold nut under boiling tube until it has stopped burning ;
reignite nut if it goes out / keep heating water until temperature stops rising ;
stir water ;
(take) final / maximum, temperature of water ; A record temperature rise
repeat with other masses of nut ;
award two marks if correct answer (2520) is given
if answer space blank check the table on page 4 of the script
25 24 4.2
2520 (J) ;;
(c)
[max 2]
(i) x-axis labelled mass of nut / g ;

y-axis labelled energy / J ;
point plotted in square 2500 2600 + line through points ;
ecf from (b) for plotted point, ecf if no value given in (b)
line must not extend beyond plotted points
A lines between points, straight line of best fit
(ii) as mass increases, energy increases ;
A energy content directly proportional to mass of nut
(d)
(e)
[max 5]
[3]
[1]
(i) (3045 / 0.5 100 =) 609 000 / 6.09 105 ;
[max 1]
(ii) heat / energy, lost to, air / surroundings ;

groundnut not completely burnt / AW ;
some energy lost when setting nut on fire ;
official procedure involves burning in oxygen ;
heat transfer to, needle / boiling tube (not to water) ;
R no repeats
[max 2]
nitrogen-containing compound absorbed from soil

nitrate / ammonium (ions) ;
dissolved in soil water ;
absorbed by root hairs ;
active transport / diffusion ;
nitrate / ammonium, used to make amino acids (in plant) ;
nitrogen fixation in legume
nitrogen-fixing bacteria / Rhizobium (in/on nodule) ;
bacteria in root nodules ;
convert nitrogen (N2) to, ammonia / amino acids ;
amino acids / AW, to legume (tissue) ;
[max 5]
[Total: 19]
UCLES 2008

Page 4
Mark Scheme
Syllabus
0610
Paper
32
Question 3
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(i) mycoprotein has

accept converse answers for beef
less protein / figures compared ;
less fat / figures compared ;
fibre / figures compared ;
A roughage
carbohydrate / figures compared ;
[max 2]
(ii) assume answers are about mycoprotein

less fat / 9.2 g compared to 48.6 g / 39.4 g less fat / 5 less fat ;
so less risk of + heart disease / heart attack / blockage of arteries / obesity ;
A clogged / furred / hardening
ignore diabetes
fibre / 19.5 g compared to 0 g ;
so less risk of, constipation / bowel cancer ;
A faster transit time / helps peristalsis / easier defecation explained
[4]
(i) award two marks if correct answer (1.7) is given

if no answer or incorrect answer award one mark for correct addition to get
98.3
49 + 9.2 + 19.5 + 20.6 = 98.3
100 98.3 = 1.7 (g) ;;
[2]
(ii) accept first answer on the line

mineral(s) / named mineral / ions / salt(s) / vitamin(s) / named vitamin ;
calcium / potassium / sodium / magnesium / iron / phosphate / iodine / zinc
R nitrate / sulphate / micronutrients
[1]
(i) glucose / sucrose / lactose / maltose / sugar(s) / molasses / corn steep

liquor ;
A carbon source
minerals / mineral salts / vitamin(s) ;
ammonia / ammonium / amino acids ; A nitrogen source
[max 2]
(ii) filter / separate liquid from solid / retain solids / AW ;
[1]
(iii) carbon dioxide ; A CO2
[1]
(i) 24 C ; A a temperature within range 20 to 30 C
[1]
(ii) ignore refs to the paddle

heat released / exothermic ;
(during) respiration / metabolism / fermentation ;
[2]
(iii) constant, production / growth ;

A optimum temperature / produce antibiotic as fast as possible
low temperature will slow down, enzyme action / fungal growth ;
high temperature will, denature enzymes ; R if and too low
high temperature will kill fungus ; R if and too low
high temperature may breakdown, product / antibiotic / penicillin ;
(iv) use a water jacket ;
[max 2]
[1]
[Total: 19]
UCLES 2008

Page 5
Mark Scheme
Syllabus
0610
Paper
32
Question 4
(a)
(b)
(c)
penis becomes, firm / erect ;

penis inserted into vagina ;
ejaculation ;
sperm / semen, deposited, in vagina / near cervix ;
[max 2]
(i) mechanical / barrier ; A physical
[1]
(ii) semen / sperm, collect / trapped, in condom ; A cannot enter female

so fertilisation is not possible / sperm cannot reach egg or oviduct / AW ;
A male gamete for sperm
R sperm cannot reach ovary
[2]
(i) 1
2
3
4
HIV transmitted in, semen / vaginal fluids / body fluids / blood ;

from infected to, uninfected / AW, during sexual intercourse ;
condoms, prevent contact between body fluids ; A mixing of body fluids
(no condoms) more unprotected sex / greater chance of infection ;
(ii) sharing needles (during drug taking) ; R unsterilised / used

tattoos / body piercing ;
(transmission in) blood products / blood transfusion / transplants ;
A blood to blood contact, e.g. open wounds ;
A refs to breast milk ; across placenta ; (blood mixing) at birth ;
[max 2]
[max 2]
(iii) virus, invades / attacks / kills, lymphocytes / CD4 cells / T cells ;

R white blood cells unqualified
antibodies, not produced / dont work / not effective ; ora
phagocytes not as effective ; ora
loss of (existing) immunity ;
cannot defend against / (more) susceptible to / less resistance to ,
pathogen / infection / disease ; A ref to opportunistic infection
R fight disease / infection
(d)
[max 3]
(i) sores / ulcers, on, penis / genitals ;

discharge (of pus) from, penis / urethra / sex organ(s) ;
(male) pain when urinating ;
inflammation of, testes / prostate / urethra / vagina ;
discharge of pus from the vagina ;
[max 1]
(ii) accept any from (i) if not already given

damage to, urinary / reproductive, organs ;
sterility / infertility ;
blindness in a baby born to a mother with the disease ;
abdominal pain ;
produce antibodies ;
[max 1]
(iii) use antibiotic(s) / named antibiotic ; A penicillin (although not used now)
[max 1]
[Total: 15]
UCLES 2008

Page 6
Mark Scheme
Syllabus
0610
Paper
32
Question 5
(a)
(i) reserves last longer for walking / ora ;

(approx) 4 times longer / other use of figures ;
[2]
(ii) glucose and muscle glycogen ;
[1]
(iii) fat and carbohydrate ;
[1]
(iv) award two marks if correct answer (16.6 / 17) is given

1660 / 100 OR 5800 / 350 OR average of the two
16.57 / 16.58 / 16.59 / 16.6 / 17 (kJ per gram) ;; R rounding down to 16.5
(b)
(c)
[2]
(i) muscle, growth / development / repair ; A make / build up, muscle
[1]
(ii) to build up, energy / glycogen, reserves / stores ;

muscle / liver, glycogen ;
converted to fat / stored as fat ;
[2]
(i) C6H12O6
2C3H6O3 (+ energy released)
1 mark for glucose + lactic acid formulae correct ;

1 mark for balanced equation ; R if anything else given (CO2 + H2O)
(ii) 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
[2]
short, time / distance, for sprint or long, time / distance, for marathon ;
sprint needs (lots of) energy quickly / marathon needs energy over long
period ;
sprint oxygen supply not sufficient / oxygen supplied during marathon ;
anaerobic does not need oxygen / aerobic needs oxygen ;
lactic acid, removed after sprint / would build up in marathon ;
ref to muscle, fatigue / cramp / pain ;
ref to oxygen debt ;
AVP ; e.g. fat has higher energy content useful for marathon
(iii) glycogen in liver broken down to glucose ;

correct ref to glucagon ; R if glucagon breaks down glycogen
glucose from liver enters the blood ; R excreted into blood
idea that balances use of glucose ; A replaces glucose used up
[max 4]
[max 2]
[Total: 17]
UCLES 2008
w
ap
eP
e
tr
.X
0610 BIOLOGY
0610/31
examination.
syllabuses.
om
.c
s
er
Page 2

Syllabus
0610
Paper
31
General notes
/
marks

( )
Small
ORA
ref./refs.
AVP
AW
MP
UCLES 2009
Page 3
Question
1 (a)

Syllabus
0610
Mark scheme
feature
bacterium
virus
fungus
produces spores
hyphae
capsule
nucleus
Paper
31
Comments
one mark per row
treat blank spaces and crossed ticks as crosses if ticks
and crosses and blanks in the same row, treat as incorrect
[3]
(b)
(c)
fungus may be saprotrophic or parasitic

ignore roots when awarding points 2 to 7
treat independently
1 (feeding) hypha(e) ; R roots ignore mycelium
2 branched / branching ;
3 has a large surface (area) ;
4 grow, over / through / on / into, (named) food / substrate ;
5 produce / release, enzymes ;
6 external / extracellular / described, digestion ;
7 absorb, food / nutrients / products / glucose / AW ;
1
2
3
MP3 refers to fungus not food

A spread across food, A substrate for food
R excrete enzymes
R digestion unqualified, A external implied
[3 max] R obtain A absorbed even if no digestion
spores ;
carried in the, wind / air / atmosphere ;
A sporangium / sack / AW, bursts / opens
grow, longer / more, (feeding) hyphae / mycelium spreads
A blown / floats as suggests in the air

[2 max] A new mycelium forms / mycelium increases in size
ecf for roots from (b)
[Total: 8]
UCLES 2009
Page 4
2 (a)
A
B
C
(b)

(ii)
Paper
31
R epidermis
R lymph unqualified / lymph(atic) system
epithelium / (epithelial) lining / single layer of cells ;

lacteal ; A lymph(atic), vessel / duct / tube ;
capillary / blood vessel ;
[3]
microvilli
1 increases / large, surface (area) ;
2 for absorption ;
mitochondria
3 (for) respiration ;
4 provide, energy / ATP ; A cells need energy
5 for active, uptake / transport ;
(c) (i)
Syllabus
0610
A diffusion / active transport (into villus)

R produce / make, energy
A movement of, vesicles / vacuoles
[4] A descriptions of AT e.g. against concentration gradient
R microvilli sway or waft / movement of villi
A food keeps longer / preserves food / AW
A refs to preventing decay / kills bacteria
A prevent / slows, oxidation
longer, shelf life / storage time ;
2
3
4
enhances / improves, flavour / taste ;

improves / AW, colour / appearance ;
improves, texture / AW ; A ref to emulsifiers / free running
5 AVP ;
hyperactivity / described (in children) ; R poor behaviour
tantrums / mood swings ;
cancer ; A they are carcinogenic
migraines / headaches ;
dizziness / nausea / vomiting / diarrhoea ;
allergies ;
asthma / described as breathlessness or AW ;
nettle rash / urticaria / skin rash / eczema / dermatitis ;
rhinitis / runny nose / sniffling ;
damage to fetus / birth defect ;
AVP ;
[2 max]
A makes food more attractive / stops food separating,

comments on consistency
e.g. tenderiser
there are no marks in (i) or (ii) for naming food additives;
ignore names look for health risks only
R obesity, heart disease, tooth decay, circulatory problems,
diabetes
A difficulty with breathing
R addiction
[4 max]
[Total: 13]
UCLES 2009
e.g. ulcers or liver / kidney / brain / nerve, damage
Page 5
3 (a) (i)
(ii)
(b) (i)
(ii)
(c) (i)
(ii)

Syllabus
0610
Paper
31
glass tank to max 1

must be about heat
acts as heat filter / absorbs heat from lamp / reduces heat effect of the
lamp / AW ;
maintain constant temperature / make sure temperature is not another
variable ;
syringe
A readjust the bubble R refs. to water in the tube
reposition the air bubble / return air bubble to top of tubing / put the bubble
into the tube ;
[2]
1
2
3
4
5
6
R oxygen / gas, is product of respiration
plant / photosynthesis, releases / produces, oxygen / gas(e) ;

oxygen is, by-product / waste product (of photosynthesis) ;
from splitting of water / photolysis ;
oxygen comes out of solution / AW ;
gas, collects / rises to the top ;
(gas) pushes water down the tube / displaces the water ;
note that it is the water that is being pushed by the gas

collecting at the top of the tube
[3 max] A gives pressure to force water down tube
1.4 ;
[1]
all points plotted accurately ;

allow a straight line of best fit that is close to the plotted
points
curved or straight line of best fit / straight lines between points ;

ignore if line continues beyond first and last points because of (c)(i)
R if line goes to 0
[2]
6.07.0 ; R > 7.0 allow ecf from the graph if line goes to 0
00.6 ; R > 0.6
ignore what is shown by extrapolation on the graph unless

[2] awarding ecf from the graph
1
2
3
4
(increase distance gives) decrease light (intensity) ; ORA

ref. to light energy ;
absorbed by, chlorophyll / chloroplast ;
light (intensity) is limiting (factor) ;
A amount of light in this answer

A even if light and energy are separated in answer
[3 max] look for word limiting do not allow limited
[Total: 13]
UCLES 2009
Page 6
4 (a)

Syllabus
0610
Paper
31
R goes through heart twice unqualified

A one cycle for one circulation of the body
A a suitable diagram
blood passes through heart twice, during one circulation of body / AW ;

heart to lungs / pulmonary circulation AND heart to rest of body / systemic
circulation ;
[1 max]
(b)
max 1 per blood vessel

artery
1 carries blood from the heart / delivers blood to tissues ;
2 withstands / maintains / transports blood at, high pressure ;
3 transports oxygenated blood except pulmonary (artery) ;
capillary
4 exchange of substances to, tissues / cells ;
5 allows diffusion / described as movement of named gas ;
6 allows, filtration / white cells to escape / forms tissue fluid ;
7 allows (re)absorption ;
8 heat, exchange / loss / gain ;
vein
9 transports blood, to the heart / from tissues ;
10 transports blood at low pressure ;
11 transports deoxygenated blood except pulmonary (vein) ;
UCLES 2009
A blood, out of the heart / to organs / to body

A except to the lungs for except pulmonary (vein)
R carries oxygenated blood to, organs / tissues
(unqualified by ref to from the heart)
A from blood / allows gas exchange
R plasma leaves capillaries
R connects arteries to veins
R blood goes close to, tissues / cells
A ensures blood flows one way / stops backflow
R carry blood (to heart) and lungs
[3] A except from the lungs for except pulmonary (vein)
Page 7
(c)
(d)

Syllabus
0610
Paper
31
allow up to 3 structural points, so must have a function for full marks.

Functional point is most likely to be MP9
R tube R small / narrow unqualified
R cell wall
1
2
small / narrow, lumen / space for blood / opening / hole ;

thick / big, wall ;
3
4
5
elastic (tissue / fibres) ;

stretches / expands ;
recoils ;
6
7
muscle ;
flexible to allow expansion / prevents rupture / prevents bursting ;
fibrous, tissue / outer layer ; A collagen
withstands / maintains, pressure ;
blood fills valve / valve closes (in vein) ;
2
3
to prevent backflow ;
blood flows in one direction / towards heart / prevents flowing away from R if refer to valves in the heart
heart ;
[2 max]
A ref. to pulsate R contracts to push blood as implies

peristaltic
[4 max]
A correct description of valve action (in vein)
R closing the vein / the vein closes
[Total: 10]
UCLES 2009
Page 8
5 (a)
(b)

phenotype ;
gene ;
haploid ;
mitosis ;
Paper
31
[4]
if there is an error in the genetic diagram allow ecf even if final phenotypes
are NOT all different as stated in the question
IAI o IBI o ;
I A, I o + I B, I o ;
accept
IA, IB and IO for alleles
A, B and O for alleles
MP2 and 3 in Punnett square
ignore
spaces, commas or dots in diploid genotypes
very little space between gamete genotypes
IAI o, IAIB, IBI o, I o I o;
[4] reject
IAB etc as genotypes for parents or children
I without A, B and o
A AB B O ; blood types must match genotypes
(c)
Syllabus
0610
two (or more) alleles ; R two blood groups
A two (or more) implied, e.g. neither / each other / both

ignore ref to genes
two / both, are expressed / equally dominant / both dominant / give

different phenotype ;
neither is fully expressed = 1 mark for MP1

neither is dominant over the other = 2 marks
R ref. to recessive and dominant
in heterozygous / described (individual) ;
A idea when both alleles are present in the genotype
AB, IAIB (as example) ;
[3 max] A refs. roan cattle, pink flowers as other correct examples
UCLES 2009
Page 9
(d)

Syllabus
0610
Paper
31
accept converse statements
(e) (i)
(ii)
used to treat diabetes (wherever in answer) ;
insulin the same as human / uses human DNA / human gene / AW ;
not rejected ; A people not allergic
no risk of, infection / disease (from animals) ;
GE insulin can be, modified / improved / AW ;
amino acid sequence can be modified
animals not killed / suitable for vegans ;
cheaper / more readily available / produced quickly / constantly / large

amounts / large scale ; R easier
A religious / ethical objections to using animals, but not to

using GE insulin
MP7 is related to production
A animal insulin has to be obtained from animal soon after
its death
ref. to bacteria reproduce quickly ;
R refs. to side effects

increasing numbers of people with diabetes / dont produce insulin ;
A dont respond to insulin
[3 max]
MP2: e.g. animal insulin is foreign / bovine insulin has

three different amino acid residues from human insulin /
porcine has only one different / insulin from dead animal, is
not the same as human
note that this is 2 marks

plasmid ;
DNA / genes ;
R plasmic / plasma
[2] R nucleic acid unqualified by DNA
(restriction) enzyme / endonuclease ; ignore restrictive, etc

human / insulin, gene / DNA ;
R incorrect enzyme, e.g. ligase

[1] R gene unqualified
[Total: 17]
UCLES 2009
Page 10
6 (a)
(b)
(c)

Syllabus
0610
Paper
31
R CHONS
carbon ;
hydrogen ;
oxygen ;
nitrogen ;
sulfur ;
[4 max]
N-fixing bacteria = 2 marks
1
2
N / nitrogen, fixation ;
bacteria / Rhizobium ; R nodules are bacteria
convert, nitrogen / N2 / AW, into, ammonia / NH3 / ammonium / NH4+ /

amino acid(s) ;
R to nitrite / nitrate
plants use (fixed) nitrogen to make, amino acids / proteins / AW ; [3 max] A plants use NH3 / NH4+
1
2
3
(dead plants) eaten by, animals / detritivores / scavengers ;

e.g. earthworms / termites / AW ;
ref. their faeces / increase in surface area ;
MP3 must be related to MP1 or 2
4
5
decay / decomposition ; A decomposers

by, bacteria / fungi / saprophytes / saprotrophs ;
A even if linked to incorrect organism

R if wrong type of bacteria (e.g. N-fixing)
break down proteins to amino acids ;
A if in context of MP1 or 2 but do not award twice
7
8
9
10
11
12
deamination ;
protein ammonia / AW = 1 mark if 6, 7, 8 not given
ammonia / NH3 / NH4 ;
ammonia to nitrite ;
R nitride unless qualified by NO2
nitrite to nitrate ;
A one mark for ammonia to nitrate
R nitrate unqualified by nitrite or ammonia
[6 max]
UCLES 2009
Page 11
(d)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
(e)

Syllabus
0610
Paper
31
light intensity ;
A limited sunlight / lack + of sunlight / sunshine
light duration ; A day length
water / moisture availability ; A drought / flood / humidity / soil water
carbon dioxide, availability / concentration / tension / level ;
R heat / warmth
temperature ;
competition / overcrowding / space / weeds ;
grazing / herbivores / predation / primary consumers ;
pests ;
parasites / disease ;
use of (inappropriate) herbicides / nearby use of herbicides ;
A drift of herbicides / weed killers
pollution / sulphur dioxide / acid rain ;
R oxygen unqualified
soil pH / depth of soil / type of soil / poor soil / oxygen in the soil ;
wind speed ;
salt concentration of soil ;
[3 max]
accept ora with population starting to increase about day 40

1 small population to start with ;
2 takes time for eggs to hatch ;
3 not enough food / soya bean plants not grown enough / AW ;
4 aphids, not sexually mature / cannot breed / finding mates ;
5 too cold / too wet / AW (another appropriate weather condition) ;
6 ref. to, predators / ladybirds ;
7 ref. to, parasites / disease ;
8 ref. to, pesticides / insecticides ;
9 no immigration ;
10 competition (between aphids, with another pest) ;
11 AVP ;
[3 max]
[Total: 19]
UCLES 2009
do not expect knowledge of aphid biology

I names of phases (lag, log)
I adjusting to surroundings
refs. to soya must refer to food for aphids
A few soya plants / competition for food / soya grows
slowly
R unfavourable conditions unqualified
(e.g. correct ref. biotic and abiotic factors)
w
ap
eP
e
tr
.X
0610 BIOLOGY
0610/32
examination.
syllabuses.
om
.c
s
er
Page 2

Syllabus
0610
Paper
32
General notes
/
marks

( )
Small
ORA
ref./refs.
AVP
AW
MP
UCLES 2009
Page 3
Question
1 (a)

Syllabus
0610
Mark scheme
feature
bacterium
virus
fungus
produces spores
hyphae
capsule
nucleus
Paper
32
Comments
one mark per row
treat blank spaces and crossed ticks as crosses if ticks
and crosses and blanks in the same row, treat as incorrect
[3]
(b)
(c)
fungus may be saprotrophic or parasitic

ignore roots when awarding points 2 to 7
treat independently
1 (feeding) hypha(e) ; R roots ignore mycelium
2 branched / branching ;
3 has a large surface (area) ;
4 grow, over / through / on / into, (named) food / substrate ;
5 produce / release, enzymes ;
6 external / extracellular / described, digestion ;
7 absorb, food / nutrients / products / glucose / AW ;
1
2
3
MP3 refers to fungus not food

A spread across food, A substrate for food
R excrete enzymes
R digestion unqualified, A external implied
[3 max] R obtain A absorbed even if no digestion
spores ;
carried in the, wind / air / atmosphere ;
A sporangium / sack / AW, bursts / opens
grow, longer / more, (feeding) hyphae / mycelium spreads
A blown / floats as suggests in the air

[2 max] A new mycelium forms / mycelium increases in size
ecf for roots from (b)
[Total: 8]
UCLES 2009
Page 4
2 (a)
A
B
C
(b)

(ii)
Paper
32
R epidermis
R lymph unqualified / lymph(atic) system
epithelium / (epithelial) lining / single layer of cells ;

lacteal ; A lymph(atic), vessel / duct / tube ;
capillary / blood vessel ;
[3]
microvilli
1 increases / large, surface (area) ;
2 for absorption ;
mitochondria
3 (for) respiration ;
4 provide, energy / ATP ; A cells need energy
5 for active, uptake / transport ;
(c) (i)
Syllabus
0610
A diffusion / active transport (into villus)

R produce / make, energy
A movement of, vesicles / vacuoles
[4] A descriptions of AT e.g. against concentration gradient
R microvilli sway or waft / movement of villi
A food keeps longer / preserves food / AW
A refs to preventing decay / kills bacteria
A prevent / slows, oxidation
longer, shelf life / storage time ;
2
3
4
enhances / improves, flavour / taste ;

improves / AW, colour / appearance ;
improves, texture / AW ; A ref to emulsifiers / free running
AVP ;
[2 max]
hyperactivity / described (in children) ; R poor behaviour

tantrums / mood swings ;
cancer ; A they are carcinogenic
migraines / headaches ;
dizziness / nausea / vomiting / diarrhoea ;
allergies ;
asthma / described as breathlessness or AW ;
nettle rash / urticaria / skin rash / eczema / dermatitis ;
rhinitis / runny nose / sniffling ;
damage to fetus / birth defect ;
AVP ;
A makes food more attractive / stops food separating,

comments on consistency
e.g. tenderiser
there are no marks in (i) or (ii) for naming food additives;
ignore names look for health risks only
R obesity, heart disease, tooth decay, circulatory problems,
diabetes
A difficulty with breathing
R addiction
[4 max]
[Total: 13]
UCLES 2009
e.g. ulcers or liver / kidney / brain / nerve, damage
Page 5
3 (a)
1
2
3
4

kept temperature, constant / the same ;

water bath + thermometer ;
light intensity, constant / the same ;
bench lamp + fixed distance / 150 mm / same distance ;
(ii)
10 ;
(d)
A same water level
[4 max]
[1]
all points plotted accurately ;

curved line of best fit / straight lines between points ;
R one straight line of best fit
(c)
I if line continues beyond first and last points because of (d)

[2]
note that rate of photosynthesis is in the question

rate of photosynthesis / it, increases / AW ;
carbon dioxide is, raw material / needed for photosynthesis ;
limiting (factor) ;
I comments on rate after 0.4%

R positively correlated
[2 max]
A 19 23 ;
[1] A single number or range within 19 to 23

or three numbers within the range (if they think that they
need to include repeats)
carbon dioxide no longer the limiting (factor) ;
A a description of this point in terms of an increase in the

concentration of CO2 not causing a change
R water
other factor / light intensity / temperature / AW, is limiting (factor) ;

ref. to extrapolating on the graph (to arrive at answer) ;
(e)
Paper
32
A thermostatic water bath

R light unqualified
also accept
5 same volume of, water / hydrogen carbonate solution ;
6 keep for same length of time ;
7 same, species / type, of (pond) plant ;
8 same age of pond plant ;
9 similar / same, size / mass / number of leaves on, pond plant ;
(b) (i)
Syllabus
0610
[2]
ideas that
carbon dioxide, (dissolved / present) in (tap) water ;
carbon dioxide (dissolves) from the air above apparatus / AW ;
carbon dioxide from (plant) respiration ;
A it for water as its in the question

[1 max]
[Total: 13]
UCLES 2009
Page 6
4 (a)
(b)

(d)
Paper
32
R if the letter is in white space around the diagram

R if label line for Q ends in a capillary
P glomerulus / Bowmans capsule ;

Q first convoluted tubule ;
R collecting duct ;
[3]
ignore osmoregulation
R across / along gradient unless clear from use of high(er)
or low(er) in the answer
down / AW, (water) potential gradient ; A high to low
antidiuretic hormone / ADH ;
increases permeability of collecting duct walls ;
(c)
Syllabus
0610
[2 max]
if two structures given, then they must be in the correct
sequence
ureter ;
peristalsis ;
stored in bladder ;
urethra ;
urination / micturition / correct ref to sphincter (muscle)
[2 max]
A removal of, NH2 / N-containing part
ignore excess protein
note that ammonia must come from something
deamination / described ;
excess amino acids ;
makes ammonia ;
ammonia urea / urea produced ;
breakdown of, red blood cells / haemoglobin ;
makes bile (pigments) / appropriate ref to bile ;
R bile salts
production of carbon dioxide in respiration ;

max 2 for
breakdown of, hormones or drugs or alcohol or poisons or hydrogen
peroxide ;;
[Total: 10]
UCLES 2009
A toxins / toxic materials / toxic substances, as alternatives

for poisons
Page 7
5 (a)
(b)

phenotype ;
gene ;
haploid ;
mitosis ;
Paper
32
[4]
if there is an error in the genetic diagram allow ecf even if final phenotypes
are NOT all different as stated in the question
IAI o IBI o ;
I A, I o + I B, I o ;
accept
IA, IB and IO for alleles
A, B and O for alleles
MP2 and 3 in Punnett square
ignore
spaces, commas or dots in diploid genotypes
very little space between gamete genotypes
IAI o, IAIB, IBI o, I o I o;
[4] reject
IAB etc as genotypes for parents or children
I without A, B and o
A AB B O ; blood types must match genotypes
(c)
Syllabus
0610
two (or more) alleles ; R two blood groups
A two (or more) implied, e.g. neither / each other / both

ignore ref. to genes
two / both, are expressed / equally dominant / both dominant / give

different phenotype ;
neither is fully expressed = 1 mark for MP1

neither is dominant over the other = 2 marks
R ref. to recessive and dominant
in heterozygous / described (individual) ;
A idea when both alleles are present in the genotype
AB, IAIB (as example) ;
[3 max] A refs. roan cattle, pink flowers as other correct examples
UCLES 2009
Page 8
(d)

Syllabus
0610
Paper
32
accept converse statements
(e) (i)
(ii)
used to treat diabetes (wherever in answer) ;
insulin the same as human / uses human DNA / human gene / AW ;
not rejected ; A people not allergic
no risk of, infection / disease (from animals) ;
GE insulin can be, modified / improved / AW ;
amino acid sequence can be modified
animals not killed / suitable for vegans ;
cheaper / more readily available / produced quickly / constantly / large

amounts / large scale ; R easier
A religious / ethical objections to using animals, but not to

using GE insulin
MP7 is related to production
A animal insulin has to be obtained from animal soon after
its death
ref. to bacteria reproduce quickly ;
R refs. to side effects

increasing numbers of people with diabetes / dont produce insulin ;
A dont respond to insulin
[3 max]
MP2: e.g. animal insulin is foreign / bovine insulin has

three different amino acid residues from human insulin /
porcine has only one different / insulin from dead animal, is
not the same as human
note that this is 2 marks

plasmid ;
DNA / genes ;
R plasmic / plasma
[2] R nucleic acid unqualified by DNA
(restriction) enzyme / endonuclease ; ignore restrictive, etc

human / insulin, gene / DNA ;
R incorrect enzyme, e.g. ligase

[1] R gene unqualified
[Total: 17]
UCLES 2009
Page 9
6 (a)
(b)
(c)

Syllabus
0610
Paper
32
R CHONS
carbon ;
hydrogen ;
oxygen ;
nitrogen ;
sulfur ;
[4 max]
N-fixing bacteria = 2 marks
1
2
N / nitrogen, fixation ;
bacteria / Rhizobium ; R nodules are bacteria
convert, nitrogen / N2 / AW, into, ammonia / NH3 / ammonium / NH4+ /

amino acid(s) ;
R to nitrite / nitrate
plants use (fixed) nitrogen to make, amino acids / proteins / AW ; [3 max] A plants use NH3 / NH4+
1
2
3
(dead plants) eaten by, animals / detritivores / scavengers ;

e.g. earthworms / termites / AW ;
ref. their faeces / increase in surface area ;
MP3 must be related to MP1 or 2
4
5
decay / decomposition ; A decomposers

by, bacteria / fungi / saprophytes / saprotrophs ;
A even if linked to incorrect organism

R if wrong type of bacteria (e.g. N-fixing)
break down proteins to amino acids ;
A if in context of MP1 or 2 but do not award twice
7
8
9
10
11
12
deamination ;
protein ammonia / AW = 1 mark if 6, 7, 8 not given
ammonia / NH3 / NH4 ;
ammonia to nitrite ;
R nitride unless qualified by NO2
nitrite to nitrate ;
A one mark for ammonia to nitrate
R nitrate unqualified by nitrite or ammonia
[6 max]
UCLES 2009
Page 10
(d)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
(e)

Syllabus
0610
Paper
32
light intensity ;
A limited sunlight / lack + of sunlight / sunshine
light duration ; A day length
water / moisture availability ; A drought / flood / humidity / soil water
carbon dioxide, availability / concentration / tension / level ;
R heat / warmth
temperature ;
competition / overcrowding / space / weeds ;
grazing / herbivores / predation / primary consumers ;
pests ;
parasites / disease ;
use of (inappropriate) herbicides / nearby use of herbicides ;
A drift of herbicides / weed killers
pollution / sulphur dioxide / acid rain ;
R oxygen unqualified
soil pH / depth of soil / type of soil / poor soil / oxygen in the soil ;
wind speed ;
salt concentration of soil ;
[3 max]
accept ora with population starting to increase about day 40

1 small population to start with ;
2 takes time for eggs to hatch ;
3 not enough food / soya bean plants not grown enough / AW ;
4 aphids, not sexually mature / cannot breed / finding mates ;
5 too cold / too wet / AW (another appropriate weather condition) ;
6 ref. to, predators / ladybirds ;
7 ref. to, parasites / disease ;
8 ref. to, pesticides / insecticides ;
9 no immigration ;
10 competition (between aphids, with another pest) ;
11 AVP ;
[3 max]
[Total: 19]
UCLES 2009
do not expect knowledge of aphid biology

I names of phases (lag, log)
I adjusting to surroundings
refs. to soya must refer to food for aphids
A few soya plants / competition for food / soya grows
slowly
R unfavourable conditions unqualified
(e.g. correct ref. biotic and abiotic factors)
w
ap
eP
e
tr
.X
0610 BIOLOGY
0610/31
examination.
syllabuses.
om
.c
s
er
Page 2

Syllabus
0610
Paper
31
General notes
/
marks

()
Small
ORA
ref./refs.
AVP
AW
MP
ecf
UCLES 2010
Page 3

Question
Expected Answers
A pollen tube ;
B ovule ;
C egg cell / female gamete / female nucleus ;
(a) (i)
(ii)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
[3] R egg / ovum
(stigma) place where pollen grain, germinates / develops (to

form a tube) ;
growth of pollen tube (down the style) ;
pollen tube / A, enters, ovule / B ;
ref to micropyle ;
tip of, pollen tube / A, opens ;
(male) nucleus / gamete fuses with, female gamete /
nucleus / egg cell (nucleus) / C ;
forms zygote ;
diploid ;
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
disadvantages
less, variation ;
ref. to genotype becoming homozygous ;
ref. to harmful alleles (A genes) ;
less chance of adapting to changing conditions / AW ;
more susceptible to diseases ;
may become extinct ;
1
2
3
Paper
31
Marks Additional Guidance
max 3 for advantages OR disadvantages

advantages
idea that self-pollination perpetuates variety that is well
adapted to habitat ;
less wastage of pollen / gametes / energy (in pollen
production) ;
idea that useful if no other plants (of same species) nearby ;
no need for pollinating agent ;
(iii)
Syllabus
0610
I lands
MP2 A male gamete travels down R pollen grain
moves
linked to pollen tube
A ovum as an ecf
[max 3]
I faster
R ref. to clones / genetically identical
[max 4]
UCLES 2010
Page 4
Question
(b) (i)
(ii)

Expected Answers
Syllabus
0610
Paper
31
Glycine ;
[1] R Glycine max
network / AW, of veins / one (large) central vein ;

broad leaves ;
two, cotyledons / seed leaves ;
flower parts in multiples of, 4 / 5 ;
A reverse arguments
I large leaves
R parts
A not in 3s
central / main, root ;

vascular bundles regularly arranged ;
has (true) secondary growth ;
A vascular bundles not irregularly arranged

[max 2]
[Total: 13]
UCLES 2010
Page 5

Syllabus
0610
Question
Expected Answers
follicle stimulating hormone / FSH ;

oestrogen ;
[2]
ovary ;
[1]
(a) (i)
(ii)
(b)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
(c)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Paper
31
thickens / maintains, endometrium / lining of, uterus / womb ;

prepares (endometrium) for implantation ;
prevents menstruation / stops menstrual cycle in pregnancy ;
promotes development / maintains, blood vessels / glands (in
endometrium) ;
prevents FSH secretion / inhibits LH ;
prevents follicle development ;
AVP ; e.g. prevent muscle contraction of uterus wall
R wall ecf thereafter
[max 3] A stimulates mammary glands
advantages to max 2
(passive) immunity / antibodies (to baby) ;
develops bond between baby and mother ;
idea of composition matches babys needs / easier to digest ;
reduced risk of cancers (child or mother ) ;
cost ;
AVP ; e.g. milk is sterile / at body temperature / less chance
of allergy
disadvantage to max 1
difficulty in producing (enough) milk ;
embarrassment ;
nipples become painful ;
cannot delegate to (male) partner / AW ;
AVP ; e.g. HIV, some drugs, nicotine may be transmitted
[max 3]
[Total: 9]
UCLES 2010
Page 6

Question
Expected Answers
(a)
release of energy, from, food / named food ;

with oxygen ;
(b)
1
2
3
4
5
external intercostal muscles contract ;

ribcage raised ; A expands
volume of, thorax / chest / lungs, increases ;
pressure of air decreases ;
pressure of atmospheric air is greater than air in lungs ;
1
2
3
4
(external) intercostal muscles relax ;

ribs, fall / move in and down ;
internal intercostal muscles contract ;
ref. to elasticity of lungs ;
(c)
(d) (i)
(ii)
Paper
31

A word / chemical, equation (even if not balanced)
[2] for 1 mark R produce / create
MPs 1 and 2 ignore diaphragm
A space / size
allow MPs 35 if in context of diaphragm
[max 4]
R refs. to diaphragm
[max 2]
70 ;
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Syllabus
0610
[1] if answer not in Table 3.1 A elsewhere

requires more oxygen ;
oxygen debt ;
lactic acid produced during exercise ;
(as a result of) anaerobic respiration ;
not enough oxygen supplied, to muscles (during running) ;
lactic acid lowers pH of blood ;
high concentration of carbon dioxide in blood ;
from aerobic respiration ;
(carbon dioxide) detected by, brain / receptors ;
(carbon dioxide) stimulates high ventilation rate ;
(carbon dioxide) increases depth of breathing ;
ref. to homeostasis ;
A lactate for lactic acid throughout the answer
A need to remove carbon dioxide
[max 5]
[Total: 14]
UCLES 2010
Page 7

Question
Expected Answers
muscles / surrounding tissues, contract / squeeze, vessels ;

valves, prevent backflow / ensure one way flow ;
ref. to breathing (lowering pressure in chest) ;
(a)
(b)
1
2
3
4
5
(c) (i)
Syllabus
0610
Paper
31
fat / fatty acids (and glycerol), absorbed (in ileum ) ;

ref. to making fat water soluble ;
fat enters lacteals ;
lacteals, empty into lymph vessels / are part of lymphatic
system ;
AVP ;
e.g. transport of fat in lymph may reduce risk of plaque in
arteries
[2]
other possible AVP idea that not overloading blood

with fat / by-passes the liver / goes to adipose tissue
first
[max 2]
mitosis ;
[1]
(ii)
antibody ;
[1]
(iii)
ref. to antibodies in context of, immobilising / marking /

agglutinating, bacteria ;
phagocytosis (by cell R) ;
(bacteria) ingested / engulfed ;
into a, vacuole / vesicle ;
digested / broken down ;
by, enzymes / acid ;
UCLES 2010
A any alternative wording for effect on bacteria

A cell R is a phagocyte
I killed / destroyed (in question) unless qualified
[max 3]
Page 8
Question
(d)

Expected Answers
1
2
3
4
5
Syllabus
0610
Paper
31
positive correlation ;
more antibiotics used, more bacteria are resistant ;
variation between countries at each dosage ;
data quote 1 ;
data quote 2 ;
e.g.
countries with antibiotic use of <1%, less than 10% bacteria
are resistant
countries with antibiotic use of 3(+)%, more than 40%
bacteria are resistant
variation e.g. some countries at 2.5%, with 4.5% and
32.5%
data quotes must have figure (or range) for use of

antibiotics and % resistance
[max 3]
accept ora
(e)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
bacteria are resistant to some antibiotic ;

ref. to selection ;
result of overuse ;
some are specific ;
some antibiotics used for rare disease(s) ;
some only used as last resort ;
have (many / unpleasant) side-effects / harmful / cause
allergy ;
too expensive ;
cannot be used on children ;
AVP ; ref. to other uses, e.g. on animals
R people become, immune / resistant
[max 3]
[Total: 15]
UCLES 2010
Page 9

Question
Expected Answers
1 producer ;
2 secondary / 2nd level / 2nd order , consumer ;
(a)
(b)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
(c)
[2]
idea that energy is lost, along the food chain / at each trophic
level / between trophic levels ;
idea that 90% lost between trophic levels / 10% passed on ;
respiration / movement / heat loss / metabolism ;
excretion ;
food not eaten / food not digested / ref. to egestion / AW ;
tuna / top carnivores, are in smaller numbers ;
more energy available in, trophic level 2 / herbivorous fish,
than in, level 4 / tuna or dolphins ;
AVP ;
[max 3]
A extinguished
6
7
8
9
10
11
[max 4]
1
2
3
4
persists / not broken down / does not decay ;

eaten by animals ;
fish / turtles / mammals, get entangled / trapped / suffocate ;
AVP ;
[max 2]
Paper
31
idea that if not conserved they would become extinct ;

ref. to, maintaining numbers of other species in food web /
disruption of food web / maintaining balance in food web ;
maintaining (bio)diversity ;
so increase in number of, carnivorous fish / squid / trophic
level 3 ;
reduction in, herbivores / herbivorous fish / zooplankton /
tropic level ;
less food available for, consumers / AW ;
would be less, tuna / food, for humans ;
aesthetic reason (for conserving) / AW ;
economic reason (for conserving) / AW ;
AVP ;
AVP ;
1
2
3
4
(d)
Syllabus
0610
UCLES 2010
Page 10
Question

Expected Answers
Syllabus
0610
Paper
31

[Total: 11]
(a)
(b)
(c)
line at 1 until end of May ;

exponential increase from June to 100 000 at beginning of July ;
A a straight line
decrease at end of August to around 10 000 ;
remains about 10 000 until beginning of November ;
[max 3]
eaten by, predator / fish ;

not enough food ;
too cold ;
pollution ;
AVP ;
[max 2] A eutrophication
accept ref. to limiting factor(s) once in the answer ;
2
3
lag phase (March April May)

slow reproduction rate / BR = DR ;
no food / too cold / AW ;
4
5
6
exponential / log, phase (June)

reproduction rate increases / BR > DR ;
increase in temperature ;
food available ;
7
8
9
10
11
12
steady / stationary / AW, phase (September October

November)
reproduction rate slows / BR = DR ;
decline phase ;
(reached) carrying capacity / AW ;
DR > BR ;
predation ;
less food / competition for food;
if points are plotted, but no line or block graph used =

max 1
I refs. to numbers and descriptions rather than

explanations
for MP2 12 must be clear which period of the graph
or phase is being described
UCLES 2010
[max 4]
Page 11
Question

Expected Answers
Syllabus
0610
Paper
31

[Total: 9]
(a)
(positive) geotropism / gravitropism ;
(b)
seedlings also respond to light ;

to make sure there was only one stimulus / variable ;
may show phototropic response ;
(c)
(d)
(e)
[1] R negative geotropism
[max 1]
seeds grown, under / in, soil ;
2
3
4
shoots (grow upwards) to reach, light / air ;

idea that seedlings will photosynthesise (as soon as
possible) ;
roots (grow downwards) to reach water / minerals ;
[max 2] I ref. to support
1
2
3
4
auxins made in shoot tip ;

auxins, move to / concentrate on, lower side of shoot ;
stimulate, cell expansion / elongation ;
cause bending (upwards) / AW ;
R auxin produced on lower side

A water absorption by cells
[max 3] A more growth on lower side
1
2
3
4
5
6
absorbed ;
enter phloem ;
translocated ;
movement in the phloem is up and down plant ;
ref. to diffusion ;
through cell membranes / from cell to cell ;
R xylem and phloem
[max 2]
[Total: 9]
UCLES 2010
w
ap
eP
e
tr
.X
0610 BIOLOGY
0610/32
examination.
syllabuses.
om
.c
s
er
Page 2

Syllabus
0610
Paper
32
General notes
/
marks

()
Small
ORA
ref./refs.
AVP
AW
MP
ecf
UCLES 2010
Page 3

Question
Expected Answers
(a)
broad leaves / Ranunculus does not have narrow leaves / AW ;

branched veins / not parallel veins ;
flower parts, in 5s / not in 3s ; R flowers in fives
(b)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
(c)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Syllabus
0610
Marks
(cells of W were) in, the winter / cold / low light / short days /
AW ;
I refs. to water
starch, has been used / converted to glucose or sugar /
broken down ;
to provide energy ; R produce
in respiration ;
to keep the, plant / cells, alive ; I for growth, etc.
root has become a source (not a sink) ;
when there has been, no / few, leaves ;
so there has been, no / little / less, photosynthesis ;
ref. to, light / temperature / cold, as limiting factor(s) ;
sucrose / sugar, transported / translocated ; A travels / in
phloem
glucose / monosaccharide ;
joined together (by chemical bonds) ; R if refers to joining
sucrose
condensation reaction / described ;
glucose added to growing chain / AW ;
(starch is a) long / chain, molecule ; A is a polysaccharide
enzyme provides active site for reaction ;
enzyme, catalyses / speeds up, the reaction ;
ref. to lock and key (model) ;
UCLES 2010
Paper
32
Additional Guidance
A wide / large surface area

A net(work) of veins / reticulate
[max 2] I two cotyledons
assume answers refer to W unless told
otherwise accept ORA for S
1 (cells of S were) in summer / warm / high

light / AW ; I refs. to water
2 starch has been, stored / produced ;
8 result of (more) photosynthesis ;
6 root is a sink (not a source) ;
7 many leaves ;
[max 3]
if given breakdown of starch award MP6 to 9 only
A join together to make maltose
A polymer / polymerisation
A enzyme(s) is/are (biological) catalyst(s)
[max 3]
Page 4
Question
(d)

Expected Answers
1
2
3
4
5
Syllabus
0610
Marks
increase in (kinetic) energy ;

more, collisions / AW ;
between, enzyme / active site, and, substrate / AW ;
ref. to optimum temperature / works best at 30 oC ;
denatured, at high temperature / above 30 oC / above
optimum ;
Additional Guidance
I particles, movement
R destroyed / killed / damaged

[max 2]
[Total: 10]
UCLES 2010
Paper
32
Page 5

Question
Expected Answers
removal from the, body / organism ; R from cell / excreted from

body
poisons / toxins ;
waste products of, metabolism / respiration / deamination /
chemical reactions in cells or in the body ;
substances in excess (of requirements) / AW ;
(a)
Marks
(b) (i)
too large to go through membrane / pores in membrane too small ;
(ii)
dialysing solution / dialysate, contains glucose ;

glucose / sugar, diffuses / moves ;
(until blood is) at, correct / normal, concentration ; A amount / level
(c) (i)
Syllabus
0610
Paper
32
Additional Guidance
A substances that cause harm / harmful
toxic waste products of metabolism / AW = 2 marks
I routes from body
[max 3]
[1] I semi-permeable / AW
I refs. to insulin / glucagon, etc.
A dialysate has, correct / normal, concentration
[max 2] R machine has .
9;
[1]
(ii)
(240 40 =) 200 mg per dm3 ;
[1] must have units A 200 mg/dm3 or mg dm3
(iii)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
decreases during, dialysis / treatment / time on machine ;

increases, over next day / until next dialysis / after dialysis ;
maximum concentration(s) decreases (over time) ;
minimum concentration(s) (after dialysis) decreases (over
time) ;
difference between max and min decreases ;
increase after dialysis is less steep after, day 9 or 10 /
treatment 5 ;
any comparative data quote giving days and urea
concentration(s) ;
AVP ;
UCLES 2010
do not allow urea conc decreases over 17 days

allow fluctuates if MP1 or MP2 not given
MP7 A decreases by, 200 mg per dm3 / 83%, over
17 days A at first and at end for days
look carefully at how 4s and 7s are written
[max 3]
Page 6
Question
(iv)

Expected Answers
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Syllabus
0610
Marks
(urea) produced in liver ;

deamination ;
amino acids ;
decrease diffuses, out of blood / into dialysate;
through (dialysis) membrane ;
ref to concentration gradient / no urea in
dialysate ;
AVP ; e.g. diet changes after day 9 / treatment 5 (less steep
increase)
Paper
32
Additional Guidance
increase
I of protein
A diffusion gradient
[max 4]
[Total: 15]
UCLES 2010
Page 7
Question
Expected Answers
(a)
C6H12O6 ;
(b)
2.0 / 2 ;
18 ;
36 ;
(c)

Syllabus
0610
Marks
2C3H6O3 ;
Paper
32
Additional Guidance
I word equation
I energy / ATP
R if 2 is not included for C3H6O3
R glucose if oxygen included on left of arrow
[2] R if water given on either side
A ecf for volume of air per minute =

[3] multiple of first two figures in answer
descriptive comment on difference between Fig. 3.1 and 3.2 ;

A data quote for any one of the results shown in Table 3.1
2
3
4
5
6
7
muscle ;
respires faster ; R breathes faster (as this is for MP1)
idea that more, energy / ATP, released / needed ;
aerobic respiration ;
idea that requires more oxygen ; A ref to more oxygenated
blood
idea that remove more carbon dioxide ;
8
9
10
change to breathing maintains

pH of blood ;
oxygen concentration ;
carbon dioxide concentration ;
11
12
13
prevents (much) anaerobic respiration occurring ;

prevents build up of, lactic acid / lactate ; R removes
prevents oxygen debt ; R repays
14
AVP ; e.g. ref. to homeostasis, contraction of muscle
breathing rate, volume of air, ventilation rate

e.g. breathe, fast / faster, deeper R heavier
A more respiration
NOT more glucose R energy produced
MP8 MP10 must have idea of maintaining near

constant
UCLES 2010
MP1113 R refs. to there being an oxygen debt and

paying off oxygen debt as question is about during
exercise not afterwards,
other points especially MP1 to 7 can still be awarded
if answer contains refs to oxygen debt unless answer
[max 5] says after exercise
Page 8
Question

Expected Answers
Syllabus
0610
Marks
Paper
32
Additional Guidance
mark both parts together to max 5 some points may be

awarded in either section
(d)
1
more / faster , respiration in muscles ;

pulse rate
2
3
4
5
6
7
A heart pumps faster

R to body
pulse rate increases ;

idea that more / faster, blood transport to, muscles / lungs ;
idea that muscle requires more oxygen ;
remove, carbon dioxide from muscles ;
remove, lactic acid / lactate, from muscles ;
remove heat from muscles ;
concentration of glucose
8
9
10
concentration of blood glucose, increases / stays the same ;

glucose required for, energy / respiration ;
for muscle, activity / contraction / to work ;
[max 5] I (strenuous) exercise

[Total: 15]
UCLES 2010
Page 9
Question
Expected Answers
1
2
(a)
3
4
5
6
(b)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
(c) (i)
(ii)

Syllabus
0610
Marks
enter, blood / plasma / lymph ;

infect / enter, white blood cell / lymphocyte / phagocyte /
AW ;
infect, brain / liver / lungs / skin / reproductive system /
kidney / gut ;
cannot reproduce ;
may be transmitted to another person ;
e.g. of method of transmission ;
R excreted, die
infects / destroys / kills, phagocytes ;
destroys / kills / disables, lymphocytes ;
ref. to, T lymphocytes / T cells ;
slow / no / weaker, immune response / response by immune
system ;
idea of increased susceptibility to
disease / infection / (named)pathogens ; A viruses / bacteria
cancers ;
fungal infections / TB / pneumonia / named disease linked
with HIV ; R common cold
develop AIDS ;
AVP ;
(substance) changes / modifies / affects, (chemical) reactions in

the body / how the body works ;
antibiotics if antibodies written rather than antibiotic mark to
max 1
are not effective against viruses / only effective against bacteria ;
idea that nothing for them to act on ; e.g. cell wall / protein
synthesis / cellular structure / capsule
Additional Guidance
A ref. to antibodies combining with virus
A attack / invade white blood cells
A attack / invade / enter
MP6 A sexual intercourse / in blood / in breast milk /

across placenta / needle stab
[max 2]
A no phagocytosis
A fewer lymphocytes R attacks / damages
A immune system not working
A suppresses / damages, immune system
A cant fight disease
MP38 A answers that give role(s) of immune
system followed by this doesnt happen
[max 3]
I category of drug, medicine, specific effects of
[1] named drug, etc.
I viruses inside cells
A do not work against viruses
A ORA
R life processes
[2]
[Total: 8]
UCLES 2010
Paper
32
Page 10

Question
Expected Answers
(oxygen concentration) decreases, steeply / AW ;

zero / 0%, concentration ; A none / no oxygen
more gradual / AW, increase ;
increase / returns, to, original / normal / maximum concentration ;
A 100%
comparative data quote ; A ref. to at least two sampling stations
(a) (i)
Syllabus
0610
Marks
Paper
32
Additional Guidance
A rapid decrease / over short distance
A slow increase / over longer distance
[max 4] A at first for A, at end for G
(ii)
stonefly (nymph) ;
[1]
(iii)
rat-tailed maggot and tubifex (worm) ; I midge larva
[1] A maggot and worm
(iv)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
number, of species / invertebrates, decreases as oxygen

concentration decreases / ora ; A correct ref. to stations A to
G
some cannot survive where there is low oxygen / ORA ;
bacteria use oxygen (to decompose sewage) ;
some invertebrates can only respire aerobically / AW ;
some (named) invertebrates, can respire anaerobically (as
well) ;
ref. to change in other named condition of river ;
e.g. temperature / pH / cloudiness / flow rate / river bed / AW
less food ;
presence of, poisons / toxins (from sewage) ;
migrate / move, away ;
AVP ; e.g. other changes such as increase in aquatic
plants / better habitat
UCLES 2010
MP1 number of different species is in the question,

but make sure it is implied in answer
MP 2 A ora e.g. most/some survive only where there
is (lots of) oxygen / few can survive where there is
little oxygen
[max 3]
Page 11
Question
(b)

Expected Answers
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Syllabus
0610
Marks
enzymes / named enzyme ;

secrete / release / pass out of cells / onto food /
extracellular / AW ;
digest / breakdown, large / complex / insoluble, (molecules)
to, small / soluble / simple, (molecules) ;
cellulose sugar / glucose ;
starch sugar / maltose / glucose ; I further change, e.g. to
carbon dioxide / water
protein polypeptides / peptides / amino acids ;
I further changes e.g. to ammonia, nitrite, etc.
fats fatty acids (and glycerol) ;
ref. to respiration ;
Paper
32
Additional Guidance
R bacteria are enzymes
A smaller , simpler
A polysaccharides monosaccharides
if name not given
[max 4]
mark to max 2 for each
(c)
1
2
3
4
5
6
reeds (bed), absorb / take up / use, nitrate (ions) ; I nodules

diffusion / active transport ;
use nitrate to make, amino acids / proteins / chlorophyll /
enzyme(s) ;
denitrifying bacteria / denitrification ;
nitrate ions converted to nitrogen (gas) ;
ref. to anaerobic conditions in the reed bed ;
R if nitrogen absorbed
I growth
R MP4 if linked to incorrect change to N
A even if MP4 incorrect
[max 3]
UCLES 2010
Page 12
Question
(d)

Expected Answers
1
2
3
4
5
6
Syllabus
0610
Marks
(methane is) greenhouse gas ; A contributes to the

greenhouse effect
traps / absorbs, heat / infra red (IR) radiation ;
radiated back towards the Earths surface / heat kept near
surface / prevents heat escaping (to space) / AW ;
enhanced greenhouse effect ;
global warming / warming of atmosphere / increase in Earth
temperature ;
any consequence ; e.g. rise in sea levels, melting of ice
caps, droughts, flooding, desertification, erosion, etc.
Additional Guidance
methane contributes to enhanced greenhouse effect
= 2 marks
I combustion of methane
I effects of methane on ozone
[max 3]
[Total: 19]
UCLES 2010
Paper
32
Page 13

Question
Expected Answers
pollen transferred from, anther / stamen, to stigma ;

within same flower / between flowers on same plant ; R if only
same plant
(a)
(b)
Syllabus
0610
Marks
[2]
A other notation, e.g. R and r or mixture, e.g. IR and
W. R IRR , etc.
cross 1 1 mark for parental genotypes, gametes and
offspring all correct. Any mistake and no mark
awarded.
IRIR IWIW
IR + I W
;
cross 2
1 mark for cross genotypes and gametes all correct.
Any mistake and no mark awarded.
cross 2
IRIW IRIW
R
I ,I
+ I ,I
1 mark for giving all three genotypes (on answer line

or in the white space e.g. in Punnett square). If
correct on answer line ignore any errors in working.
IRIR , IRIW , (IRIW) , IWIW ;
1 mark for ratio of offspring phenotypes and colours

R if no colours given
1 red : 2 pink : 1 white ; A 25% red : 50% pink : 25% white

A multiples, e.g. 2 red: 4 pink : 2 white
[4]
R if two different ratios given

(c)
Additional Guidance
R complete answers given in context of fertilisation
R single parent
cross 1
IRIW
Paper
32
IRIW IWIW
IR , IW +
1 mark for parental genotypes and gametes all

correct. Any mistake and no mark awarded.
IW ;
1 mark for offspring genotypes
IRIW, IWIW ;
1 mark for ratio (colours not necessary)

A if no colours given
1 (pink) : 1 (white) ;
R if two different ratios given
[3]
UCLES 2010
Page 14
Question
(d)

Expected Answers
Marks
1
2
3
4
ref. to meiosis ;
mutation can occur in meiosis ;
(gives) variation / diversity ; R varied species (plural)
ref. to, alleles / genes / DNA, from different, plants / parents ;
5
6
allows mutations to be, expressed / AW ;

allows adaptation to, new conditions / changed environment /
AW ;
(new species) can evolve / allows natural selection to occur ;
seeds are dispersed ; R dispersed unqualified, R pollen

dispersal
can colonise new areas / AW ;
less competition (with parent plant / among offspring) ;
9
10
Syllabus
0610
Paper
32
Additional Guidance
R sexual reproduction allows mutations to occur
A may allow resistance to disease

A suited to / survive / AW for adapted
R passed on by natural selection
R new species are made
A go to new areas or spread to new areas

competition is in context of seed dispersal not pollen
dispersal
[max 4] R multiply quicker
[Total: 13]
UCLES 2010
w
ap
eP
e
tr
.X
0610 BIOLOGY
0610/33
examination.
syllabuses.
om
.c
s
er
Page 2

Syllabus
0610
Paper
33
General notes
/
marks

()
Small
ORA
ref./refs.
AVP
AW
MP
ecf
UCLES 2010
Page 3
Question
1

Expected Answers
(a)
Syllabus
0610
Marks
Paper
33
Additional Guidance
go to 2
5 / 6 RIGHT = 4
4 RIGHT = 3
3 RIGHT = 2
1 / 2 RIGHT =1
0 RIGHT = 0
sequence is:
go to 3
Aulostomus maculatus
Gymnothorax moringa
E
G
D
A
C
B
go to 4
go to 5
Dasyatis americana
Bothus ocellatus
I letters placed in grey blocks
go to 6
(b) (i)
(ii)
Epinephelus striatus
Pseudupeneus maculatus
Chaetodon capistratus
mutation ;
1
2
3
4
5
6
[4]
[1]
retina / pigments, adapted for detecting different, colours /

wavelengths ;
colours / wavelengths, for different depths ;
fish are adapted to live at different depths ;
as a group fish will occupy a larger habitat ;
blue/red, retinal detector mates with relevant, type / species /
AW ;
avoid competition ;
UCLES 2010
R simple restatement of the question stem
[max 2]
Page 4
Question
(c)

Expected Answers
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Syllabus
0610
Marks
reduces ability of blue fish to find mates ;

reduces reproduction in blue fish ;
number of blue fish, decrease / become rare / extinct ;
gene / allele, for blue, pigment / receptors, not passed on ;
water has less effect on red fish ;
number of red fish increase ;
red fish have less competition (because fewer blue fish) ;
red fish extend their range ;
Additional Guidance
A reference to shallow and/or deep water fish in
place of blue/red if sufficiently qualified
I idea of differential predation, effect on plant life,
etc.
[max 4]
[Total: 11]
UCLES 2010
Paper
33
Page 5

Question
Expected Answers
A hair ;
B (temperature) receptor ; A (sensory) nerve ending
C sweat gland ;
D fat (cell) ;
(a)
Syllabus
0610
Marks
1
2
hair / A
raises hair + traps air ; A ORA
air is (good) insulator ;
3
4
temperature receptor / B
detects change in temperature ;
impulses to the, CNS / brain / spinal cord ;
A fat layer / fat tissue / adipose / lipid

[4] R fat droplet
NB if structures in (a) labelled incorrectly allow ecf
if structure is not on the mark scheme, but correct
and appropriate function is given, allow one mark
(ecf)
sweat gland / C
secretes / produces, sweat + evaporates from surface of
skin ; ORA
heat lost from the body / blood cooled / AW ; ORA
fat / D
insulator ;
Additional Guidance
R follicle
A neuron R nerve
marking points are linked 1 + 2, etc.
(b)
Paper
33
(BUT if unqualified letters are used must link to

what is given in (a))
e.g. D is an artery/blood vessel in (a)
D vasodilates if too hot in (b)
R signals/messages in MP 4
[max 4]
UCLES 2010
Page 6
Question
Expected Answers
Syllabus
0610
Marks
Paper
33
Additional Guidance
mark (i) and (ii) together to max 5
(c)
(d)

(i)
1
2
3
4
(vaso)constriction ;
shunt / AW, opens ;
less blood flows through the capillaries ;
blood diverted away from, skin / surface ;
(ii)
idea that blood distributes heat ;
6
7
8
less heat loss

by radiation ;
by convection ;
accept by conduction (to the air) ;
1
2
3
4
R vasoconstriction of veins/capillaries
Do not accept capillaries move away / AW or ref
to muscles in capillaries
[max 5]
change in, body / skin, temperature ;

acts as a stimulus ;
to keep temperature , constant / at 37 oC / within limits / near
set point / at the norm / AW ;
corrective / opposite / AW, action by the body ;
e.g. qualified ref to sweating / vasodilation /
vasoconstriction / AW ;
I ref. to external temperature changes

A correct ref. to homeostasis
the example needs to show how it brings about the
corrective action
[max 3]
[Total: 16]
UCLES 2010
Page 7
Question
Expected Answers
1
2
3
4
5
(a)
6
7
(b) (i)
(ii)

Marks
substrate / sucrose, fits into enzyme ;

active site ;
ref to shape of molecules, fitting together / matching / AW ;
lock and key ;
sucrose and water / molecules, close together within
enzyme ;
glucose and fructose produced + enzyme, unchanged /
reused ;
lowers energy needed for reaction ;
temperature constant so not another variable / AW ;

(near) optimum temperature ;
denatures at higher temperatures / less or not active at lower
temperature ;
1
2
3
4
(iii)
increase in activity from pH 3 to pH 7 / ORA;

optimum pH / peak activity, pH 7 ;
decrease in activity from pH 7 to pH 11 / ORA;
any rate of activity quoted ;
1
2
3
4
5
6
Paper
33
Additional Guidance
R similar/same shape
A form, enzyme substrate complex / ESC
[max 3]
R denatures at lower temperatures

[max 2]
A pH 6.8 7.2 A neutral pH R 6 7
A correct ref. to no activity below pH 3 or above
[max 3] pH 11
P pepsin / protease ;
Q amylase / carbohydrase ;
R lipase / trypsin / protease / amylase / carbohydrase /
maltase / sucrase / lactase ;
(c)
Syllabus
0610
marking points not linked allow ecf

amylase, breaks down starch ;
starch maltose / glucose / sugar(s) ;
(named) protease, breaks down protein ;
protein polypeptides / peptides / amino acids ;
lipase, breaks down fats ;
fat fatty acids and glycerol ;
[3]
alternatives for MP1: (named) carbohydrase
breaks down (correctly named) carbohydrate
alternatives for MP2: maltose glucose /
sucrose glucose and fructose /
carbohydrates sugars
[max 4]
[Total: 15]
UCLES 2010
Page 8

Question
Expected Answers
(both have a) lag phase ;

(both have an) exponential / log, phase ;
(exponential / log phase) not yet ended / AW ;
no, deceleration phase / stationary phase / plateau ;
no, decline / death, phase ;
(a)
(b) (i)
Syllabus
0610
Marks
Paper
33
Additional Guidance
credit use of the terms lag and log / exponential if
the comparison is implied
do not credit description of data in Fig 4.1 if no

[max 3] attempt at comparison
award two marks if correct answer (8.1) is given,

if no answer given or answer is incorrect or answer given to more
than one decimal place, award one mark for working
520 478 / 520 x 100
8.1 ;;
(ii)
[2]
clear land for

housing / buildings ;
farms ;
roads ;
fuel ;
paper ;
AVP ; e.g. building materials
R logging unqualified
[2]
UCLES 2010
Page 9
Question
(c)

Expected Answers
Syllabus
0610
Marks
Paper
33
Additional Guidance
2 marks max per aspect of environment to total max of 8

number
of species
loss of habitat ;
loss of species / decrease / extinction / endangered ;
AVP ; e.g. less food available / disruption to food
chain
soils
increase in water content / waterlogging ;
increase in flooding ;
soil erosion / described ;
loss of, topsoil / nutrients ; A soil becomes less fertile
AVP ;
rivers
soil washed into rivers ;
more silt ;
more nutrients ;
rivers flood ;
AVP ;
atmosphere drier / less water vapour ;
less transpiration ;
more carbon dioxide ;
trees are burnt ;
less oxygen ;
ref. to photosynthesis (in context of carbon dioxide or
oxygen) ;
less rainfall ;
global warming / climate change qualified ;
UCLES 2010
AVP A correct ref. to eutrophication but ignore

further detail
[max 8]
Page 10
Question
(d)

Expected Answers
1
2
3
4
5
6
Syllabus
0610
Marks
idea of limited resources ;

less, mining / plastic manufacture / deforestation ;
less waste to, land fill / rubbish tips ;
recycling uses less energy than, making paper / making
plastic / mining / smelting ;
ref. to pollution qualified e.g. toxic gases from burning
plastic ;
AVP ;
Additional Guidance
A qualified ref. to global warming

[max 3]
[Total: 18]
UCLES 2010
Paper
33
Page 11
Question
Expected Answers
A cell wall ;
B cytoplasm ;
C vacuole ;
(a)
(b)

Syllabus
0610
Marks
Additional Guidance
[3]
NB paired marking points

1st point of each pair can be free standing
2nd marking point must be linked correctly
to maximise absorption / AW ;
membrane with, carriers / proteins ;
for active transport (of ions) ;
vacuole with high concentration of, salts / sugars / solutes ;
to give, low(er) water potential / water potential gradient ;
A promotes osmosis
thin cell wall ;
short distance for diffusion ;
(more) mitochondria ;
to provide, energy / ATP, + for active transport ;
(c)
[2 + 2] R produce energy
produced by photosynthesis (in leaves) ;

from breakdown of starch stores ;
translocation ;
in the phloem ;
as sucrose ;
[max 2]
[Total: 9]
UCLES 2010
Paper
33
Page 12
Question
Expected Answers
X menstruation / described ;
Y ovulation / described ;
(a)
(b)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
(c) (i)
(ii)
(d)

Syllabus
0610
Marks
Paper
33
Additional Guidance
[2] R ova produced
stimulates
repair of the, endometrium / lining of uterus ; A womb
thickening / building up, of endometrium ;
development / AW, of blood (vessels) / glands ;
prepares (uterus) for, implantation / reception of egg or
embryo ;
release of LH ;
inhibits release of FSH (from pituitary) ;
stops, production / release, of more eggs ;
causes change in cervical mucus ;
R repair/thickening of uterus wall in MP1 and 2

A ref to uterus (alone) for MP 3 and 4
[max 4]
R ova produced/made
FSH is, given / taken / injected, at beginning of the cycle ;

stimulates development of, follicles / eggs ;
many / several / more than one ;
reason women may be infertile is not producing, any / enough,
FSH ;
enables IVF ;
[max 2]
allows infertile couples to have children ;

may not treat infertility successfully ;
expense of fertility treatment ;
may lead to multiple births ;
AVP ; e.g. ref. to adverse effects
[max 1] I ref. to religious beliefs
so no more eggs released ;

no fertilisation ;
no more embryos ;
idea that do not have, embryos / fetuses / babies, at different
stages of development in the womb at the same time ;
A follicles produced/made
A FSH causes more ova to be released
[2]
[Total: 11]
UCLES 2010
w
ap
eP
e
tr
.X
0610 BIOLOGY
0610/31
examination.
Cambridge is publishing the mark schemes for the October/November 2011 question papers for most
IGCSE, GCE Advanced Level and Advanced Subsidiary Level syllabuses and some Ordinary Level
syllabuses.
om
.c
s
er
Page 2
Question
Expected Answers
(a)
Lilium ;
(b)
A
B
C
D
(c)

Syllabus
0610
Paper
31

1
stigma ;
anther ;
petal ;
style ;
parallel veins / AW ;
narrow / AW, leaves ;
flower parts in, 3s / 6s ;
max 2
A non-branching veins / no mid-rib

A long and thin
A for any named part
R one cotyledon
(d)
one mark per box ignore any neutral comments
type of reproduction in flowering plants
advantages
asexual
only one, parent / plant ;
fast ;
(potential) rapid spread ;
less energy required / no gametes
needed ;
if parent well adapted, offspring will be
adapted to surroundings ;
max 1
sexual
variation ;
evolution / formation of new species ;
(seed) dispersal ;
colonization / able to adapt to change ;
max 1
disadvantages
competition ;
little / no, variation ;
less evolution / less able to adapt to
change ;
may all be killed by same disease ;
converse of MP5 for asexual ;
max 1
may need two plants / pollinating agent;
slow ;
much pollen / many seeds wasted ;
fertilization may not happen;
loss of lots of energy ;
max 1
[Total: 11]
Page 3


2
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
Syllabus
0610
Paper
31
detect / sense / feel, changes / stimuli ;

make response(s) / react / AW ;
ignore specific example of response

Label line to actual part only.
F to skin receptor ;
G to sensory neurone ;
H to biceps ;
R lines to motor end plate or neurone
automatic ;
no thought required / not a conscious action ;
stimulus always leads to the same response ;
max 2
ignore refs to speed of response

A no (higher centres in) brain involved
A fixed response
rapid response ;
protective / AW ;
mechanical damage / injury ;
e.g. ;
already present immediately after birth ;
max 3
i.e. before learning can take place
1
2
3
4
5
1 heart beats faster ;

2 increased rate of breathing ;
3 trachea / bronchi / bronchioles / airways, dilate /
widen
4 vasoconstriction / AW, in gut / skin;
5 vasodilation / AW, in muscles ;
6 stimulates breakdown of glycogen in the liver ;
7 increases blood glucose concentration ;
8 dilate pupils ;
9 heightened sensitivity / increased mental
awareness / AW;
A increase pulse (rate)
A more oxygen to muscles

R adrenaline breaks down glycogen
A sharper senses / more alert / AW
max 3
[Total: 13]
Page 4
Question
3

Expected Answers
Marks
Syllabus
0610
Paper
31
Additional Guidance
marks for:
(a)
C6H12O6 + O2 ;
correct formulae for glucose and oxygen

correct formulae for carbon dioxide and water
balancing the equation
CO2 + H2O ;
6O2, 6CO2, 6H2O ;
3
(b)
(c)
1
2
3
4
5
6
(i)
temperature ;
mass of soda lime ;
volume of air in the syringe ;
volume / size, of syringe ;
mass of seeds ;
idea of reading from same edge of droplet (each
time) ;
1
2
3
4
5
(c)
(ii)
1
2
3
4
A amount
A number / size
max 3
moves to the right / towards seeds / syringe ;

seeds absorb oxygen ;
give out carbon dioxide, absorbed by soda
lime ;
volume of, air / gas, decreases ;
pressure of, air / gas, decreases ;
slows down / stops ;
rate of respiration decreased ;
oxygen being used up / AW ;
aerobic respiration slows / ref. to anaerobic
respiration ;
ignore word equation
max 3
A aerobic respiration stops

R respiration (unqualified) stops
max 2
[Total: 11]
Page 5
Question
4
Expected Answers
Marks
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
water jacket
maintain optimum / constant temperature ;
to prevent enzymes denaturing ;
loss of shape / ref. to active site ;
(because as) fungus respires ;
releases heat ;
so temperature in the fermenter increases ;
which would kill fungus ;
(therefore) no, product / penicillin / AW ;
9
10
11
12
addition of acids and alkalis

maintains pH / keeps pH constant ;
enzymes need optimum pH ;
(otherwise) enzyme activity / rate of reaction, slows ;
to give maximum yield / AW
(i)
4050 / 4060 / 4080 ;
(ii)
mitosis ;
(a)
(b)

(iii) 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
nutrients are used up ;

limiting (factors) ;
explanation of limiting factor ;
waste products accumulate ;
wastes are toxic ;
penicillin could inhibit growth ;
population reaches carrying capacity ;
AVP ;
Syllabus
0610
Paper
31
Additional Guidance
A prevent overheating
R fungus denatures
MP 6 must be linked to MP4 or 5

max 4
R to maintain neutral pH
R fungus needs optimum pH
max 3 = A stop enzymes denaturing
max 6
R 4045 / 5060 / 6080
A food
A factor in shortest supply / AW
max 3
Page 6
Question
(c)

Expected Answers
Marks
(i) fungus grows when no penicillin produced ;

during first 20 hours ;
only nutrients and fungus added at the beginning / no
penicillin added ;
(ii) penicillin production stopped / no more penicillin
produced ;
(d)
(e)
purifying / separating, penicillin ;

from, waste / toxins / AW ;
concentration ;
making into, pills / packaging / AW ;
AVP ; e.g. colour / taste
Syllabus
0610
Paper
31
Additional Guidance
max 2
accept yield stays the same
1
R make into a medicine
max 3
ignore viruses are not alive
A viruses do not have ribosomes
viruses are not cells ;

viruses have no metabolism ;
idea that viruses have no target for antibiotics ;
antibiotics stop cell wall growth ;
viruses have no cell wall ;
antibiotics stop enzymes working ;
max 2
A viruses have no enzymes
[Total: 19]
Page 7
Question
5

Expected Answers
(a)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Syllabus
0610
Paper
31
fewer red blood cells ;

less elastic / less flexible, red blood cells ;
less haemoglobin ;
haemoglobin / blood, less efficient at transporting
oxygen ;
less respiration ;
less energy / fatigue / exhaustion / less active /
feeling faint / breathlessness ;
increased chance of thrombosis ;
pain ;
death of tissues linked to oxygen supply ;
sickle cell crisis ;
reduced life span ;
AVP ; e.g. susceptible to infections / kidney
damage
R no oxygen
R no respiration
max 5
(b)
(i)
HbAHbS
HbAHbS
HbA , HbS
HbA , HbS
allow ecf following a mistake in the genetic diagram after

the parental genotypes, but mistake must be worked
correctly
do not allow genotypes for parents or children that are

single alleles
HbAHbA , HbAHbS, HbAHbS, HbSHbS ;

normal,
(ii)
sickle cell trait,
sickle cell anaemia
chance is 1 in 4 / 25% / 0.25 / 0,25 ;
phenotypes must match genotypes, i.e. must be in the

same sequence
;
3+1
R 1:4 or 4:1
Page 8
Question

Expected Answers
Syllabus
0610
Paper
31
(c)
resistance to / less chance of getting malaria ;
(d)
idea that both alleles / HbA and HbS, are expressed ;
R immunity to malaria / stops you from getting malaria
both alleles make two different forms of haemoglobin ;

if dominant / recessive, then only one form of
haemoglobin in heterozygous people ;
three phenotypes (not two) / sickle cell trait is a different
phenotype from normal and sickle cell anemia ;
max 2
[Total : 12]
Page 9
Question
6
(a)
(b)
Expected Answers
(d)
Marks
group of organisms / individuals, of same species ;

can interbreed ;
live in same area / habitat (at same time) ;
numbers of brown plant hoppers remain low, up to 40
days / day 40 ;
low numbers when spraying occurs (days 15 to 38) ;
rapid increase when spraying stopped / AW ;
then, crash / decrease ;
any population figure with unit ;
e.g. to maximum of over 1000 per m2
1
2
3
4
5
(c)

pesticide absorbed by the plants ;

transported through the plant in the phloem ;
ingested / AW, by insect when it, eats / sucks ;
toxic / poisonous, to insect ;
no population explosion / AW ;
effective at reducing the numbers / AW ;
ref. to comparative figures from the graph ;
no pollution / damage to environment ;
no killing of harmless species ;
no concentration of pesticide in food chain ;
no pesticide left in foods / no harm to humans from the
spray ;
8 no development of resistance to pesticide ;
9 less cost / economic benefits ;
10 AVP ; e.g. accept part of natural food chain
Syllabus
0610
Additional Guidance
R people
max 2
ignore ref. to resistance
max 3
A eats the plant

max 2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
max 3
Paper
31
Page 10
Question
(e)

Expected Answers
Marks
decreased rainfall ;
flooding ;
erosion / loss of (top)soil ;
desertification ;
silting of rivers ;
loss of (plant) nutrients / soil fertility ;
disruption to food chain ;
loss of habitat ;
extinction / loss of biodiversity ;
effect on carbon dioxide in the atmosphere ;
justification for effect ; A unproductive forest /
productive crop
12 AVP ;
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Syllabus
0610
Paper
31
Additional Guidance
A species become, rare / endangered

A increase or decrease if justified e.g. leading to global
warming
max 4
[Total : 14]
w
ap
eP
e
tr
.X
0610 BIOLOGY
0610/32
examination.
syllabuses.
om
.c
s
er
Page 2


1
(a)
A
B
C
D
Marks
left atrium ;
mitral / bicuspid / atrioventricular, valve ;
semi-lunar valve / pocket valve / aortic valve ;
right ventricle ;
[4]
(b)
E
F
(superior / anterior) vena cava ;

aorta ;
fatty deposit in (wall of) artery ;
2
3
4
blocks, artery / restricts, blood flow ;

restricts, oxygen / nutrient, supply ;
blood clotting occurs ;
(d)
heart not pumping blood / keeps blood circulating ;

blood is oxygenated ;
carbon dioxide is removed from blood ;
(e)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
ref. to (cardiac) muscle ;

ref. to myogenic / heart has own pacemaker ;
septum (divides heart into two) ;
two (separate) ventricles / AW ;
ventricle(s), contract / pump ;
increase blood pressure ;
right ventricle has thin(er) wall / left ventricle has
thick(er) wall ;
so low(er) pressure / higher pressure ; (in context)
to lungs / to rest of body ; (in context)
Paper
32
Additional Guidance
reject if correct and incorrect answers given for each
A atria
A auricle A oracle / oricle
A if given the plural
A if given the plural, A half-moon valve
[2]
[1]
coronary ;
(c)
Syllabus
0610
R cardiac A phonetic spellings

ignore incorrect name for MP14
A atheroma / plaque A cholesterol / LDL / fatty acids A
arteriosclerosis / described
A narrows artery
R if to body ignore high blood pressure
[max 2]
A blood not pumped to the lungs
A exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide for two marks
[max 2] ignore to keep patient alive / supply heart with blood
R push
A bigger , R tougher A muscle
[max 4] A to whole body for LV if blood to lungs described
[Total: 15]
Page 3


2
(a)
(b)
Marks
Syllabus
0610
Paper
32
Additional Guidance
whole / part of, organism

changes in position / changes in place ;
[1]
ignore locomotion
A (moves) from place to place / one place to another
(i) antagonistic ;
[1]
A antagonism
assume answer is about flexion credit ora for
extension mark through if both given
if answer does not mention the names of the muscles
but has the right idea for one contracts and the other
relaxes, then allow one mark for MP2+3
(ii) idea of muscle pull (dont push) ;

biceps contracts ;
triceps relaxes ;
flexion / described as movement of (fore)arm ;
during relaxation muscle is, stretched / passive ;
both contract to maintain position / holding an object ;
contraction and relaxation of the pair must be linked to

the correct movement of the arm. If not, no marks
R hand A named correct bone radius and/or ulna
A lengthens
[max 3]
(c)
(i) transmits impulses

from, receptor / nerve endings / sensory endings / skin /
sensory organ ;
to, CNS / spinal cord / connector neurone / relay neurone ;
[2]
(ii) idea that impulses stimulate muscle to, contract / move hand ;
(only) biceps contracts (to raise the forearm) ;
ref. to impulse does not cross synapse to H ;
(d)
1
2
3
4
many / different, stimuli ;

brain, decides / controls / coordinates ;
impulses in motor, neurones / nerves ;
to, (many) muscles / effectors (involved) ;
ignore sensory neurone as question says describe

ignore messages / signals / senses the stimulus
R fingers / hand
A interneurone
R brain / brain and spinal cord
assume answer is about neurone G, but accept about
H
[2 max]
[max 2] R if one muscle

[Total: 11]
Page 4


3
(a)
(b)
(c)
Syllabus
0610
Paper
32
3
4
5
root hairs ;
water moves from high(er) water potential to low(er)
A down a water potential gradient ignore water concentration
R dilute and concentrated
water potential ;
osmosis ;
A semi-permeable / selectively permeable
through partially permeable membrane ;
ref. to protein pores ;
[max 3]
1
2
3
4
5

thin (cell) walls ;
(many) mitochondria ;
ref. respiration ;
provide / release, energy, for active transport ;
proteins / carriers / channels, for, diffusion / active

transport (of ions) ;
1
2
A minerals for ions

A thin wall as cell is in the question
A active, uptake / transport, uses energy
A active uptake R if water also taken up by active uptake
A moving against concentration gradient for active transport
[max 3]
in appropriate boxes
adult and zygote = 90 ;
ovum = 45 ;
[2]
A ecf if half incorrect diploid number

only allow ecf if both diploid numbers are the same
Page 5

(d)

Syllabus
0610
Paper
32
advantages for plants

only one, parent / plant ;
fast / new plants establish themselves quickly ;
(potential) rapid spread close to parent / AW ;
less energy required ;
no wastage of gametes ;
(if parent well adapted) offspring will be adapted to
surroundings ;
plants grow in a suitable place / no wastage ;
AVP ; e.g. greater chance of reproduction
[max 2]
disadvantage for plants
plants too crowded / overcrowding ;
(lots of) competition for resources ;
little / no, (genetic) variation ;
disease transmitted directly to offspring ;
less evolution / less able to adapt ;
(all identical so) can be wiped out by the same disease ;
no / little, dispersal ;
[max 1]
AVP ;
R refs to number of plants produced

R does not require male and female gametes
A more likely to leave offspring idea
ignore refs to avoiding mutations unqualified
A good traits / e.g., passed on R good genes
do not accept advantages for humans
genetic or infectious disease

A disease can spread easily
[Total: 11]
Page 6
Question
4
(a)
Expected Answers
Marks
(i) lymphocyte ;
(ii) 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
(b)

[1]
attach to, bacteria / viruses / pathogens ;

cause them to, aggregate / stick together / AW ;
stop them spreading ;
help phagocytes engulf them ;
cause bacteria to burst / kill bacteria / destroy bacteria ;
stop bacteria moving / immobilise bacteria ;
neutralise, toxins / poisons / harmful substances ;
stop, viruses / bacteria, entering cells ;
(i) 1
2
3
4
when blood clots / following a cut / when wounded / AW ;

when blood vessels are damaged ;
on exposure of, blood / fibrinogen, to air ;
flows over rough surfaces / AW ;
(ii) 1
2
3
4
5
6
(fibrinogen is converted into) insoluble (fibrin) ;

forms, mesh / net / network / strands ;
traps, (red) blood cells / platelets ;
(dries) to form a scab ;
prevents, loss of blood / more bleeding ;
prevents infection / AW ;
Syllabus
0610
Paper
32
Additional Guidance
ignore leucocyte A phonetic spellings
A antigens
R fight against anywhere in the answer
A opsonisation / described A makes bacteria more
detectable by phagocytes
ignore dissolve bacteria
A detoxify
[max 2]
A injury
[max 1]
assume answer is about fibrin
A gauze / threads / fibres / web
A prevents entry of (named) pathogens

[max 3] R foreign bodies
Page 7
Question
(c)

Expected Answers
Marks
(i) 5C low (kinetic) energy / slow movement of molecules ;

low frequency of / few, collisions ;
70C enzyme denatured ;
ref. to active site / shape of enzyme ;
(ii) time taken for fibrin to form / liquid to become sticky / AW ;
time taken for fibrinogen / substrate to disappear ;
Syllabus
0610
Paper
32
Additional Guidance
accept that it refers to the enzyme
denatures active site = 2 marks, A thrombin for

enzyme
R if die / die and denatureA deformed / AW, active
[max 3] site / enzyme
A rate of fibrin production / how long it takes blood to
clot / form a mesh / to reach same viscosity
R how long it took a scab to form
how much fibrin produced in, unit time / stated time ;

how much fibrinogen converted, in unit time / stated time ;
A product for fibrin

A substrate for fibrinogen
[max 1]
R temperature
(iii) pH ;
volume of, enzyme / thrombin (solution) ;
concentration of, enzyme / thrombin (solution) ;
volume of, substrate / fibrinogen (solution) / blood ;
concentration of, substrate / fibrinogen (solution) ;
calcium ions ;
AVP ; e.g. equilibration time
A amount for concentration

A amount for concentration R blood
R size of fibrinogen / substrate
[max 2]
[Total: 13]
Page 8
Question
5
Expected Answers
(a)
(b)

(ii)
ignore adjectives such as grey / long / sharp

[3]
quantitative (feature) ;
range between two extremes ;
ref. to (many) intermediates ;
not in distinct groups ;
influenced by the environment (and genotype) ;
(i)
1
2
A answer in context of wing length
[2]
A height R any discontinuous variable, e.g. colour
A weight R size / size of ..
A height
length of anything suitable

(body) mass ;
age ;
(c)
Paper
32
wings ;
beak ;
feathers / plumage ;
scales on, legs / feet ;
(i)
Syllabus
0610
[max 1]
assume answer is about birds trapped unless stated

otherwise
largest number of / most, birds trapped ;

oldest (mean age for) birds trapped ;
comparative data quote for numbers ;

accept fraction / percentage / proportion of total
comparative data quote for age ;
wing length at
ringing / mm
less than 63
64
65
66
67
68
69
more than 70
R greater life expectancy
[max 4]
number of birds
trapped
24
72
130
183
167
106
66
23
total = 771
mean age at
trapping / days
253
256
297
346
349
270
237
199
Page 9
Question

Expected Answers
Paper
32

look for types of evidence, not assertions
R wing length of newly hatched birds
(ii)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Syllabus
0610
number of young birds of each wing length ;

wing lengths of birds that died ;
length of life / length of life after trapping ;
results for birds in West Africa ;
effects of migration ;
wing lengths of birds that breed ;
number of times each bird is trapped ;
effect of trapping on behaviour ;
larger sample ;
other locations in, Sweden / anywhere in Europe ;
AVP ;
AVP ;
R study should be repeated
e.g. number of eggs laid by birds of each wing length / test

which birds fly furthest / test which birds best at catching
food
[max 3]
(d)
birds with wing length 6667, survive / live longer ;

breed / reproduce / have offspring ;
pass on their allele(s) for wing length ;
birds with smaller and larger wings, die ;
do not reproduce (as successfully) ;
A gene(s) wing length may be implied

A the others
[max 4]
[Total: 17]
Page 10
Question
6
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)

Expected Answers
Syllabus
0610
Paper
32

R carbohydrase
R trypsin / pepsin / peptidase R protase, A proteas
amylase ;
prote(in)ase ;
lipase ;
[3]
1
2
3
4
5
6
prevents spread of (named) disease / AW ora ;

avoids pollution / removes harmful substances ;
makes, water / sewage / effluent, safe / AW ;
avoids smells ;
recycling of water ;
AVP ; e.g. ref. to eutrophication
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
mixes microorganisms with sewage ;

good contact between microorganisms and solids ;
more collisions ;
(aerobic) respiration ; R if anaerobic respiration
microorganisms produce carbon dioxide ;
gain / release / transfer, energy ;
(for) growth ;
(for) reproduction ;
to make enzymes ; A ref. to digestion
to start the breakdown of the sewage quickly ;

continuous process ;
do not have to, breed / buy, the microorganisms ;
idea of without waiting for the lag phase ;
A removes harmful microbes / bacteria R germs

A examples
no need to specify for whom or what it is safe, but R safer
unqualified, treat marine organisms as aquatic
[max 1]
A microbes / bacteria
[max 4]
A the right organisms to digest the sewage
A ref. to cost / less wastage of microbes
A keeps the population of microbes constant idea
R to save time unqualified
[max 3] R to use over and over again
R disinfection
R removes bacteria
destroys / kills, bacteria / microorganisms ;

prevents spread of, disease / pathogens ;
makes water suitable for drinking ;
[max 2]
[Total: 13]
w
ap
eP
e
tr
.X
0610 BIOLOGY
0610/33
examination.
syllabuses.
om
.c
s
er
Page 2
Question
1
(a)
(b)

Expected Answers
A
B
(d)
Paper
33
protein ;
RNA / nucleic acid ;
[2]
A in context of lymphocytes and antibodies NOT doing their

normal functions
A pathogens for bacteria
R fight diseases
[max 3] e.g. clumping bacteria / attaching to antigens
(unprotected / AW) sexual intercourse ;

across placenta ;
at birth ;
in breast milk ;
sharing, needles / syringes ;
in blood products / blood for transfusion / transplants /
blood to blood contact ;
use of, condoms / femidoms ;
provide education / suitable example ;
publicity campaigns ;
needle exchange schemes for drug addicts ;
sterilisation of needles / safe disposal / no reuse ;
screening blood / blood donors ;
AVP ; e.g. HIV+ mothers should bottle feed,
limit number sexual partners
A capsid / protein coat R membrane R capsule, slime coat

A DNA
A lymphocytes normally make antibodies
lymphocytes stop making antibodies ;

ref to
antibodies stop, bacteria / viruses, spreading / AW ;
help phagocytes, ingest / AW, bacteria / AW ;
lymphocytes kill infected cells ;
AVP ; e.g. another function of antibodies
(c)
Syllabus
0610
R saliva
R other sharps, e.g. razors unless qualified by blood contact
R using contaminated / dirty / used, needles unqualified
[max 3] R donating blood
R not sharing needles unqualified
[max 3]
[Total: 11]
Page 3
Question
2
(a)

Expected Answers
(i)
Marks
pupil, decreases in size / gets smaller / AW ;

circular / iris, muscle contracts ;
(ii) reduces light entering the eye ;

protects, retina / rods / cones (against damage) ;
destruction of pigment ;
[2]
Additional Guidance
A is constricted A iris widens
R if radial and ciliary muscles
[max 2]
maximum 1 mark per cell type
cones
detect high light intensity ;
different colours / give colour vision ;
(c)
Paper
33
accept too much light damages the retina ora = 2 marks

R damage unqualified
(iii) rods
detect light of low intensity ;
no colour / black and white ;
(b)
Syllabus
0610
arrows on each neurone in the correct direction ;

from retina to muscle in iris
muscles, oppose each other / have the opposite
actions ;
when one contracts the other relaxes ;
radial muscle contracts to make pupil, larger / dilate ;
circular muscle contracts to make pupil, smaller /
constrict ;
[2] (1+1)
R if any one arrow is incorrect
[1]
[max 3]
Page 4
(d)
(i)
1
2
3

Paper
33
fight and flight = 2 marks
dangerous situation / or suitable example ;

may have to run away / flight ;
display aggression / anger / fight / AW ;
4 predator move to catch prey ;

5 voluntary action ; e.g. sporting events
6 AVP ;
(ii) hormone travels around the (whole) body ;
no need to transmit impulses to specific places ;
need to stimulate many / simultaneous responses ;
less energy needed ;
(effect/s) last longer ;
Syllabus
0610
[max 3]
e.g. qualified emotional scenario
[max 1]
[Total: 14]
Page 5
Question
3
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

Expected Answers
Marks
ref. to limiting factor(s) ;

nutrients used up ;
no space ;
oxygen used up ;
build up of waste ;
waste is toxic ;
pH could change to be unsuitable ;
general
mixes nutrients with fungus ;
increases contact between fungus and nutrients ;
air
(provides oxygen) for aerobic respiration ;
releases energy for, growth / reproduction ;
ammonia
provide nitrogen for making, amino acids / proteins ;
provide alkaline conditions / helps maintain pH ;
optimum ;
reactions occur at a constant rate ;
if higher, enzymes denature ;
therefore, no growth / fungus dies / reaction stops;
if lower, rate of reactions is (too) slow / enzyme
activity slows ;
ref. to collisions ;
therefore slow growth ;
heat is generated during respiration ;
glucose / air / ammonia, continually supplied ;
fungus continually removed ;
remove, waste product(s) / carbon dioxide ;
optimum / AW, temperature, ref. to heat exchanger /
cold water ;
Syllabus
0610
Paper
33
Additional Guidance
A (fungus) reached carrying capacity
A food
R any references to temperature
[max 3]
R produce energy
A mycoprotein / nucleic acids
[max 3]
ignore reference to economic consequences / productivity
[max 4]
A nutrients / raw materials R food here A unlimited supply
R mycoprotein removed
[2]
Page 6
(e)

Syllabus
0610
Paper
33
R add nutrients / named nutrients

R keep fresh
improve / give, taste / flavour;

preservation / lengthen shelf life / AW ;
give colour ;
give texture / shape ;
AVP ; e.g. improve appearance
[max 2]
[Total: 14]
Page 7
Question
4
Expected Answers
(a)
(b)
Marks
root hairs ;
water moves, from high water potential to low water
potential / down water potential gradient ;
by osmosis ;
protein pores ;
(i)
decrease in growth ;
description of curve ; e.g. sigmoid
no growth at 600 units ;
any other figure from the graph ;
(ii) 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
(c)

salt lowers the water potential ;

plants absorb less water ;
loss of turgidity / AW ;
no water for new cells ;
no, elongation / AW, of cells ;
no / less, water for chemical reactions ;
no / less, water for photosynthesis ;
no / less, water for transport ;
stomata close ;
pH 4.0 phosphate ;
pH 11.0 iron ;
Syllabus
0610
Paper
33
Additional Guidance
A water concentration
[max 3]
MP2 linked with MP1 i.e. growth

[3]
A hypertonic
A water moves out
[max 4]
[2]
Page 8
Question

Expected Answers
Marks
Syllabus
0610
Paper
33
Additional Guidance
each ion to max 3
(d)
magnesium ions
1
2
3
4
5
needed for making chlorophyll ;

without chlorophyll plant, not green / yellow ;
cannot absorb (much) light ;
little / no, (energy for) photosynthesis ;
little / no, sugars / organic compounds
produced / energy available ;
nitrate ions
6
7
8
9
needed to make amino acids ;

amino acids to proteins ;
protein needed for growth ;
suitable use of protein ;
e.g. membranes / enzymes
A proteins or nucleic acids

R hormones A suitable use for nucleic acids e.g. genetic
material
[max 4]
[Total: 16]
Page 9
Question
Expected Answers
T. castaneum
(a)

Marks
Syllabus
0610
Paper
33
Additional Guidance
Note: marking points are linked in pairs
e.g. MP1 pairs with MP2
1 wet / AW ;
Note: at least two data points within species are required
as evidence
ignore ref. to temperature for MP1 and MP2
2 any evidence from the table

e.g. hot: (A) 100% (B) 10% /
warm: (C) 86% (D) 13% /
cold: (E) 29% (F) 0% ;
3 in wet conditions, decreasing survival with
decreasing temperature ;
4 any suitable two points from the table
(i.e. (A) 100% (C) 86% (E) 29%) ;
T. confusum
5 dry / AW ;
6 any evidence from the table
e.g. hot: (A) 0% (B) 90% /
warm: (C) 14% (D) 87% /
cold: (E) 71% (F) 100% ;
ignore ref to temperature for MP5 and MP6
7 in wet conditions, increasing survival with

decreasing temperature ;
8 any suitable two points from the table
(i.e. (A) 0% (C) 14% (E) 71%) ;
[max 4]
Page 10
Question

Expected Answers
(b)
Marks
competition ;
example of competition (food / space) ;
one species better adapted / AW ;
(c)
R survive better unqualified

A survival of the fittest in context of adaptation
Note: marking points 1, 2, 3 are free-standing.
MP 4 is linked to MP 3.
red-brown
Aa
x
black ,
aa ;
A , a +
Aa , aa
allow ECF from MP2 to MP3
red-brown, black ;
a / a,a ;
[4]
mutation ;
mutation, rare event ;
(white) allele is recessive / ora ;
only expressed in homozygote recessive ;
selection ;
disadvantage / AW ;
(e)
Paper
33
Additional Guidance
1:1 / AW ;
(d)
[2]
Syllabus
0610
R gene
A correct ref to parents both must be heterozygous /
homozygous / one of each
[max 2]
decomposition ;
bacteria / fungi, release enzymes / digest ;
breakdown protein (in faeces) amino acids ;
deamination ;
amino acids ammonia ;
breakdown urea ammonia (+ carbon dioxide) ;
(undigested) carbohydrate (in faeces) respired ;
A reason for being so

A bacteria / fungi are decomposers
A feed saprophytically
[max 4]
[Total: 16]
Page 11
Question
6

Expected Answers
(a)
Gallirallus ;
(b)
(clearing land for)

agriculture ;
roads / transport ;
housing ;
Marks
[1]
fuel ;
timber qualified ; e.g. for building material
AVP ; e.g. mining / industrialisation
(c)
Paper
33
Additional Guidance
R Galliralus calayanensis
A furniture manufacture / paper

[max 3]
decrease
habitat loss ;
fewer nesting sites ;
less reproduction ;
ref to, camouflage / exposed to predation ;
less food / food chain disrupted ;
more competition ;
higher temperature / more exposure to storms / AW ;
increase
fewer predators ;
more food ;
fewer competitors ;
simpler food web ;
Syllabus
0610
No credit for decrease / extinction / increase without

qualification
[max 3]
Page 12
(d)

Syllabus
0610
Paper
33
Question asks for reasons why conserving species is

important answers must be in this context
R become extinct without further qualification
ecological
ref to food chain / food web ;
interdependence / AW ;
A maintain / balance ecosystem

A knock-on effects / possible example / AW
aesthetic
species are unique / AW ;
(eco)tourism ;
ref to biodiversity ;
retain genes / maintain gene pool / AW ;
qualified potential use for humans ;
AVP ; e.g. ethical considerations
for future generations to appreciate
[max 2]
[Total: 9]
w
ap
eP
e
tr
.X
0610 BIOLOGY
0610/31
Cambridge is publishing the mark schemes for the October/November 2012 series for most IGCSE,
GCE Advanced Level and Advanced Subsidiary Level components and some Ordinary Level
components.
om
.c
MARK SCHEME for the October/November 2012 series
s
er
Page 2
Question
1
Mark Scheme
Expected Answers
Marks
(a) segmented body / segmentation ;

jointed, limbs / legs ;
exoskeleton / outer skeleton ;
(b) 5 / 6 RIGHT = 4
4 RIGHT = 3
3 RIGHT = 2
1 / 2 RIGHT =1
0 RIGHT = 0
Additional Guidance
Abaliella
dicranotarsalis
go to 2
go to 3
go to 4
Tegenaria domestica
Odielus spinosus
A
G
Chelifer tuberculatus
go to 5
Poecilotheria regalis
go to 6
Tyroglyphus longior
Ixodes hexagonus
C
B
Syllabus
0610
4
[Total: 7]
Paper
31
Page 3
Mark Scheme
Question
Expected Answers
2
(a) (has been through) capillaries (in organs/named
organ(s)) ;
(has been through) an organ / named organ
(beforehand) ;
lost oxygen to, (named respiring) tissues / (named)
organs / cells / AW ;
(b) oesophagus ;
stomach ;
gall bladder ;
duodenum ;
ileum ;
pancreas ;
colon / large intestine / rectum ;
Marks
Syllabus
0610
Paper
31
Additional Guidance
Accept small intestine as alternative to duodenum and ileum

4
(c) glucose, amino acids ;

(named) vitamin(s) / (named) mineral(s) ;
in solution / soluble / in the plasma ;
transported from, small intestine / duodenum / ileum
site of absorption ;
to liver ;
(d) to max 4
(when a) high glucose concentration , glucose
converted to glycogen ;
low glucose concentration , glycogen converted to
glucose ;
ref to correct role of, insulin / glucagon ;
max 3
makes plasma proteins ;

excess amino acids , deaminated / described ;
to max 3
alcohol, broken down / respired / metabolised ;
named toxin, broken down ; R toxin unqualified
max 5
Page 4
Mark Scheme
Syllabus
0610
Paper
31
phagocytes to max 3
(e)
1
2
3
4
ingest / engulf , bacteria / pathogens / viruses ; R

eat
digest / destroy (bacteria / pathogens / viruses) ;
using enzymes ;
any further detail ;
lymphocytes to max 3
make / produce / secrete / release, antibodies ;

idea of specificity / lymphocytes respond to
particular pathogen or antigen ;
effect of antibodies described;
AVP ;
5
6
max 4
[Total: 18]
AVP for either cell type, could be additional point about

antibodies
Page 5
Question
3
Mark Scheme
Expected Answers
Marks
(a) lowered / flattened / AW ;

increases / AW ;
decreases / AW ;
higher / greater / more ;
into / inside;
alveoli ;
Syllabus
0610
Additional Guidance
(b) (A / goblet cell) secretes / produces, mucus ;

sticky ;
collects / traps, particles (in the air) ;
ignore hairs
cilia, move / beat / waft;

mucus moves / removes, away from alveoli / out of
trachea / towards larynx / towards mouth / AW ;
direction needed
max 4
[Total: 10]
Paper
31
Page 6
Question
4
Mark Scheme
Expected Answers
Marks
Syllabus
0610
Paper
31
Additional Guidance
marks for:
(a) CO2 + H2O;

correct formulae for carbon dioxide and water

correct formulae for glucose and oxygen
balancing the equation
C6H12O6 + O2 ;

6O2, 6CO2, 6H2O ;
(b) 4.98 ;
(c)
(i)
(ii)
1
constant light intensity / ora;
idea that
light intensity is not the factor that is varied / not
the independent variable / only carbon dioxide
is varied / it is a control(led) variable ;
gas / oxygen / air, collects at top of syringe /
from plant or photosynthesis ;
creates pressure to force water down the tube ;
(d) concentration of (sodium) hydrogen carbonate / mol

per dm3 + rate of photosynthesis (1000 / t) ;
point plotted correctly ;
line of best fit ;
accept: if changed, would change rate of photosynthesis itself

/ AW
R simply makes results invalid
2
R CO2
2
A push
A ecf from (b)
Page 7
Mark Scheme
Syllabus
0610
(e) rate of photosynthesis increases as concentration of

carbon dioxide increases (up to 0.07 mol per
dm3 );
data quote ;
carbon dioxide (concentration) is limiting factor ;
after 0.07 mol per dm3 :rate of photosynthesis remains (near) constant ;
data quote ;
carbon dioxide (concentration) is not the limiting
factor ;
light intensity / temperature, is limiting factor ;
A increases very little
max 5
[Total: 16]
Paper
31
Page 8
Question
5
Mark Scheme
Expected Answers
Marks
Syllabus
0610
Paper
31
Additional Guidance
(a) carbon dioxide CO2 ;

rice fields / cattle / land fill / rotting rubbish / oil
extraction / coal mines / gas fracking sites / AW ;
(b) (named) greenhouse gases ;
trap / absorb, heat / (infra red / IR) radiation ;
radiated back towards the Earths surface / heat kept
near surface / prevents heat escaping (to space) /
AW ;
ref to long wavelength cannot escape Earths
atmosphere / AW ;
(c) (i) 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
R UV radiation
max 3
increases until 1975 ;

decreases from 1980 ;
to levels in 1930s / less than 1940;
idea that slow rate of increase to 1940 ;
faster rate of increase from 1945 ;
decrease between 19401945 ;
comparative data quotes ;
Accept reaches a peak in 1975-1980
max 4
lowers pH of, soil / water;
kills / damages, leaves / plants / trees ;
salts / minerals / ions, lost from soils ;
toxic to / kills, fish / animals in waters / lakes /
rivers ;
5 damages, limestone buildings / bronze
statues ;
(ii) 1
2
3
4
year and emission must be given for each point, units

mentioned once
A acidifies lakes
A marble, gravestones, etc.

max 3
Page 9
Mark Scheme
Syllabus
0610
Paper
31
(iii) use, alternative / renewable / green / AW ,

sources of energy ; A example(s)
use low sulfur fuels / ORA;
reduce use of coal ;
flue gas desulfurisation / use scrubbers /
chimney electrostatic precipitators / neutralise
waste gases with lime ;
catalytic converters ;
(named) international treaty for reducing
emissions ;
car sharing / more public transport / cycle paths / AW
AVP ; e.g. any method to reduce demand for

energy
max 3
[Total: 15]
Page 10
Question
6
Mark Scheme
Expected Answers
Marks
(a) self-pollination, occurs within same flower / between

flowers of same plant ;
cross-pollination, occurs between flowers on different
plants ;
(b) wastage of pollen ;
wastage of energy ;
explanation ;
depends on presence of pollinator ;
need a pollinating / other, plant (nearby) ;
long time for next generation to develop ;
seeds scattered to places where they cannot grow ;
variation leads to plants that are not adapted to place
where parents grow / seeds end up ;
(c) round RR
wrinkled rr ;
Syllabus
0610
Paper
31
Additional Guidance
2
A idea of pollen does not reach a stigma
max 4
Page 11
Mark Scheme
Syllabus
0610
Paper
31
(d)
cross
1
2
3
4
phenotype of seeds in the seed pods

round seeds
wrinkled seeds
pure bred for round seeds x

pure bred for wrinkled seeds
offspring of cross 1 self
pollinated
offspring of cross 1 x pure
bred for round seeds
offspring of cross 1 x pure
bred for wrinkled seeds
ratio of round to
wrinkled seeds
1:0
3:1 ;
1:0 ;
1:1 ;
3
(e) controlled by (a) gene alone ;
limited number / two, (pheno)types ;
no intermediates ;
A (just) two types / round & wrinkled

max 1
(f) 1 colonisation / spread to new areas ;

2 where might be able to grow better ;
3 better (named) condition(s) ;
4 less competition ;
5 less (chance of) disease ;
6 idea that allows breeding with wider variety of
plants;
7 AVP ;
light / water / minerals / CO2 / space

e.g. bigger gene pool / more alleles / AW
max 3
e.g. Some survive a localized disaster / AW
[Total: 14]
w
ap
eP
e
tr
.X
0610 BIOLOGY
0610/32
components.
om
.c
s
er
Page 2
Question
1
(a)
(b)
Mark Scheme
Expected Answers
Syllabus
0610
Paper
32
(i) mycelium ;
[1]
(ii) hypha ;
[1]
hyphae, secrete / release ;

enzymes ;
amylase ;
breaks down starch to, maltose / glucose ;
protease ;
breaks down protein to, peptides / amino acids ;
products absorbed ;
by diffusion / active uptake ;
ignore produce
accept soluble nutrients if no digestion given

[max 4]
Page 3
(c)
Mark Scheme
Syllabus
0610
Paper
32
(i) antibiotics diffuse through the agar ;

(some) kill / stop reproduction of, bacteria
ref to not all antibiotics being effective
[max 2]
(ii) bacteria grew around the discs ;

bacteria are resistant to antibiotics 1 and 5 ;
any explanation of resistance ;
R immune
[max 2] bacteria break down antibiotic
(iii) kill all the bacteria ;

some still present even after person feels better ;
prevents bacteria becoming resistant ;
prevents selection of resistant strain ;
[max 2] accept description of selection even if the term is not used
[Total: 12]
Page 4
Question
Expected Answers
A pancreas ;
B insulin ;
C glucagon ;
(a)
(b)
Mark Scheme
Marks
Syllabus
0610
Additional Guidance
A Islet(s) of Langerhans although not an organ
[3]
(i) liver ;
[1]
(ii)
glycogen less reactive than glucose ;

idea that is not lost from cell by diffusion ;
not used up in respiration ;
decreases concentration of solute(s) ;
idea that this prevents a decrease in water potential ;
so reducing excess uptake of water ;
by osmosis ;
prevents cell bursting (as a result of osmosis) ;
(c)
negative feedback ;
(d)
(i)
gene identified / location found ;

cut from, DNA / chromosome ;
inserted into, plasmid / vector ;
plasmid inserted into bacterium ;
AVP ;
Paper
32
[max 2]
[1]
[max 3] restriction enzymes / ligases
Page 5
(ii)
Mark Scheme
advantages for max 2

increases, yield / production ;
increases profits ;
fewer animals need to be kept ;
less waste / less pollution ;
puts health of animals at risk ;
consumers may not buy genetically modified food ;
ref to health scares with hormonally-treated animals ;
ref to health scares with use of GM products ;
AVP ; e.g. ref to milk surpluses
e.g. mastitis
A GM
[max 3]
[Total: 13]
Syllabus
0610
Paper
32
Page 6
Question
3
(a)
Mark Scheme
Expected Answers
Syllabus
0610
Paper
32

accept evaporation
accept diffusion through stomata
loss of water vapour ;

from, leaves / stems / aerial parts / through stomata ;
[2]
(b)
(c)
water moves from high(er) water potential to low(er)

water potential ;
by osmosis ;
ref to protein pores ;
[max 3]
a mark can be awarded if the feature is not linked to an

explanation or the explanation is incomplete or incorrect
feature plus explanation

no leaves ;
less surface for / reduce, transpiration / loss of water ;
each explanation must be linked to a feature, no mark for an

explanation alone
swollen / AW, stem ;

stores water ;
spines ;
protect against, herbivores / being eaten ;
ridged stem ;
allows stem to swell when water available ;
upright shape ;
reduce surface area for absorption of heat (at mid day)
[2 + 2]
Page 7
(d)
Mark Scheme
allowing to survive
no / less, water (vapour) lost ;
by transpiration / diffusion ;
can survive, in dry areas / with shortage of water from
the soil / with little rainfall ;
open at night when cool without much loss of water ;
limits growth
cannot absorb carbon dioxide during the day ;
carbon dioxide diffuses through stomata ;
needed / raw material, for photosynthesis ;
only happens when light available ;
therefore little food (for growth) ;
transpiration cools plants ;
may overheat (during the day) ;
ref to denaturation of, proteins / enzymes ;
slower, reactions / metabolism / AW ;
AVP ;
[max 4]
[Total: 13]
Syllabus
0610
Paper
32
Page 8
Question
Expected Answers
substance that
(a)
Mark Scheme
Marks
speeds up a chemical reaction ;

not changed during the reaction ;
(b)
Syllabus
0610
Paper
32
Additional Guidance
[2]
(i) ideas that

A temperature is a control variable
temperature is not a variable being investigated ;

temperature is a factor that affects enzyme action ;
30 oC, optimum temperature / enzymes work best ;
[max 2]
(ii) as control(s) ;
tube 5
to show that urea does not breakdown without
enzymes ;
tube 6
to show that beans are not source of pH change ;
[max 2]
(iii) soya and jack beans have urease ;

mung and broad beans have no urease ;
mung and broad beans may have low concentration
of urease ;
jack beans have more urease than soya beans ;
[max 3] A more active
Page 9
(c)
(d)
Mark Scheme
converted to, nitrite (ions) / nitrate (ions) ;

by nitrifying bacteria ;
absorbed by plants ;
vapourises ;
donates hydrogen ions ;
(hydrogen ions from ammonium ions) reacts with lime in
neutralised (in this context only) ;
[max 2]
(i) (gastric juice contains) hydrochloric acid ;

low pH ;
kills bacteria / stops them dividing ;
AVP ;
[max 2]
(ii) urease produces ammonia ;

neutralises, stomach acid / hydrochloric acid ;
[2]
(iii) lymphocytes secrete antibodies ;

phagocytes engulf bacteria ;
[2]
[Total: 17]
Syllabus
0610
Paper
32
Page 10
Question
5
(a)
Mark Scheme
Expected Answers
Marks
Syllabus
0610
Additional Guidance
little / very little, increase up to 1850

all have increases ;
coal from around 1850 ;
petroleum from 1920 / gas from late 1940s ;
coal reached a peak in 1990s ;
coal only one showing decrease ;
oil decreased in 1970s ;
steep increase in use from 1950s ;
comparative data quotes ;;
(b)
[max 5]
allow acid rain once in answer
hydrocarbons to max 3
produce carbon dioxide ;
greenhouse gas ;
carbonic acid / acid rain ;
smoke / particles ;
compounds of sulfur
produce sulfur dioxide ;
sulfuric acid / acid rain ;
[max 4]
Paper
32
Page 11
(c)
Mark Scheme
fossil fuels are, non-renewable / AW ;

conserve for future generations ;
more efficient ways of using them in the future ;
alternatives are, expensive / not reliable ;
AVP ;
[max 2]
[Total: 11]
Syllabus
0610
Paper
32
Page 12
Question
6
(a)
(b)
(c)
Mark Scheme
Expected Answers
Marks
(gives) variation / diversity ; R varied species (plural)

ref to, alleles / genes / DNA, from different, plants /
idea that increased chance for mutations to be expressed ;
allows adaptation to, new conditions / changed
environment / AW ;
allows evolution to occur ;
prevents inbreeding ;
ref to disease resistance ;
[max 3]
(i) A ovary / ovary wall ; R pod

B pollen tube ;
C zygote ;
D radicle / embryonic root ;
E cotyledon / seed leaf ;
[5]
(ii) mitosis ;
[1]
Syllabus
0610
Paper
32
Additional Guidance
accept embryo once only for D or E
(male / female) gametes are not all identical ;

female gametes are not fertilised by identical male nuclei ;
gametes are produced by meiosis ;
meiosis gives rise to variation ;
pollen grains come from different plants ;
[max 2]
Page 13
(d)
Mark Scheme
some seeds not, viable / AW ;

some remain dormant ;
no water available ;
no soil ;
no minerals / no nutrients ;
too cold / too hot ; A extremes of temperature
not enough light ;
ref to competition with other plants ;
eaten by animals ;
[max 3]
[Total: 14]
Syllabus
0610
Paper
32
w
ap
eP
e
tr
.X
0610 BIOLOGY
0610/33
components.
om
.c
s
er
Page 2
Mark Scheme
Question
Expected Answers
body divided into/segmented three parts / head, thorax and

abdomen
(one pair of) antennae / feelers
wings
three pairs / 6 legs
compound eyes
(a)
(b)
Marks
(d)
1
2
3
4
5
Additional Guidance
[max 3]
[1]
must have arthr

so accept arthropod but reject anthropod
Note: Apply list rule
chromosome
nucleus
mitochondria
chloroplast
plasmid
nucleolus
Paper
33
R segmented body unqualified

do not accept arthropod features
arthropod / Arthropoda
(c)
Syllabus
0610
[2]
two groups: 1 6 and 11 & 12 migrate to New Zealand

1 6, New Caledonia / indirect / migration A
11&12, direct (Australia) / migration B
correct example of (evolutionary) relationship / DNA
similarity, e.g. 13 & 14 most distantly related from
others / 9 & 10 most closely related to each other
ref to, clade(s) / cladogram
[max 3]
Page 3
(e)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Mark Scheme
Syllabus
0610
Paper
33
A conditions on different islands are different
adapt to environment / conditions in new places are

different
competition between individuals
struggle for existence
ref to variation
survival of fittest / those that are better adapted
survive
reproduce, pass on their alleles; A genes I traits
mutations / changes in DNA
change in the gene pool / AW
changes to physical / behaviour (of species), e.g.
mating behaviour
Mpt 9 R changes of individuals

[max 4]
[Total: 13]
(a)
1
2
3
4
(b)
removal from the body / organism / cell

R excreted from body
poisons / toxins / harmful substances
named example OR waste products / of metabolism /
respiration / deamination / chemical reactions in cells
or in the body
substances in excess (of requirements) / AW
process that occurs in the kidney tubule
Ig faeces, egestion, defecation, digestion AW

A substances that cause harm / harmful
toxic waste products of metabolism / AW = 2 marks
ignore routes from body
Mpt 3. A named examples, e.g. CO2, urea, salt, named
ions, amino acids
[max 3]
letter from Fig. 2.1
filtration of blood
reabsorption of most of the solutes in the filtrate
water is absorbed by osmosis to determine the

concentration of urine
unfiltered blood returns to the renal vein
D/E
[4]
Page 4
component
Mark Scheme
blood
filtrate
Syllabus
0610
Paper
33
urine
red blood cells
white blood cells
plasma proteins
glucose
urea
salts
water
one mark for the

filtrate column
one mark for the
urine column
[2]
[Total: 9]
3
(a)
(b)
(i)
amylase A carbohydrase
(ii)
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
[1]
starch is not soluble / large /complex

fungus does not, secrete / produce, amylase
for absorption (of glucose) / AW
ref to, respiration / growth, (of fungus)
as nutrient, for fungus / fermentation / AW
other fungi / bacteria / virus / other microorganisms

compete for nutrients
reduce productivity / yield / quality
contaminate the product / produce toxic or harmful product
/ ORA
stop the process (early) and sterilise fermenter
Ig odd spelling
Mpt 2 A ecf from (i) / carbohydrase / enzyme to
digest starch
[max 2]
R contaminate unqualified
[max 2]
Page 5
(c)
1
2
3
4
5
6
(d)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
(e)
1
2
3
4
5
6
Mark Scheme
energy is lost, between / within, trophic levels / along food

chain
animals are, at second trophic level / primary consumers
OR plants are, autotrophs / producers / first trophic level
(energy lost) in animal respiration / heat / (named)
metabolic process / movement
ref to (more) material that is inedible / not digestible (in
longer food chains)
ref to 10% energy transfer / ORA
less pollution (from farm animal waste)
Syllabus
0610
Paper
33
Ig ref to healthy diet
ref to 100101
[max 3]
Mpt 6 A plants use CO2
cheaper
requires less energy as less is lost along food chain
mycoprotein can be made anywhere / less land (in
fermenters)
less (animal) waste
better for animal welfare / more ethical
lower in fat / lowers risk of heart disease
suitable for, vegetarians / vegans
AVP e.g. quicker, contains fibre, disease free
[max 3]
R longer shelf life, help food shortages, more

protein, more nutrients, easier to digest
mycoprotein / fungus production requires supply of corn

(starch)
this comes from crop plants
(fungus) still need to be grown
(manufacture) requires energy
rate of food supply cannot keep up due to overpopulation
AVP e.g. does not contain all nec nutrients, may be
consumer resistance to eating mycoprotein foods / needs
flavourings / unbalanced diet
[max 3]
R required machinery
Note: Use list rule
[Total: 14]
Page 6
(a)
Mark Scheme
Syllabus
0610
C6H12O6
2 C3H6O3
[2]
(b)
Paper
33

ignore energy / ATP
R if 2 is not included for C3H6O3
R O2, CO2, H2O on either side
accept ref to antagonistic pair of muscles
biceps contracts
triceps relaxes
[2]
(c)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
(d)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
During:
oxygen consumption increases as exercise starts
levels off / increase slows down during the race
data quote for consumption during the race
After:
starts to decrease, immediately at the end of the race / at 18
minutes
gradually decreases after exercise
rate returns to original / resting level
data quote for consumption after exercise
oxygen debt
not enough oxygen supplied (to muscles) during exercise
to muscles
anaerobic respiration
lactic acid produced
lactic acid, broken down / respired / converted to glucose /
CO2 and water / oxidized
requires (extra) oxygen
oxygen restored to haemoglobin
AVP. e.g. restored to myoglobin (in muscles)
Units must be stated at least once

e.g. of Mpt 3: A plateaus between 2.1 2.4 dm3 min1
Maximum is 2.4 dm3 min1,
3 4 mins /at start / 5 to 8 or 9 mins to reach
maximum
e.g. of Mpt 7: A Resting rate at 0.25 dm3 min1,
9 10 mins / at 18 to 27 or 28 min to reach original
level
[max 4]
A lactate for lactic acid throughout the answer
Mpt 6 R removed
[max 5]
Ig lowers pH, muscles stiff / cramps
[Total: 13]
Page 7
(a)
(i)
Mark Scheme
Syllabus
0610
(80 30 = 50)
50 / 30 x 100
OR max min / original x 100 = 167 / 166.7 (%)
[2]
(ii)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
(b)
(i)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
(ii)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
increase in human population / more people to feed

more crops being grown / higher yield
less land available for farming (land lost to housing etc)
farming has become more intensive / technological / less
subsistence / AW
less use of crop rotation / less land left fallow /
monoculture / less use of legumes
prevents soil becoming depleted of nitrogen
(compounds)
new varieties of crop plants have high demand
AVP e.g. cheap, easy
[max 3]
protein (in manure) broken down / decompose to amino

acids
by (named) decomposers, in context
amino acids / proteins, deaminated
deamination described
urea converted to ammonia
ammonia / ammonium ions, to nitrite / nitrate ions
nitrite to nitrate ions
nitrification / nitrifying bacteria, in context
[max 4]
legumes contain nitrogen-fixing bacteria / rhizobium

in root nodules
nitrogen fixation / convert nitrogen (in atmosphere) to
ammonia / amino acids / organic forms of N
transferred to legume for making protein
increases N (in soil) for next crop
reduces need to use chemical fertilisers
legumes are good source of protein
crop rotation reduces effects of, pests / diseases
[max 3]
Paper
33
two marks for the correct answer (167)

if answer incorrect, allow one mark for the correct
working / formula
R 166, Ig sig figs
Page 8
(c)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Mark Scheme
land
reduction in organic content of soil
soil / fertilizer, blown / washed / leached, away A erosion of
soil
increase in soil acidity
15
16
humans
qualified health effect on humans / livestock
Mpt 15 linked with mpt 13 or 14
[max 5]
e.g. blue baby syndrome, accumulation in dioxins
[Total: 17]
6
(a)
Paper
33
waters
eutrophication
growth of algae / algal bloom
light blocked / toxic substances released by algae
(fixed) water plants die
algae / plants, decayed by bacteria
aerobic respiration
oxygen concentration decreases in context
animals / fish, migrate / die, in context
atmosphere
increases loss of nitrous oxide / NOx to the atmosphere
nitrous oxide / NOx, is a greenhouse gas
carbon dioxide from combustion of fossil fuels / in production
of fertilisers
greenhouse effect / global warming, in context
12
13
14
Syllabus
0610
(i)
transport of oxygen
[1]
(ii)
amino acids
[1]
(iii)
iron / Fe / Fe2+
[1]
A polypeptides, haem
Page 9
(b)
(c)
Mark Scheme
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
fewer red blood cells

less elastic / less flexible / sickle-shaped, red blood cells
haemoglobin is abnormal shape
haemoglobin / blood, less efficient at transporting oxygen
less respiration
less energy / fatigues / exhaustion / less active /
feeling faint / breathlessness
death of tissues linked to oxygen supply
capillaries are blocked
pain
sickle cell crisis
slow / poor, growth
susceptible to infections
reduced life span
AVP e.g. problems in pregnancy, kidney disease
1
2
3
4
5
6
malaria is common in Africa

people who are, heterozygous / HbAHbS
have, sickle cell trait / mild sickle cell
protected / AW, against malaria
description of sickle cells are less prone to infection
HbS continues to appear due to selective advantage / AW
1
2
3
4
5
6
Syllabus
0610
Paper
33
Ig ref to malaria
[max 3]
Mpt 4 R immune
[max 3]
A description of selection
Page 10
(d)
Mark Scheme
Syllabus
0610
Paper
33
HbA is dominant / HbS is recessive / (both) parents are, carriers /

heterozygous
Note:
Ig incorrect text if genetic diagram is correct
HbAHbS x HbAHbS
ECF for Mpt 2 and 3 in diagram key.
HbA, HbS + HbA , HbS
Mpt 3 linked to correct derivation in Mpt 2
(HbAHbA , HbAHbS, HbAHbS) HbSHbS

[max 3]
(e)
1
2
3
ref to (ionising) radiation

causes / increased risk, mutation
change to DNA / genes
do not allow genotypes for parents or children that

are single alleles
A e.g. of radiation e.g. gamma rays
[max 2]
[Total: 14]
w
ap
eP
e
tr
.X
0610 BIOLOGY
0610/31
components.
om
.c
s
er
Page 2
Mark Scheme
Syllabus
0610
Paper
31
;
/
R
A
I
Ecf
AW
AVP
underline
()
D, L, T, Q
max

alternatives
reject
Page 3
Mark Scheme
Answers
1
(a)
group of
vertebrates
Syllabus
0610
Marks
scaly skin
external ear
(pinna)
feathers
mammary
glands
birds
bony fish
;
amphibians
;
reptiles
;
mammals
Paper
31
;
[4]
(b)
either fruit is soft

or seeds, are hard / thick / have a hard / thick / protective covering
or testa ;
no enzymes to digest, testa / seed coat / seed ;
I refs to teeth
[2]
Page 4
Mark Scheme
Answers
(c)
Syllabus
0610
Marks
1 wind (dispersal) ;
2 hairs / wing(s), on seed / fruit, to aid dispersal ;
Paper
31
A parachute / light
I fur
I pollination
3 self (dispersal) ;
4 explosive, pods / fruits ;
5 water (dispersal) ;
6 float / buoyant ;
[max 2]
(d)
(e)
oxygen ;
warmth / warm temperature ;
water ;
[max 2]
1 (cassowaries are large birds) so need large, territory / habitat /

feeding area / lots of space ;
2 cannot fly so cannot move easily from one area to another ;
3 need many trees to produce enough fruit ;
4 cassowaries are dependent on many (tree) species ;
5 need suitable nesting areas ;
[max 3]
[Total: 13]
A suitable quoted warm temp, 1530 C

I humidity
Page 5
Mark Scheme
Answers
2
(a) (i)
Syllabus
0610
Marks
Paper
31

provides, molecules / materials, for metabolism / equivalent ;
A substances
provides, nutrients / named nutrients i.e. CPFVM H2O fibre ;
fibre accept roughage and non-starch

polysaccharide.
A contains (all the) food, groups / types / classes
R substances

[max 3]
(ii)
[max 3] A weight I height
horizontal line at 180 mg per 100 cm3 ;
[1]
A tolerance of half-square up or down
(ii)
60 to 300 minutes
[1]
A 240 minutes / 4 hours
(iii)
increases after time when glucose is ingested, decreases, but stays

below or touches 180 / line from b(i) throughout ;
(b) (i)
(c)
age ;
sex / gender ;
activity / exercise;
pregnancy / lactation ;
growth / body building ;
ambient temperature / climate / weather ;
disease / medical condition / illness ;
allergy / food intolerance ;
size / body mass / build ;
Units essential
insulin secreted / produced / released ;

by pancreas ;
glucose absorbed (by liver / muscles) ;
stored as / converted to , glycogen ;
[1]
[max 3]
[Total:12]
Page 6
Mark Scheme
Answers
3
(a) (i)
(ii)
Syllabus
0610
Marks
amylase ;
Paper
31
[1]
pH is a factor that influences / affects enzyme activity / AW;

to give the optimum pH ;
extreme pH could denature enzyme / AW ;
ORA
[max 1]
(b)
idea that protease , would break down, enzymes / enzyme 2 ;
[1]
(c)
stable at high temperatures / does not denature at 60 C / optimum

temperature near 60 C ;
I bears / tolerates hot temperatures

[1] I heat resistant I ref to denatures > 60 C
(d)
(e)
1 (bacteria grown in) fermenters ;

2 (bacteria provided with) substrate / food (substances) / glucose /
minerals / whey / waste substances / nutrients / culture medium /
AW ;
3 oxygen / aerobic conditions ; A air bubbled through
4 (bacteria) grow / reproduce / increase in number ;
5 enzymes, secreted / released / AW ;
6 enzymes separated from, bacteria / mixture ; A ref to filtration
7 AVP ; e.g. conditions 26 C / pH 56
extracts more juice / speeds up juice extraction ;
pectin converted to sugars ;
so juice is sweeter ;
cell wall material is removed from juice / pectin digested to soluble
product(s) ;
so the juice is clearer ;
AVP; humans dont produce pectinase i.e. humans can digest the juice.
A extracted by crushing bacteria

[max 3]
I easier.
[max 3]
[Total:10]
Page 7
Mark Scheme
Answers
4
Marks
1 (red blood cells) get stuck in capillaries / do not flow smoothly /

capillaries blocked;
2 reduce , supply of, oxygen / nutrients ( to tissues / cells / muscles) ;
3 reduce , removal of, carbon dioxide / wastes, (from tissues / cells /
muscles) ;
4 ref to respiration (in tissues) ;
5 cause sickle cell crises ;
6 pain ;
7 increased chance of, thrombosis / blood clotting ;
8 death of tissues / cells ;
9 AVP ;
(a)
(b) (i)
allele(s) ;
(ii)
HA , HS
(iii)
Syllabus
0610
Paper
31
ignore less haemoglobin

A carries less oxygen / nutrients
A carries less carbon dioxide
[max 4] I reduced life expectancy

[1]
HA , HS
(HAHA , HAHS , HAHS) HSHS ;
[2]
Could be in Punnett square

A just A and S
A just S and S
0.25 / 25 % / / 1 in 4 ;
[1]
I ratios
Page 8
Mark Scheme
Answers
(c) (i)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Syllabus
0610
Marks
malaria, is severe disease / may be fatal ;

idea that it is the selective agent / ref to natural selection ;
HAHA / homozygous dominant, susceptible to malaria ;
HAHS / heterozygous, resistant ; A HSHS resistant ;
HAHS survive / HAHA more likely to die before have children ;
HAHS have children and pass on, the allele / HS ;
(if HAHS x HAHS) 1 in 4 chance of, HSHS / homozygous recessive ;
2 in 4 / , have advantage of resistance to malaria ;
AVP ; e.g. ref to malarial parasite /
AVP ; e.g. ref to transmission of malaria
Paper
31
A sickle cell trait / carrier for HSHA throughout the

answer
R immune
[max 4]
(ii)
1 malaria not very serious / not a severe strain of malaria ;
2 people have other genetic protection from malaria ;
E.g. Thalassemia
3 malaria has only recently spread to these areas / no malaria
before;
4 mutation not occurred in populations of these areas ;
5 people with mutation / have sickle cell allele , have not
migrated here ;
A mutation described
6 (majority of) population in Australia has not lived there for long ;
7 came from areas where no malaria, is / was, present ;
8 AVP ;
9 AVP ;
[max 2]
[Total:14]
I gene, for allele
Page 9
Mark Scheme
Answers
5
(a)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
(b) (i)
(ii)
(iii)
(c)
Marks
eye, light ;
ear, sound / noise ;
ear, gravity / acceleration / movement ;
tongue, taste / chemicals / flavours in food ;
nose, smell / chemicals in the air / odours ;
skin, touch / pressure ;
skin, temperature ;
skin, pain ;
response / reaction , to stimulus ;

occurs without having to, think / use the brain / make decision ;
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Syllabus
0610
receptor(s) / sensory cells / nerve ending , detects heat / stimulus ;

(nervous / electrical) impulses ;
generated by (skin) receptor ;
travels to spinal cord along sensory neurone(s) ;
within spinal nerve ;
synapse ;
relay / connector / inter, neurone ;
motor neurone to effector / biceps / muscle ;
biceps contracts ;
fast ;
automatic ;
protective / defensive / avoid injury ;
removes (part of) body from source of danger ;
hormones / chemical messengers ;
secreted into the blood / which travels in blood ;
stimulate target , cells / tissues / organs ;
Paper
31
[max 3]
[2]
I reflex
A not conscious of action until it has happened
R messages, signals
R spinal cord
[max 5]
[2]
A endocrines
I endocrine system
[max 2]
[Total:14]
Page 10
Mark Scheme
Answers
6
(a) (i)
(b)
(c)
Syllabus
0610
Marks
Paper
31
amino acid / protein / RNA / DNA / AW;
[1]
A named protein, both plant and animal
(ii)
secondary (consumer) / carnivore / predator ;
[1]
R third / tertiary
(iii)
excretion ;
[1]
(iv)
nitrification ;
[1]
idea that (fixed) nitrogen is in limited supply ;

idea that if not recycled is not available for plants to absorb ;
needed for many biological compounds ;
(required by organisms to make) amino acids / proteins / DNA /
chlorophyll ;
5 for growth / for repair / for enzymes / for genes / AW ;
A oxidation
1
2
3
4
1 not ideal habitat / not well adapted to habitat / conditions not

favourable ;
2 any suitable reason ; e.g. too dry / wrong soil / wrong pH / wider
leaves / larger leaf surface (area)
3 (seedlings) eaten by impala / herbivores ;
4 much tastier than grass / better nutritional content ;
5 competition with grasses ;
6 for any resource ; e.g. light / nutrients / minerals / water
7 slow growing ;
9 AVP ; e.g. few seeds produced, lack of suitable pollinators, lack of
suitable / required symbiont, soil contains plenty of nitrate (so no
advantage to being a nitrogen fixer, because of much animal
dung) / poor seed dispersal
8 Connectionlightning and nitrogen in soil ;
[max 3]
I competition with self

A lack of light / minerals / water
[max 3]
Page 11
Mark Scheme
Answers
(d)
(e)
Syllabus
0610
Marks
Paper
31
1 general idea of energy loss (in food chain) ;

2 cheetahs are at a higher trophic level (than impala) / impala are
the primary consumers / prey ;
3 each cheetah eats many impala;
4 large population of cheetahs cannot be sustained / number of
impala controls or determines the number of cheetahs ;
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
hunted / poached (for skins) ;

killed by local people as they feed on animals ;
reference to balanced ecosystem / food chain / food web;
cheetahs do not eat, all impalas / all parts of an impala
lose energy, in respiration / as heat to environment ;
and in movement / excretion / egestion / reproduction ;
offspring killed / die (while growing) by other predators / their prey
AVP ;
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
idea of interdependence ;
if one species is lost others may become extinct ;
rely indirectly on plants ;
impala eat a variety of plants ;
cheetahs eat a variety of other prey animals ;
idea of conserving habitats ;
to ensure species continue for future generations to, enjoy / use ;
biodiversity reference;
[max 4]
A idea of knock-on effect / AW
A tourism
[max 3]
[Total:17]
w
ap
eP
e
tr
.X
0610 BIOLOGY
0610/32
components.
om
.c
s
er
Page 2
Mark Scheme
Syllabus
0610
;
/
alternatives
R
reject
A
I
ecf
AW
AVP alternative valid point
ORA or reverse argument
underline
()
max indicates the maximum number of marks
Paper
32
Page 3
Mark Scheme
Question
Expected answers
unsegmented ; A no segments
soft bodies ;
(muscular) foot ; ignore feet
mantle ;
visceral mass ;
AVP ;
(a)
(b)
(c)
(8) legs / tentacles / arms / limbs / AW ;

(large) eye ;
has a head ;
no shell / (completely) soft body / no exoskeleton / no external
skeleton ;
suckers (on tentacles) ;
Syllabus
0610
Paper
32
Mark
Additional Guidance
[max 2]
ignore
no (exo)skeleton
no backbone
no bones
radula
bilaterally symmetrical
shell / exoskeleton
R any internal features (see the question)
R feelers / hands
ignore no (muscular) foot / feet
A suction pads
[max 2]
look for an adaptation for attachment and an adaptation for survival

when exposed to air
allow ecf from part (a)
A any suitable description of the threads
e.g. fibres, projections, extensions,
tentacles, etc.
R suckers
A slime / mucus for sticky fluid
attachment
threads / (muscular) foot / sticky fluid ;
survival in the air
either
shell / exoskeleton, prevents / reduces, water loss /
ignore protection unqualified

ignore anything to do with gas exchange
ignore camouflage
or
shell / exoskeleton, protects against (named) predator(s) ;
[max 2]
if named must not be an aquatic predator
Page 4
Question
(d) 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
(e) 1
2
3
4
5
6
Mark Scheme
Expected answers
Syllabus
0610
Mark
has no, competitor(s) / predators (therefore increase in numbers) ;

has no, pathogens / parasites / disease-causing organism(s) ;
competes with existing species for, food/nutrients/space/oxygen ;
could be a, predator / consumer , of other species ;
A feeds on (many) other species
could introduce, disease / parasite, for native species
cause migration of native species ;
AVP ; e.g. reduces biodiversity
causes extinction
decrease in numbers, higher in food web / at higher
trophic levels
increase in predators of zebra mussels
do not move about / stay in one place, so exposed to pollutant
(continuously) ;
pollutant, kills them / reduces their numbers / prevents them breeding
;
so presence / absence, is a good indicator ;
pollutant accumulates (in animals body) ;
pollutant, detectable when concentrations are low / no longer present
;
AVP ; they are filter feeders
do not need to know what the pollutant is (as would be the case for a
chemical test)
no need for lab facilities / no need for equipment / can be done in
the field
Paper
32
Additional Guidance
[max 3]
R more accurate
ignore
easy to, see / collect ;
quicker to do
skills / training needed / cheaper
[max 2]
Page 5
Question
Mark Scheme
Expected answers
Syllabus
0610
Mark
Paper
32
Additional Guidance
non-biodegradable plastics
(f)
4
5
swallowed / ingested / eaten / cannot be digested ;

caught around / trapped / entangled ;
choke / blocks gut / smother / suffocate / injure / cut / trap / stuck in /
AW ;
plastic blocks light for photosynthesis ;
may, contain / release, (oil-soluble) toxins / poisons ;
6
7
large pieces of plastic may block flow of water (in a river) ;

that reduce concentration of dissolved oxygen ;
effect of loss of organism at a trophic level ;
AVP ; e.g. any other consequence for organisms
1
2
3
ignore kills / dies unqualified

A organism is poisoned (by toxins)
R plastics are toxic
A suffocate in MP3 as a consequence of
MP4
MP6 and MP7 are linked
[max 3]
Page 6
Question
2
Mark Scheme
Expected answers
Syllabus
0610
Mark
Paper
32
Additional Guidance
(a) (i)
stimulus
receptor cells
effector
response
(blue) light / (change in) light

intensity / dim to bright light ;
cones / rods ;
ignore retina (as it is a tissue)
(circular) muscle, of / in, iris ;
R ciliary muscle
R radial muscle
pupil, gets smaller / constricts /

AW ;
R muscle / pupil, contracts

ignore muscle contraction
[4]
if marked in the context of accommodation or a mixture of the two

reflexes, then mark to max 3
(ii)
(nervous / electrical) impulses ;

sent by / initiated by, (named) receptors / sensory cells / retina ;
R if optic nerve, sends / initiates / AW, the impulse
via / along / through, sensory neurone(s) / optic nerve
4
5
to, brain / CNS / grey matter ; ignore spinal cord

(from the brain) via / along / through, motor neurone (to effector) ;
1
2
MP1 M5 ignore signals / messages /

AW
ignore relay / connector / inter-, neurone ;
ignore impulses to brain after the
response has happened
[max 4]
Page 7
Question
(b) 1
Mark Scheme
Expected answers
Syllabus
0610
Mark
increase in, heart / pulse, rate ;
Paper
32
Additional Guidance
R lots of heart beats unqualified /
increases heart beat
2
3
4
5
increase in, breathing rate / depth of breathing ;

more oxygen, taken in / absorbed ; linked to MP2
for (increase rate of) aerobic respiration ;
more energy released ; R energy produced
6
7
8
vasodilation in / arteries widen in / more blood to, muscle / brain ;

more oxygen to muscles ; linked to MP1 or MP6
vasoconstriction in / less blood to, gut / skin ;
MP6 accept faster blood supply to muscle

MP7 accept faster supply of oxygen to
muscle
MP8 accept slower blood supply to gut /
skin
9
10
stimulates, breakdown / conversion, of glycogen to glucose in liver ;

increases glucose (concentration) in the blood ;
MP9 ignore glycogen to glucose in

muscle
MP10 does not have to be linked to MP9
11
12
13
dilates pupils ;
lets more light into eye ;
heightened sensitivity / increased mental awareness / AW ;
MP3 accept oxygen taken in faster

MP4 ignore metabolic rate increases
MP13 R excited
14
(c)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
AVP ; e.g. increased width of (named) airways, increase in blood

pressure
assume answers are about involuntary unless told otherwise
automatic / no conscious decision / does not involve thought / involves
decision making ;
higher centres / AW, of brain not involved ;
faster / immediate ;
response always the same ;
involves, one / small number of, muscle(s) ;
may involve glands ;
they are protective / AW ;
[max 5]
ignore voluntary / involuntary responses
can / cannot be controlled unqualified
[max 2]
Page 8
Mark Scheme
Question
Expected answers
kills, / destroys, (all) bacteria / microorganisms ; A viruses

to prevent
contamination / remove contaminants (of the milk / yoghurt) ;
competition with the two bacteria added ;
disease / might be pathogens / any suitable e.g. (TB / food
poisoning) ;
production of toxins ;
alteration of the, flavour / taste ;
AVP ;
(a) (i) 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
(ii) 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Syllabus
0610
Mark
Paper
32
Additional Guidance
ignore remove / gets rid of / eliminates
ignore harmful
ignore impurities / make milk pure
kills harmful bacteria = 1 mark
kills bacteria that cause disease = 2 marks
kills bacteria that might contaminate the milk
= 2 marks
best / optimum / ideal, temperature ;

for bacterial, growth / division / reproduction ;
A bacteria grow quickly
ref to enzymes ; R if enzymes are denatured at 45 oC
ref to, kinetic energy / collisions ;
produce most lactic acid in the shortest time ;
A lactic acid production takes too long at lower temperatures
ref to cost ;
bacteria killed / enzymes denatured, at higher temperatures /
R speeds up the reaction unqualified
A enzymes are not denatured / bacteria are

not killed, at this temperature
[max 2]
Page 9
Question
Mark Scheme
Expected answers
(iii) 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
(iv) 1
Syllabus
0610
Mark
Paper
32
Additional Guidance
lag phase / numbers increase slowly / low rate of growth ;

ignore numbers stay the same
(while) bacteria, make proteins / increase in size ;
log phase / exponential phase / numbers increase quickly ;
A rapid rate of growth / bacteria divide faster than die
plenty of, food / nutrients / oxygen ; ignore raw materials
stationary phase / numbers stay constant ;
A birth rate = death rate
death phase / increase in death rate / decrease in numbers / bacteria be
(because of) lack of, food/nutrients/oxygen or decrease in pH / accumu
ref to limiting factors ;
AVP ; e.g. Lactobacillus bulgaricus increases first
[max 5]
accept (cell) division / (binary) fission /

reproduction for growth for MP1 and MP3
need different bacteria to, carry out different processes / produce
A both needed to make lactic acid

A work differently
idea that each bacterium needs something produced by the other ;
3
4
Streptococcus (thermophilus) does not make lactic acid ;

Lactobacillus (bulgaricus) needs formic acid produced by
each stage requires a different (specific) enzyme ;

A enzymes work on different substrates
idea that each bacterium cannot make all the enzymes needed ;
AVP ;
MP4 A availability of food / AW
If MP4 awarded then also award MP2

6
7
A S. thermophilus
A L. bulgaricus
[max 2]
Page 10
Mark Scheme
Question Expected answers

(b)
Syllabus
0610
Mark
preservative / acidity regulator / pH regulator ;

antioxidant ;
colouring / food dye ;
flavouring ;
emulsifier ;
sweetener ;
thickener ;
stabiliser ;
[max 3]
Paper
32
Additional Guidance
ignore
Reject
names and/or (E)

numbers of additives
e.g. MSG, tartrazine,
sunset yellow, etc.
fruit
chocolate
nutrients
any named
nutrient, e.g.
food starch /
corn starch
(named)
vitamin(s)
(named)
mineral(s)
salt
calcium
supplement
Page 11
Question
4
Mark Scheme
Expected answers
Syllabus
0610
Mark
Paper
32
Additional Guidance
(a)
(b)
pea plant
substance
transported
sucrose
phosphate ions
transport
tissue
sink
phloem ;
xylem ;
ignore any vessels / tubes / etc
growing tip / flower /

fruit / seed / stem /
root ;
growing tip / flower /

fruit / seed / stem /
leaves / chloroplasts ;
A growing point / meristems / areas where

growth occurs
amino acids ;
R proteins
(c) 1
2
3
[4]
A (named) plant hormones
[1]
photosynthesis ;
light (energy) is, absorbed / trapped, by chlorophyll ;
carbon dioxide reacts with water in the presence of light (energy) ;
to make glucose (and oxygen) ;
glucose used to make sucrose ; ignore fructose
A word equation / balanced equation if

MP3 not written out
do not award MP3 if broken down
A formula for glucose in an equation
[max 3]
(d) 1
2
3
4
5
respired / oxidised to provide energy / used to provide energy /

energy for a suitable process ; R produce energy A respiration
unqualified
converted to starch for (energy) storage ;
converted to cellulose to make cell walls ;
used to make nectar to attract, pollinators / AW ;
stored in fruits to attract animals (for seed dispersal) ;
MP5 do not award if glucose is broken

down unless already penalised in MP3
e.g. energy for, growth / active transport
R to make fruit / seed unqualified

[max 2]
Page 12
Question
(e) 1
2
3
4
5
6
Mark Scheme
Expected answers
Syllabus
0610
Mark
root hairs / root hair cells ;

active transport ;
against, concentration / diffusion, gradient
A from low to high concentration ;
using, energy / ATP ; R energy produced / production of energy
from respiration ;
ref to, proteins / carrier molecules (in membranes) ;
Paper
32
Additional Guidance
ignore diffusion / movement down a
concentration gradient / osmosis
ignore gradient in from low concentration
gradient to high concentration gradient
[max 3]
Page 13
Mark Scheme
Question
Expected answers
halves the number of chromosomes / diploid to haploid ;

ignore halves the genetic material
(a)
(b) (i)
(ii) 1
Syllabus
0610
Mark
[2]
question is discounted
[2]
(only) one fertilisation / one zygote / one fertilised egg ;

zygote / fertilised egg / (cells in) embryo, divides / splits in two ;
by mitosis ;
into two (groups of) genetically identical cells ;
R from a single cell but allow ecf for other

MPs
R egg divides
[2]
(c)
Additional Guidance
accept produces haploid, nuclei / cells /
gametes
ignore prevents doubling of chromosome
number
produces variation / AW ;
Paper
32
increase in, complexity / AW ;

ref to specialisation / differentiation ;
ref to different types of cells ;
ref to, tissues / organs ;
A same , genetic material / genetic makeup / genome

R similar
ignore (rapid) growth / change in shape
A legs / arms / AW, start to grow
[max 2]
(d)
1. XhY ;
2. XHXh ;
3. XHXH ;
do not accept male genotypes for MP2

and MP3
[3]
Page 14
Question
Mark Scheme
Expected answers
Syllabus
0610
Mark
Paper
32
Additional Guidance
mutation / change in DNA ;

in the gene, for blood clotting protein / on X chromosome ;
MP2 can only be awarded if MP1 is

awarded
in the mother / mother is a carrier / mother is heterozygous ;

R parent(s) is / are heterozygous
MP3 A in context of allele passing down the

female line for several / many generations
(without being expressed in a male)
haemophilia is sex linked / shows sex linkage ;
ignore carried on the X chromosome as this

is in the question
idea that the mothers egg with the mutant allele fuses with a Y
bearing sperm ;
e.g. cause of mutation ; ionising radiation / chemical(s)
(e) 1
2
[max 2]
Page 15
Mark Scheme
Question
Expected answers
there are different forms of one, feature / characteristic ;
(a)
Syllabus
0610
Mark
Paper
32
Additional Guidance
look for a general explanation of
variation in their phenotype and an
example
example of a feature shown by Soay sheep ;

coat / fur, colours
patterns of coat / AW
with and without horns
lengths of horns
ear, length / width / size / shape
face, length / width / size / shape
body mass
body shape / body size / AW
the example chosen does not have to

be visible in Fig. 6.1
[2]
in years with high populations of sheep
(b) (i)
1
2
3
looking at sum total of the bars in each

graph
more deaths in total ; A low survival rate

for all sizes of lambs
more lambs died than survived ;
any comparative data quote using same body mass in high and low
population years units (kg) are not necessary
A tolerance given in table for bars between gridlines
looking at bars for each body mass

e.g. lambs 13-14 (kg), 106 died in high
population year against 12 that died in
low population year
[max 2]
see page 18 for table of data
Page 16
Question
Mark Scheme
Expected answers
Syllabus
0610
Mark
competition for, shelter / food / grass / resources ;
as a result of competition there is shortage of food for each lamb ;
[1]
R competition for mates
as a result of competition for food

3
4
5
lambs do not store enough fat ;

ref insulation ;
cannot survive the winter ;
6
7
8
ewes / females, produce less milk ;

ref to number of lambs per female ;
ref to, more likely to die of disease / AW ;
A disease more likely to spread
more small lambs die ;
(pregnant) ewes / females, are short of food
9
10
Additional Guidance
ignore explanations about why the
population is high in some years and
low in others not relevant
in high population ora for low population

one mark for competition and two marks for marking points 2-11
(ii)
Paper
32
[max 2]
Page 17
Question
Mark Scheme
Syllabus
0610
Expected answers
Mark
note that this is not a question about artificial selection
(c)
Paper
32
Additional Guidance
points need to be in correct sequence
and in the context of selection
1
2
variation / AW, among the sheep in the population ;

some are better, adapted / suited / AW, than others ; A best adapted
any example of an adaptive feature for survival in the extreme conditions ;
some sheep have thicker coats = MP1

and MP3
MP3 must be a feature related to
survival in extreme conditions, not
strength, fitness healthiness etc
any example of an appropriate selective agent ;

ignore extreme conditions / weather
to survive the cold = MP4
5
6
survive and, breed / have offspring ; A ora

pass on their alleles ;
idea that
over time better adapted, features / traits, become more common ;
R better animals survive unqualified by

adaptation or some example
[max 4]
Page 18
body mass / kg
Mark Scheme
low population years
Syllabus
0610
Paper
32
high population years
died
survived
died
survived
34
6
(5 7)
56
2
(1 3)
15
(14 16)
78
7
(6 8)
20
3
(2 4)
9 10
5
(4 6)
16
(15 17)
56
6
(5 7)
11 12
12
(11 12)
48
94
(93 95)
25
(24 26)
13 14
12
(11 12)
57
(56 58)
106
(105 107)
30
(29 31)
15 - 16
12
(11 12)
52
48
34
(33 35)
17 18
6
(5 7)
22
(21 23)
16
18
(17 19)
19 20
2
(1 3)
12
6
(5 7)
2
(1 3)
21 - 22
2
(1 3)
w
ap
eP
e
tr
.X
0610 BIOLOGY
0610/33
components.
om
.c
s
er
Page 2
Question
1
Mark Scheme
Expected Answers
Marks
[1]
Syllabus
0610
Paper
33
Additional Guidance
(a)
arthropods/Arthropoda ;
R anthropod
(b)
A spiny/oval, carapace/AW ;
jagged edge of carapace ;
claws same length ;
eyes on (short) stalks ;
A descriptions of carapace/back/shell
ignore exoskeleton for carapace
B long/coiled/soft , abdomen ;
abdomen not under carapace ;
(long) antennae ;
multiple, appendages/mouth parts ;
shorter back (walking) legs ;
uneven length of, chelipeds/claws/pincer ;
hair on claws ;
eyes on stalks ;
ignore tail for abdomen

ignore segmented abdomen
ignore clamp
ignore fur for hair
C uneven length of, chelipeds/claws/pincers ;

square/rectangular, carapace ;
eyes on (long) stalks ;
D rounded/flattened/less hairy, back/hind
(walking) legs ;
longer/wider back (walking) legs (compared to
other legs) ;
jagged edge on claws ;
jagged/pointed edge, of carapace ;
short antennae ;
no eye stalks ;
claws same length ;
A larger/bigger as BOD (for hind legs)
[4]
Page 3
Question
1
(c)
Mark Scheme
Expected Answers
Marks
(d)
Additional Guidance
R number of anything absolute (e.g. legs)

R shape unqualified
R colour unqualified
R fur
ignore comparing species rather than individuals
[max 1]
population remains the same if birth rate = death rate/ref to

carrying capacity ;
2 death rate must be high ;
3 many young crabs do not survive to, adulthood/breed ;
4, 5 example of cause of high death rate ;;
6 lack of/competition for, food ;
7 ref to limiting factor(s) ;
1
Paper
33
features qualified in (c)(ii) may be credited in (c)(i)
(i) mass ;
size of a named suitable feature ;
length of named suitable feature ;
width of named suitable feature;
number of hairs ;
number of spikes/roughness ;
thickness of a suitable named feature ;
hardness of a suitable named feature ;
depth of colour ;
(ii) balance/weighing machine/scales ;
use of ruler described ;
calipers ;
any other suitable method for the feature given in (i) ;
Syllabus
0610
ignore measure unqualified

No ECF from (c)(i)
[max 1]
examples of MP4 and MP5
eaten by predators
competition with other crabs (of the same species/other
species)
competition with other non-crab species
(infectious) disease
effect of abiotic factor (e.g. dehydration)
indirect effect of man, e.g. pollution/habitat destruction
genetic disease/genetic fault
[max 3] fishing/crabbing
Page 4
(e)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Mark Scheme
stops/reduces, blood loss/bleeding ;

reduce (bacterial) infection/bacteria killed in wound ;
(clotting) prevents entry of pathogens ;
more red blood cells, trapped in mesh/fibrin (forming a
clot/scab) ;
promotes healing ;
(in an emergency) may need wound to be sealed quickly ;
less chance of allergies ;
Syllabus
0610
Paper
33
ignore bandages help quicker clotting

R viral infections
[max 3]
[Total: 13]
Page 5
Question
2
Mark Scheme
Expected Answers
(a)
(i)
Syllabus
0610
Marks
amino acids ;
Paper
33
Additional Guidance
A (di/oligo/poly)peptide
[1]
(ii)
(b)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
(permanent) increase in, size/length/AW ;

increase in dry mass ;
increase in cell number ;
identify/locate, the (position of) gene (in bovine genome) ;

cutting, chromosome/DNA/plasmid ;
insert gene into a, plasmid/vector ;
plasmid/vector, enters the bacterium ;
reproduction/growth, of (GM) bacteria (in fermenters) ;
bacteria, synthesise/produce, the protein/BST ;
protein/BST, harvested/purified ;
correct reference to (named) enzyme ;
Note: increase in dry mass = 2 marks

A ref to cell division/mitosis/reproduction of cells
R reproduction unqualified
[max 2] ignore development
answers referring to insulin can be credited with marking
points 2,3,4,5,8
[max 3] e.g. restriction enzyme/ligase/endonuclease
Page 6
(c)
Mark Scheme
(i)
mean milk yield to max 4
1
2
3
4
immediate increase (from treatment/week 10) ;

peaks/increases and decreases ;
(general) decrease after 20 weeks/43.3 43.7 kg per day ;
(mean) BST/A, yield always higher than, B/no BST (from 10
week/treatment) ;
any suitable data quote giving mean milk yield with units and
week ;
Syllabus
0610
Paper
33
Note: All units (kg per day) must be stated for mean milk
yield but ignored for food energy intake
A optimum/maximum for peak
MP 5
39 kg per day at, 10 weeks/start of treatment
43.343.7 kg per day at either 19/20 weeks or 9/10 weeks,
after treatment
29 kg per day at either 3637 weeks or 26 - 27 weeks, after
treatment
approx 10 kg per day difference between A and B
mean food energy intake to max 4

6
7
8
9
peaks/increase and decreases ;

(then) levels off ;
(mean) BST/A, energy always higher than, B/no BST (from 10
week/treatment) ;
any suitable data quote giving mean food energy intake with units
and week ;
MP 9
158 MJ per day at, 10 weeks/start of treatment
164 MJ per day from either week 29 34 or after 1924
weeks of treatment
165 MJ per day at either week 3637 or 2627 weeks, after
treatment
172 MJ per day at 19.520 weeks
[max 6]
Page 7
Question
2 (c) (ii)
Expected Answers
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
(d)
Mark Scheme
1
2
3
4
5
Syllabus
0610
Paper
33
milk yield does not increase much (from initial yield) ;

increase only for, 10 weeks/short period ;
increase in food (energy) intake ;
cattle feed adds extra costs ;
idea of milk yield decreases but food (energy) intake remains
high (from 20 week) ;
use of comparative data in support ;
cost of, using/producing, BST ;
MP 6
after, 30 weeks/20 weeks treatment, differences in milk yield
102 kg (per day), differences in food energy 2652 MJ (per day)
milk yield shows a 20 2% increase, food intake shows a 15
[max 3] 32 % increase after, 30 weeks/20 weeks treatment
labelling, provides information/allows consumer choice ;

concerns about hormones in the milk ;
possible effects on human health ;
e.g. allergies/side effects
ref to, animal welfare/health of cattle expected to produce more
milk ;
ignore unethical unqualified

examples for MP5
confusion in consumer minds about GM food
loss in sales
there is no difference in the milk
this is not a GM food, but GM technology is used in the
production of BST
ignore milk is safe
there is no reason to label the milk/described example ;
[max 3]
[Total: 18]
Page 8
Question
3
Expected Answers
(a)
(b)
Syllabus
0610
Marks
E cortex ;
F medulla ;
G ureter ;
(iii)
2
3
4
5
6
Additional Guidance
mark the columns independently

process
letter
diffusion of
oxygen
H;
active uptake
of sodium ions
L;
reason
idea that (oxygen) diffuses, from
high concentration/to low
concentration/down concentration
gradient (into the cell) ;
idea that (sodium ions) are moved
against their concentration
gradient/from low to high
concentration ;
glomerulus ;
1
2
3
4
Paper
33
[3]
(i)
(ii)
(c)
Mark Scheme
[4]
[1]
(glucose is reabsorbed) by active uptake/active transport (from

filtrate) ;
against concentration gradient/from low to high concentration ;
using energy ;
as in L ;
active uptake/active transport, of ions against the concentration gradient

(into the root) ;
energy is needed for, active uptake/active transport ;
comes from respiration ;
water is absorbed, by osmosis/down water potential gradient ;
(osmosis/diffusion is a) passive process/does not need energy ;
diffusion of ions will occur until equilibrium ;
ignore diffusion of glucose

R energy produced
[max 2]
R energy produced
[max 3]
[Total: 13]
Page 9
Question
4
Mark Scheme
Expected Answers
Syllabus
0610
Marks
(a)
Paper
33
Additional Guidance
ignore ATP/energy
cell
yeast
human
muscle
cell
end products of respiration

aerobic
anaerobic
carbon
carbon dioxide/CO2 +
dioxide/CO2
alcohol/ethanol/C2H5OH ;
+
water/H2O ;
carbon
lactic acid lactate/
dioxide/CO2
C3H6O3/CH3CH(OH)COOH
+
water/H2O ;
/
CH3CH(OH)COO- ;
[4]
(b)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
muscles contract ;
need more energy ;
increase in need for oxygen ; ORA
removal of (more) carbon dioxide ;
(increase in) aerobic respiration ;
anaerobic respiration also occurs ;
developing oxygen debt,/oxygen not supplied fast
enough ;
(production of) lactate/lactic acid ;
increase in stroke volume (of heart) ;
increase in, blood flow/glucose/oxygen, to muscles ;
blood pressure increase because heart rate/stroke
volume increases ;
removal of heat ;
ref to adrenaline ;
ignore breathing rate, ventilation rate, oxygen

absorption, heart rate, blood pressure (all are in the
Table)
R repaying oxygen debt (occurs after exercise)
[max 5]
[Total: 9]
Page 10
Question
5
Mark Scheme
Expected Answers
(a)
Marks
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
(named) pathogens of water/(formula) milk ;

(named) water-borne diseases ;
(new born) babies have, weak/no, immune systems ; AW
few(er) antibodies from mother (as no breast milk) ;
ref to HIV infects lymphocytes/white blood cells/weakens
immune system ;
no/few, lymphocytes/white blood cells ;
few/no, antibodies produced ;
then phagocytes are less effective ;
stomachs do not produce much acid ;
diarrhoea/vomiting ;
dehydration/loss of, water/ions ;
Paper
33
Additional Guidance
A (harmful) microorganism/bacteria/virus/fungus for
pathogen
A infected by/passed down for transfer
R named non-human organisms
transfer, of (named) pathogen/disease, from (infected) to (uninfected)

person/animal/organism ;
a (named) medication/substance, taken into the body that,
modifies/affects/influences, (chemical reactions in) the body ;
(b)
Syllabus
0610
[2]
for MP1
A contamination of, water/bottle
A (harmful) microorganism/bacteria/virus/fungus for
pathogen
ignore germs
for MP3 ignore children
[max 4]
Page 11
(c)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Mark Scheme
Syllabus
0610
bonding with mother ;

its free/cheap ;
sterile/no risk of infection from, formula milk/bottled milk ;
is at, body/correct, temperature ;
no preparation/easily available ;
provides, best/complete/most suitable/AW, food ;
easier to digest ;
contains antibodies/ref to colostrum/provides passive immunity ;
provides protection against, pathogens/diseases/microorganisms ;
reduce risk of allergies ;
contraceptive effect ;
AVP ;
[max 4]
Paper
33
examples of AVPs for MP12

no additives
further antibody detail, e.g. diseases that the
mother has had/common diseases ;
composition/quantity, of breast milk changes to
match development of baby ;
protects against, breast cancer/ovarian cancer ;
helps the body to return to normal e.g. weight
loss/restores uterus ;
Page 12
Question
5
(d)
Mark Scheme
Expected Answers
1
2
3
Syllabus
0610
Marks
Paper
33
Additional Guidance
A sex
R saliva/tears/sweat/urine
R donating blood
R skin contact
R kissing
R (genetically) inherited
(unprotected/AW) sexual intercourse/from semen/vaginal fluids ;

sharing, needles/syringes ;
blood/blood product, for transfusion/transplants/blood to blood
contact ; ignore blood unqualified
ignore other sharps, e.g. tattoo needles/razors unless

qualified by blood contact
ignore unqualified body fluids/breast milk/placenta
[max 2]
[Total: 12]
Page 13
Question
6
(a)
Expected Answers
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
(b)
(c)
Marks
provide, mineral (elements)/(named) ions/(plant)

nutrients ;
that are in low concentration in soils ;
(minerals/ions are) limiting factor(s) ;
for, growth/yield ;
magnesium (ions) for chlorophyll production ;
for photosynthesis ;
nitrogen/nitrate (ions), for making, amino acids/
proteins ;
1
2
3
4
1
2
Syllabus
0610
Paper
33
Additional Guidance
MP2 A any reason, e.g. removed in crops at

harvest/leached/AW
MP5 R chloroplast
[max 3]
oxygen ;
water/moisture ;
suitable/ warm temperature ;
AVP ;
5
6
(d)
Mark Scheme
[max 3]
ignore humidity unqualified

R hot, heat
examples of AVPs
any condition that breaks dormancy, e.g. light/optimum pH
[max 4]
for MP5 and MP6 see the table of results (results from two
rows are required in each case)
units must be stated once
sulfuric acid has a bigger effect on roots than shoots ;

0.003 mol per dm-3 sulfuric acid has biggest effect ;
increase in root growth until 0.003 mol dm-3 sulfuric acid ; ORA
negligible difference in effect (on root/ shoot) between 0.001
and 0.002 mol dm-3 sulfuric acid ;
comparative data quote for root growth ;
comparative data quote for shoot growth ;
increase in burning, fossil fuels/named fossil fuel ;
cars/factories/power stations/AW ;
more is not needed for MP2 as question says 150 years

[2]
Page 14
Question
Mark Scheme
Expected Answers
Marks
Syllabus
0610
Paper
33
Additional Guidance
effects of sulfur dioxide on organisms and their environment
(e)
2
3
plants/leaves/roots/trees/bark, damaged/killed/
stunted growth ;
plants more likely to get diseased ;
inhibits germination ;
4
5
(sensitive species of ) lichens killed ;

microorganisms killed ;
6
7
8
soil/lake/river, pH decreases ; AW
aluminium ions become mobile ;
nutrients/named example(s), leached ;
9
10
shells damaged ;
animals fail to reproduce ;
11
12
low pH/aluminium ions, toxic to fish ;

fish produce mucus which blocks gills ;
ignore marine (fish)
13
AVP ;
examples of AVPs for MP13

chemical weathering/dissolve carbonate rocks
respiratory problems in, human/animals
(described) consequence for food chains
ignore sea
[max 3]
[Total: 15]
Page 15
Mark Scheme
Table of results for Question 6 (c)

Roots
concentration of
acid/mol dm-3
length/mm
time/days
25
24
55
72
0.001
23
24
0.001
65
72
0.002
20
24
0.002
65
72
0.003
24
0.003
15
72
concentration of
acid/mol dm-3
length/mm
time/days
13
24
22
72
0.001
11
24
0.001
20
72
0.002
11
24
0.002
20
72
0.003
24
0.003
10
72
Shoots
Syllabus
0610
Paper
33

MS 3

Transféré par

Informations du document

Copyright

Formats disponibles

Partager ce document

Partager ou intégrer le document

Options de partage

Avez-vous trouvé ce document utile ?

Ce contenu est-il inapproprié ?

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

MS 3

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

w

University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate 2003

put mud in muslin bag/equivalent workable apparatus;

University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate 2003

small/insignificant petals/flowers open;

Also features listed in (ii) above but not given

most fruit found to north and east;

apply error carried forward

(iii) distribution of fruit on branches;

ignore - human intervention.

Any one 1 mark

University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate 2003

C/(i) alongside a relevant arrow;

D/(ii) alongside a relevant arrow;

(iii) P/(iii) alongside a relevant arrow;

(iv) R/(iv) alongside a relevant arrow;

less/no (trees/leaves) to photosynthesise;

less (leaves to) transpire/evaporation of water/evapotranspiration;

University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate 2003

label C clearly linked to a cell membrane in each cell;

has cilia (on one surface/end of cell);

reject - trap bacteria/dust, etc.

Credit valid references to goblet cells and function of producing mucus

has haemoglobin/no nucleus/biconcave;

movement of water (molecules);

University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate 2003

use of correct symbols/X and Y;

University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate 2003

top left box to 2nd right box;

2nd left box to top right box;

bottom left box to bottom right box;

label to colon/large intestine;

reject - gall bladder

(iii) label to liver;

(iv) label to pancreas;

reject - small intestine.

University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate 2003

A refracts/bends light rays/lets light enter eye;

B focuses light rays/image on to the retina/fovea;

more/too much light enters/reaches retina;

University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate 2003

(translocation) is movement of soluble materials/sugars/amino acids;

leaves lose water;

University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate 2003

ignore - decomposers/saprophytes [1]

energy is not passed back to the sun/grass/producer/

University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate 2003

one mark for each part (drawn) and labelled correctly:

ref. to blood enters machine from patient AW;

(i) ref. to internal environment;

(ii) ref. to maintaining level of named substance in blood;

(iii) suitable organ named;

University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate 2003

one mark for each column drawn and shaded correctly;

(ii) AWARD 2 MARKS FOR CORRECT ANSWER, EVEN

REJECT REF. TO FLUORINE ONCE in (i), (ii) or (iii)

ref. to side effects of too much fluoride, e.g. browning of tooth

University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate 2003

involves giving the organism two names;

Caulerpa grows at twice their rate AW;

(ii) ref. to primary consumer/(organism) that feeds on plants/producers; 1

ref. to chlorine being + dangerous/poisonous/damaging to other

ref. to possible effects on local food chains or food webs AW;

it may eat other seaweeds as well;