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CARE OF BLEEDING
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CARE OF FRACTURES
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PAGE 68
CARE OF POISONING
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PAGE 87
REVISION
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THIS LITERATURE IS COPYRIGHT OF CPR FIRST AID AUSTRALIA (NOT INCLUDING ALL IMAGES). VERSION 110524.
First aid is the care given to a casualty of illness or injury until the arrival of an ambulance
officer, nurse or medical doctor.
The four aims of first aid are to:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Protect life
Prevent further deterioration
Promote recovery
Preserve life
Some legal implications may arise for first aiders that take actions that are beyond their own
level of expertise (e.g. surgical procedures).
Providing that a samaritan has stopped at an emergency with good intentions and that they
don't take outrageous actions (such as surgery) out on the casualty, they will not be sued
successfully for making an effort to help.
Any attempt is better than no attempt!
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The operator who answers your call will ask you which state are you calling from (NSW,
VIC...etc)?
It is important to remain as calm as possible and demonstrate patience during the phone call.
Many questions will be asked by the operator that need to be answered clearly and
accurately before an ambulance can be dispatched.
To call for expert advice on poisoning in Australia, locate a telephone and dial 13 11 26 to
speak with an operator.
For general first aid advice, you can call Nurse On Call on 1300 60 60 24 or log into the
CPR First Aid First Aider Support Network to chat live to other first aiders or publish a
question in our forum - www.cprfirstaid.com.au.
Duty Of Care
In Australia, first aiders are only obliged to render assistance in an emergency (that is, carry a
duty of care) if:
Actions that involve accepting responsibility and carrying a duty of care for others could be:
People with first aid qualifications are not always automatically expected to assist in
emergencies. A duty of care needs to exist for the legal obligation to take place. Neglecting
an existing duty of care may result in implications associated with negligence. For legal
advice, you are encouraged to speak to a licensed solicitor. All first aiders should remain
caring for the casualty at the scene until medical assistance (such as a medical doctor, nurse,
paramedic or ambulance officer, or the fire brigade) takes over.
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A.
b) The legal responsibility one person may have for the well being of another
person.
B.
C.
Question 2: First Aiders have a legal obligation (or duty of care) to render assistance in an
emergency when (choose one of the four correct answers below):
Choose one answer.
a) They have begun to render assistance.
b) They are on their bicycle with a helmet on.
c) They have been involved in a traffic incident.
d) Their spouse or own child needs medical attention.
e) The victim is rich and can reward them with gifts if they survive.
f)
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Question 4: True or false: if necessary, first aiders may ignore the limitations of their first aid
training and carry out actions they are not trained to do in order to save a life e.g. perform
surgery or amputation.
Answer:
o
o
True
False
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Casualty Consent
Conscious casualties have the right to refuse first aid treatment.
In the event of a casualty falling unconscious, consent is automatically given to the first aider.
Parents and guardians also have the right to refuse first aid treatment for their own minor.
First aiders with a duty of care should contact the ambulance for advice in the event of refusal
and should stay at the scene (if safe to do so) until otherwise advised.
Question 5: True or false: first aiders must always attempt to seek permission from their
conscious victims in order to perform first aid.
Answer:
o
o
True
False
Question 6: True or false: consent is automatically applied to the first aider in the case of an
unconscious adult.
Answer:
o
o
True
False
Infection Control
When giving first aid to a sick or injured person you should try to minimise the risks to
yourself, bystanders and to the casualties.
All around the world, any one person could be infected with a communicable disease. This
any one person could very well be your casualty. Diseases that are life threatening can
include HIV/AIDS and hepatitis strains.
There are ten basic rules for protection against infection in first aid. They are listed below,
along with some tips on how to follow the rules.
1. Maintain good hygiene yourself. Wash your hands:
Before and after eating
After using the bathroom
After handling money
After touching door handles or elevator buttons
After touching the sides of escalators or stair rails.
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2. Cover up all of your open wounds such as paper cuts or damaged skin with bandaids,
and use face shields over your casualty's mouth during resuscitation.
3. If you attend to a casualty who is bleeding, always ask your casualty to help you to
control their bleed if they are capable of doing so. This will help to minimise your
contact with their body fluids.
4. When possible, wash your hands with soap and water and apply disposable gloves
(preferably gloves fit your size hands) before touching body fluids from your casualty.
5. Keep your face turned away with distance from any blood. This will help you to avoid
inhaling droplets of a potentially serious infection (e.g. tuberculosis)
6. If you are splashed with body fluid, remove contaminated clothing immediately and
wash the area thoroughly with soapy water. Then seek medical advice immediately.
7. Dispose of all contaminated waste at the nearest medical clinic or hospital.
Alternatively, you can double bag (2 or more bags) the items and place them into the
rubbish.
8. Instruments such as scissors should be cleaned thoroughly with antiseptic.
9. After removal of your gloves, wash your hands in soapy water.
10. Place syringes safely into sharps containers or solid containers (e.g. plastic bottle).
11. Should you be injured with a needle stick, immediately wash the wound with soap and
warm water and cover the wound with a dressing. Seek a doctor's advice without
delay!
12. Clean the casualty's wounds with water or saline only (to avoid infection) and ensure
that the dressing used over the wound is:
Still in date
Is not open or does not appear contaminated before use
Is the most appropriate dressing to be using on that particular wound.
Question 7: The safest place to dispose of used, blood stained items is:
Choose one answer.
a) In an ordinary rubbish bin.
b) Burn it in a fire.
c) A nearby hospital or medical clinic.
Question 8: If a first aider finds a syringe with a needle near a conscious casualty, they
should:
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Recording Incidents
It is important for all first aid incidents, inside or outside of work, to be recorded in writing.
Each workplace should have appropriate documentation for the reporting of illness or injury.
These documents need to be completed in full and should not be altered. Therefore
correction fluid or pencil and eraser should not be used on these documents.
Outside of the workplace, should an incident occur, first aiders should take accurate, brief and
clear notes and keep them on hand in case an investigation takes place. Notes should
include:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
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Question 10: True or false: written records of a first aid emergency do not have to be kept
confidential in the case of a small family business.
Answer:
o
o
True
False
Question 11: You have found a workmate unconscious at the bottom of the staircase. After
providing the necessary care to your workmate, the ambulance arrives and transports him to
hospital. It is now time for you to complete a Casualty/Incident Report Form to record the
incident. In the section for History of Incident, it is better to clearly print the following
statement:
Choose one answer.
a) Jack slipped and fell down the stairs and fell unconscious.
b) Upon my arrival, I found Jack unconscious at the bottom of the staircase.
c) Jack fell down the stairs.
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Question 12: Employers are required by law to ensure a safe working environment and to
provide the necessary number of first aiders and first aid facilities for all employees.
Employers should always consider: Choose one answer.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
h)
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Question 13: A first aider employed to conduct first aid in the workplace is NOT responsible
for:
Choose one answer.
a) Providing first aid to staff in need.
b) Ordering McDonalds for the staff members every Friday.
c) Reporting common trends amongst victims (e.g. eye strain).
d) Reporting hazards highlighted by an occurrence.
e) Providing appropriate referrals to medical aid when necessary.
f)
Writing permission slips to staff members that want to get out of work for money.
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Question 1: True or false: antiseptics are accessible in supermarkets, which means that they
are quite reasonable to use in most first aid situations like sunburn or amputation.
Answer:
o
o
True
False
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First aiders using burnaid products should always check that it has not exceeded the
expiration date, has been stored appropriately, and that casualty is not allergic to the product
or its ingredients.
Question 3: True or false: Burnaid products are made from natural ingredients, which means
that is considered 'OK' to use the gel on burns even when they are out of date.
Answer:
o
o
True
False
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Non adherent (also known as non adhesive and non stick) dressings are dressings
specifically designed to cover those sticky wounds':
1.
2.
3.
4.
Burns
Abrasions (grazes)
Avulsions (tears)
Small cuts.
Non adherent dressings are low linting and have a shiny plastic film on both sides. The plastic
film prevents the pad from sticking to a wound.
Combine dressings in first aid kits
Combine dressings are absorbent dressing that are used to control bleeding.
It is not recommended that first aiders use these dressings on a sticky wound such as a burn
or abrasion, as the dressing may adhere to the wound and be difficult to remove later by
medical staff.
Another dressing that is used to control bleeding is the pad of the Triangular Bandage.
It is important to keep dressings as clean as possible. Dressings should be handled with as
little human contact as possible. Using clean tweezers will assist in this.
Question 4: Combine dressings are great to use when covering abrasions.
Answer:
o
o
True
False
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First raiders are generally advised to provide the casualty with these instruments and request
that they carry out this procedure on their own. This will help to prevent legal complications for
the first aider.
If any splinter appears too complicated to remove easily, it is best that the casualty seeks
assistance from a medical professional.
Question 6: True or false: the first aider should encourage and instruct the casualty on how
to use the splinter probe and tweezers to remove their own splinter.
Answer:
o
o
True
False
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Description
Gloves
In sachet, key ring or
container
Tubes, sprays or sachet
Clear ampoules or sachets of
water
Woven squares
Bandaids
Thin absorbent dressing with
plastic film
Cool gel in tube or sachet
Tape (brown or cream
colour)
Woven absorbent dressing
Packaged as a pad, opens
into a triangle
Rolled up bandage
Safety pins
Forceps or tweezers
Forceps or tweezers
Plastic bags
Plastic bags
Scissors
Scissors
Cold pack
Use
Infection control
Infection control
Clean around wound or
equipment only
Eye and wound irrigation
wiping wounds
Cover sticky wounds
Cover sticky wounds
Only if cool water is
unavailable!
Secure dressings
Control bleeding
Control bleeding or slings
Secure dressings and
supporting joints and
limbs
Control bleeding
Pin downwards to secure
slings
To handle dressings and
splinters
Documenting vital
information
To collect casualtys
belongings
Maintain body
temperature IS
FLAMMABLE AND
ELECTRICALLY
CONDUCTIVE
Cuts dressings and
clothing
Reduce bruising, swelling
and pain
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Question 7: Match the first aid kit items with their descriptions.
a) The solution used to irrigate a wound
a) Splinter Probe
b) Combine/Pad
c) Non-Adherent Dressing
d) Triangular Bandage
e) Burnaid Dressing
f) Gloves
g) Saline
Danger (continued...)
Before making a decision to enter any scene, the first aider should always conduct a thorough
scan to ensure ones own safety.
First Aiders who choose not to wear gloves for protection against body fluids are placing
themselves at risk of becoming infected with a disease.
First Aiders that are not equipped with protection should are not legally expected to carry out
tasks that include contact with a casualtys body fluids. It is very important to wear gloves.
More importantly, first aiders should have gloves that are the correct size for their hands!
If any casualty is faced with immediate danger that cannot be removed from the scene, then
the casualty should be moved from the danger by a first aider where ever it is safe to do so
(regardless of spinal injury).
b) Priority 2
c) Priority 3
c) Others (bystanders)
(DRS ABCD)
R is for Response
High priorities to the first aider are:
1.
2.
3.
4.
In most circumstances, the first aider is not qualified to administer medications. Casualtys
should administer their own medication unless the first aider is trained to do it for them (such
as an Epipen Administration qualification).
First Aiders should introduce themselves calmly and confidently to the casualty in order to
gain control over an emergency.
In order to seek a response (reply) from the casualty, first aiders may gently sqeeze the
casualtys shoulders and hands as well as speaking verbally to the casualty. If the casualty
responds in some way to what the first aider is doing then they are considered a
consciouscasualty.
Most consious casualties can convey important information about their history and current
condition, and can also assist the first aider to manage their complaints.
If the casualty is flushed in the skin and warm to touch then they have too much of
something in the body that could be affecting their condition (e.g. sugar, temperature, blood
pressure...etc).
If the casualty is pale in the skin then they have too little, or not enough, of something in the
body that could be affecting their condition (e.g. sugar, temperature, blood pressure...etc).
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Question 2: True or false: a conscious victim with a flushed warm face should be lying down
with feet elevated.
Answer:
o
o
True
False
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Response (continued...)
A casualty who does not respond to your touch or verbal commands is considered as
unconscious.
Question 3: Unconscious victim's lives are under serious threat because they are unable to:
Choose one answer.
a) Protect themselves from hazards and are unable to keep their airways clear from
choking.
b) Help the first aider establish what management should be followed.
c) Tell the first aider what is wrong with them and if they have ambulance cover.
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(DRSABCD)
S is for Seek Help
Call or SEND for Help immediately - do not delay your ambulance call when your
casualty is unconscious!
(DRS ABCD)
A is for Airway
Unconscious and paralysed casualties are unable to cough, gag, or swallow (that is, use their
protective reflexes) and are also more prone to choking on stomach contents as the stomach
muscle relaxes.
You may need to clear obstructions from their airway because they can't do it themselves.
To clear obstructions from the airway of a casualty, the first aider should put the casualty in
the recovery position (as gravity encourages the safe removal of the obstruction). The first aid
can then use their own fingers (not the casualtys fingers) to scoop the obstruction from the
casualty's mouth.
The casualty may suffocate if their airway is not open. This is because their jaw and tongue
can place pressure on the airway. The first aider needs to reposition the unconscious
casualtys head so the airway remains an open passage for breathing. The correct position to
keep the airway open depends on the age of the casualty:
Casualties aged over 1 year: A full head extension (tilt the head as far back as it
naturally goes).
Casualties aged under 1 year: A slight tilt only (slight chin lift so the nose points
upwards).
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First aiders MUST continue to clear the airway from potential obstructions until the ambulance
relieves them from their duty of care. A clear airway helps lead to adequate breathing.
Adequate breathing keeps the brain alive.
No airway and no breathing leads to irreversible brain damage.
Spines can be fixed. Brain damage cant be fixed.
THE AIRWAY TAKES FULL PRIORITY EVEN OVER SPINAL INJURIES!
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(DRS ABCD)
B is for Breathing
Where ever possible, first aiders should check breathing on an unconscious casualty by:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
PLEASE NOTE:
Women during late stages of pregnancy should be rolled onto their left side. This
encourages their baby to shift to the left and away from the mother's main artery.
Remember: 'Ladies lie left'.
New infants (0 12 months of age) cannot balance themselves on their side and must
be stabilised constantly by a responsible person (see the picture below).
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Question 7: To move a victim to the recovery position, the first aider should take the following
steps:
Choose one answer.
a) Place the furthest arm on the right angle, bend the closest limbs and turn the victim
away from the first aider - whilst supporting the head and neck.
b) Just throw the victim over anyway that's easiest.
c) Turn the victim away from the first aider and ensure the one of the victim's legs are
bent up to act as leverage.
A casualty who stops breathing properly has only a 5% chance of regaining their breathing
with resuscitation alone and every minute without oxygen to the brain results in 10% brain
damage. This is why it is important for the first aider to check breathing on their casualty
frequently!
Note, ARC guidline changes 2011
DRS ABCD.
When conducting the action plan of DRS ABCD if there is no effective breath in a 10
second check then the first aider is to commence compressions X 30 and then 2 effective
breaths
Breaths: How To
1. Ensure the casualty is lying on their back.
2. Kneel beside the casualtys head and check their airway for obstructions.
3. If their airway is clear, tilt the casualtys head in order to open the air passage. Check
for breathing once the head is back.
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4. If there is no breathing, seal the nose of the casualty and open the mouth (be sure not
to place direct pressure on the casualtys throat.
5. Cover the casualtys mouth completely with your mouth and breathe out so your air
goes into their lungs.
It is important that you consider the use of a face mask as your casualty may be
infected with a communicable disease.
It is very important to ensure that you do not breathe too much air into the
casualty.
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If the casualty is now breathing more than 1 breath in a 10 second duration, place your
casualty on the recovery position and monitor their condition.
If the casualty is still not breathing more than 1 breath in a 10 second duration (inadequate
breathing), begin delivering compressions in order to massage the casualtys heart muscle.
If your casualty has a stoma (a surgical hole in their neck), then the stoma is what acts as the
airway and the mouth and nose will not work with breathing. Rescue breathing for a stoma
casualty would require direct breaths into the hole found on the front of their neck (stoma).
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Question 8: 1 performing resuscitation on a victim, their age and size will determine the
amount of air you require in order to inflate their lungs safely. Over inflation is dangerous.
Link the correct air amounts to the age groups below.
a) Adult (8+ years)
b) Child (1 to 8 years)
c) Full breath
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(DRS ABCD)
C is for Compressions
Compression is the action of pushing up and down on a casualtys chest to manually pump
blood around the casualtys body to keep it alive.
Common concerns about compressions:
Can compressions break ribs? And if so, can the broken ribs damage the lungs or
heart?
Can we harm a casualty by compressing the heart when its not needed?
What if my casualty does not wake up during compressions? Should I stop my
compressions?
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3. Straighten your elbows and angle yourself directly over the casualty so you can push
straight down.
4. Pull your knees back a little (so you are not too close to the casualtys arm).
5. For small casualties such as children, the heel of one hand will generally be strong
enough for your compressions.
6. For larger casualties such as adults, support from the second hand will generally by
required.
7. Push down about one third of the depth of their chest (approximately 5cm on the
average adult).
8. Release your pressure to finish your compression.
9. Continue compressions at the preferred speed of 2 compressions per second.
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Compressions (continued...)
Compressions (for babies under 1 year of age): How To
1.
2.
3.
4.
Place the baby on a flat and firm surface such as a baby change table.
Position yourself beside the unconscious, non-breathing baby.
Place two fingers from one hand on the lower half of the sternum (breastbone).
Rest your wrist comfortably to avoid strain injury to your arm.
a) 4 fingers.
b) 2 fingers for compressions.
c) 2 hands - as it is for all ages.
d)
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(DRS ABCD)
D is for Defibrillation
Defibrillation is the action of using a semi-automatic defibrillator to shock and restart a
casualtys heart rhythm.
Defibrillator units are found in many public places, such as airports, shopping centres, office
buildings and train stations.
Using a defibrillator within the first 10 minutes of the casualty needing resuscitation gives the
casualty 70% chance of survival!
If all four links of the Chain Of Survival (pictured below) are actioned early, your casualty may
recover with 100% brain capacity!
To use the device, just turn it on and follow the voice prompts.
The casualty will need a bare and dry chest for the pads to adhere directly to their skin.
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Question 11: Compressions (CPR) alone has a success rate of only 5% and is specifically
designed to buy the victim time until advanced life support (such as a defibrillator) is used to
restart the heart motor.
Stastically, the current survival rate when using a defibrillator within the first 10 minutes of the
victim requiring resuscitation is:
Choose one answer.
a) 65%
b) 10%
c) 70%
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Note: A common condition that effects the normal functions of the respiratory system is
Asthma. Asthma can narrow the passages to the inside of the lungs and produce swelling and
excess mucous - making it very difficult to breathe normally.
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The Skin:
The skin is the largest organ of the human body. Amongst other things, the skin helps to
regulate body temperature and protects the body from infection. If damaged in any way the
skin may not be able to aid in temperature control or any other task it would usually carry out.
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True
False
Hypothermia
The core body temperature for a human being is maintained at a constant 36 -37C. At this
temperature the body functions (including the heart and brain cells) are safely working at their
best.
Hypothermia is a condition in which core body temperature drops below 35C. This is a very
unstable condition to be in for any human being as at 35C, we risk the damage and death of
our cells, and obviously our survival.
Hypothermia is the opposite of hyperthermia which is present once the core body temperature
reaches over 38C and increases.
Recognising Hypothermia: How To
Signs and symptoms can include:
Feeling cold
Looking pale to grey/blue in the skin
Shivering
Confusion
Disorientation
Lethargy (feeling very tired and weak)
Irritability
Clammy (profuse cold sweat)
Unconsciousness.
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Unnecessary movement of the casualty and their limbs (this can damage the cells
in their limbs and cause confusion to their brain).
6. If the casualty is able to stomach fluids, encourage small sips of lukewarm water.
7. Call an ambulance immediately.
Question 3: Casualties of hypothermia should avoid warming with heaters, rubbing, alcoholic
drinks, or exercise.
Answer:
o
True
False
True
False
Frostbite
Frostbite occurs when parts of the body become frozen.
This is extremely dangerous and can lead to the loss of limbs, or worse, death due to
hypothermia.
Management Of Frostbite: How To:
1. Follow DRS ABCD - Move casualty to a warm and dry place and remove damp
clothing.
2. Gently re-warm the frostbitten parts in lukewarm water. Please note: as the circulation
returns to the frostbitten parts, your casualty will probably be in extreme pain.
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3. Lay casualty down flat and raise their feet (this will encourage any warm blood
remaining in the legs to return to the core).
4. Rewarm the casualty slowly with blankets and warm clothing. AVOID warming your
casualty quickly by rubbing, or with alcohol or heating devices (this will be damaging
to cells in the skin and can lead to hypothermia by confusing the brain).
5. Ensure an ambulance is called and the casualty is taken to hospital for medical care
of the frostbite.
Shock
What is Shock?
In order to survive stressful or traumatic events, the human body is designed to shutdown
and preserve the most important of the vital organs until it is safe to resume normal blood
pressure and functions. Therefore, Shock is system shutdown.
Common triggers of Shock include:
Follow DRS ABCD and ensure the casualty is positioned low to the ground to reduce
the risk of collapse.
Lay the casualty on their back and raise their feet. This will help to control the blood
pressure and take stress off the casualty's heart.
Place a blanket over the casualty (and under if possible). This will help the casualty to
safely maintain their body warmth.
Shock (continued...)
Manage all wounds (e.g. blood loss, burns, poisoning, and bones protruding through
the skin).
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AVOID!!:
Giving large amounts of food or drink as they may not be capable of stomaching
anything by mouth or may require surgery.
Cigarettes. Cigarettes will lower the oxygen availability to your casualty.
Alcohol. Alcohol will dehydrate your casualty to further and warm them too quickly.
Massage, rubbing or direct heat. These heating techniques will be more dangerous to
the casualtys body.
Question 5: When the human body recognizes a threat to the normal functioning systems, it
may start initiating survival mode to deal with the problem. This means most functioning
systems will be slowed down or even shut down in order to focus on keeping the vital organs
as sufficient as possible. This is a dangerous time for a victim in shock as many organs and
tissues will not survive for long if shut down.
Common symptoms and signs of a victim in Shock include:
Choose one answer.
a) A red face, because they are panicking.
b) Pale, cool and clammy skin.
c) Pale, warm skin.
Question 6: The most appropriate position for a conscious victim in Shock is:
Choose one answer.
a) Sitting on a chair with their head between their legs.
b) In the recovery position with a warm drink.
c) Lying on their back with feet elevated off the ground.
Question 7: Avoid giving anything by mouth to your shock victim if:
Choose one answer.
a) At all times.
b) They may need surgery, are losing consciousness, or if they are unable to stomach it.
c) If the shock has been triggered by an emotional disturbance.
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Hyperthermia
Hyperthermia is when the core body temperature increases above 38 degrees.
Recognising Hyperthermia: How To
1. At 38C: Stage 1 - This is referred to as heat exhaustion.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
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Burns
Management of Burns: How To
Burns are considered serious because they damage the protective layer or skin causing
infection. A superficial burn damages the top layer of skin: it used to be called a 1st degree
burn. A partial thickness burn (previously called a 2nd degree burn) damages deeper layers
of skin, while a full thickness burn (previously called a 3rd degree burn can damage deeper
tissues such as muscle.
Burns dehydrate the casualty and may trigger the onset of shock and they may continue to
cook the area until there is nothing left to cook!
1. Stop the burn immediately by applying cool running water for a minimum of 20
minutes. Be sure not to overcool the casualty.
Burns (continued...)
The images below are of real burns.
o
o
o
o
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a) They may cause infection and other complications, and may also have to be
removed from hospital staff.
b) They are illegal to use on other people other than yourself.
c) They will always cause allergic reactions.
Question 12: Electrical burns have a small entry burn and a large exit burn where the
electricity goes to "earth". They can also cause internal injuries, such as stopping the heart.
True or false: an unconscious, non-breathing electrical burn casualty needs CPR before
treatment of the burns.
Answer:
o
True
False
External bleeding
Internal bleeding
Crush Injury Syndrome
Embedded objects
Amputations
Sticky Wounds (such as abrasions)
limb up high.
5. If bleeding is still uncontrolled, apply direct pressure to the arterial area of the bleeding
limb for up to 15 minutes.
If bleeding still continues... (Image below is fake make up).
Apply a tourniquet to the upper area of the bleeding limb. Ensure the tourniquet is 5cms or more
in width and is only applied to the casualty for a maximum of 30 minutes.
Seek medical attention if shock is being displayed by the casualty or the bleed cannot be
controlled.
Question 1: The best thing to do stop a heavy bleed from a hand is to:
Choose one answer.
a) Apply direct pressure and elevate the bleeding hand. Use an absorbent material
wherever possible.
b) Use a tourniquet and cut off blood supply from the artery.
c) Use a needle and thread to help close off the wound.
In turn, these chemicals can be released through the body once the crushing object is removed
from the casualty.
Other complications that may accompany the crush injury could be: fractures, bleeding, and
bruising.
True
False
Question 3: Victims involved in crush incidents must remain crushed until emergency services
arrive.
Answer:
o
True
False
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Embedded Object
(The image on the left is of a fake stab wound and is
not a real injury.)
Management of Embedded Object: How To
If an object is embedded in the casualty, leave it
where it is and be careful not to move it in any way.
Moving the object may cause severe blood loss
and further damage to the casualty.
1. Pad around the object in order to absorb
and control any blood that is escaping.
2. Manage for Shock and seek medical
attention immediately.
Amputation
(The images below are fake wounds created with make-up. It is not a real amputation!
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Question 4: A conscious victim has been attacked with a knife. The knife is still embedded deep
into the wound. The first aider assisting this victim should:
Choose one answer.
a) Follow DRS ABCD, remove the knife, manage the bleed with pressure and
elevation, manage the victim for Shock and call an ambulance.
b) Follow DRS ABCD, slightly adjust the knife so its not moving
c) Follow DRS ABCD, apply pressure around the knife, manage the victim for
Shock and call an ambulance.
Question 5: A neighbour has amputated his toe using the lawnmower in bare feet. What could
you do to help?
Choose one answer.
a) Place the toe directly on ice immediately and seek an ambulance for advice.
b) Give him a beer and tell him to stop crying.
c) Apply direct pressure and elevate the limb, treat for shock, call 000, and ensure
the toe stays dry and cool (but not too cold)
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Sticky Wounds
Management of Sticky Wounds: How To
Abrasions and other sticky wounds can lose moisture
and cause dehydration as well as infection.
1.
2.
3.
It is important that a first aider does not attempt to remove dirt manually from the wound if
they are unsure of how successful their attempt will be.
4. Cover the wound with a non-adherent dressing or piece of plastic to reduce the chances
of infection to the area.
5. DO NOT USE ABSORBANT MATERIAL ON STICKY WOUNDS.
6. Seek medical attention if the wound is:
Not healing at a reasonable pace.
Appearing more infected than before.
If the casualty is displaying signs of shock.
Large enough or ugly enough to cause concern.
Located in a sensitive area on the casualtys body, such as the palm of the hands.
PLEASE NOTE: Sticky wounds also refer to internal organs that are exposed and outside of
the body (e.g. intestines). Use the same methods to manage these organs, apply little to no
pressure at all, but cover with plastic or non adherent dressing. Always ensure the casualty is
as comfortable as possible.
Bruising
A bruise is when a forceful blow to a casualty causes damage to the capillary (small blood
vessels) and the skin changes colour, becomes sensitive to pain and is often associated with
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swelling.
Management of Bruising: How To
If the location of your casualtys bruising is below their shoulders, an ice pack can generally be
used to reduce pain and swelling. Be sure that the ice pack is wrapped in a towel to avoid
damage to the skin cells.
If the location of your casualtys bruising is above their shoulders, such as a black eye or head
wound, seek medical attention and avoid using anything too cold on these areas. A wet towel
should be cool enough without causing problems.
Question 6: The correct wound care procedure for an abrasion free from specs of dirt is:
Choose one answer.
a) Gently clean the wound with clean water or saline solution, and apply a non stick
dressing.
b) Gently clean with running water, apply antiseptic and leave wound to air dry.
c) Gently irrigate the wound with antiseptic solution and apply a clean gauze dressing.
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Facial injuries
Management of Facial Injuries: How To
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Question 7: The most appropriate position for a victim with a major eye injury is:
Choose one answer.
a) A position of greatest comfort with consideration to relieving pressure from the eye
sockets.
b) On their recovery position with a blanket.
c) Sitting in a chair with head in a neutral position.
Question 8: The correct management of a conscious victim with a nose bleed is:
Choose one answer.
a) Ask the victim to tilt their head back and pinch the soft part of the nostrils, under the
bridge of their nose.
b) Apply a cold pack to the nose.
c) Lean the victim's head forward, and advise them to pinch the soft lower part of the
nostrils, under the bridge of their nose.
Question 9: The most appropriate management of a dislodged (whole) adult tooth is:
Choose one answer.
a) Have the victim clean the tooth with their saliva and attempt to place it back
into the grooves of the gum, and send them to a dentist.
b) Wash the tooth in ice cold, clean, water and send the victim to the dentist.
c) Throw it in the bin as its dirty.
Question 10: Placing a dislodged tooth in water may damage it and create difficulties later in
hospital.
Answer:
o
o
True
False
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Swelling
Bruising
Pain
Decreased ability to move the joint
If the ligament is ruptured, one may hear a popping sound
Difficulty using the affected extremity
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REFERRAL Consider what sort of medical attention (if any) is required and action it.
DO NOT 'H.A.R.M':
HARM increases swelling and pain and interferes with the healing process.
HEAT No heat, no heat creams, no heat packs.
ALCOHOL No alcohol.
RUNNING No Running or brisk movement.
MASSAGE No massage to the injured part.
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Dislocations
Warning: the images below are of real injuries.
Dislocation: occurs when bones in a joint become displaced or misaligned.
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Question 2: A dislocated finger should be replaced by the first aider as soon possible.
Answer:
o True
o False
Question: what do I do if I cant determine whether my casualty has a soft tissue or hard
tissue injury?
Answer: Treat for the worst. Treat as a fracture!
Question 3: When there is doubt to whether an ankle is fractured or sprained, the first aider
should:
Choose one answer.
a) Manage the injury as a fracture
b) Manage the injury as a sprain. Sprains are more serious as they can involve
tendons.
c) Apply both managements in order to narrow down what it is.
Question 4: Common symptoms and signs of fractures include:
Choose one answer.
a) Loss of normal function and discolouration in the area.
b) Pins and needles in the opposite hand.
c) Hysterical laughter from the victim.
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broken ribs or flail chest (piece of broken rib floating in the cavity)
punctured, collapsed or bruised lungs
Sucking chest wound (cannot expand to breathe)
Difficulty Breathing
The casualty, if conscious, will usually be half
sitting and leaning to the injured side
Bruising, swelling and tenderness on the skin.
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Question 5: Conscious victims with potential chest injuries are best positioned in a half
sitting position, and leaning towards the injured side.
Answer:
o
o
True
False
True
False
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Head injuries
Spinal injuries
Lifting and moving casualties
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Spinal injuries
The spinal cord carries messages from the brain and delivers them to all areas of the body.
It therefore plays a huge part in keeping you alive and well.
The spinal cord is protected by a group of bones that are structured around the cord.
Spinal cord injuries are commonly caused by motor vehicle accidents, diving, falls and acts
of violence.
Sports-related spinal cord injuries occur more commonly in children and teenagers, while
work-related injuries (especially from
construction work) predominate in adults.
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Signs and symptoms of a head or neck injury (because all injuries of this nature are
closely related)
Pins and needles or numbness in the body
Recent event or incident could be cause for a spinal injury
If the casualty requires padding or splinting for support to their limbs, it is important to ask
the casualty to move them when required instead of moving the limbs on your own.
Question 3: True or false: Injuries to the spine are often associated with head injuries, which
is why the symptoms and signs of a spinal injury are similar to one of a head injury.
Answer:
o
o
True
False
Question 4: True or false: In the event that a conscious victim of a spinal injury requires
padding for support to their limbs, it is best that the first aider makes the necessary
movements of the victim instead of the victim moving their limbs themselves.
Answer:
o
o
True
False
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If there is no one at the scene accompanying you, just turn the casualty to their side as you
would with any other casualty.
Question: Can we leave casualties in motor vehicles if we suspect a spinal injury?
Answer: Yes! If your casualty is safe in their vehicle and you are able to maintain Airway
and Breathing until help arrives.
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Question 5 The most appropriate management of an unconscious and breathing victim with
a suspected spinal injury is:
Choose one answer.
a) Follow DRS ABCD, roll the victim to their recovery position, but do not tilt the head
back and check their identification for other illnesses
b) Follow DRS ABCD, leave the victim in the position you have found them and call
for an ambulance.
c) Follow DRS ABCD as you would any other time. With as much care as possible to
the head and neck, roll the victim to the recovery position and position the head
as per usual to open their airway.
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True
False
Question 7 You come across a motor cycle accident, the rider is lying on the side of the
road in a safe location. You have called an ambulance, followed DRS AB and found that the
victim is unconscious, breathing, and still wearing his helmet. Do you:
Choose one answer.
a) Place him onto the recovery position and leave his helmet on, provided he is
breathing properly
b) Quickly remove his helmet and see if his head is ok and if he can smile
c) Keep asking him repeatedly to squeeze your fingers until he wakes up
It is also preferable to move a casualty with the aid of other people. This helps to reduce the
risk of damage to everyone involved.
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Poisoning
Australian bites and stings
Poisoning
Poisons can enter the body through the:
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1.
2.
3.
4.
mouth (ingested)
nose (inhaled)
Injected into the skin (e.g. bite)
Absorbed or breathed in by the skin
Some poisons can burn the casualty inside and do damage to the organs and cells.
Some can lead to brain damage and cardiac arrest (where the heart stops pumping).
How to Recognise Poisoning
Signs and symptoms include:
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inducing vomiting
giving drinks or food to the casualty
giving pain killers to the casualty.
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Question 1: There are four ways that a poison can enter the body. Match the ways with their
titles below:
a) Fumes through the lungs
a) Injection
b) Inhalation
c)
c) Ingestion
d) Absorption
b) 911
c) 131126
Blue-ringed Octopus
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Question 5: The venom from the Cone Shell often causes dizziness, slurred speech and
paralysis in the victim.
Answer:
o
o
True
False
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Question 6: The Sydney Funnel web Spider is the deadliest spider in the world. Common
symptoms of the bite include:
Choose one answer.
a) Sweating, muscle spasms, abdominal cramps.
b) Excessive thirst and the need to urinate.
c) Nothing obvious - which makes it the more dangerous!
Snakes
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Snakes (continued...)
Of the venomous snakes in Australia, signs and symptoms of the bites include:
2. Bandage to cover the foot or hand of the bitten limb, and then bandage up the groin area
or armpit of the bitten limb.
Question 7: Once bandages are applied for Pressure Immobilisation, they should only be
removed in hospital unless the bandages are too tight.
Answer:
o
o
True
False
Tropical Jellyfish
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Common Insects
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Question 9: When removing a bee sting the first aider should scrape the sting out sideways.
Answer:
o
o
True
False
Red-back Spider
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White-tail Spider
Insects
Household/common spiders
Cold water jellyfish
VINEGAR IMMERSION
Tropical jellyfish
PRESSURE IMMOBOLISATION
TECHNIQUE
Snakes
Funnel web spider
Cone shell
Blue-ringed octopus
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a) Tropical jellyfish
b) Ice/Cold Packs
c) Hot Water
d) Vinegar
Choking
Anaphylaxis
Asthma
Croup
Hyperventilation
Chest Pain
Strokes
Diabetes
Seizures
Medical observations
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Choking
Casualties may experience partial or full blockages in their airway that could obviously lead to
unconsciousness and be life threatening.
If a choking casualty is experiencing a partial blockage, they should still be able to breathe and
cough and work to dislodge the object!
Management of choking: How To
Restrain from hitting the casualty on their back as pain will force them to hold their breath.
If the casualty is coughing, then they are still getting air in (partial blockage).
1. Encourage the casualty to remain calm and take bigger breaths in. Bigger breaths can
encourage bigger coughs. Bigger coughs can dislodge the object from the casualtys
airway.
2. If no improvement in 20 seconds, call an ambulance immediately.
3. Back Blows: Ask the casualty to lean forward and deliver 5 back blows in between the
shoulder blades and forward the head.
4. Chest thrusts: if no improvement, position yourself to the side of the casualty. Place your
hand on the middle of the chest and support the back with your other hand. Push down
onto the chest in order to force air from the lungs out of the mouth. You can do this 5
times per set.
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Choking (continued...)
5. If casualty stops breathing: blow the object with your air, so it is then forced down into a
lung.
6. Is important to ensure that you support the head, neck and spine of a baby.
7. Its also important to remember your strength in comparison to your small casualties.
AVOID!!:
Using the Heimlich seen on television. This procedure is no longer used in real life as it
caused too many internal injuries to the casualties.
Holding your casualty upside down without support to their head, neck or spine.
Shaking your casualty.
Question 3: The correct management for a victim with a total obstruction is:
Choose one answer.
a) Have a bystander call for an ambulance, give 5 back blows, if unsuccessful, give 5
chest thrusts.
b) Slap the victim 10 times on the back and then call an ambulance.
c) Immediately call for an ambulance, then try squeezing under the victim
Anaphylaxis
Anaphylaxis is a severe allergic reaction to a protein where the immune system overreacts to
fight the substance out of the body.
Recognising Anaphylaxis: How To
Signs and symptoms include:
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True
False
Asthma
Asthma is a severe reaction to allergens that cause problems with breathing out (exhaling air).
Swelling of the bronchioles in the lungs and the production of excess mucus can cause severe
breathing difficulties.
How to Recognise Asthma
Signs and symptoms include:
Coughing.
Wheezing.
Breathing difficulty.
Pale to bluish skin.
Difficulty speaking.
Tiredness.
The casualty may turn from energetic and loud, to quiet and reserved.
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Asthma (continued...)
How to Manage Asthma
1. Follow DRS ABCD remove casualty from the source of their attack.
2. Encourage casualty to remain calm.
3. Locate a blue reliever puffer (anyone's puffer) and encourage the casualty to take 4 puffs.
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Croup
Croup is a term used to describe a form of obstructive breathing in young children.
How to Recognise Croup
Signs and symptoms include:
Wheezing
Coughing
Breathing difficulties
Croup (continued...)
How to Manage Croup
1. Follow DRS ABCD
2. Take the child to a steamy area to assist with
the recovery of normal breathing.
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AVOID!!:
Using a paper bag. Breathing in and out of a paper bag will poison you as it will contain too
much carbon dioxide.
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Question 11: If a teenager is suffering from hyperventilation following an emotional crisis, you
may be able to slow down the rapid breathing rate by:
Choose one answer.
a) Giving the victim a cigarette and offer them your shoulder to cry on.
b) Reassuring the victim in a quiet and private, but safe place. Encourage them to
breathe slow breaths as you help count the breaths out loud.
c) Encourage the victim to breath into a paper or plastic bag.
Diabetes
Diabetes is a condition/disease where the organ responsible for the production of insulin
(pancreas) is unable to produce just the right amount of it.
Insulin is the hormone used to control blood sugar levels in the body.
Diabetic emergencies that can occur are:
Dizziness
Weakness
Hunger
Pale skin
Profuse sweating
Numbness in fingers and in mouth
Confusion
Aggressive behaviour
Unconsciousness.
Excessive thirst
Frequent need to urinate
Smell of nail polish remover on casualtys breath
Dizziness
Confusion
Unconsciousness.
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Chest Pain
Chest Pain is a term used to describe problems associated with the heart and its functions.
Chest pain can lead to cardiac arrest (heart stopping) and irreversible damage to the heart
muscle.
Recognising Chest Pain
Signs and symptoms include:
Sudden onset chest pain, that usually spreads to the jaw, back and arms.
Shortness of breath and rapid breathing.
Skin may be pale, cold or clammy.
Profuse sweating.
Nausea, vomiting, light headed, dizziness.
Pulse may be rapid, weak or irregular.
Patient may collapse.
Patient may have swollen legs and ankles.
over.
Question 14: Common symptoms and signs of a chest pain emergency include:
Choose one answer.
a) A sharp pain that radiates from the middle of the chest to the ankles and a need to
eat.
b) Tense back and shoulders and very dry skin.
c) Uncomfortable pressure in the middle of the chest, nausea, swollen legs or ankles
and clammy skin.
Question 15: Angina, although managed by medication, is capable of leading to a heart attack.
Answer:
o
o
True
False
Question 16: The position of comfort for victims of chest pain is commonly:
Choose one answer.
a) On their backs with their feet elevated.
b) Recovery position.
c) A half-sitting position with support for the back and head.
Strokes
A stroke occurs when an artery taking blood to the brain becomes blocked or bursts. As a
result, brain cells are damaged.
Recognising Strokes
Signs and symptoms include:
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Strokes (continued...)
Management of Strokes
1. Follow DRS ABCD
2. Make casualty comfortable (generally in a half sitting position, leaned to the effected
side) and loosen tight clothing
3. Keep airway open for the casualty by tilting the head back
4. Reassure casualty
5. Call for an ambulance and monitor the casualtys condition until help arrives to take
over.
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Seizures
Seizures are the result of a sudden electrical malfunction in the brain.
Seizures can be triggered by stress or high temperature.
Some casualties may suffer from epilepsy, which is a condition that predisposes the sufferer
to dangerous and sometimes frequent seizures.
Recognising Seizures
Management of Seizures
AVOID!!:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Follow DRS ABCD Remove dangers from the casualty but do not hold them down.
Protect the casualtys head from serious injury with padding.
Time the seizure and wait for it to end.
Seek medical attention if:
The seizure has lasted for more than 2 minutes.
There has been more than one seizure.
Injury has occurred from the seizure.
If the casualty has no history of seizures.
After seizure has ended, help casualty into the recovery position for them to rest safely.
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Seizures (continued...)
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Medical Observations
It is possible to find clues on your
casualty that indicate medical conditions
and emergencies.
Finding medication on or near your
casualty could be a clue.
Another common clue is SOS jewellery
that your casualty could be wearing.
An SOS bracelet, for example, contains
written information about the casualty's
allergies and medical history.
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Question 4: You think you have been bitten by the Red Back Spider. What should you do?
Choose one answer.
a) Apply an ice pack over the bite area and seek medical assistance.
b) Immediately call an ambulance and apply a Pressure Immobilisation Bandage to
the bitten limb.
c) Take 2 panadol and continue to weed the garden.
Question 5: You are asked by your employer to assess the first aid kit in the office and
ensure it is complying with legislation. You find the following items in the kit. Please tick an
item that you should remove from the kit (choose from 4 correct answers).
Choose one answer.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
Question 6: You are at the gym with a friend when your friend starts to complain of feeling
dizzy and light headed. You notice that he is also going pale. You immediately stop your
exercises and could help your friend by:
Choose one answer.
a) Giving your friend some soft drink and advising him to sit in the steam room to
clear his lungs.
b) Laying your friend down and elevating his feet and encourage him to rest for a
while.
c) Encouraging them to continue their workout because it's all in their head.
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February 2007
Complaints / Appeals
Date Updated:
POLICY
Customer complaints are to be taken seriously by all staff of Melbourne First Aid, and are to be actioned within 7 days of receipt.
Melbourne First Aid will act upon the subject of any complaint found to be substantiated. Appeals must be lodged within 7 days
of the assessment decision, and are to be re-validated by the Director.
STEP
1
PROCEDURE - COMPLAINT
Customers are invited to place their complaints in writing by corresponding with MFAT by post, fax, or email.
Complaints received must be signed and dated by the complainant to verify that the claims are true and correct.
In the case of receiving any complaint, all details must be recorded on the by an MFAT representative that is
authorised and capable of resolving complaints.
Complainants will receive written acknowledgment that their complaint has been registered by MFAT and will be
investigated and acted upon if necessary.
MFAT must investigate the issue within 7 days of receiving the complaint.
Once the complaint has been investigated, feedback shall be given back to the originator via email or post (must
be in writing).
If the person is still not satisfied, the Director is to advise the person who lodged the complaint of any other
avenues available including contacting OTTE or NAC Field Assessor (if appropriate). If not appropriate, the
option to take the complaint to the Dispute Settlement Centre (Department of Justice Victoria Ph (03) 9603
8370 or Toll free on 1800 658 528
Melbourne First Aid will cover the cost of taking the complaint to the Dispute Settlement Centre ONLY if the
complaint is deemed to be the fault of Melbourne First Aid.
All details of the complaint and outcome are to be filed under the complaints / appeal register.
STEP
PROCEDURE APPEAL
In the case of an appeal against an assessment decision, the candidate is required to lodge their appeal and
reasons in writing to the Managing Director of Melbourne First Aid within 7 days of the assessment decision.
Once received, the Managing Director is to contact the trainee and allow for the appellant to formally present their
case (if not already done so), review the assessment, and provide written feedback to the candidate to validate or
change the original decision.
If the candidate still disagrees with the assessment decision, the Managing Director is to offer the candidate the
opportunity to be re-assessed or to re-submit work for re-assessment. This is only available once per module
assessment.
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Creation Date:
February 2007
Date Updated:
The Managing Director is to re-assess the candidates work, and provide feedback as to the reviewed assessment
decision. (In writing).
If the person is still not satisfied, the Managing Director is to advise the complainant of any other avenues
available including contacting OTTE , the Dispute Settlement Centre, or AAC Field Assessor (if appropriate).
All details of the appeal and outcome are to be filed in the candidates records, the complaints / appeal register,
and updated on VETTRAK.
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FINAL ANSWERS
PARTICIPANT FULL NAME: ______________________________
Mark the correct answers to your workbook modules in the sections below. It is important to be
as accurate as possible as these answers are accepted as your final answers. Your trainer will
keep the answer sheet for CPR First Aid training records.
(a)
(b)
(c)
2.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
3.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
4.
TRUE
FALSE
5.
TRUE
FALSE
6.
TRUE
FALSE
7.
(a)
(b)
(c)
8.
(a)
(b)
(c)
9.
(a)
(b)
(c)
10.
TRUE
FALSE
11.
(a)
(b)
(c)
12.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
13.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(g)
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TRUE
FALSE
2.
(a)
(b)
3.
TRUE
FALSE
4.
TRUE
FALSE
5.
(a)
(b)
6.
TRUE
FALSE
7.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(c)
(d)
(c)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(a)
(b)
(c)
2.
TRUE
FALSE
3.
(a)
(b)
4.
(a)
(b)
(a)
(b)
5.
(a)
(b)
(c)
6.
(a)
(b)
(c)
7.
(a)
(b)
(c)
8.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(a)
(b)
(c)
9.
(a)
(b)
(c)
10.
(a)
(b)
(c)
11.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(c)
(Match the pairs with a single
line)
(d)
(e)
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(a)
(b)
2.
TRUE
3.
(c)
(a)
(b)
FALSE
2.
TRUE
FALSE
TRUE
FALSE
3.
TRUE
FALSE
4.
TRUE
FALSE
4.
(a)
(b)
(c)
5.
(a)
(b)
(c)
5.
(a)
(b)
(c)
6.
(a)
(b)
(c)
6.
(a)
(b)
(c)
7.
(a)
(b)
(c)
7.
(a)
(b)
(c)
8.
(a)
(b)
(c)
8.
(a)
(b)
(c)
9.
(a)
(b)
(c)
9.
(a)
(b)
(c)
10.
(a)
(b)
(c)
10.
TRUE
FALSE
11.
(a)
(b)
(c)
12.
TRUE
FALSE
(a)
(b)
2.
TRUE
FALSE
3.
(a)
(b)
4.
(a)
(b)
5.
TRUE
6.
(c)
(c)
(a)
(b)
(c)
2.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(c)
3.
TRUE
FALSE
(c)
4.
TRUE
FALSE
FALSE
5.
(a)
(b)
TRUE
FALSE
6.
TRUE
FALSE
7.
(a)
(b)
(c)
7.
(a)
(b)
8.
(a)
(b)
(c)
9.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(c)
(c)
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(b)
(c)
(d)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
2.
(a)
(b)
(c)
3.
(a)
(b)
(c)
4.
(a)
(b)
(c)
5.
TRUE
FALSE
6.
(a)
(b)
7.
TRUE
FALSE
8.
(a)
(b)
9.
TRUE
FALSE
10.
(a)
(b)
(c)
11.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
1.
(c)
(c)
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(a)
(b)
(c)
12.
(a)
(b)
(c)
2.
(a)
(b)
(c)
13.
(a)
(b)
(c)
3.
(a)
(b)
(c)
14.
(a)
(b)
(c)
4.
(a)
(b)
(c)
15.
TRUE
FALSE
5.
(a)
(b)
(c)
16.
(a)
(b)
(c)
6.
TRUE
FALSE
17.
(a)
(b)
(c)
7.
(a)
(b)
(c)
18.
(a)
(b)
(c)
8.
(a)
(b)
(c)
19.
(a)
(b)
(c)
9.
(a)
(b)
(c)
20.
(a)
(b)
(c)
10.
(a)
(b)
(c)
21.
(a)
(b)
(c)
11.
(a)
(b)
(c)
22.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(a)
(b)
(c)
2.
(a)
(b)
(c)
3.
(a)
(b)
(c)
4.
(a)
(b)
(c)
5.
(a)
(b)
(c)
6.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
I hereby declare that I completed this workbook on my own and that it is not the work of another person.
I understand that if this statement is proven to be false I will not be granted my first aid certificate.
Signed (student) _________________________________ Date _____________________________
This final answer document was received by ________________________ Date ________________
Recipient to sign here _____________________________
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