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ISSN 2201-2796
OA6 and 0A7 are not polluted because they fall within the range
of 0.5 PLI < 1 class, while sample location OA2 has its PLI
values > 1 and therefore indicates deterioration of the soil.
Elements Cr and Pb found to fall within the uncontaminated
class of 0< Igeo1 are usually toxic. Co falls within the high value
I-geo class of 0< Igeo1 and it is expected to contaminate the soil.
The presence of the positively loaded Zn, Ni and V in the three
principal component matrix loadings suggest derivation from
natural processes.
IndexTermsBitumen
elements, Ode-Aye.
I. INTRODUCTION
Ode Aye area lies within the active bitumen seepage belt of
Ondo State, Nigeria. It lies between latitudes 6 34' and 6 64'
and longitudes 4 54' and 4 74' of the tropical rainforest belt of
Nigeria. Vast deposit of bitumen is located in one of the palm
tree plantations of Ode Aye area. The sticky bitumen is seen to
flow during the hot weather and hardens when the temperature
cools. Ode Aye is not a pristine area since weathering, heavy
metals occurrence, anthropogenic, natural processes and
presence of bitumen exist.
Ode Aye area is underlain by the Imo shale group of the
Paleocene Akinbo formation ( Fig 1)
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2015, Scientific Research Journal
Scientific Research Journal (SCIRJ), Volume III, Issue VII, July 2015
ISSN 2201-2796
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2015, Scientific Research Journal
Scientific Research Journal (SCIRJ), Volume III, Issue VII, July 2015
ISSN 2201-2796
Fig 2: The Palm Plantation farm in Ode Aye area. (Arrow towards the slope)
In places, the bitumen melts and flows on the surface of the
ground when the temperature is high, and becomes gummy
solid to the touch when the temperature cools. The terrain is
undulating with the bitumen flowing towards the direction of
the slope. Many stunted palm trees and grasses are well
exposed in the direction of flow of bitumen in contrast to those
of the same age in the upland ( arrow in Fig. 2). The scenario
along the direction of flow of bitumen is an indication of the
negative effects in growth of the palm trees and grasses
III. MATERIAL AND METHODS
Sample collection.
Fifteen (15) soil samples were collected by using hand
auger from the surface to the depth of 10 cm. The first eight (8)
was taken from 0-5cm while the second set of the samples of
seven (7) was taken from 5-10cm depth vertically. The
intervals of sample collection were based on a simple random
and judgemental sampling techniques. Sampling points were
geo-located with geographical position system (GPS) to ensure
consistency. Samples were collected into polythene bags and
labelled accordingly.
Sample Preparation
The collected samples were dried at room temperature to a
constant weight and sieved using a 80m mesh in the
Department of Geology laboratory, of the Ekiti State
University, Ado Ekiti. Further preparations were made in the
laboratory of Stellenbosch University, South Africa. Fussion
disks were prepared for x-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis by
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2015, Scientific Research Journal
Scientific Research Journal (SCIRJ), Volume III, Issue VII, July 2015
ISSN 2201-2796
10
Table 1. Concentration of trace elements (ppm) for soil samples at 0-5 and 5-10 cm depts in Ode Aye area.
Sample
0-5 cm
Cr
Co
OA 1
47.83
41.98
58.06
OA 2
59.11
50.65
64.89
OA 3
39.75
39.38
72.82
OA 4
41.39
38.70 44.36
OA 5
52.90
44.03 51.30
OA 6
41.07
38.10 51.63
OA7
40.78
37.95 516.91
Average
46.12
41.51 122.85
CA average( mg/kg) - 61.00 Av UEC (mg/kg )
35
11.6
BGV
53.27
42.69 61.50
Ni
13.30
16.00
12.94
10.87
12.66
12.14
16.84
13.54
26.90
18.6
19.54
Cu
6.16
11.30
17.17
8.00
10.94
7.90
10.78
10.32
22.60
14.3
14.42
Zn
Mo
Pb
35.76
54.48
69.84
50.55
42.49
29.10
33.92
45.16
74.20
52
23.20
1.24
1.11
0.84
1.17
1.49
1.18
1.1
1.16
1.09
10.49
13.96
8.15
8.69
11.4
9.78
8.23
10.1
22.00
17
15.21
5-10 cm
OA 1
53.03
46.66
58.93
16.42 10.62
35.93 1.57
OA 2
63.64
53.46
101.33 20.78 16.83 50.80 1.55
OA 3
40.98
38.01
61.24
13.95 15.24 63.99 0.96
OA 4
46.37
40.32
126.43 13.63 12.71 52.34 1.23
OA 5
48.25
41.34
437.50 14.05
8.58
32.15
1.45
OA 6
49.64
47.37
85.30
16.76 10.30 30.91
1.35
Mean
50.32
44.53
145.12 15.93 12.38
44.35 1.35
BGV
53.27
42.69
61.50
19.54
14.42 23.20
1.09
Av UEC. Average upper earth crust after [11]
Chinese average (CA).General environment monitor station of China [12]
The concentrations of the lower part from 5-10 cm depth
indicate different characteristics. Apart from V ( 50.32 ), Cu
( 12.38 ) and Pb ( 11.61 ), the average values of other metals
exceeded the background values. The background contents of
Co and Zn are almost twice their analysed contents. It is
notable that all the samples indicated a higher Zn concentration
than the BG, both in the upper part of the soil, depth 0-5 cm as
well as in the lower part of depth 5-10 cm, for the large part of
the areas studied.
Generally the average concentrations of the heavy metals
from the soil surface (0-5cm) to 5-10 cm downwards reveal an
11.32
15.12
8.92
10.50
9.79 13.98
11.61
Table 2 presents the average values of the elements for 0-5 cm and 5-10 cm depths.
Table 2. Average concentrations from different areas.
V
Cr
Co
Ni
Cu
Zn
Average UOA
53.27
42.69
61.50
19.54
14.42
23.20
Average LOD
50.32
44.53
145.12
15.93 12.38
44.35
AUC
35
11.6
18.6
14.3
52
Chinese Average (CA) -61
-26
22.6
74.2
MAL
-100
50
100
100
100
GB
-50
-50
100
300
UOA
LOD
AUC
CA
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Mo
1.09
1.35
-----
Pb
15.2
11.61
17
26
100
100
Scientific Research Journal (SCIRJ), Volume III, Issue VII, July 2015
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2.51
3.02
1.96
2.14
2.21
2.97
2.47
4.25
-
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--Eq 1
Bx/C ref (background)
Scientific Research Journal (SCIRJ), Volume III, Issue VII, July 2015
ISSN 2201-2796
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V
0.98
0.74
0.88
0.79
0.64
0.71
1.01
0.82
Cr
1.07
0.81
1.08
0.92
0.67
0.83
1.17
0.94
Co
1.03
0.71
1.39
0.73
0.54
0.78
11.08
2.32
Ni
0.74
0.55
0.78
0.56
0.42
0.56
1.14
0.68
Cu
0.46
0.53
1.39
0.56
0.49
0.51
0.98
0.73
Zn
1.68
1.58
3.54
2.20
1.19
1.16
1.93
1.90
Rb
0.29
0.57
0.48
0.39
0.34
0.28
0.26
0.37
Sr
0.82
0.68
0.84
0.64
0.62
0.62
0.90
0.73
Zr
0.61
0.40
0.60
0.47
0.35
0.48
0.66
0.51
Nb
1.22
0.75
1.06
0.89
0.74
0.87
1.32
0.98
Mo
1.24
0.89
0.91
1.09
0.89
1.00
1.42
1.03
Cs(ref)
-
Ba
0.39
0.86
0.73
0.63
0.39
0.39
0.33
0.53
Pb
0.75
0.62
0.63
0.58
0.49
0.60
0.71
0.63
V
0.90
1.11
0.75
0.78
0.99
0.77
0.77
Cr
0.98
1,19
0.92
0.91
1.03
0.89
0.89
C0
0.94
1.06
1.18
0.70
0.83
0.84
8.41
Ni
0.68
0.82
0.66
0.56
0.65
0.62
0.86
Cu
0.43
0.78
1.19
0.55
0.76
0.55
0.74
Zn
1.54
2.35
3.01
2.18
1.83
1.25
1.46
Rb
0.26
0.84
0.41
0.39
0.52
0.31
0.21
Sr
0.75
1.01
0.72
0.64
0.96
0.96
0.68
Zr
0.56
0.60
0.51
0.46
0.54
0.52
0.50
Nb
1.12
1.11
0.90
0.88
1.14
0.94
1.02
Mo
1.14
1.02
0.77
1.07
1.37
1.08
1.07
Cs
0.92
1.48
0.85
0.99
1.54
1.08
0.76
Ba
0.36
1.27
0.62
0.63
0.61
0.42
0.25
Pb
0.69
0.92
0.54
0.57
0.67
0.75
0.64
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Table 7: Pollution load index (PLI) and Degree of contamination (DC) in the soil.
Sample
OD1 OD2
OD3
OD4
OD5
OD6
OD7
PLI
0.7
1.06
0.80
0.72
0.88
O.72
0.79
DC
11.27 15.56
13.03
11.33
13.44 10.98 18.25
[21] proposed that when the PLI value is less
than < 1, it indicates perfection, and when it is =1
it means that only baseline level of pollution is
present, PLI > 1 indicates deterioration of location
quality. [22] suggested that, PLI values 1 would
indicate immediate intervention
to ameliorate
pollution, 0.5 PLI <1 suggests that more
detailed study is needed to monitor the site, while
Geoaccumulation index (Igeo)
The index of geoaccumulation actually enables
the assessment of contamination by comparing the
current level of metal concentration and the original
Sampl
es
Cr
Co
Ni
Cu
Zn
Rb
Sr
Zr
Nb
Mo
Cs
Ba
Pb
OD1
-0.74
-0.59
-0.67
-1.15
-1.84
0.04
-2.47
-0.31
-1.43
-1.25
-0.40
-2.06
-0.62
-0.34
OD2
-0.43
-0.32
-0.51
-0.86
-0.94
0.65
-0.84
-0.56
-0.40
-0.43
-0.56
-0.23
-0.09
-0.21
OD3
-1.00
-0.71
-0.34
-1.18
-0.34
1.00
-1.89
-1.05
-1.56
-0.74
-0.97
-1.29
-0.38
-0.44
OD4
-0.94
-0.74
-1.05
-1.43
-1.43
0.54
-1.94
-1.23
-1.69
-0.79
-0.49
-1.64
-0.49
-0.42
OD5
-0.59
-0.54
-0.84
-1.00
-1.00
0.29
-1.52
-0.64
-1.47
-0.39
-0.14
-1.32
-0.39
-0.30
OD6
-0.97
-0.76
-0.84
-0.44
-0.44
-0.25
-2.32
-0.64
-1.52
-0.67
-0.47
-1.84
-0.55
-0.30
OD7
-0.97
-0.76
2.49
-1.22
-1.00
-0.04
-2.94
-1.15
-1.59
-0.56
-0.49
-0.30
-2.53
-1.47
Factor analysis
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2015, Scientific Research Journal
Scientific Research Journal (SCIRJ), Volume III, Issue VII, July 2015
ISSN 2201-2796
15
Cr
Co
Ni
Cu
Sc
.910*
Cr
.960 .969*
Co
Ni
Cu
Zn
Zn
Rb
Sr
Zr
Nb
Mo
Ba
Pb
1
1
1
1
Sr
1
1
Zr
.366 .179 .178 .645 .809* -.136 -.562 -.072 .363 .372
Nb
.126 -.108 .070 -.229 .066 .591 .420 .063 .166 .080 .060
Mo
.121 .415 .179 -.041 -.107 -.593 -.638 -.011 .353 .370 .131 -.651
Cs
.769* .851* .782* -.481 -.014 -.001 .057 .805* .836* .805* -.002 -.177 .533
*
Cs
Rb
1
1
1
1
Ba
.885 .772 .880 -.400 .260 .346 .531 .983 .614 .658 -.009 .181 -.162 .703
Pb
.915* .967* .949* -.390 .277 -.140 -.005 .824* .815* .926* .233 -.039 .362 .856* .797*
Factor 1
V 985
Cr 938
Mo 522
Factor 2
Cu 892
Zn 886
Pb 069
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Factor 3
Cr 060
Co 894
Ni 914
Scientific Research Journal (SCIRJ), Volume III, Issue VII, July 2015
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Pb 983
3.344
41.806
41.806
Eigenvalue
% data variance
Cumulative %
Fig 3 shows strong chemical relationships
between V, Cr and Pb in factor 1and of component
Mo -715
2.329
29.118
70.924
V 083
1.807
22.586
93.510
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Berlin.1998.
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