CHAPTER 1 - Lecture Notes

CHEM101 F15 Chapter 1: Matter; A.
The Study of Matter
Chemistry is the science of the composition, structure and reactions of

matter; particularly atomic or molecular systems
Chemists connect the macroscopic world with the atomic world
Chemistry, Zumdahl, Zumdahl, 8th edition, 2010, Brooks/Cole, p. 4
CHEM101 F15 Chapter 1: Matter; A. The Study of Matter
All Matter is made of atoms

Elements
114 known elements; 90 occur naturally

Elements are composed of atoms
Each element has distinctive properties
Elements are listed on the Periodic Table
Atom the smallest and simplest particle of an element
Atoms cannot be seen with the naked eye

Groups of atoms bound together are called Molecules
Structure determines the properties of matter

1.
2.
3.
4.
Carbon monoxide
composed of one carbon atom
and one oxygen atom
colorless, odorless gas
burns with a blue flame
binds to hemoglobin
1.
2.
3.
4.
Carbon dioxide
composed of one carbon atom
and two oxygen atoms
colorless, odorless gas
incombustible
does not bind to hemoglobin
Chemistry A Molecular Aprroach, Tro, 1st edition, 2008, Pearson Prentice Hall, p. 4

The Scientific Method
The Scientific Method is based on observations
General Chemistry: Principles and Modern Applications, Petrucci, Harwood, Herring, Madura, 9th edition, 2007, Pearson Prentice Hall, p. 3

Branches of Chemistry/Areas of Study of Chemistry
Teaching areas
Chemical
Physics
Physical
Chemistry
Analytical
Chemistry
Inorganic
Chemistry
Organic
Chemistry
NSF chemistry program funding

Theory, Models and
Computational Methods
Chemical Structure, Dynamics
and Mechanisms
Chemical Measurement
and Imaging
Environmental Chemical Sciences
Macromolecular, Supramolecular
and Nanochemistry
Chemical
Catalysis
Chemical Synthesis
Biochemistry
Chemistry of Life Processes
Because of the different ways we can combine elements into

matter, we have varying classifications of matter
Composition of matter (Chapter 1)

Mixtures
Pure substances
State of matter (Chapters 6, 12)

Solid
Liquid
Gas
Substance matter that has a constant composition and fixed

properties
Chemical compounds substances made up of atoms of two or

more elements
Molecule smallest part of a compound
Examples: Water, table salt, copper wire
Mixture a combination of substances that can be physically

separated
Homogeneous uniform throughout the mixture

Heterogeneous non-uniform throughout the mixture
Examples: A metal alloy (coin), salt water, fruit salad
Practice Examples:
Classify the following as an element, compound, homogeneous mixture,
or heterogeneous mixture:
Nitrogen
A penny
Nitric acid
Air
A banana
Carbon dioxide
If the substance is a mixture, what type of change (physical or chemical)
is needed to separate the mixture?
States of matter
Matter is found in three states:
solid particles are in close contact held rigidly; definite

shape
liquid particles can move around one another; assumes
shape of container
gas distances between particles are large; expands to fill
container
Chemists look at matter micro/nanoscopically; ie. Properties of
matter are explained by looking at the atomic level
States of matter
Example: the states of matter of water
Physical property a property that can be determined without

changing the chemical nature of the substance
Examples melting point, mass, color, odor, volume, size
Chemical property a property that involves a change in the

chemical nature of the substance
Examples decomposition of a substance when heated, rusting
of a nail

Physical change a change
that matter undergoes without
changing composition
Examples melting,
evaporation, boiling,
stretching, bending,
crushing
Mixtures are separated by
physical changes
Chemistry A Molecular Aprroach, Tro, 1st edition, 2008,

Pearson Prentice Hall, p. 11
Different Physical Property
Technique
Boiling Point
Distillation
State of Matter
Filtration
Adherence to a Surface
Chromatography
Volatility
Evaporation
Density
Centrifugation
& Decanting
Chemical change a change

that matter undergoes that
involves a change in
composition
Examples decomposition of
a substance when heated,
rusting of a nail

Practice Examples
Classify the following as physical or chemical changes

A block of metal is pounded into a flat shape with a mallet
Wood burns
A liquid and solid are separated with a filter
Limestone is heated and carbon dioxide gas and solid lime are
produced
The Remsen Experiment
Measurement units
International system of units (SI) a system of preferred

units to be used in scientific measurements
Quantity
Mass
Length
Time
Volume
Temperature
Energy
SI unit
kilogram (kg)
meter (m)
second (s)
cubic meter (m3)
Kelvin (K)
Joule (J)
Amount of a substance
mole (mol)
Electric current
ampere (A)
Measurement units
Physical quantity a physical property that can be measured
1.516 grams
quantity
units:
(quantity is meaningless without units)
Many different units can be used to describe the same

physical quantity
Example: units of mass
Measurement units
Mass the amount of matter in an object
Mass and weight are NOT the same

Weight a measurement of the gravitational pull on an
object multiplied by its mass (W = gm)
Weight depends on the location of an object, while
mass does not change with location.
A 180-lb person will weigh only 30-lb on the moon, but
in both cases the persons mass is 82 kg
Even so, we sometimes use the term weigh instead of
measure the mass
Measurement units
Temperature a measurement of the average kinetic energy

of molecules or atoms (how hot or cold an object is)
There are three temperature scales we use:
Kelvin (K)
Celsius (C)
Fahrenheit (F)
A change in temperature of 1C and 1K is the same, but

the zero points of the scales are different
0C temperature at which water freezes
0 K absolute zero; coldest temperature;
0 K = -273.15 C
Temperature scales

Temperature
Converting units of temperature:
5
t ( C) (t ( F) 32)
9
9
t ( F) t ( C) 32
5
T (K) t ( C) 273.15
Measurement units
Practice examples:
A body temperature above 107 F can be fatal. What
does 107 F correspond to on the Celsius scale?
The use of mercury thermometers is limited by the

freezing of mercury at -38.9C. What is this
temperature in Fahrenheit and Kelvin?
Measurement units
Derived units of measurement a unit obtained by

multiplication or division of one or more basic units
Examples:
area = (length)x(length) = (length)2
volume= (length)x(length)x(length)= (length)3
energy = (mass)x(length)2/(time)2
density = (mass)/(volume) = (mass)/(length)3
NOTE: Derived units depend on the basic units used
Example: Volume units depend on length units
length in cm cm3 or milliliters (mL)
length in m m3
length in dm dm3 or liters (L)
Measurement units
Derived units of measurement
Derived units depend on the basic units used
Example: Volume units depend on length units
length in cm cm3 or milliliters (mL)
length in m m3
length in dm dm3 or liters (L)
Measurement units
Intensive and Extensive properties
Intensive properties
Extensive properties
Values do not change regardless

of sample size
Values change depending on sample size
Density, Dielectric constant
Mass, Volume
Measurement Units
Conversion factors (Review see Appendix A-3)

Many problems in chemistry involve using
relationships to convert one unit of measurement to
another
Conversion factors are relationships between two units
May be exact or measured
Conversion factors are generated

from equivalence statements
e.g., 1 inch = 2.54 cm can give
2.54cm or
1in
1in
2.54cm
Or from equations (density = mass/volume)
Arrange conversion factors so that given unit is on the

bottom of factor and desired unit is on top

Practice Examples
Convert the following to the desired units:
459.8 m to inches
79 quarts to liters
855 grams to pounds
Measurement units
Prefixes of measurement units

Examples:
1 megameter (Mm) = 106 x m = 1,000,000 m
1 centimeter (cm) = 10-2 x m = 0.01 m
1 femtosecond (fs) = 10-15x s
= 0.000000000000001 s
General Chemistry: Principles and Modern Applications, Petrucci, Herring, Madura, Bissonnette 10th edition, 2011, Pearson Prentice Hall, p. 9
Scientific Notation (REVIEW-see Appendix A-1)
Scientific notation a way to represent very large or very

small numbers without writing out all the place-holding
zeroes
Format of a number expressed in scientific notation:
-6
8.49 x 10
Number between
1 and 10
Exponent tells the number

of places to move the decimal
8.49 x 10-6 = 0.00000849
Scientific Notation (REVIEW-see Appendix A-1)
Example:
Consider the distance 0.000156 m
Can be expressed as
1.56 x 10-4 m
156 mm
1.56 x 102 mm
What about millimeters?

Practice examples:
Find the exponent button on your calculator (may be EE or EXP) and enter the
following number:
8.2 x 103
(You should get 8200)
Express the following numbers in scientific notation. Then choose an appropriate

prefix for each number and express it another way.
1025 g
0.0000193 s
Convert the given numbers from scientific notation. Then choose an appropriate prefix
for each number to express it another way.
6.25 x 10-4 L
4.8 x 108 m
Uncertainty in measurements
Precision and Accuracy
Consider the following results of three shots at a target:
Precision
Accuracy
Reproducibility
Agreement with true value
Significant figures a way to indicate the precision of measurements
In a reported measurement, each number except the last is known

with certainty. The last number is known to 1
Example: Measuring the mass of a tennis ball
Scale used
Bathroom
Recorded
measurement
0 pounds
Meaning of
measurement
-1 to 1 pound
Lab balance
54.07 grams
54.06 to 54.08 grams
Analytical balance
54.07138 grams 54.07137 to 54.07139 g
Significant
figures
1
4
7

Determining the number of significant figures in a measurement

Rules:
1 All nonzero digits are significant
2 Buried or confined zeroes are significant
3 Zeroes at the end of a number AFTER a decimal are significant
4 Leading zeroes are not significant
5 Zeroes at the end of a number before a decimal may or may not be significant; (use
scientific notation to avoid confusion)
6 - For a number expressed in scientific notation, use only the number between one and
ten; do NOT count the exponent
7 - Exact numbers have unlimited significant figures (exact numbers include counting
numbers, exact conversions, or exact decimals in conversion factors)
Examples:
2730.78 meters
0.0076 mL
4.150 x 102 g
6 Sig figs
2 Sig figs
4 Sig figs
Practice Examples:
How many significant figures are in the following measurements?
101.0 K
0.00230 kg
1200 g
1.255 x 10-3 L
80. ms
60 s/ 1 min
45 desks
Use scientific notation to express the numbers above with the correct
number of significant figures

Significant figures in calculations
Combining physical quantities (measured values) in a calculation

can result in a reduction of significant figures.
Combining one measured value with one or more exact conversion

factor does NOT reduce significant figures
Combining measured values MAY reduce significant figures.
When combining measured values, use the proper set of rules:
Multiplication and division
Addition and subtraction
Exponents
Rounding off significant figures in calculations

Multiplication and division the number of significant figures in the
answer = smallest number of significant figures in original numbers
Example: (5.43 x 104)(0.002362)
(5.43 x 10 ) (0.002362)
= 128.2566
Result from calculator
(5.43 x 104) (0.002362)
3 significant
figures
4 significant
figures
= 128
3 significant
figures
Correct answer

Addition and subtraction the number of significant figures after the
decimal in the answer = smallest number of significant figures after
the decimal in original numbers
Example: 5.43 + 1.623 x 102
5.43 + 1.623 x 102 = 167.73

5.43
+ 162.3
167.7
2 significant figures after decimal

1 significant figure after decimal
1 significant figure after decimal
Correct answer

Exponents For small exponents (squaring, cubing, square or cube
roots), keep the same number of significant figures as the original
Example: (1.23)2
2
(1.23) =
1.5129
(1.23) (1.23)
3 sig figs 3 sig figs
= 1.51
3 sig figs
Correct answer
Practice examples:
Perform the following calculations, rounding off to the correct number of
significant figures
(3.412)/(8.6 x 103)2
6.41 x 102 + 51.2
Dimensional analysis (see Appendix A-3)
Dimensional Analysis A mathematical method used to

express physical quantities in different units
Steps:
1 Write down the given quantity including units and the units of the
unknown quantity
2 Plan your steps to get to the answer by finding the proper conversion
factors you need. Write the conversion factors as fractions equal to
1 so that units will cancel. [eg. (60 s)/(1min) is a fraction equal to 1]
3 Cancel units and multiply the known quantity by conversion factors
4 - Check for reasonableness of your answer
Dimensional analysis
Example 1:
If a room holds 90 sumo wrestlers, each of whom weighs an average of
410 lb, how many kg of sumo are in the room?
STEP 1
90 sumo
Known quantity
kg
Unknown quantity
STEP 2
Need sumo to pounds
and pounds to kilograms
90 sumo x 410 lb x 1 kg
=
1sumo
2.205 lb.
kg
Example 1:
STEP 3
=16,800 kg
1sumo
2.205 lb.
STEP 4
Each sumo weighs about 200 kg. 90 sumo should weigh around
17,000 kg.
Dimensional analysis and significant figures

Combining measured values MAY reduce significant figures. Use rules
for multiplication and division calculations
In dimensional analysis, first determine which values are measured

and which are exact.
Ignore all exact numbers. Use only physical quantities to
determine the final number of significant figures in your
calculation.
Example: Sumo wrestlers
=17,000 kg
1sumo
2.20 5 lb.
Example 2: How many milligrams of lead (Pb) are in a 50. mL stock
solution with 1.159 mg/100 mL concentration?
STEP 1
50 mL solution
mg Pb
STEP 2
Need milliliters to milligrams (given in problem)
50 mL solution x 1.159 mg Pb =
100 mL solution
mg Pb
STEP 3
50 mL solution x 1.159 mg Pb = 0.5795 mg Pb
100 mL solution
= 0.58 mg Pb
Practice Examples:
The recommended daily allowance of calcium for an 18-year-old male is 1200

mg per day. If 1.0 cup of milk contains 290 mg of calcium and milk is his only
calcium source, how much milk should an 18-year-old male drink per day?
A sprinter runs the 100-yd dash in 9.3 s. What is the sprinters speed in meters
per second?
Percentages
Calculating percentages
Percent =
Number of specific items

x 100
Total items in the group
Example: A college has 4517 female and 3227 male students enrolled.
What percentage of the student body is female?
Number of females = 4517
Total number students = 4517 + 3227

Percentages
Calculating percentages
For solutions, the amount of one substance (the solute) in the
solution is often expressed as a percentage (by mass, by
volume, mass/volume):
mass of solute
% by mass
100%
mass of solution
A useful form of the above equation is a convenient conversion factor for
use in dimensional analysis:
(% by mass) g of solute
1
100 g of solution
Percentages
Example: What is the mass of zinc in a 1.494 g 1983 penny? U.S.
pennies made since 1982 consist of 97.6% zinc and 2.4% copper.
1.494 g penny
97.6 g zinc
100 g penny
Choose conversion factor

Calculate (use correct sig figs)
1.46
g zinc
Density
Density mass per unit volume of a substance

Mass
Density
Volume
Units of volume are mass/(length)3

Usually expressed in g/cm3 or g/mL
Solids are typically more dense than liquids
Liquids are typically more dense than gases
[One exception to this rule is WATER]
Solid water (ice) floats in liquid water
The density of water at 4oC is 1.000 g/mL
Use density as a conversion factor such that units cancel properly
Density
Practice example:
A drop of gasoline has a mass of 22 mg and a density of
0.754 g/cm3. What is its volume in milliliters?
Density
Practice example:
What is the density of a rectangular bar of lead (in g/cm3)
that measures 0.500 cm in height, 1.55 cm in width, 25.00
cm in length and has a mass of 220.9 g?
Density
Practice Example:
A solution is 40.0% acetic acid by mass. The density of this
solution is 1.049 g/mL at 20oC. Calculate the mass of
pure acetic acid in 125.0 mL of this solution at 20oC.

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CHEM101 F15 Chapter 1: Matter; A.

The Study of Matter

Chemistry is the science of the composition, structure and reactions of

Chemistry, Zumdahl, Zumdahl, 8th edition, 2010, Brooks/Cole, p. 4

CHEM101 F15 Chapter 1: Matter; A. The Study of Matter

All Matter is made of atoms

114 known elements; 90 occur naturally

Atom the smallest and simplest particle of an element

Atoms cannot be seen with the naked eye

CHEM101 F15 Chapter 1: Matter; A. The Study of Matter

Structure determines the properties of matter

CHEM101 F15 Chapter 1: Matter; A. The Study of Matter

CHEM101 F15 Chapter 1: Matter; A. The Study of Matter

NSF chemistry program funding

Chemistry of Life Processes

CHEM101 F15 Chapter 1: Matter; A. The Study of Matter

Because of the different ways we can combine elements into

Composition of matter (Chapter 1)

State of matter (Chapters 6, 12)

CHEM101 F15 Chapter 1: Matter; A. The Study of Matter

Substance matter that has a constant composition and fixed

Chemical compounds substances made up of atoms of two or

Mixture a combination of substances that can be physically

Homogeneous uniform throughout the mixture

CHEM101 F15 Chapter 1: Matter; A. The Study of Matter

CHEM101 F15 Chapter 1: Matter; A. The Study of Matter

CHEM101 F15 Chapter 1: Matter; A. The Study of Matter

solid particles are in close contact held rigidly; definite

CHEM101 F15 Chapter 1: Matter; A. The Study of Matter

CHEM101 F15 Chapter 1: Matter; A. The Study of Matter

Physical property a property that can be determined without

Chemical property a property that involves a change in the

CHEM101 F15 Chapter 1: Matter; A. The Study of Matter

Chemistry A Molecular Aprroach, Tro, 1st edition, 2008,

Different Physical Property

CHEM101 F15 Chapter 1: Matter; A. The Study of Matter

Chemical change a change

CHEM101 F15 Chapter 1: Matter; A. The Study of Matter

Classify the following as physical or chemical changes

CHEM101 F15 Chapter 1: Matter; A. The Study of Matter

International system of units (SI) a system of preferred

CHEM101 F15 Chapter 1: Matter; A. The Study of Matter

Physical quantity a physical property that can be measured

Many different units can be used to describe the same

CHEM101 F15 Chapter 1: Matter; A. The Study of Matter

Mass the amount of matter in an object

Mass and weight are NOT the same

CHEM101 F15 Chapter 1: Matter; A. The Study of Matter

Temperature a measurement of the average kinetic energy

A change in temperature of 1C and 1K is the same, but

CHEM101 F15 Chapter 1: Matter; A. The Study of Matter

CHEM101 F15 Chapter 1: Matter; A. The Study of Matter

Converting units of temperature:

CHEM101 F15 Chapter 1: Matter; A. The Study of Matter

The use of mercury thermometers is limited by the

CHEM101 F15 Chapter 1: Matter; A. The Study of Matter

Derived units of measurement a unit obtained by

CHEM101 F15 Chapter 1: Matter; A. The Study of Matter

CHEM101 F15 Chapter 1: Matter; A. The Study of Matter

Values do not change regardless

Values change depending on sample size

Density, Dielectric constant

CHEM101 F15 Chapter 1: Matter; A. The Study of Matter