Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
BASICS OF VACUUM
DEPARTMENT OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
R V COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
R V Vidyaniketan Post, Bangalore 560 059
BASICS OF VACUUM
Bioinformatics (Global Elective F Assignment)
Submitted by
Ashwanth Subramanian
USN: 1RV12CH007
Department of Chemical Engineering
Submitted to
Dr. Subramanyam TK
Professor & Head of IDRC
Department of Physics
CERTIFICATE
Certified that the Self Study work titled BASICS OF VACUUM is carried out by
Ashwanth.S (1RV12CH007), who are bonafide students of R.V College of Engineering,
Bangalore, in partial fulfillment for the Continuous Internal Evaluation (CIE) in the Thin
Films and Surface Engineering subject for the VII semester during the year 2015-2016. It is
certified that all corrections/suggestions indicated for the internal assessment have been
incorporated in the report deposited in the departmental library. The Self Study report has
been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements in respect of Self Study work
prescribed by the institution for the said subject.
1
0
Signature of Head of the Department
Signature of Principal:
CONTENTS
Page No:
List of Figures
Introduction
Charles's law
Avogadros law
10
10
Units of P, V and T
10
11
11
13
13
References
14
List Of Figures
Page No:
Fig 1: Gas particles
10
13
14
Fig 10: Gas molecules in transition flow conditions. Mean free path is roughly
equivalent to the pipe diameter.
14
Fig 11: Gas molecules in molecular flow conditions. Mean free path is greater than 1.5
times the pipe diameter.
14
BASICS OF VACUUM
INTRODUCTION
Many chemists had dreamed of having an equation that describes relation of a gas
molecule to its environment such as pressure or temperature. However, they had
encountered many difficulties because of the fact that there always are other affecting
factors such as intermolecular forces. Despite this fact, chemists came up with a
simple gas equation to study gas behaviour while putting a blind eye to minor factors.
We must emphasize that this gas law is ideal. As students, professors, and chemists,
we sometimes need to understand the concepts before we can apply it, and assuming
the gases are in an ideal state where it is unaffected by real world conditions will help
us better understand the behaviour the gases. In order for a gas to be ideal, its
behaviour must follow the Kinetic-Molecular Theory whereas the Non-Ideal Gases
will deviate from this theory due to real world conditions.
When dealing with gas, a famous equation was used to relate all of the factors needed
in order to solve a gas problem. This equation is known as the Ideal Gas Equation. As
we have always known, anything ideal does not exist. In this issue, two well-known
assumptions should have been made beforehand:
An ideal gas is a hypothetical gas dreamed by chemists and students because it would
be much easier if things like intermolecular forces do not exist to complicate the
simple Ideal Gas Law. Ideal gases are essentially point masses moving in constant,
random, straight-line motion. Its behaviour is described by the assumptions listed in
the Kinetic-Molecular Theory of Gases. This definition of an ideal gas contrasts with
the Non-Ideal Gas definition, because this equation represents how gas actually
behaves in reality. For now, let us focus on the Ideal Gas.
The Kinetic-Molecular Theory of Gas
The properties of gases as outlined above have their explanations based on the kineticmolecular theory of gas (KMT), which is essentially the kinetic theory of matter
applied to gases.
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
5
ASHWANTH SUBRAMANIAN
According to this theory, the particles of a gas are in constant rapid and random
motion. They move in straight lines, till they collide with each other or with the walls
of the container, which changes their direction of motion. The particles are very far
apart relative to their size. This explains the fluidity, low density and compressibility
of gases.
This theory states that the pressure exerted by a gas is due to the frequency of
collisions of the gas particles with each other and the walls of its container.
In 1662, the English scientist Robert Boyle found that, for a gas in a container
maintained at a constant temperature, the volume of the gas decreases with rising
pressure.
the frequency collisions of the gas particles with the walls of the container, goes up.
The opposite is true when the volume of the gas is increased.
Boyle, on taking accurate measurements, further found that not only are pressure and
volume inversely related, but at constant temperature, they are inversely proportional.
A graph of the pressure against the inverse of volume came out to be a straight line
1
V
Around 1787, Jacques Charles had found that, at constant pressure, the volume of a
gas increases with rising temperature.
On the basis of the KMT, increasing the temperature of a gas results in the gas
particles becoming more energetic, which increases the frequency and the force of
collisions on the walls of the container by the gas particles. If the container walls are
flexible, the container will tend to increase in volume.
Charles found that not only are volume and temperature directly related, but at
constant pressure, volume and absolute temperature are directly proportional. A graph
of the volume against temperature is a straight line (see Fig. 5).
From the graph it might appear that as the absolute temperature reduces to 0K
(absolute zero), the volume too becomes zero. However, the gas liquefies to a liquid,
and finally solidifies to a solid, which has a certain volume, before the temperature
reaches absolute zero.
Avogadros Law:
Volume of a gas is directly proportional to the amount of gas at a constant temperature
and pressure.
V n
Factor
Variable
Units
Pressure
atm
Torr
Pa
mmHg
Volume
L
m
Moles
mol
Temperature
Gas Constant
R*
Take note of certain things such as temperature is always in its SI units of Kelvin (K) rather
than Celsius (C), and the amount of gas is always measured in moles. Gas pressure and
volume, on the other hand, may have various different units, so be sure to know how to
convert to the appropriate units if necessary.
The ideal gas law is the equation of state of a hypothetical ideal gas.
Combined gas law is a gas law that combines Charles's law, Boyle's law, and
Gay-Lussac's law.
SOLUTION
Step 2: After writing down all your given information, we find the
unknown moles of Ne.
Because the pressure of the container before the CO2 was added contained only Ne,
that is the required partial pressure of Ne.
Step 3: Now that have pressure for Ne, we must find the partial pressure
for CO2 using the ideal gas equation.
But because both gases share the same Volume (V) and Temperature (T) and since the
Gas Constant (R) is constants, all three terms cancel and can be removed them from
the equation.
D P 0.18
D P 0.004
D is the inside diameter, in inches, and Pbar is the average pressure in Torr
Fig 10: Gas molecules in transition flow conditions. Mean free path is roughly
equivalent to the pipe diameter.
Fig 11: Gas molecules in molecular flow conditions. Mean free path is greater than 1.5
times the pipe diameter.
References:
1. Hutchinson, John. The Ideal Gas Law. Connexions. 16 Jan. 2005
<http://cnx.org/content/m12598/1.2/>.
2. Laugier, Alexander; Garai, Jozef. "Derivation of the Ideal Gas Law." Journal of
Chemical Education. 2007, Vol. 84, Iss. 11, pgs. 1832 -1833.
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
14
ASHWANTH SUBRAMANIAN