Gram (+)

Obligate
Anaerobes

Drug Group

Aerobes

Aminoglycosides
Fluoroquinolones
Phenicols

*
*

Chloramphenicol
Florfenicol
Tetracyclines
Macrolides
Lincosamides
Sulfonamides
Potentiated sulfonamides
Natural Penicillins
Aminopenicillins

Penicillins

Penicillinase-resistant
B lactam-resistant

Beta-lactams

Antipseudomonal
Potentiated
Penicillins

Amoxicillin-clavulanate
Ampicillin-sulbactam
Group 1
Group 2
Group 3

Cephalosporins

Group 4
Group 5
Group 6
Group 7
Carbapenems
Metronidazole
Vancomycin
Bacitracin
Polymixins
Nitrofurans
Rifampin

*
*

Gram (--)
Respiratory/
Fastidious

Enterobacteriaceae

Pseudomonas

Non Gram Staining

Others

Obligate
Anaerobes

Spirochetes

Mycoplasma

Gram (+)
Aerobes
Bacillus
Dermatophilus
Mycobacterium
Nocardia
Rhodococcus
Facultative Anaerobes:
Actinomyces
Arcanobacterium pyogenes
Corynebacterium
Enterococcus
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
Listeria monocytogenes
Staphylococcus
Streptococcus

Obligate Anaerobes
Actinobaculum suis
Clostridium

Respiratory/Fastidious
Actinobacillus
Haemophilus gallinarum
Haemophilus parasuis
Histophilus somni
Mannhemia haemolytica
Nicoletella
Pasteurella multocida

Enterobacteriaceae
Escherichia coli
Klebsiella
Proteus
Salmonella
Yersinia

Gram (--)
Pseudomonas
Pseudomonas

Others
Anaplasma marginale
Bordetella
Moraxella bovis
Brucella
Campylobacter
Chlamydia
Chlamydophilia
Ehrlichia
Lawsonia
Intracellularis
Rickettsia

Spirochetes
Bacteroides
Dichelobacter
Fusobacterium
Brachyspira

Non Gram Staining

Aerobes
Mycoplasma

Drug Class
Aminoglycosides

Fluoroquinolones

Phenicols

Tetracyclines

MOA
Inhibit protein synthesis;
bind to 30S ribosomal subunit

Inhibit DNA replication;

inhibit topoisomerase
(involved in supercoiling)

Drug
Amikacin
Gentamicin
Neomycin
Ciprofloxacin
Enrofloxacin
Marbofloxacin
Pradofloxacin

Florfenicol

Gram (+): aerobes

Gram (--): respiratory/fastidious

Chlortetracycline
Doxycycline
Minocycline

Erythromycin
Macrolides

Lincosamides

Inhibit protein synthesis;

bind to 50S ribosomal subunit

Sulfonamides

Inhibit folic acid production

(nucleic acid synthesis);
blocks purine synthesis

Tilmicosin
Tulathromycin
Tylosin
Clindamycin
Lincomycin

Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
Trimethoprim-sulfadiazine
Ormetoprim-sulfadimethoxine

Natural penicillins

Inhibit cell wall synthesis

Penicillin G

Aminopenicillins

Inhibit cell wall synthesis

Ampicillin

Antipseudal penicillins

Inhibit cell wall synthesis

Potentiated penicillins

Inhibit cell wall synthesis

Gram (+): aerobes, obligate anaerobes

Gram (--): respiratory/fastidious, others
Spirochetes
Gram (+): aerobes, obligate anaerobes
Gram (--): obligate anaerobes

Sulfasalazine

Inhibit folic acid production

(nucleic acid synthesis);
blocks purine synthesis

Inhibit cell wall synthesis

Gram (+): aerobes

Gram (--): respiratory/fastidious
Spirochetes, Mycoplasma

Sulfadimethoxine
Sulfamethazine

Potentiated
sulfonamides

Penicillinase-resistant
penicillins

Gram (+): aerobes (except some Strep)

Gram (--): respiratory/fastidious,
enterobacteriaceae, pseudomonas,
others
Mycoplasma

Chloramphenicol

Oxytetracycline
Inhibit protein synthesis;
bind to 50S ribosomal subunit

Gram (+): aerobes (except Strep)

Gram (--): respiratory/fastidious,
enterobacteriaceae, pseudomonas
Spirochetes

Gram (+): aerobes, obligate anaerobes

Gram (--): respiratory/fastidious,
enterobacteriaceae, pseudomonas,
obligate anaerobes

Inhibit protein synthesis;

bind to 50S ribosomal subunit

Inhibit protein synthesis;

bind to 30S ribosomal subunit

Bacterial Spectrum

Amoxicillin
Oxacillin
Methicillin
Cloxacillin
Ticarcillin
Amoxicillin-clavulanate
Ampicillin-sulbactam
Ticarcillin-clavulanate

Gram (+): aerobes

Gram (--): respiratory/fastidious,
enterobacteriaceae, others
Gram (+): aerobes, obligate anaerobes
Gram (--): obligate anaerobes
Gram (+): aerobes, obligate anaerobes
Gram (--): respiratory/fastidious, others,
obligate anaerobes
Gram (+): aerobes
Gram (--): pseudomonas
Gram (+): aerobes, obligate anaerobes
Gram (--): respiratory/fastidious, obligate
anaerobes

Adverse Effects & Legal Issues

Nephrotoxicity
Ototoxicity
Neuromuscular blockade
Extralabel use in ruminants PROHIBITED
(b/c residues)
Arthropathy/cartilage defects in young, growing
animals; ABSOLUTE CONTRAINDICATION in puppies
& foals
CNS signs; seizures
Retinal degeneration; blindness in cats
Extralabel use in ruminants PROHIBITED
Bone marrow suppression (reversible)
Aplastic anemia
Impaired glucuronidation (cats & young animals
sensitive)
Extralabel use in ruminants PROHIBITED
Diarrhea
DO NOT GIVE to dairy cows >20 months, calves <1
month, or pre-ruminating calves
Enteritis, teeth discoloration
Renal tubular necrosis, hepatic disease
Anaphylactic shock (dog), photosensitivity
CV collapse (if rapid IV to horses)
AVOID if pregnant; teratogen?
GI effects, possible drug interactions
(inhibit CYP 450s)
GI effects
Enterocolitis
Severe GI upset in hindgut fermenters (horses, rabbits)
Renal tubule blockage; keratoconjunctivits sicca (KCS;
dry eye); blood dyscrasias (anemia, thrombo); thyroid
disorders; skin reactions
MOST prohibited for extralabel use in lactating dairy
cattle (NOT sulfadimethoxine)
Hepatic necrosis
Hypersensitivity
GI effects
Contraindicated in hindgut fermenters (horses, rabbits)
Penicillin is one of the most frequently reported residue
violations

1st generation
cephalosporins

Inhibit cell wall synthesis

Cefazolin- Group 1
Cephapirin- Group 1
Cephalexin- Group 2

2nd generation
cephalosporins

Inhibit cell wall synthesis

Cefoxitin- Group 3
Cefotaxime- Group 4
Ceftiofur- Group 4

3rd generation
cephalosporins

Inhibit cell wall synthesis

Cefovecin- Group 4
Cefpodoxime- Group 5

4th generation
cephalosporins
Carbapenems

Inhibit cell wall synthesis

Cefepime- Group 7

Inhibit cell wall synthesis

Imipenem
Meropenem

Inhibit cell wall synthesis

Vancomycin

Intermediate toxic to cell via

alteration in DNA

Metronidazole
Bacitracin

Polymixins
Nitrofurans
Rifampin

Gram (+): aerobes, obligate anaerobes

Gram (+): aerobes, obligate anaerobes
Gram (+): aerobes, obligate anaerobes
Gram (+): obligate anaerobes
Gram (--): enterobacteriaceae, obligate
anaerobes
Gram (+): aerobes (except Staph
aureus), obligate anerobes
Gram (--): respiratory/fastidious,
enterobacteriaceae
Gram (+): aerobes (except Staph.
aureus), obligate anaerobes
Gram (--): respiratory/fastidious,
enterobacteriaceae
Gram (--): respiratory/fastidious,
enterobacteriaceae, pseudomonas
Gram (+): aerobes, obligate anaerobes
Gram (--): respiratory/fastidious,
enterobacteriaceae, pseudomonas,
obligate anaerobes
Gram (+): aerobes, obligate anaerobes
Gram (+): obligate anaerobes
Gram (--): obligate anaerobes
???
Gram (--): enterobacteriaceae
???
???

GI problems
Blood disorders; hemolysis
PROHIBITED extralabel use in farm animals in major
species (dose, route, duration); can use for different
indication on label ???????? I got real confused
here
(major species: dogs, cats, horses, pigs, turkeys,
chickens)

Seizures
Renal injury
Drugs of last resort
Neurologic disorders
Hepatotoxicity
PROHIBITED for extralabel use
Urinary tract problems?
Usually combined with other drugs; treat TB in people