Prof. (Dr.) P.R.

Vittal

Quantitative Aptitude: 50 Marks

Mathematics 25 Marks
Statistics - 25 Marks

Chapter

Name

Expected
Questions/marks

10

Statistical Description of Data

11

Measures of central tendency

Measures of Dispersion

2
3

12

Correlation and Regression

13

Probability and Expected Value

14

Theoretical Distribution

15

Sampling Theory

16

Index Numbers

Total

25

1.Using Histogram we can determine mode of the distribution

2.Using Ogive we can determine Median, Quantiles, Deciles and
percentiles
3.AM, GM, HM, Median and Mode are five different measures of
Central Tendency
4.All measures of CT are affected by change of origin and change of
scale
5For a set of positive quantities
AM

GM

HM

6.For two positive quantities a and b

AM = a + b

2
GM =
ab

HM = 2 = 2ab
1 1 a+b
+
a b

7. There are types of measures of Dispersion

1. Absolute measure
2. Relative measure
Absolute measures : (i) Range = L - S

Q 3 Q1
ii) Q.D =
2
X-X

iii) MD =
n

iv) SD =

( x x)
n

Coefficient of Range =

LS
100
L+S

MD
Coefficient of MD =
100
Mean

For SD of two numbers a and b =

Q3 Q1
Coefficient of QD =
100
Q3 + Q1

SD
Coefficient of SD =
100
Mean

ab
2

n2 1
For SD of n natural numbers =
12

Correlation :

Scatter diagram
Pearsons Correlation Coefficient
Spearmans rank Correlation Coefficient
Methods of concurrent deviation

Regression :

Linear relationship between two variables

There are two regression lines
(1) Regression line of y on x
(2) Regression line of x on y

Regression line of y on x is used to estimate y for a known value of x

Regression line of x on y is used to estimate x when y is known

Cov ( x, y )
r=
Sdx.Sdy
b yx =

r. y

r 2 = b yx .bxy

-1 +1

bxy =

r. x

r is the GM between byx and bxy

The two regression lines meet at the point ( x, y )

If one regression coefficient is > 1 then the other must be < 1
CoV (x, y), , bxy , byx and r are all of the same sign
If r = 1, the two regression lines coincide
If r = 0, then the two regression lines are perpendicular
r 2 is called the coefficient of determination
(1 - r 2) is called the coefficient of non-determination

Probability Definitions
(1)
(2)
(3)

Classical definition
Statistical Definition
Modern Definition

Addition and Multiplication theories

P (AUB)
P (AUB)
P (AB)
P (AB)

=
=
=
=

P(A)+P(B)
P(A)+P(B) - P(AB)
P(A) . P(B)
P(A) . P(B/A)

Expected value :
E(x) = x1p1 + x2 p2 + ....+ xn pn
Variance of X =E ( x - )2
=E (x2) - 2

Probability Distributions
1.
2.
3.

Binominal Distribution
Poisson Distribution
Normal Distribution

Properties of Binominal Distribution

(1) Parameters n, p
(2) Mean n p
(3) Variance npq
(4) Mean > Variance
(5) Mode : Unimodal or bimodal
(6) Symmetrical if p = q
(7) Additive property

(1) Parameter :

(2) Mean =
(3) Variance

(4) Mean = Variance

(5) Positively skewed
(6) Mode : Unimodal or bimodal
(7) Never symmetrical
(8) Additive property

(1) Parameters :
(2) Mean = Median = Mode
(3) Always symmetrical
(4) Curve is bell shaped
(5) QD = 4/5
(6) MD = 2/3
(7) Additive property

Sampling

Population and sample

Parameter and statistic

Types of Sampling

Simple random sampling

Stratified sampling

Systematic sampling

Judgment sampling

SE (X ) =

SE ( p ) =

pq
n

For finite Sampling

S (E
=
X)

SE ( p ) =

S R WS
n
pq
SRSWR
n

SE (X ) =
SE ( p ) =

N-n
SRS WoR
N -1

pq N - n
.
SRSWoR
N -1
n

Estimation
(1) Point estimation
(2) Interval estimation

Types of estimation :
Ideal estimate :
Sample mean is an ideal estimate of population
mean.
Sample variance is biased estimate of population
vairance

Z
n=

Z
n=

Index Numbers :
(1) Unweighted
(2) Weighted

Weighted Index Numbers :

(1) Laspyre
(2) Paasche
(3) Bowley
(4) Fisher
(5) Marshall Edgeworth

Bowleys Index Number = L + P

2

Fishers Index Number= L..P

Fishers Index Number is called Ideal Index Number

Test for a good Index Number

(1)Unit Test
(2)Time Reversal Test
: P01 x P10 = 1
(3) Factor Reversal Test
: P01 x Q01 = V01
(4) Circular Test
: P01 x P12 x P23
x x Pno = 1
Fishers Index Number does not satisfy circular
test

Price relative=
Current Year FBI=

P1
100
P0
Cuurent Year CBI Previous Yaer FBI
100

WI

Cost of Living Index=

100
W
Also Cost of Living Index=

Where I

PQ
P Q
1

100

P1
100
P0

Chapter

Chapter

Expected
Questions/Marks

Ratio and Proportion

Indices
Logarithms

1
1
1

Equations

Inequalities

Interests and Annuity

Permutation and Combination

Sequences and series

sets, Relations and Functions

Limits
Continuity

1
1

Differentiation
Integration

2
1

Total

25

Ratio:

A ratio between two quantities is denoted by a : b

Compound ratio : The compound ratio of a : b and c : d is ac : bd

Duplicate ratio : a2 : b2 is the duplicate ratio of a : b
Sub duplicate ratio a : b is called the sub duplicate ratio of a : b
Triplicate ratio : a3 : b3 is called the triplicate ratio of a : b
Sub triplicate ratio of a:b is

:3 a

Proprtion : If a,b,c,d are in Proportion if

a
=
b

c
d

ad=bc

Therefore, Product of the Extremes = Product of Middle

a, b, c are in continued proportion if

b
a
=
b2 = ac
d
b
b is the mean proportional between a and b. c is called the
3rd proportional
If

a
b

b
c

then

a+b
a b

a+c
Also, each ratio = b + d

c+d
cd

am x an = am+n

1 m> n

= 1
n> m
an-m
(am)n = amn
ao = 1
a-m = 1
am

= am/n

Definitions If N = ax then loga N = x

N > 0, a>0, a 1
Properties
loga a = 1
loga 1 = 0
(i) loga MN = loga M + loga N
(ii) loga

M
N

= logaM - logaN

(iii) loga (Mn) = n logaM

(iv) logan M = 1 logaM
(v) logba =
(vi) logba =

N
logca

. logbc

1
logab

(vii) alog b = bloga

(viii) alogax = x

(i) ax + b = 0, a 0 (Linear)
(ii) ax2+bx, a 0 (Quadratic)
(iii) ax3+bx2+cx+d=0 (Cubic)

For Quadratic Equation, If and are the roots, then

b
a
c
=
a

+ =

In a QE with rational coefficients, irrational roots occur in

conjugate pairs ( )
In a QE with real coefficients, complex roots occur in
conjugate pairs ( )
Discriminant :

b2 4ac is called discriminant of the QE

(i) If b2 4ac
(ii) If b2 4ac
(iii) If b2 4ac
(iv) If b2 4ac
root.

0 roots are real

= 0 roots are equal
< 0 roots are imaginary
is perfect square, roots are rational

If sum of the coefficients of the QE is zero then, x=1 is a

For the cubic equation
b
++ =

a
d
- a

If an angle is made with the positive direction of

tanax is m=tan is the slope.
y1 y 2
m=
x1 x 2
Different forms of a st line
i) y = mx + c
ii )

x y
+ =1
a b

iii) y y1 = m(x-x1)

iv)

y - y1 y1 y 2
=
x - x 1 x1 x 2

For parallel lines m1= m2

For perpendicular lines m1.m2 = -1

Perpendicular distance p

ax1 + by1 + C
a2 + b2

Number of subsets containing n elements = 2n

Number of proper subsets = 2n -1
Number of non-trivial sets = 2n -2
Equal sets and equivalent sets
DeMorgans Laws
(AUB) = AB
(AB) = AUB

Venn Diagram
Cartesian Product : A x B B x A
But n(AxB) = n(BxA) = n(A) n(B)

A relation is a subset of A x B

Permutation :
A process of arrangement
np = n(n-1)(n-2). (n-r+1)
r
n!
nPr =
(n r )!
Circular permutation = (n-1)!
necklace 1 (n 1)!
2

n!
Like Permutation=
p! q! r!

nPr
nC r =
r!

n!
nC r =
( n r )!r!
nCr= nCn -r
nc0 + nc1 + + nc2 ........+ ncn = 2n

In AP

Tn = a + (n-1)d
Sn =

n
{(2a + (n 1)d ) )}
2

n
S n = {a + l}
2
Three numbers in AP : a d,

AM =

a+b
2

a,

a+d

Tn = a.rn-1

(r 1)
Sn = a
r 1
a
S =
1 r
n

Three numbers are in GP a/r, a, ar

GM = ab

Types of Relations :

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

Reflexive relation
Symmetric relation
Transitive relation
Equivalence relation

Function :
Each element of A is associated with a unique
element of B
In general, fog gof
If fog(x) = gof(x) = x
then f and g are inverses of each other

1) Limits
2) Continuity
3) Differentiation (slope, rate of change)
4) Integration