ASSIGNMENT - POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND PROTECTION BEF43303

TOPIC 2: PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF SYSTEM FAILURE

GROUP NAME: PHOTOVOLTAIC
1. MOHAMMAD SHAMIR MOHAMMAD FUAD
2. NUR HAZWANI NADIA WAHAB
3. NURUL AINA FARAHIN ISMAIL
4. NURUL 'AIN SHUHADA MAZLAN
5. NURUL SYAHIRAH RAHAYU
6. AINATUL ADILLA DAHRI

CE130140
CE130160
CE130164
CE130169
CE130167
CE130120

GROUP NAME: GENERATOR

1. NURUL JANNAH MOHD RAMLAN
2. NUR FATIN FATIHA SALEH
3. KOH CHUN CHEN
4. AZLIN HAZWANI ROSLEE
5. SHARINI P. JANASEKARAN

CE130166
CE130159
CE130130
CE130125
CE130108

Scoring Rubric for Presentation

BEF43303 Power System Analysis and Protection
Topic: Introduction to Power System Protection

GROUP:_______________________
PRESENCE
-body language & eye contact
-contact with the public
-poise
-physical organization

LANGUAGE SKILLS
-correct usage
-appropriate vocabulary and grammar
-understandable (rhythm, intonation, accent)
-spoken loud enough to hear easily

ORGANIZATION
-clear objectives
-logical structure
-signposting

MASTERY OF THE SUBJECT

-pertinence
-depth of commentary
-spoken, not read
-able to answer questions

VISUAL AIDS
-transparencies, slides
-handouts
-audio, video, etc.

OVERALL IMPRESSION
-very interesting / very boring
-pleasant / unpleasant to listen to
-very good / poor communication

TOTAL SCORE _______ / 30

POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND PROTECTION

SESSION 20152016
Prevention and Control of System Failure
Group name: Generator

INTRODUCTION

Prevention and Control of System Failure

Most of failure mode in power system can be controlled.

To limit damage.
Enhance reliability.
Minimise the total transport cost of energy. (Balance between initial
cost and maintenance)
Insulation design is not economical to design a system to withstand all
possible system failure.
Design a protective system that can quickly detect abnormal condition
and take appropriate action.

cont. INTRODUCTION
Prevention and Control of System Failure

Two basic types of protective system

1. Reactionary devices:
Designed to recognise certain hazard in the power system environment.
Take predetermined action to remove hazard.
To isolate that portion of the system experiencing the hazard and the
rest of the system can operate normally.
2. Safeguard devices:
Designed to recognise certain hazard in the power system environment.
Take predetermined action to change that environment to a less
hazardous condition.

HAZARD

MATERIAL

EQUIPMENT

ENVIRONMENT

PROCESS

PEOPLE

REACTIONARY DEVICE
Design to protect specific hazard: a short circuit on system component to
remove the hazard
The protective system action restore the system to best possible operating
system under circumstance.
The protection of the system against total failure must be adaptive in sense
that must be operate in acceptable manner for any kind of abnormal occur in
reliable manner.

Normal State
x > Xm

Inequality
Constraint

x < Xm
Restorative
State

Abnormal
State
t>0
t < Tm

Action
State
Time Constraint

t > Tm

Outrage
State

Normal State
NORMAL STATE
All item of equipment should be in
operation actually working and operate
within normal design.

Abnormal
State

Restorative
State

Action
State

Outrage
State

When an event occur that cause the operation of any system component to
exceed normal operating limit, the system has entered abnormal state which
mean something must be done to relieve abnormality before serious failure
occurs.

ABNORMAL STATE
Abnormalities can be charge in nature
depends on nature condition.
It might be wise to wait a bit before
taking action to see if the abnormality
clear itself.
ACTION STATE
Certain prescribed action must be taken,
usually without further intentional delay.

Normal State
Abnormal
Abnormal
State
State

Restorative
State

Action
Action
State
State

Outrage
State

OUTRAGE STATE
RESTORATIVE STATE
The faulted device is remove from
Any required inspection or other repair
service.
action are taken in order to reach the
Since this state not desired operating
normal state.
condition, the system usually caused to
enter restorative state.

FLOW CHART
tripping decision process

To trip the device?!

Violate the inequality constraint, x > Xm
Violate the time constraint, t > Tm

Normal State

FLOW CHART

Increment Time

NO

x > Xm
?

Restore Circuit
YES

NO

tripping decision process

Time Delay

t > Tm
?

YES
YES

Trip Circuit

Restore?

NO

Outage State

Normal State

Usually system in the normal state

The protective device is set:
to assume that the normal state prevails at startup.

Increment Time
x > xm
?

The protective device checks the observed system variables, x to determine if any
variable exceeds its threshold value
NO

Time is incremented to observe the next measured value

YES

If the threshold is exceeded,the time threshold is checked

and tripping action is with held until the time threshold expires.

t > Tm
?

Trip Circuit

When both the quantity and time thresholds are exceeded, the circuit is tripped.
This type of logic is designed to prevent tripping for short, temporary disturbances
that might be observed. Such disturbances are often a part ofthenormal operating
condition of the network, and tripping should not be initiated for such events.

Automatic restoration is begun following a preset time delay.

Restore?

This concept has proven valuable since most power system disturbances are
temporary, including short circuits.

Time Delay
Once the circuitis de-energized, the abnormal condition clears itself, and the
circuit can be successfully restored.

Outage State

Restore Circuit

If this is not a part of the programmed response of the device,the circuit is "lockedout" and remains in the outage state until repair personnel can determine the
cause of the outage and take appropriate action.
This state is shown at the bottom of the flow chart, where the system is in the
outage state with no automatic escape.

SAFEGUARD DEVICES
Designed to recognize a certain hazard in the power system
environment
To take predetermined action to change that environment to
a less hazardous condition

Design to change the environmental conditions

SAFEGUARD

that are the cause of the emergency

Design to alarm the operator
Shut down facility experiencing a hazardous
condition
Design to take action

EXAMPLE

Removing of equipment from service if other

remedial actions not effective

Fire sprinkler system

Apparatus supplementary cooling system
Detector: monitor unbalance current/volt equipment
Emergency core cooling system of a nuclear reactor: preventing core meltdown

SAFEGUARD
OPERATION

Protective sensor detect specified hazardous condition

- change operating environmental

Safeguard must be carefully designed for very high reliability

and security because of the high cost of failure.

PROTECTIVE DEVICE

operation

ELEMENTS:

System condition
Make decisions regarding the normality of observed variables
Take action
Threshold Quantity
Metered Quantity

Comparison Element

Decision Element

Protective device functional elements

Action Element

cont. PROTECTIVE DEVICE

operation

Measured certain system quantities Volt/Current

Compare system quantities or combination quantities
Threshold setting (by protection engineer) Set into device
Comparison indicates alert condition
Decision element is trigged
All check satisfied : Action element release to operate
Timing element : Determine permanence of the condition
that require other check system other point in network

cont. PROTECTIVE DEVICE

operation

Clearing time, Tc = Tp + Td + Ta
Tp, comparison time
Td, decision time
Ta, action time

cont. PROTECTIVE DEVICE

operation

IMPORTANT
1 Clearing time is also important because some disturbances, such as
short circuits, must be cleared promptly in order to preserve system
stability.
2

The clearing time is very important since other protective systems in the network
maybe time-coordinated with this protective device in order to ensure that only the
necessary portions of the network are interrupted.