Arteries

f
o Arteries close to the heart have more elastin because they are
under more pressure.
o Arteries entering the major organs have more smooth muscle
to control the flow of flood to the organ.
Veins are furthest from the heart so they experience the least
pressure. Their walls are thinner than arterial walls and their lumens
are larger, allowing them to accommodate a huge volume of blood.
The tunica adventitia is the heaviest wall layer in veins.
Valves; flaps
Valves prevent blood flowing backwards in veins. Muscle movement
squeezes the veins forcing blood to flow. When valves fail varicose
veins can form
Valves in Veins
Capillaries are the smallest vessels, the link between arteries and
veins in the pathway of blood. Capillary walls consist of just a think
tunica intima, making them ideally suited for their role: the
exchange of materials between the blood an d the interstitial fluid.
(Innermost layer, 5micrometers across, small than diamerter of
blood cell)
The Adaptive advantage of Haemoglobin
- explain the adaptive advantage of haemoglobin
Evolutionary advantage
Adaptive Advantage?
- In evolutionary terms, it means that it gives an organism an
improved ability to survive in its environment
- All vertebrates and some insects use Haemoglobin
- Except the crocodile icefish or white-blooded fish
(Channichthyyidae) are a family of perciform fish found in the
cold waters around Antartica and southern south America.
- Why them?
Adaptive Advantage of Having any carrier molecule
-oxygen is only weakly oluble in water
-organisms, like most insects, tha rely on dissolved o2 in the
plasma cannot transport as musch oxygen as those with
Hermoglobin
-Many pigments are used to carry oxygen in living organisms
-one are as effective or efficient as Hb

What will dissolve oxygen more? Cold salty water or warm fresh
water?
-

The blood of most molluscs- including cephalopods and

gastropods- as well as some arthropods, such as horseshoe
crabs, is blue as it contains the coppor-containing protein
hemocyanin at concentrations of about 50 grams per litre.
Hemocynanin is colurless when deoxygenated and dark blue
when oxygenated

The blood in the circulation of these creatures, which

generally live in cold environments with low oxygen tensions,
is grey white to pale yellow, and it turns dark blue when
exposed to the oxygen in the air, as seen when they bleed.

This is due to change in colour of hemocyanin when it is

oxidized. Hemocyanin carries oxygen in extracellular fluid,
which is in contrast to the intracellular.

Hemovanabin
The blood of some species of ascidians and tunicates, also
known as sea squirts and sea cucumbers, contains proteins
called Vanabins. These proteins are based on vanadium and
give the creatures a concentration of vanadium in their bodies
100 times hihgher rthan the surrounding sea water. It is not
clear whether these vanabins actually arry oxygen. When
exposed to oxygen, however, vanabins turn a mustard yellow.
The Rest
Hemerythrin
Pink/violet
Chlorocruorin
Green/red
Erythrocruorin
Dozen of atoms
Innaglobin- inna squamosal- brown manganese
Coboglobin
Yellow in veins, colourless in veins
Advantages of Haemoglobin over other Carrier Molecules
1. Haemoglobin carries 4 moleules of O2 whilst other
pigments carry less

2. Haemoglobin is sensitive to blood pH. At lowerpH (higher

C02) Haemoglobin releases O2. At higher PH (low CO2
levels in the lungs)
3. Haemoglobin absorbs O2 more easily- Haemoglobin buffers
the blood plasa pH and helps maintain Homeostasis.
4. Haemoglobin carries small but significant amounts of CO2
increasing the eddicience of its removal from tissues.
5. Carboxy haemoglobin
6. Hb +co2
Most Co2 is carried in blood plasma
Co2+h2o> hwco3
Carbonic acid
(sh^2 +Co2- 3)
coc +h20 h2co3 h^2 +hcoc^- h^+ +h+ co^2- 3
equilibrium reaction.
Buffer keeps acid base level- soal or release