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CONTENTS
Introduction
Organic acids ..
Chlorinated hydrocarbons ..
Cooling water, seawater cooling
6
7
Selection criteria . 8
Localised corrosion
Organic acids
Reference deliveries ... 13
Sandvik, Sandvik SAF 2304, Sandvik SAF 2205 and Sandvik SAF 2507
are trademarks owned by Sandvik AB
Recommendations are for guidance only, and the suitability of a material
for a specific application can be confirmed only when we know the actual
service conditions. Continuous development may necessitate changes in
technical data without notice.
INTRODUCTION
FROM WHALE OIL TO
ADHESIVES
The versatility of chemicals derived
from organic oils was first discovered
through the exploitation of whale oil in
the nineteenth century. Domestic lighting was first made possible through the
use of this medium and was also the
basis for the establishment and growth
of some of the worlds major chemical
corporations. Thankfully the discovery
of another form of hydrocarbon in the
shape of crude oil provided an alternative source of domestic energy as well
as an abundant feedstock for the manufacture of the majority of todays consumable products. Fig. 1 summarises
the derivatives of natural gas and crude
oil and the finished products that are
manufactured from them.
In todays petrochemical market the
most important hydrocarbon raw materials following petroleum refining and
natural gas processing are ethylene,
propylene, butadiene, benzene, mixed
xylenes and methanol. Demand for
these products is expected to increase in
proportion to world demand for consumer products.
RELIABLE HEAT TRANSFER
Heat transfer is one of the fundamental
elements of hydrocarbon processing,
together with catalysis, thermal cracking, fluid flow and mass transfer.
Despite technological advances in the
area of compact heat exchangers, shell
and tube and air cooler type exchangers
are the most popular pieces of equipment in bulk petrochemical operations
thanks to their ability to accommodate
large heat loads and their ease of maintenance and cleaning. This popularity
will continue long into the future.
Reducing corrosion of materials and
reducing fouling of heat transfer surfaces is a high priority in the hydrocarbon processing industry. Corrosion and
fouling can in many cases reduce onstream time, increase maintenance and
therefore lower operating efficiency. In
these times of strong competition within the industry and in the spirit of increased efficiency, in line with stiffening environmental legislation, retrofitting operations in petrochemical
plants often involve the addition of new
or improved heat transfer equipment.
Such investment can be difficult to justify if the new equipment is still subject
to corrosion and fouling. There is therefore a demand for cost effective solutions to the potential problems that can
be encountered in heat transfer equipment. This demand can be satisfied in
many cases by the specification and
VINYL CHLORIDE
ADHESIVES
BUTADIENE
DETERGENT AND SOAPS
ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE
NATURAL GAS
PETROLEUM
ETHYLENE
ETHYLENE GLYCOL
PROPYLENE
ETHYLENE OXIDE
BUTYLENE
METHACRYLATE
BUTADIENE
MALAIC ANHYDRIDE
BENZENE
PTHALIC ANHYDRIDE
TOLUENE
ACRYLONITRILE
p-XYLENE
STYRENE
o-XYLENE
PHENOL
m-XYLENE
FORMALDEHYDE
NAPHTALENES
UREA
AMMONIA
MELAMINE
METHANOL
TOLUENE DIAOCYANATE
EXPLOSIVES
FERTILIZERS
FILMS AND FIBRES
PAINTS AND COATINGS
PESTICIDES AND HERBICIDES
PHARMACEUTICALS
POLYMERISING
POLYMERS/RESINS
RUBBERS AND ELASTOMERS
CARBON BLACK
OTHER ORGANIC CHEMICALS
Fig 1.
ORGANIC ACIDS
PROCESS
The reactive acid group (-COOH) is responsible both
for the wide use of these chemicals as well as their
resultant corrosive nature. They are slightly reducing in
nature and are often mixed with halides used as catalysts during their synthesis. The most corrosive of the
organic acids is formic, and the most widely used is acetic. Formic acid is also a common contaminant in acetic
acid processing.
Pure Terephthalic Acid (PTA) is an important feedstock in the manufacture of synthetic resins for plastics
manufacture. Acetic acid is one catalyst used in the oxidation of paraxylene which is the most common method
of manufacturing PTA.
Air Cooler
(Condenser)
Acetic
Acid
Raw
Material
Water
Steam
Reactor
Air
Distillation
PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE
In plant testing in a terephthalic acid plant
High alloy austenitics such as 2RK65 (904L) has been
successful in organic acid applications, but there is a
lack of references thus far for duplex stainless steels.
Through laboratory testing it is possible to rank different materials in terms of their corrosion resistance in
different organic acid containing solutions. However; It
is not practically possible to simulate real process environments. The only real way to compare materials performance in process is through in plant testing. The
table shows the respective corrosion rates of some stainless materials seen in coupon testing in a European PTA
plant using a process based on the oxidation of paraxylene in the presence of an acetic acid catalyst. People
familiar with this process will most likely recognise the
specific location of the coupons.
The table shows that corrosion from this process
environment results in unacceptably high corrosion
SANDVIK SUGGESTS
Duplex stainless steels show a remarkable resistance to
general corrosion by organic acids, even outperforming
some of the nickel based alloys in many cases.
However; the cost of these materials is close to their
austenitic cousins. Results from both laboratory research and in plant testing described below prove the
value of Duplex stainless steels as the most cost effective problem solver for organic acids production.
Materials
AISI 317L
AISI 317L,
welded
SAF 2205
SAF 2205,
welded
SAF 2507
SAF 2507,
welded
Solution :
75% acetic acid,
25% H2O
Traces of Br, Co, Mn
Corrosion rate mm/y,
T=175C
Solution :
96% acetic acid,
3% H2O
Traces of Br, Co, Mn
Corrosion rate mm/y,
T=150C
0.44
0.67
0.47
0.012
0.68
0.06
0.027
0.004
0.072
0.011
0.006
0.016
CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS
PROCESS
In the pure form organic chlorides are not corrosive but
when they condense in heat exchangers, a certain
amount of water is often present as a separate phase.
The resultant hydrolysis when the two media mix
results in the formation of hydrochloric acid.
Hydrochloric acid is one of the most corrosive mineral
acids and even at trace quantities in solution can cause
rapid attack of even corrosion resistant alloys.
Two of the most common processes for the chlorination of hydrocarbons are direct chlorination using Cl2 or
oxychlorination using HCl. Both processes rely heavily
on catalyst technology. Fig. 3 shows a simplified diagram describing oxychlorination used in the production
of ethylene dichloride (EDC), the most important feedstock in the manufacture of PVC.
EDC
Pre-condenser
EDC for final
processing to
Vinyl Chloride
Reactor
Quench Tower
Ethylene
Air
Hydrochloric Acid
SANDVIK SUGGESTS
The presence of aqueous HCl constitutes the major corrosion problem that can be experienced in these plants.
General corrosion of carbon steels, high risk of pitting
and stress corrosion cracking in standard AISI 300 series stainless steels and pitting of nickel based alloys are
the most likely failure modes. Nickel base alloys can be
useful when the corrosion mode is rapid and heavy
general attack, however if the risk is for localised corrosion then very often high performance duplex stainless
steels have an advantage due to higher alloying with
chrome, molybdenum and nitrogen. Nickel itself has
little effect on resistance to pitting attack.
PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE
Alkyl Chlorides
The resistance of the duplex stainless steels in HCl varies according to the composition of the material and the
characteristics of the acid. In a German petrochemical
plant a heat exchanger used to condense branched alkyl
chlorides at 75C was tubed with 22Cr duplex. The
alkyl chlorides themselves were not corrosive, however
the organic phase contained a certain amount of water
which condensed as a separate phase. The aqueous
SANDVIK SUGGESTS
SAF 2304, SAF 2205 in chloride containing cooling
water (non seawater applications)
Excellent resistance to SCC
Excellent resistance to pitting up to specific limits
PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE
Retubing seawater coolers with SAF 2507
There are few materials solutions to seawater corrosion
problems available at reasonable cost. The kinds of
materials that can resist corrosion in seawater are
expensive and require special consideration when it
comes to manufacturing of equipment.
At a hydrocarbon processing plant in Singapore, land
reclamation led to increased amounts of sand in the seawater used for process cooling. At flowrates as low as
1 m/s heat exchangers tubed with admiralty brass started leaking prematurely.
The two candidate materials for retubing the exchangers were Titanium and SAF 2507.
Titanium tubes have been known to split during
heavy expansion during retubing operations. In addition, it is necessary to apply cathodic protection in header boxes to prevent galvanic corrosion of the brass
tubesheet. Under such circumstances brittle titanium
hydrides can form in the tubing greatly reducing the
integrity of the equipment.
As a result SAF 2507 was the selected material and
has been in service since 1993.
SELECTION CRITERIA
FOR DUPLEX STAINLESS STEELS IN HEAT EXCHANGERS
CONSIDERATIONS
Duplex stainless steels may be used in
many corrosive environments within
the temperature range of approximately
-50 to 300C.
When considering which duplex
stainless steel to use in a particular heat
exchanger application, the main concern is resistance of the material to
localised pitting corrosion.
The parameters affecting the pitting
tendency of a given stainless steel can
be defined as :
temperature
chloride content
oxidant content
pH
sulphide content
inhibiting ion content
flow rate
Brief consideration of these parameters
enables further simplification for grade
selection;
Oxygen is the most common oxidant
found in natural waters. Its content varies between 0 - 9 ppm between boiling
and 20C. The corrosivity of the waters
drops considerably when the oxygen
content drops clearly below 1 ppm.
Chlorine is another oxidant which is
commonly added to seawater exchangers to mitigate against biofouling.
Its effect is to considerably increase the
electrochemical potential and thus
increase the severity of the environment. Only materials with an exceptionally high resistance to pitting
should be used in systems containing
chlorinated seawater.
The pitting resistance is impaired by
stagnant solutions. High flowrates of
chloride containing water in tubular
heat exchangers will keep the surfaces
clean both from deleterious species at
pitting sites and from fouling which
could otherwise reduce heat transfer.
The following 4 factors are the most
critical in assessing the probability of
pitting attack :
1. high electrochemical potential
2. high chloride content
3. low pH
4. high temperature
8
Tube Wall
Temp
(C)
T(h)
Hot Fluid
Cold Fluid
MTT
T(c)
r(o)
r(f,o)
r(w)
r(f,i)
r(i)
1/U
Fig 4. Temperature drop through a tube wall from a hot to cold medium.
1
1
1
1
1
1
= + + + +
U h(o) h(w) h(f,o) h(f,i) h(i)
(2)
1
= r(o) + r(f,o) + r(w) + r(f,i) + r(i) = R
U
(3)
r(o)+r(f,o)
MTT = T(h) T(h) T(c)
R
Where :
U = overall heat transfer coefficient
h
= individual heat transfer coefficient
R = overall heat resistance (1/U)
r
= individual heat resistance (1/h)
o/i = outside/inside of tube
f
= fouling
w = tube wall
T(h) = temperature of hot fluid
T(c) = temperature of cold fluid
MTT= Maximum Tube wall Temperature
Temperature,C
90
300
SCC
904L
SAF 2507
No cracking
N08028/Sanicro 28
SAF 2507
250
80
SAF 2205
150
70
SAF 2304
25 Cr Duplex
60
100
SAF 2205
50
AISI 304/304L
50
AISI 316/316L
Cl,%
12
15
20
25
NaCl, weight-%
40
3
5
6
10
9
15
No SCC
0
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
10
Cl, weight-%
General corrosion
Temperature C
Temperature, C
Boiling point curve
120
90
SAF 2507
6Mo + N
100
80
SAF 2507
80
70
60
25 Cr Duplex
60
SAF 2205
AISI
40 316L
50
20
40
5
AISI
316L
904L
SAF 2507
SAF
2205
SAF
2304
0
20
40
60
pH
SAF
2304
80
100
H2SO4, weight-%
Temperature, C
Pitting
Boiling point curve
100
80
SAF 2205
60
SAF 2507
80
AISI 316L
SAF 2304
40
60
AISI
316L
AISI 304L
20
904L
40
No pitting
0
0.01 0.02
20
0
6Mo+N
SAF 2205
1
4
5
HCl, weight-%
PRACTICAL ASPECTS TO
SELECTING MATERIALS
While it has proved effective to select
materials for heat exchanger applications based on arbitrary laboratory test
results, it is also necessary to consider
certain aspects of operating heat exchangers that cannot be suitably represented in the laboratory testing.
Deposits
The most important consideration is
perhaps the potential for the build up of
deposits in or on the tubes. Such deposits may emanate from the process side,
for example from tenacious hydrocarbons and process slurries. Cooling
water sources may contain sand or
sediment that can lie in horizontally
mounted exchangers when operated at
low flowrates. Due consideration must
be given to the possibility of crevices
forming under these deposits which
may lead to corrosion taking place at
temperatures lower than the CPT of the
selected material.
Probably; two of the most potent
tools in selecting material for the
upgrading of heat exchangers are :
Previous experience with other
materials.
What has been the mode of failure
of the previously installed unit and
where have the problems occurred?
This information can be gathered
during inspection.
What material solutions have been
used successfully elsewhere?
Much information is available from
Sandvik reference lists, which present
data from plants worldwide where
duplex alloys have a proven track
record over a period of time.
These two items of information,
used in combination with the exchanger operating parameters, technical data
sheets and corrosion tables will enable
effective materials specification to be
made.
10
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
C-276 C-22
C-4
SAF A 625
2507
SAF
2205
Temperature, C
B o i li n
100
rve
p o int c u
SAF 2507
120
SAF 2304
904L
316L
SAF 2507
100
80
316L
80
304L
60
60
304L
40
40
20
0
20
40
60
80
100
HCOOH, weight-%
20
0
20
40
60
80
100
CH3COOH, weight-%
11
0
SAF
2205
SAF
2507
A 625
C4
C22
C276
SAF 2205
0.10
N08028
Sanicro 28
SAF2507
No attack
0.05
6Mo+N
0
0
10
15
20
25
30
HCOOH, weight-%
12
MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION
Since organic acids are reducing, the
materials of construction should either
have high contents of Ni and Mo, or
they should be easily passivated. The
former group is characteristic for
Nickel base alloys, whereas the latter
is a typical feature of a duplex stainless
steel.
Standard austenitic stainless steels
may be used in organic acids at low to
moderate temperatures and concentration ranges. In more corrosive conditions, upgrading has to be done to
higher alloyed stainless steels, such as
the duplex stainless steels, or nickel
base alloys. Other materials such as
copper and aluminium may be used
but they are very sensitive to specific
process conditions. For instance, copper is attacked in presence of aeration
or cupric ions, whereas under deaerated conditions the resistance may be
very good, even above the atmospheric
boiling point.
FORMIC ACID
Formic acid is the most aggressive of
the organic acids. At temperatures up
to 40C Sandvik 3R12 may be used,
whereas at higher temperatures 3R60
may be used if the concentration is
low. At concentration exceeding 10%
and temperatures above 80C special
stainless steels must be used to keep
the corrosion rate low. The duplex
stainless steels Sandvik SAF 2304,
SAF 2205 and SAF 2507 have good
resistance within certain limits, at temperatures above 100C SAF 2507 is
the preferred material, except in boiling solutions in the concentration
range 40-90%, where the temperature
must be limited to approximately
100C. In boiling 40-90% formic acid
materials such as Hastelloy C-4 or
alloy 625 may be used.
The presence of impurities in formic
acid may increase corrosiveness substantially, this is especially true for ferric chloride and copper chloride, where
corrosion rate increases substantially.
REFERENCE DELIVERIES
ORGANIC ACIDS
Application
Country
Size
Service conditions
Previous experience
Sandvik SAF 2205
Application
Country
Size and quantity
Service conditions
Chloride salts
Italy
38.1 x 1.65 mm
Tube side
Glutamic acid
1620% Cl, 1.83% SO4 (2),
Mg, Na, K, Ca, pH 45
Temperature max 85C (185F)
Shell side
Steam at max 115C (239F)
316L tubes failed due to SCC.
Tubes in service since 1983 with excellent performance.
Caprolactam
Italy
19.05 x 1.65 mm, 11 600 m (38000 ft)
Tube side
Diathermic oil
Inlet 325C (617F)
Pressure 15.3 bar (222 psi)
Shell side
Benzoic acid + underproducts
Inlet 285C (545F)
TP316L and 317 failed due to corrosion and fretting at baffle
plates. Severe fouling on shell side.
Two reboilers installed in early 1984.
Application
Reboiler/Condenser
Country
USA
Size
Service conditions
Tube side
Shell side
Previous experience
Previous experience
CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS
Application
EDC/VCM
Country
Norway
Size
20 x 2 mm
Service conditions
HCl Tower overhead condenser.
Previous experience
3RE60 failed due to pitting in the haz of badly executed welds.
Sandvik SAF 2205
In service since 1984.
Application
Country
Size and quantity
Service conditions
Previous experience
Sandvik SAF 2205
EDC/VCM
Sweden
3" Sch 40, 250 m
Tube side
Water
Temperature max 90C (194F)
Pressure 2 bar
Shell side
Emulgator, vinylacetate, ethylen
vinyl chloride, organic acids, etc.
Temperature up to 80C (176F)
Pressure max 120 bar
Unknown.
Installed in 1985.
13
Application
Country
Size
Service conditions
Previous experience
Sandvik SAF 2205
PVC
Italy
20 x 2 mm
PVC granules
Previous material failed due to erosion corrosion.
SAF 2205 installed in various exchangers since 1985, replacing
old material.
Application
Country
Size and quantity
Service conditions
EDC/VCM
Taiwan
4" Sch 40, 1300 m
Tube side
Cooling water
Temperature norm. 145C (293F)
Pressure norm 3 bar
Temperature max 200C (392F)
Pressure max 16 bar
Shell side
EDC, C2H2, O2, HCl, CO, CO2, N2,
CuCl2, Al2O3 catalyst
Outlet 250-300C (482-572F)
Inlet 100-250C (212-482F)
Pressure max 2 bar
Unknown.
Delivered September 1987.
Previous experience
Sandvik SAF 2205
Application
Country
Size and quantity
Service conditions
Previous experience
Sandvik SAF 2205
14
VCM
Norway
1" and 2" Sch 80, 150 + 60 m (490 + 195 ft), plate and flanges
Fluidized bed in oxy-chlorination reactor
Temperature 170C (338F)
C-steel and Alloy 825 eroded after 6-12 months.
Installed in 1982, and improved service life compared with
previous materials.
Application
Country
Size
Service conditions
Condenser
USA
22.25 x 1.25 mm
Tube side
Brackish water
Tmax = 65C (149F)
Shell side
Gases with methylene chloride, some HCl and
moisture condensing at 65C (149F)
Previous experience
Installed in 1993.
SEAWATER COOLING
Application
Seawater Cooler
Country
France
Size
19.05 x 1.24 mm
Service conditions
Tube Side
Chlorinated seawater
T 20-50C (68-122F)
Shell Side
Ethylene oxide
Tin 100C (212F)
Previous experience
Replacement of bimetallic tubing.
Sandvik SAF 2507
Delivered 1991. Tubes still operating perfectly in March '97.
Application
Country
Size
Service conditions
Previous experience
Application
Country
Size
Service conditions
Previous experience
Sandvik SAF 2507
Application
Country
Size
Service conditions
Previous E
experience
Sandvik SAF 2507
Application
Country
Size
Service conditions
Previous experience
Sandvik SAF 2507
Application
Country
Size
Service conditions
Previous experience
Sandvik SAF 2507
15
OTHER AREAS
Application
Country
Service conditions
Previous experience
Sandvik SAF 2205
Application
Country
Size and quantity
Service conditions
Previous experience
Sandvik SAF 2205
Application
Country
Size and quantity
Service conditions
Previous experience
Sandvik SAF 2205
Application
Country
Size and quantity
Service conditions
Previous experience
Sandvik SAF 2205
16
Ethanol
Italy
1) Vacuum separator: solution of ethanol, NaCl
(max 22.4%) and water at 82C (180F)
2) Separator (3rd effect): solution of ethanol, NaCl
(max 17%) and water at 63C (145F)
3) Heat exchanger (3rd effect): tube side has ethanol with
max 17% NaCl and H2O and temperature of
63C (145F). Ethanol+steam on shell side.
4) Separator-distillator: Tube side with 14% NaCl and water at
60C (140F). (4th effect) on the shell side similar solution at
44C (111F).
New plant.
Delivered in 1983.
Methanol
Canada
19.05 x 1.65 mm, 8000 m
Tube side
Methanol with wet CO2
About 10 ppm chlorides
Inlet 241C (465F)
Outlet 144C (291F)
Shell side
Methanol with Na2CO3
About 70 ppm chlorides
Inlet 85C (185F)
Outlet 115C (239F)
Severe SCC occured on Tp 304 tubes. Only 5 to 6 weeks life
reported.
Delivered in 1982.
Ethylene glycol
Netherlands
19.05 x 2.03 mm, 20,600 m
Tube side
Steam
11.7 bar (170 psi)
Temperature 225C (437F)
Shell side
Acid bleach stream containing glycols and salt
Temperature 175C (347F)
Pressure 4.2 bar (61 psi)
C-steel failed every two years due to corrosion from shell side.
Delivered in 1984
Methanol
New Zealand
19.05 x 1.65 mm, 14 000 m
Tube side
Methanol with wet CO2
10 ppm chlorides
Inlet 241C (465F)
Outlet 144C (291F)
Shell side
Methanol with Na2CO3
70 ppm chlorides
Inlet 85C (185F)
Outlet 115 (239F)
Tp 304 tubes failed after 5-6 weeks due to chloride
induced SCC from the shell side where carbonate scale is formed.
Heat exchanger commissioned in 1983. SAF 2205 was
selected in preference to type 26Cr-1Mo steel.
Application
Country
Size and quantity
Service conditions
Previous experience
Sandvik SAF 2205
Application
Country
Size
Service conditions
Cyanamid acrylamide
Netherlands
19.05 x 1.65 x 1900 mm, 4430 m
Tube side
Air + steam
Inlet 20C (68F)
Outlet 35C (95F)
Pressure 0.01 bar (0.14 psi)
Shell side
Brackish water
Temperature 27-34C (80-93F)
Pressure 2.5 bar (36 psi)
Tp 304L failed due to pitting and SCC.
Delivered in 1982.
Previous Eeperience
Overhead condensers
Japan
19.05 x 1.2 mm
Tube Side
Seawater
Tin 30C (86F)
Tout 35C (95F)
Shell Side
Hydrocarbons, H2, N2, CO2, H2S
Tin 127C (261F)
Duplex alloy containing 3% Mo suffered from pitting corrosion.
Application
Country
Size and quantity
Service conditions
Previous experience
Sandvik SAF 2304
Application
Country
Size and quantity
Service conditions
Previous experience
Sandvik SAF 2304
Application
Country
Size and quantity
Service conditions
Previous experience
Sandvik SAF 2304
17
Application
Country
Size and quantity
Service conditions
Previous experience
Sandvik SAF 2304
Application
Country
Size and quantity
Service conditions
Previous experience
Sandvik SAF 2304
Application
Country
Size and quantity
Service conditions
Previous experience
Sandvik SAF 2304
Application
Country
Size and quantity
Service conditions
Previous experience
Sandvik SAF 2205
Application
Country
Size and quantity
Service conditions
Previous experience
Sandvik SAF 2205
18
Fermentation of hydrocarbons
Germany
25 x 2 x 2450 mm, 135 m
Tmax 120C (248F), 1/2 h per day
Tnorm 40C (104F)
Cl 200-500 ppm
pH 3.5-4.5
AISI 316Ti has been tested but failed due to corrosion
fatigue.
Delivered 1987. SAF 2304 was chosen due to excellent
test results.
Phenol
Germany
Heat exchanger tubing
Tube side
Steam
Shell side
90% phenol and water
About 60 ppm chlorides
Slightly acidic
Temperature 70C (158F)
Tp 321 and 316Ti stainless steel failed due to pitting and SCC after
3-4 weeks.
Tubes were installed in early 1984.
Glycerol
Italy
1" Sch 5 & 10, 240 m
Tube side
80% glycerol + water with about
20 000 ppm chlorides.
Temperature max 105-110C (230F)
Flow rate 1 m/s (3.3 ft/s)
Shell side
Steam
Temperature max 140C (284F)
C-steel failed after about 2 years.
Installed in 1982. Plant on stream 1986.
Application
Country
Size and quantity
Service conditions
Previous experience
Sandvik SAF 2205
Application
Country
Size
Service conditions
Previous experience
Sandvik SAF 2304
Polypropylene glycol
Korea
1 1/2" Sch 10S, 240 m
Tube side
Fresh water with 5 ppm chlorides
Inlet is ambient
Shell side
Polypropylene glycol with some chlorides
Inlet max 130C (266F)
Tp 304 failed due to stress corrosion cracking after a short time.
Replacement in 316 also failed due to the same reason.
Coil with SAF 2205 pipe has been in service since 1982.
Reboiler
USA
19.05 x 1.24 mm
Tube side
Steam
T = 127C (260F)
Shell side
Isopropyl alcohol, water and solids
T = 80-105C (176-221F)
Installed in 1992.
IPA/IPE Reboiler
United Kingdom
19.05 x 1.65 mm, 555 m
Tube side
Mixture of isopropylacetat, isopropylethylene and some water
Shell side
Steam, 120C (248F)
AISI 316 failed due to SCC from shell side.
In service end of October 1987.
19