CHAPTER 1: WAVE

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CHAPTER 1: WAVE
6.1 Understanding Waves

What is waves?

Process of transferring energy from one

location to another which is produced by
an oscillating or vibrating motion.

1.

Motion of Waves
A wave front is a line or plane on which the vibration of every points on it are in phase and are at the.
(same/different)sam
position from the source of the water.
e
circular
2. When we use a fingertip to touch the surface of water repeatedly, ....(circular/plane)
wavefronts
are produced.
3. Types of waves
There are 2 types of waves :Transverse wave
(a) .
(b) .
Longitudinal wave
4. Transverse wave
(i). Transverse wave is a wave in which the vibration of particles in the medium is
perpendicula
at ..
(parallel/perpendicular) to the direction of propagation of the wave.
r
A

crest
A = .(crest / compression)
troug
B = ..(rarefaction
/trough)
h
(ii). Example of transverse wave:
Water wave
i. ..
ii...
Light wave
iii..
Electromagnetic
wave
5. Longitudinal waves
(i) A longitudinal is a wave in which the vibration of particles in the medium is
parallel
.(parallel
/ proportional) to the direction of propagation
of wave.
P
P

sound
(ii) Example of longitudinal wave:..
P = ..(crest
/ compression)
compressi
Q = ..(rarefaction
/ trough)
on
Amplitude, Period and Frequency of a Wave
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CHAPTER 1: WAVE

B
C

Figure 6.20
the position of the object where is no resultant force acts on
is .
the object.
2. One complete oscillation of the pendulum occurs when the pendulum bob moves from
A-B-C-B-A
............
1. Equilibrium position

the time taken to complete an

3. The period, T of a vibrating system is ...
oscillation
the number of complete
4. Frequency, f is
Hertz (Hz)
The S.I. unit is ..

f =

or

f =

freeze waves patterns on the screen

Stroboscope is use to ..
Stroboscope frequency = number of slits x rotation frequency of stroboscope
or
f=
np
6. Wave speed

5.

If the wavelength of the wave is , the waves move forward a distance of f x

per second. Therefore, the speed of waves, v
v=f

Frequency, f
Question 3
The number of complete
In an experiment , Lim observes that
2
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2
oscillations per second.
aJJ simple
pendulum
completes
30
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A child on ainswing
ascillations
48.0 makes 20
The S.I. unit is Hertz (Hz)
complete
swings
in
30
seconds.
What
seconds. What is
= 1
The number off complete

or

CHAPTER 1: WAVE
Exercise 6.1

Figure 6.10
A

1. (a) The wavelength of the wave in the diagram above is given by letter .
(b) The amplitude of the wave in the diagram above is given by letter
D
2. Indicate the interval which represents one full wavelength.

Figure 6.11
Answer:
AE, CG, BF,

Exercise 6.11
1.

In an experiment , Lim observes that a simple pendulum completes 30 oscillations in

15.0 seconds. What is
(a) the frequency of oscillation?
(b) the period of oscillation?
Answer:
(a)
f = 30/15 = 2 Hz
(b) T = 1/f
= 1/2
Displacement/cm
= 0.5 s
6
Time/s

0
2.

5
2

-5
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CHAPTER 1: WAVE
Calculate the frequency of the given wave above.
Answer : T = 4s

f=

Hz

= 0.25 Hz
Displacement/c 5
4 2

-5
0

Distance/c
3.

Based in the displacement-distance graph of a wave, find

(a) the amplitude
(b) the wavelength of the wave
Answer:
(a) amplitude = 5 cm
(b) Wavelength = 0.4 cm

4.

A transverse wave is found to have a distance of 4 cm from a trough to a crest, a

frequency of
12 Hz, and a distance of 5 cm from a crest to the nearest trough. Determine the amplitude, period,
wavelength and speed of such a wave.
Answer:
Amplitude: 4/2 = 2 cm
Wavelength: 5 x2 = 10 cm
Speed: f x = 120 cm s-1

5.

A girl moves a long slinky spring at a frequency of 3 Hz to produce a transverse wave with a
wavelength of 0.5 m. What is the wave speed of the waves along the slinky spring?
Answer:
v=fx
=3x
0.5

6.0 cm

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CHAPTER 1: WAVE
6.

The figure shows a wavefront pattern in a ripple tank produced by a vibrating dipper at
frequency of 5 Hz. What is the wave speed?
Answer:
f = 5 Hz
= 6.0/4 = 1.5 cm
V=f
= 7.5 cm s-1

4.5 cm

7. The figure shows a wavefront pattern in a ripple tank produced by a vibrating dipper at
frequency of 5 Hz. What is the wave speed?
Answer:
f = 5 Hz
= 4.5/3 = 1.5 cm
V=f
= 7.5 cm s-1

20 cm(5)
8. A mechanical stroboscope has 12 slits and rotates at a frequency 5 Hz. The stroboscope
is used to observe water waves. The observer notes there are 6 successive bright bands at a
distance 20 cm. Calculate the speed of the water waves.
Answer:
f=np
= 12 x 5
= 60 Hz

= 20/5
= 4 cm
V=f

9.

The figure shows a loudspeaker produces a sound with a frequency 300 Hz. Calculate
(a) the wavelength.
(b) the speed of sound
Answer:
(a) 0.6 m
(b) V = f
= 300 x 0.5
= 150 m s-1

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CHAPTER 1: WAVE
10. A given wave travels at a speed of 2 x 105 ms-1. If the frequency of the wave is 1000 Hz,
Calculate the wavelength
Answer:
= v/f

= 200 m

11. (a) Base on the figure determine,

(i)
the amplitude
(ii) the wave length
(b) What is the frequency of the sound if the speed of sound is 330 ms-1.
Answer:
(a) (i) 2 cm
(ii) 50 cm
(b) f = v /
= 330 / 0.5
= 660 Hz

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CHAPTER 1: WAVE

Damping

Figure 6.12

1.
2.

3.

process whereby oscillations die down due to a loss of energy to

Damping is a ..
friction forces.
increa (decreases/increases)
When a system is damped , the amplitude of the of oscillation .
ses
slowly until the system stops oscillating.
Damping is usually caused by :(i) external frictional forces such as air resistance
(ii) internal forces , where energy is lost from the system in form of heat.

Resonances
the phenomenon when the oscilating system is driven at its
A resonance is
..
natural frequency by a periodic force.
Experiment to show a phenomenon
of resonance
E
A
B

D
C

Figure 6.12: Bartons pendulum

Pendulum B and D are the same length. When pendulum B oscilates, all the pendulum start to oscilate. But
pendulum B and D have the same length, so there have same natural frequency. So pendulum D will
maximu
oscilates with (maximum/minimum)
amplitude.
m
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CHAPTER 1: WAVE

External Force
To enable an oscillating system to go on continuously, an external force must be applied to the
system.
Force oscillation
The external force supplies energy to the system. Such a motion is called a forced oscillation
Natural frequency
The frequency of a system which oscillates freely without the action of an external force is called
the natural frequency.
Experiment in Bartons pendulum
The frequency of a simple pendulum depends on the length of the pendulum.
In Bartons pendulum experiment, there are many pendulums tied to the rope. Two of the pendulum are
of the same length
When pendulum B oscillates, all the other pendulums are forced to oscillate.
But pendulum D oscillates with the largest amplitude, ie, pendulum D resonates

Pendulum B and pendulum D are of the same length.

Frequency B = Frequency D
Therefore, pendulum B causes pendulum D to oscillate at its natural frequency.

Good effects of resonance

1. The tuner in a radio or television enables us to select the programmes we are interested. The circuit in the
tuner is adjusted until resonance is achieved, at the frequency transmitted by a particular station selected. Hence
a strong electrical signal is produced.
2. The loudness of music produced by musical instruments such as the trumpet and flute is the result of
resonance in the air.

Bad effects of resonance

3. A bridge can collapse when the amplitude of its vibration increases as a result of resonance.

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CHAPTER 1: WAVE

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