Section 9-7

9-86

Expected Frequency is found by using the Poisson distribution

e x
where = [0(24) + 1(30) + 2(31) + 3(11) + 4( 4)] / 100 = 1.41
P ( X = x) =
x!
Value
Observed Frequency
Expected Frequency

0
24
30.12

1
30
36.14

2
31
21.69

3
11
8.67

4
4
2.60

Since value 4 has an expected frequency less than 3, combine this category with the previous category:
Value
Observed Frequency
Expected Frequency

0
24
30.12

1
30
36.14

2
31
21.69

3-4
15
11.67

The degrees of freedom are k p 1 = 4 0 1 = 3

a) 1) The variable of interest is the form of the distribution for X.
2) H0: The form of the distribution is Poisson
3) H1: The form of the distribution is not Poisson
4) = 0.05
5) The test statistic is
k

(Oi Ei )2

i =1

Ei

02 =
6) Reject H0 if
7)

2o

>

20.05,3

= 7.81

2
2
2
2
(
24 30.12) (30 36.14) (31 21.69) (1511.67)
=
+
+
+
= 7.23
2
0

30.12

36.14

21.69

11.67

8) Since 7.23 < 7.81 do not reject H0. We are unable to reject the null hypothesis that the distribution of
X is Poisson.
b) The P-value is between 0.05 and 0.1 using Table IV. From Minitab the P-value = 0.0649.

9-40

9-87

Expected Frequency is found by using the Poisson distribution

e x
where = [1(1) + 2(11) + + 7(10) + 8(9)] / 75 = 4.907
P ( X = x) =
x!
Estimated mean = 4.907
Value
Observed Frequency
Expected Frequency

1
1
2.7214

2
11
6.6770

3
8
10.9213

4
13
13.3977

5
11
13.1485

6
12
10.7533

7
10
7.5381

8
9
4.6237

Since the first category has an expected frequency less than 3, combine it with the next category:
Value
Observed Frequency
Expected Frequency

1-2
12
9.3984

3
8
10.9213

4
13
13.3977

5
11
13.1485

6
12
10.7533

7
10
7.5381

8
9
4.6237

The degrees of freedom are k p 1 = 7 1 1 = 5

a) 1) The variable of interest is the form of the distribution for the number of flaws.
2) H0: The form of the distribution is Poisson
3) H1: The form of the distribution is not Poisson
4) = 0.01
5) The test statistic is
20 =

6) Reject H0 if

2o

>

20.01,5

( O i E i )2

i =1

Ei

= 15.09

7)
20 =

(12 9.3984) 2 +

( 9 4.6237) 2

= 6.955
9.3984
4.6237
8) Since 6.955 < 15.09 do not reject H0. We are unable to reject the null hypothesis that the distribution
of the number of flaws is Poisson.

b) P-value = 0.2237 (found using Minitab)

9-41

9-88

Estimated mean = 10.131

Value
Rel. Freq
Observed
(Days)
Expected
(Days)

5
0.067
2

6
0.067
2

8
0.100
3

9
0.133
4

10
0.200
6

11
0.133
4

12
0.133
4

13
0.067
2

14
0.033
1

15
0.067
2

1.0626

1.7942

3.2884

3.7016

3.7501

3.4538

2.9159

2.2724

1.6444

1.1106

Since there are several cells with expected frequencies less than 3, the revised table would be:
Value
Observed
(Days)
Expected
(Days)

5-8
7

9
4

10
6

11
4

12-15
9

6.1452

3.7016

3.7501

3.4538

7.9433

The degrees of freedom are k p 1 = 5 1 1 = 3

a) 1) The variable of interest is the form of the distribution for the number of calls arriving to a switchboard
from noon to 1pm during business days.
2) H0: The form of the distribution is Poisson
3) H1: The form of the distribution is not Poisson
4) = 0.05
5) The test statistic is
20 =

( O i E i )2

i =1

Ei

6) Reject H0 if 2o > 20.05,3 = 7.81

02

7)
(7 6 . 1452 )2 + (4 3 . 7016 )2 + (6 3 . 7501 )2 + (4 3 . 4538 )2 + (9 7 . 9433 )2 = 1.72
=
6 . 1452
3 . 7016
3 . 7501
3 . 4538
7 . 9433
8) Since 1.72 < 7.81 do not reject H0. We are unable to reject the null hypothesis that the distribution
for the number of calls is Poisson.
b) The P-value is between 0.9 and 0.5 using Table IV. P-value = 0.6325 (found using Minitab)

9-42

9-89

Use the binomial distribution to get the expected frequencies with the mean = np = 6(0.25) = 1.5
Value
Observed
Expected

0
4
8.8989

1
21
17.7979

2
10
14.8315

3
13
6.5918

4
2
1.6479

The expected frequency for value 4 is less than 3. Combine this cell with value 3:
Value
Observed
Expected

0
4
8.8989

1
21
17.7979

2
10
14.8315

3-4
15
8.2397

The degrees of freedom are k p 1 = 4 0 1 = 3

a) 1) The variable of interest is the form of the distribution for the random variable X.
2) H0: The form of the distribution is binomial with n = 6 and p = 0.25
3) H1: The form of the distribution is not binomial with n = 6 and p = 0.25
4) = 0.05
5) The test statistic is
20 =

6) Reject H0 if

2o

>

20.05,3

( O i E i )2

i =1

Ei

= 7.81

7)
20 =

( 4 8.8989) 2 +
8.8989

(15 8.2397) 2
8.2397

= 10.39

8) Since 10.39 > 7.81 reject H0. We can conclude that the distribution is not binomial with n = 6 and p =
0.25 at = 0.05.
b) P-value = 0.0155 (from Minitab)

9-90

The value of p must be estimated. Let the estimate be denoted by psample

sample mean =

p sample =

0(39) + 1( 23) + 2(12) + 3(1)

= 0.6667
75

sample mean 0.6667

=
= 0.02778
n
24
Value
Observed
Expected

0
39
38.1426

1
23
26.1571

2
12
8.5952

3
1
1.8010

Since value 3 has an expected frequency less than 3, combine this category with that of value 2:
Value
Observed
Expected

0
39
38.1426

1
23
26.1571

2-3
13
10.3962

The degrees of freedom are k p 1 = 3 1 1 = 1

a) 1) The variable of interest is the form of the distribution for the number of underfilled cartons, X.
2) H0: The form of the distribution is binomial
3) H1: The form of the distribution is not binomial
4) = 0.05
5) The test statistic is

9-43

 20 =

6) Reject H0 if

2o

>

20.05,1

20 =

( O i E i )2

i =1

Ei

= 384
.

.
( 39 381426
) 2 + (23 26.1571)2 + (13 10.3962) 2

= 1.053
38.1426
26.1571
10.39
8) Since 1.053 < 3.84 do not reject H0. We are unable to reject the null hypothesis that the distribution
of the number of underfilled cartons is binomial at = 0.05.

7)

b) The P-value is between 0.5 and 0.1 using Table IV. From Minitab the P-value = 0.3048.
9-91

Estimated mean = 49.6741 use Poisson distribution with =49.674

All expected frequencies are greater than 3.
The degrees of freedom are k p 1 = 26 1 1 = 24
a) 1) The variable of interest is the form of the distribution for the number of cars passing through the
intersection.
2) H0: The form of the distribution is Poisson
3) H1: The form of the distribution is not Poisson
4) = 0.05
5) The test statistic is
20 =

6) Reject H0 if

2o

>

20.05,24

( O i E i )2

i =1

Ei

= 36.42

7) Estimated mean = 49.6741

20 = 769.57

8) Since 769.57 >>> 36.42, reject H0. We can conclude that the distribution is not Poisson at = 0.05.
b) P-value = 0 (found using Minitab)

9-92

The Expected Frequency is found by using the Poisson distribution

P ( X = x) =

e x
where = [6(1) + 7(1) + + 39(1) + 41(1)] / 105 = 19.514
x!

Estimated mean = 19.514

Number of
Earthquakes

Observed
Frequency

Expected
Frequency

0.03

0.08

0.18

10

0.78

11

1.38

12

2.24

13

3.36

14

4.69

15

11

6.10

16

7.43

17

8.53

18

9.25

19

9.50

20

9.27

9-44

21

8.62

22

7.64

23

6.48

24

5.27

25

4.12

26

3.09

27

2.23

28

1.56

29

1.05

30

0.68

31

0.43

32

0.26

34

0.09

35
36
39
41

1
2
1
1

0.05
0.03
0.00
0.00

After combining categories with frequencies less than 3, we get the following table:
Number of
Earthquake
s

Observed
Frequenc
y

6-7-8-10-1112
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27-28-2930-31-3234-35-3639-41

Expected
Frequenc
y

13.00
6
5
11
7
3
8
4
4
7
8
4
3
2
4

4.68
3.36
4.69
6.10
7.43
8.53
9.25
9.50
9.27
8.62
7.64
6.48
5.27
4.12
3.09

16

6.38

The degrees of freedom are k p 1 = 16 1 1 = 14

9-45

a)
1) The variable of interest is the form of the distribution for the number of earthquakes per year
of magnitude 7.0 and greater..
2) H0: The form of the distribution is Poisson
3) H1: The form of the distribution is not Poisson
4) = 0.05
5) The test statistic is
20 =

6) Reject H0 if
7)

>
2
o

2
0.05 ,14

( O i E i )2

i =1

Ei

= 23.68

2
(
13 4.86)
=
2
0

4.86

2
(
16 6.38)
+

= 48.89

6.38

8) Since 48.89 > 23.68 reject H0. The form of the distribution of the number of earthquakes is
not Poisson.
b) P-value < 0.005

Section 9-8
9-93

1. The variable of interest is breakdowns among shift.

2. H0: Breakdowns are independent of shift.
3. H1: Breakdowns are not independent of shift.
4. = 0.05
5. The test statistic is:
r

=
2
0

(O

ij

Eij )

Eij

i =1 j =1

6. The critical value is .05 , 6

= 12.592
2
The calculated test statistic is 0 = 11.65
2

7.

8. 20 >/ 20.05,6 , do not reject H0 and conclude that the data provide insufficient evidence to claim that
machine breakdown and shift are dependent at = 0.05.
P-value = 0.070 (using Minitab)
9-94

1. The variable of interest is calls by surgical-medical patients.

2. H0:Calls by surgical-medical patients are independent of Medicare status.
3. H1:Calls by surgical-medical patients are not independent of Medicare status.
4. = 0.01
5. The test statistic is:
r

=
2
0

i =1 j =1

(O

ij

Eij )

Eij

6. The critical value is .01,1

= 6.637
2
7. The calculated test statistic is 0 = 0.033
2

8.

02 >/ 02.01,1

, do not reject H0 and conclude that the evidence is not sufficient to claim that surgical-

medical patients and Medicare status are dependent. P-value = 0.85

9-46