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recuperator heat exchangers to provide significant fuel savings across the entire power
range. The WR-21 concept was primarily developed for naval propulsion and the validation
programme has been jointly funded by the United States Navy, the British Royal Navy and
the French Navy. Work began in December 1991 following a contract award to Northrop
Grumman Marine Systems (NGMS) for the design and development of an intercooled
recuperated gas turbine engine system. The project team included NGMS as the system
integrator, Rolls-Royce as the gas turbine provider, Honeywell as the provider of heat
exchangers and CAE as provider of the control system.
The programme objectives were to design, develop and qualify a new generation of gas
turbine with significant through life cycle cost benefits for future ship applications. The main
contributors to the improvements in through life cycle costs are fuel efficiency, reliability and
maintainability.
The WR-21 offers significant fuel savings over the entire power range which is particularly
beneficial for Naval applications where the majority of operation is part power.
The WR-21 achieves its high cycle efficiency compared to simple cycle engines through the
incorporation of heat exchangers into the engine system. The figure overleaf diagramatically
illustrates the engine cycle for the WR-21 .
http://nippon.zaidan.info/seikabutsu/2000/00429/contents/087.htm
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http://nippon.zaidan.info/seikabutsu/2000/00429/contents/087.htm
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HMS Daring, the first of the WR-21 powered Royal Navy Type 45 destroyers, was handed
over to the Royal Navy in 2008. The engine, with its intercooled and recuperated cycle, is
the worlds most efficient marine gas turbine.
http://www.rolls-royce.com/reports/2008/br-kba-engi-technology.html
The final Type 45 design is 152.4m long and 21.2m wide, with a standard
displacement of 7,350t and full displacement of 7,800t. The ships will cruise at 17
knots using all-electric propulsion, powered by 2 WR-21 advanced cycle gas turbine
engines with intercooler and exhaust recuperator (ICR) heat exchangers. Each turbine
will provide 25MW of power, and the propulsion systems will be built by a team that
includes Rolls-Royce, Northrop Grumman, and Alsthom Power Conversion Ltd.
Expected top speed is 27 knots, but in trials, HMS Daring reportedly bettered 30 knots
with both turbines engaged. At 190 sailors, the embarked crew will be smaller than
previous ships, with better accommodations and provisions for up to 235. The ship
will also be able to carry up to 60 Royal Marines.
http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/DDG-Type-45-Britains-Shrinking-Air-DefenseFleet-04941/
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Advances in a Gas Turbine System for Ship Propulsion, M.L. Parker, P.K. MacLeod, M. Coulson*, Paper presented at the RTO A VT Symposium on "Gas Turbine
Engine Combustion, Emissions and Alternative Fuels", held in Lisbon, Portugal, 12-16 October 1998, and published in RTO MP-l4.
http://ftp.rta.nato.int/public//PubFullText/RTO/MP/RTO-MP-014///$MP-014-02.pdf
*WR21 Project Office, Rolls-Royce Industrial & Marine Gas Turbines, Ansty, Coventry CV7 9JR, UK
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Commander Colin R English RN*, The WR-21 Intercooled Recuperated Gas Turbine Engine
Integration Into Future Warships, Proceedings of the International Gas Turbine Congress 2003 Tokyo, November 27, 2003, Paper IGTC2003Tokyo OS-203.
http://nippon.zaidan.info/seikabutsu/2003/00916/pdf/igtc2003tokyo_os203.pdf
*Warship Support Agency, MoD Abbey Wood, Bristol, BS34 8JH, UK
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http://nippon.zaidan.info/seikabutsu/2003/00916/pdf/igtc2003tokyo_os203.pdf
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Reheating
When using multistage expansion through two or more turbines, reheating
between stages will increase the net work done (it also increases the
required heat input). The regenerative Brayton cycle with reheating was shown above.
The optimum intermediate pressure for reheating is the one that maximizes the turbine
work. Following the development given above for intercooling and assuming reheating to
the high-pressure turbine inlet temperature in a constant pressure steady-flow process, we
can show the optimum reheat pressure to be
P7 P6 P9
or the pressure ratios across the two turbines are equal.
P6 P7 P8
P7 P9 P9
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/007352932x/student_view0/chapter9/student_study_guide_ppts.html
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Using this result, show that the unknown pressure P2 that gives the minimum work input for
fixed compressor inlet conditions T1, P1, and exit pressure P4, is given by:
P2 P1 P4
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a)
b)
c)
d)
What are the compressor work, turbine work, combustor heat input and efficiency
for:
The above configuration?
When a regenerator is added that heats the air to within 150K of the maximum
possible value?
With a single stage compressor with the same exit pressure?
If the firing temperature of the GT in (c) is reduced to 1150C?
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