Ftwi Y.

Hagos
Page 1 of 10

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG (UMP)

FAKULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

BMA2312 INTRODUCTION TO AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEERING

Lab Manual

Exp 1: Automotive Engines and their supporting systems

DEADLINE
SUBMISSIO
N DATE
1.
2.
STUDENTS
3.
NAME & ID
4.
NO.
5.
6.
GROUP
NO.
We hereby declare that the work is entirely our
own effort. Under no circumstances did we allow
DECLARATI anyone to copy our work. We understand and
ON
accept that any breach of trust will automatically
penalize all parties and zero mark will be given for
the lab.
MARKS
/
DISTRIBUTI
100
SECTION

BMA2312 Introduction to Automotive Engineering Lab-01 - Automotive Engines and their supporting systems

Ftwi Y. Hagos
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ON

EXPERIMENT NO. 1
Automotive Engines and their supporting systems
ABSTRACT

(5 Marks)

Heat engine is very important in our daily life , it is used to convert thermal energy to mechanical
energy as mechanical energy is useful in producing work or electricity which we use in our daily
life . One example of heat engines is automotive engine or it is called internal combustion
engine(ICE) to be more exact , there are many parts and components in an ICE , each component
plays an important role to make sure the efficiency and performance of ICE .In this report , we are
instructed to dismantle and identify each component in car engine to gain further understanding of
the working cycle of a car engine . In the meantime , we as students will acquire extra knowledge
about laboratory safety especially in an automotive workplace , this will prepare us for future job
market specifically in automobile field .
BRIEF BACKGROUND AND THEORY

(10 Marks)

It is easy to convert work to heat and there is no need to use special equipment to do so. However,
the reverse process is a challenge. We need a special equipment to change an available heat to work.
This special equipment is called heat engine. a heat engine is a system that converts heat or thermal
energy to mechanical energy, which can then be used to do mechanical work. It does this by
bringing a working substance from a higher state temperature to a lower state temperature as shown
in Figure 1.

BMA2312 Introduction to Automotive Engineering Lab-01 - Automotive Engines and their supporting systems

Ftwi Y. Hagos
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Figure 1 Part of the heat received by a heat engine is converted to work, while the rest
is rejected to a sink [Cengel, Y.A and Boles, M.A(2006),Thermodynamics: An
Engineering Approach(6th Edition), McGraw Hill, New York].

Depending on the source of heat and the working fluid, these heat engines can be classified as
internal combustion engines and external combustion engines. A working fluid, as its name implies,
is a fluid that pushes a piston or a turbine blade due to it high momentum acquired from the heat of
combustion. The piston or a turbine blade then translates this in to form of mechanical energy. In
internal combustion engines, the energy source is a combustible mixture, and the combustion
products are the working fluid. In external combustion engines, the combustion product is used to
heat a second fluid that acts as the working fluid. Figure 2 (a) and (b) shows both internal and
external combustion engines.

BMA2312 Introduction to Automotive Engineering Lab-01 - Automotive Engines and their supporting systems

Ftwi Y. Hagos
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(a) Internal combustion engine

(b) External combustion engine

Figure 2 Heat Engine (http://topmech.narod.ru/Output/files/tnmfiles/OD1619/lsn1.htm)

The most widely used engines in the automotive sector are the internal combustion engines. Internal
combustion engines are classified in to rotary and reciprocating engines depending on the motion of
the piston, two and four stroke engines depending on the number of strokes in the cycle, spark and
compression ignition engine depending on the ignition initiation of the combustible fuel, etc. In a
four stroke reciprocating internal combustion engine, there are four processes (strokes) in one
power cycle namely intake stroke, compression stroke, power or expansion stroke and exhaust
stroke. To carry out these four processes, the engine is supported by fueling system, ignition system,
cooling system, lubrication system, air intake system and exhaust system. In this experiment, we
will be able to identify the engine components and the engine support systems.

OBJECTIVE
-

(5 Marks)

To dismantle and assemble a complete four stroke four cylinder engine

To clearly understand the engine parts and engine supporting systems such as ignition,
injection, valve and valve timing, cooling, lubrication and exhaust systems

TEST SET UP
The test setup comprises the following
BMA2312 Introduction to Automotive Engineering Lab-01 - Automotive Engines and their supporting systems

(10 Marks)

Ftwi Y. Hagos
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1)
2)
3)
4)

Complete set engine

Engine stand for ease of dismantling and installation
Tool kit
Camera (personal)

The engine is mounted on an engine stand , engine assigned is 12 valves inline 4 four strokes
engine , and the tool used is socket wrench .

The experiment set up is illustrated as in the picture.

EXPERIMETAL PROCEDURE

(10 Marks)

1. The 12 valves inline 4 four strokes engine is mounted on the engine stand .
2. The cylinder head cover is removed by using spanner.
3. As the engine is dual overhead camshafts , the camshafts are removed by using socket
wrench .
4. The cylinder head is removed slowly by socket wrench.
5. The cylinder head is detached from the engine block .
6. The valves and valve spring are removed .
7. The connecting rod cap is removed by screwdriver.
BMA2312 Introduction to Automotive Engineering Lab-01 - Automotive Engines and their supporting systems

Ftwi Y. Hagos
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8. The piston is slowly knocked out from the cylinder block .

9. Take pictures of all the component with camera or mobile phone .
PRECAUTIONS

(5 Marks)

Safety boots and laboratory coat must be worn at all time in the laboratory .
Avoid removing the component from the engine under the engine , if the action is necessary ,
personal protection equipment must be worn .
Do not play with the tools provided .
Make sure the engine is mounted securely on the engine stand .
Ensure the cleanliness of the laboratory at all time .
RESULTS AND GRAPHS

BMA2312 Introduction to Automotive Engineering Lab-01 - Automotive Engines and their supporting systems

(20 Marks)

Ftwi Y. Hagos
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Engine
cylinder
head
(top)
Engine
Block
(bottom)

Camshaft

Rocker
arm
with
shaft

- Cranksha
ft

BMA2312 Introduction to Automotive Engineering Lab-01 - Automotive Engines and their supporting systems

Ftwi Y. Hagos
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QUESTIONS

(20 Marks)

1. Describe the major functions of the following reciprocating engine components: piston,
connecting rod, crankshaft, cams and camshaft, valves, intake and exhaust manifolds.
Piston - to transfer force from expanding gas in the cylinder to the crankshaft via a
piston rod and/or connecting rod. In a pump, the function is reversed and force is
transferred from the crankshaft to the piston for the purpose of compressing or
ejecting the fluid in the cylinder.
Connecting rod - transfers motion from the piston to the crankshaft and functions as a
lever arm.
Crankshaft - a mechanical part able to perform a conversion between reciprocating
motion and rotational motion. In a reciprocating engine, it translates reciprocating
motion of the piston into rotational motion.
Cam and camshafts - A cam is a rotating or sliding piece in a mechanical linkage used
especially in transforming rotary motion into linear motion or vice versa. A camshaft is
a shaft to which a cam is fastened or of which a cam forms an integral part.
Valves - The valves in an engine have numerous functions. First, they must permit the
intake of fuel and air. Then they must seal compression. After the explosion the exhaust
valve must permit the burned gases to leave the combustion chamber.
Intake and exhaust manifolds - intake manifold is the part of an engine that supplies
the fuel/air mixture to the cylinders. An exhaust manifold collects the exhaust gases
from multiple cylinders into one pipe.
2. Explain the difference between spark ignition and compression ignition engines.
Basically SI engines work on Otto Cycle and CI engines on Diesel cycle . SI engines use
gasoline as fuel and CI engines use diesel as fuel. SI engines use spark plugs and CI
engines don't this is because the compression ratio of CI engines is high enough to
ignite the fuel in the cylinder . The torque generated by CI engines are very high when
compared to their counterpart SI engines this is because the CI engines at high
compression ratio . Vibrations produced by CI engines is very high when compared
with SI engines this is because of the high compression ratio used.
3. Explain the difference between external and internal combustion engines. Give examples
from each.
The main difference between internal and external combustion engine is that in
internal combustion engines, the working fluid burns inside the cylinder, whereas in
external combustion engines, combustion takes place outside the cylinder and heat is
then transferred to the working fluid.

BMA2312 Introduction to Automotive Engineering Lab-01 - Automotive Engines and their supporting systems

Ftwi Y. Hagos
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Examples of internal combustion engine - Four-stroke Diesel and petrol (gasoline)

engines , two-stroke engines
Examples of external combustion engine - Steam engines and Stirling engines
4. Why automotive engines are preferred to be internal combustion engines?
Internal combustion engines are preferred to be automotive engines because of its
small and compact size compared to external combustion engine which usually is very
big and bulky as the working fluid is combusted in separated cylinder .
CONCLUSIONS:

(10 Marks)

From the result of this experiment , we were able to gain further understanding about automotive
engine and its components. This experiment provided us on-hand practice rather than just looking at
videos , pictures or books . Besides , during the disassembly of the engine , we were able to
visualize the working cycle of an automotive engine . As an engineer , theoretical knowledge is on
par with practical knowledge , this experiment provided a good platform for us as engineers to
expose to practical knowledge about automotive engine and their supporting system .

REFERENCES
http://www.diseno-art.com/images_2/engine_stand.jpg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piston

BMA2312 Introduction to Automotive Engineering Lab-01 - Automotive Engines and their supporting systems

(5 Marks)

Ftwi Y. Hagos
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http://courses.washington.edu/engr100/Section_Wei/engine/UofWindsorManual/Connecting
%20Rod.htm
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crankshaft
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cam
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camshaft
http://www.kwik-way.com/techdoc/blog1.php/valve-functions
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inlet_manifold
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exhaust_manifold
https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-difference-between-a-CI-engine-and-an-SI-engine
http://pediaa.com/difference-between-internal-and-external-combustion-engine/

Note:

Your report should include: Abstract, Brief Background and theory, Objective,
Equipment and materials, Experimental Procedure, Results, Discussion, Conclusion, and
References.

Submit the report within two weeks after conducting the experiment

BMA2312 Introduction to Automotive Engineering Lab-01 - Automotive Engines and their supporting systems