Asbestosis: Asbestosis is caused by the inhalation of microscopic fibers of asbestos.

; The disease is progressive,

resulting in scarring of the lungs with fibrous tissue..; Asbestos particles invoke a hemorrhagic response in lung.
Fibers then coated with a ferritin-like material resulting in ferruginous bodies.(sputum,microscope).; Damage to
respiratory bronchioles and alveoli..; X Ray: Opacities are small and irregularly shaped.; Not rounded as in
silicosis.; Prominent septal lines around 2 lobules.; Cardiac silhouette may become shaggy.; Hilar lymph nodes rarely
affected.; DDx from silicosis.
Occupational health : Occupational Health is the promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical,
mental and social well-being of workers in all occupations by preventing departures from health, controlling risks and
the adaptation of work to people, and people to their jobs.(Identification and assessment of the risks from health
hazards in the workplace. This involves surveillance of the factors in the working environment and working practices
which may affect workers' health. It also requires a systematic approach to the analysis of occupational "accidents", and
occupational diseases.)
Health education : From the view of hygiene.; Study on how to organize educational process reasonably, in order to
improve children and teenagers learning efficiency, and promote their comprehensive development of body and mind.
Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) : Levels of intake of essential nutrients considered in the judgment of the
food & nutrition board of the basic of available scientific knowledge to be, adequate to meet the known nutritional
needs of practically all healthy persons.; RDA is set to meet the needs of 98% of the population (without reaching toxic
levels), in China, RDA is also called RNI.
Non-energy-yielding nutrients : Vitamins.; Minerals.; Water.; Dietary fibers.;
Exposure: The contact between an agent and a target.; Contact takes place at an exposure surface over an exposure
period .; E= t2 t1 C(t)dt.
Quarternary prevention: Methods to mitigate or avoid results of unnecessary or excessive interventions in the
health system.
Essential nutrients: Nutrients the body either cannot make or cannot make enough of to meet its needs.; These
nutrients must be obtained from foods (ingested in some manner).; Examples: Vitamins: VitA, D, E, K, VitC, B
Vitamins.;Minerals: Calcium, iron, and other minerals.; Some of the amino acids and fatty acids.; Essential amino
acids: Those amino acids we cannot make, so we must get them from the foods we eat, are known as essential amino
acids.
Heme iron and Nonheme iron : Iron occurs in two forms in foods.
Heme iron: bound into the iron-carrying proteins such as hemoglobin in meats, poultry, and fish.
Nonheme iron: ferric hydroxide (Fe(OH)3) in both plant and some animal foods (egg yolk).
Heme iron is much more reliably absorbed than nonheme iron.
Fatigue : Its a protective inhibition phenomenon caused by function loss exceeding the limitation of cerebral cortex
cells with excessive stimulations or prolonged weak stimulations.; Cells can not work any more unless a short rest.
Human organs, system functions and working ability are in a low level.; It is a physiological phenomenon.
Silicosis : Silicosis is a lung disease caused by continued inhaling free crystalline silica and characterized by
progressive fibrosis and a chronic shortness of breath.; X Ray: Multiple small rounded opacities .; Usually in upper
lobes .; May have ground glass appearance .; May occasionally calcify centrally (20%)
Ergonomics: The science of making the job fit the worker(ergonomic chair and keyboards).. Or The application of
human sciences to the optimization of people's working environment.; Thus ergonomics seeks to adapt work to human
physical and psychological capabilities and limitations. In seeking this goal, it draws on many disciplines including:
Anatomy, physiology, psychology, sociology, physics and engineering
Micronutrients: Need in relatively small amounts.; All other nutrients: vitamins, minerals, bioactive food
components (esp. phytochemicals).
Provitamin A and preformed vitamin A: Animal foods: three active forms of vitamin A, or so called preformed
vitamin A , they are: retinol, retinal, retinoic acid; Plant origin: there is no preformed Vit A but they contain
carotenoids which we usually call provitamin A .
Coal workers' pneumoconiosis : Coal workers' pneumoconiosis (cwp) is a pneumoconiosis caused by inhalation of
coal dust and is more prevalent in underground workers exposed to higher concentrations of dust than in surface
workers.; The lung is destroyed by fibrosis and emphysema.; X Ray: Small, rounded opacities.; Upper lobe
distribution.; Associated with chronic bronchitis and cor pulmonale

Reproductive health: WHO definition indicates that reproductive health refers to a state of complete physical,
mental, and social well-being..; Reproductive health implies that people are able to have a responsible, satisfying, and
safe sex life. This means access to effective, affordable, and acceptable methods of fertility regulation, health services
for safe pregnancies and deliveries, prevent and treatment for reproductive diseases and tumors, and health care
around and after menopause
Essential amino acids: Those amino acids we cannot make, so we must get them from the foods we eat, are known
as essential amino acids. The nine essential amino acids for human adults that must be obtained from the diet are
histidine, isoleucine, leucine,lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, valine.
Nonessential amino acids: The body can make about half of the amino acids for itself, when it has the needed parts
nitrogen to form the amine group and backbone fragments, which are derived from carbohydrate or fat.; The non
essential aminoacidsalso important in nutrition: Alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamic acid,
glutamine, glycine, proline, serine, tyrosine.
kilocarlories (kcal) and kilojoules (kJ) : Measure energy in kilocalories (kcal) : Traditionally used in nutrition
science.; What most think of as a calorie is really a kilocalorie.; kcal = amount of energy needed to raise the
temperature of 1 kg of water by 10C.; Measure energy in kilojoules (kJ) : International unit for energy of any form.;
1kcal = 4.18 KJ, or1KJ = 0.239 kcal
Premenopause : As the endocrine function of ovary becomes weak step by step and this process is different
between individuals, perimenopause starts after 40 commonly and lasts for 2 ~ 4 years.; premature ovarian failure
( POF ). In puerperium, mother takes on the important task to feed and take care of the newborn, at the same time to
recover herself.
Growth : An increase in size of body.
Development : Increased complexity of function
Growth velocity : Growth velocity is the rate of change in size over time.; Velocity is the speed the child travels
along the road.
Learning : It is a process that human or animals receive information from the external environment via their nervous
system, which would affect their own behaviors.
Memory : It is a neural process that the obtained information or experiences were stored and extracted in the brain.
Starting regulation : The working capacity of the cerebral cortex is at a low level at the beginning, then increase
gradually with processing.
Dominant excited areas : Among a large number of stimulus in the environment, our nerve center would only focus
on a few stimulations (the strongest, most important stimulation which accord with our purposes and desires) and the
corresponding areas of brain would be excited.; Those excited areas in brain are called dominant excited areas.
Dynamic stereotype : When suffered conditioned stimulus inside or outside the body repeatedly, the related neural
circuits would fix relatively in the cerebral cortex. This process is called dynamic stereotype.
Mosaic Activities : When we change the types of activities, excited areas of brain would change accordingly.
Excited or suppressed areas, work or rest areas in cerebral cortex would exchange in spatial structure, functional
orientation, and time allocation.
Protective Inhibition : Concept : Once the brain is overloaded, the cerebral cortex would enter into inhibition state as
feedback.; Hygiene significance : Consumption Recovery working ability .; Consumption Recovery
working ability .; Early fatigue Working excessive fatigue.; Rest recovery.
Terminal Motivation : After a long time work, the excitability in cerebral cortex reduces gradually. However, when
brain perceives the signal of coming to an end, the excitability of cerebral cortex would have a transient increase
reflexly.; Depending on: extent of excitability decreased, stored energy, individual learning attitude, emotional state at
that time.
Defatiguation: It is also called chronic fatigue..; Its a pathological condition that caused by long time overloading,
and cant restore with a short break.
Defatiguation: Defatigation can not be used as the basis hygiene standard to establish a learning load.; Prevent it.
Tiredness : Its a subjective feeling of fatigue or defatigation.; Mechanism Protective inhibition.; Performance
Dizziness, brain swelling, malaise, lethargy, insomnia, irritability, muscle relaxants, feel cold in head but hot in limbs.

 Benzene: Colorless, sweet odor, evaporates quickly & highly flammable liquid.Benzene is an aromatic hydrocarbon
chemical consisting of six atoms each of carbon and hydrogen arranged in a ring structure (C6H6).Molecular formula:
C6H6.; Melting point: 5.5C.; Boiling point: 80.1 C.; Flash point: -11 C .; Explosion limits: 1.3-7.1%
Solubility: slightly soluble in water; very soluble in organic solvents and oil.; Odour threshold: 1-1.5ppm
Aplastic Anaemia: Lack of white blood cells: increased infections, bone or joint pain and discomfort, and
feverishness.; Lack of platelets: excessive bleeding, a tendency to bruise easily, and a delay in healing.; Lack of red
blood cells: tiredness, a very pale complexion, and shortness of breath.
Tertiary prevention*: Methods to reduce negative impact of existent disease by restoring function and reducing
disease-related complications.; Eg: Prevent complications of diabetes.
Byssinosis: An occupational respiratory disease associated with inhalation of cotton, flax, or hemp dust and
characterized initially by chest tightness, shortness of breath, and cough, and eventually by irreversible lung disease.
Called also brown lung, brown lung disease, mill fever.Grain workers lung is a type of byssinosis . It can appear in
people who work with grains.
Primary prevention*: Methods to avoid occurrence of disease.; Most population-based health promotion efforts
are of this type.; Eg: breast feeding hand washing vaccines.
Secondary prevention*: Methods to diagnose and treat existent disease in early stages before it causes significant
morbidity.;Eg: screening.
Tertiary prevention*: Methods to reduce negative impact of existent disease by restoring function and reducing
disease-related complications.; Eg: Prevent complications of diabetes.
Toxicology : A branch of biology, chemistry, and medicine (more specifically pharmacology) concerned with the
study of the adverse effects of chemicals on living organisms.
Paracelsus: All substances are poisons; there is none which is not a poison. The right dose differentiates a poison
from a remedy. Paracelsus (1493-1541).
Toxin: Toxic substance are produced by biological systems .; Such as : plants, animals, fungi or bacteria.
Zeralanone, produced by mold.
Toxicant*: Toxic substance are produced by or are a by-product of anthropogenic activities.Such as : Dioxin
(TCDD) B(a)p.
Inhalation: Chemicals in the air are breathed in through the mouth or nose.; Gases & vapors are absorbed through
the lungs directly into the bloodstream.: The size of dust particles or mist droplets can affect where the chemical
settles in the respiratory tract.
Ingestion/Swallowing*: Chemicals that are swallowed are absorbed in the digestive tract.;Chemicals can rub off
dirty hands and contaminate food, drinks or tobacco products.; Chemicals in the air can settle on food or drink and be
swallowed.
Additive Effect: The combined effect of the two chemicals is equal to the sum of the effects of each agent given
alone. This is the most commonly observed effect when two chemicals are given together (2 + 2 = 4).
Synergist Effect: Occurs when the combined effects of two chemicals are much greater than the sum of the effects
of each agent given alone.CCl4 and ethanol are hepatotoxic alone but when given together produce much more liver
injury than the mathematical sum of their individual effects (2 + 2 = 20).Smoking and asbestos exposure is another
example.Cocaine use with alcohol use is a third example.
Potentiation: Occurs when one compound does not have a toxic effect on a certain organ or system but when added
to another chemical makes that chemical much more toxic.
CCl4 is hepatotoxic, isopropanol is not hepatotoxic, when given together the effect of CCl4 is more than expected (0
+ 2 = 10).
Antagonism: Occurs when two chemicals administered together interfere with each others action. Antagonistic
interactions are very often desirable in toxicology and are the basis of many antidotes (2 + (-2) = 0).
Functional antagonism : Occurs when two chemicals counterbalance each other by producing opposite effects on
the same physiological function.benzodiazepines is an anticonvulsant.
Chemical antagonism: Is a chemical reaction between two compounds that produces a less toxic product. Example
= a chelator and a metal.
Dispositional antagonism: Occurs when the disposition of a chemical is altered so that the concentration and/or
duration of the chemical at the target organ are diminished. Ex. Metabolism is increased Excretion is increased,
therefore half-life is decreased.; Change pH value of urine.

 Receptor antagonism: Occurs when two chemicals that bind to the same receptor produce less of an effect when
given together than the addition of their separate parts. Receptor antagonists are often termed blockers.naloxone
---morphine.
Tolerance: A state of decreased responsiveness to a toxic effect of a chemical resulting from prior exposure to that
chemical or to a structurally related chemical.CCl4 decrease the formation of reactive metabolite (hepatotoxic)
Dose: Similar to drugs effectiviness , drugs toxicity e.g. lethality (mortality) also shows dose-response
relationship, typical S-shape curve.LD50 (the dosage of a substance that kills 50% of the animals over a set period of
time following an acute exposure). Amount of exposure to an agent.
Biomarker: A biomarker, or biological marker, generally refers to a measured characteristic which may be used as
an indicator of some biological state or condition.
Tolerable daily intake (TDI):The TDI is an estimate of the amout of a substance in food or drinking
water,expressed on a body weight basis (mg/kg or g/kg of body weight), that can be ingested daily over a lifetime
without appreciable health risk.
Acceptable daily intake (ADI): Are established for food additives and pesticide residues that occur in food for
necessary technological purpose or plant protection reasons.
No-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL): The NOAEL is defined as the highest dose or concentration of a
chemical in a single study, found by experiment or observation, that causes no detectable adverse health effect.
Whenever possible, The NOAEL is based on long-term studies, preferably of ingestion in drinking water.
Lowest-observed-adverse effect level (LOAEL): LOAEL is the lowest observed dose or concentration of a
substance at which there is a detectable adverse health effect. When LOAEL is used instead of NOAEL ,an additional
uncertainty factor is normally used.
Hormesis: (from Greek hrmsis "rapid motion, eagerness," from ancient Greek hormein "to set in motion, impel,
urge on") is the term for generally favorable biological responses to low exposures to toxins and other stressors.
In toxicology, hormesis is a dose response phenomenon characterized by a low dose stimulation, high dose inhibition,
resulting in either a J-shaped or an inverted U-shaped dose response.
Response: The reaction to the dose.; For example, eating one green apple may be just fine but eating five green
apples at one time may produce a very undesirable response.
Hazard: The possibility that an agent can cause harm .
Exposure: Contact with an agent
Risk: The probability of harm or adverse effect (injury, disease, death) following exposure to an agent.
Nutrition: The science of foods and the nutrients they contain.; Also consider the action of these foods and the
nutrients in the body.; Foods contain nutrients and are derived from plant or animal sources.; Nutrients are used by
the body to provide energy and to support growth, maintenance and repair of body tissues.; More than 40 nutrients
identified today. Providing nutrients for optimal health, unbalanced diet increases non-communicable diseases risk;
Nonessential nutrients: body can make from other nutrients ingested.; Examples:Cholesterol.; Some amino acids
and fatty acids.; Some bioactive food components from plants and animals..;The body can make about half of the
amino acids for itself, when it has the needed partsnitrogen to form the amine group and backbone fragments,
which are derived from carbohydrate or fat
Organic nutrients - contain carbon.; Carbohydrates.; Lipids.; Proteins .; Vitamins
Inorganic nutrients - do not contain carbon.; Minerals.; Water.
Macronutrients: Need in relatively large amounts.; Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins.
Energy-yielding nutrients: Carbohydrates (except fibers).; Fats .; Proteins
Non-energy-yielding nutrients : Vitamins.; Minerals.; Water.; Dietary fibers.
Estimated Average Requirements(EAR) : Intake amount that appears to meet the needs of 50% of the population.;
Age, gender, condition based.; Set after review of many research studies.\
Adequate Intake (AI): AI = average amount of the nutrient that a group of healthy people consume.; AI is set when
there isnt enough research to set an estimated average requirement (EAR) or RDA.; Examples: Calcium, Vitamin D,
water, fibre.
Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL): Maximum daily amount of nutrient that appears safe for most healthy people
Intake above the UL is associated with toxicity symptoms.; Most often see with overuse of supplements or intake of
many fortified foods.
Energy density - Measure of the kcal per gram of food.;

 Complimentary action*: Incomplete proteins can be mixed together to make a complete protein.; Cereal
grains+legumes, legumes+seeds (nuts) .
Subfertility / Infertility: Infertility is a worldwide issue in reproductive health.; In view of the World Health
Organization's definition of health, the psychological and social consequences of infertility simply cannot be ignored.
Obesity and reproductive health.; Prevention for infertility is difficult and does not help the couple seeking medical
advice for infertility, whereas efficient treatment for infertility is time consuming, expensive and often unsuccessful..;
assisted reproductive technology (ART).; in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer IVF-ET).
Three regularities of growth : Continuous, series of distinct stages process.; Imbalance development of different
systems and organs.; Individual difference.
Thermic effect of food : The thermic effect of food is proportional to the food energy taken in and is usually
estimated at 10% of energy intake.
Reproductive health care : Reproductive health care is defined as the constellation of methods, techniques and
services that contribute to reproductive health and well-being by preventing and solving reproductive health
problems.
Regularies of growth:Continuous, series of distinct stages process.; Imbalance development of different systems
and organs.; Individual difference(Influenced by genetic & environmental factors)
Physical growth : Indicators of physical growth.; Growth of the skeletal system.; Growth of the dental system
Oxygen carrier: Bound into the protein hemoglobin in the red blood cells, iron helps transport oxygen from lungs
to tissues.
Iron-deficiency anemia (IDA): Characterized by weakness, tiredness, apathy, headaches, increased
sensitivity to cold, and a paleness.
Energy yielding Non- nutrient : Alcohol :7 kcal/gram.; Non-nutrient because it interferes with growth, maintenance
and repair of the body.; Alcohols metabolites are harmful.
Beriberi : Beriberi is caused by the deficiency of vitamin-B1.; Wet Beriberi (characterized with heart
failure and edema).; Dry Beriberi (characterized with polyneuritis)
Menopausal syndrome: Women will have mental responses in different degrees such as dysphasia, sadness,
characteristic and behavior changes, even depression.; The increase of bone absorption can cause fracture of
bone, even osteoporosis..; Hormone replacement therapy ( HRT)
Complete proteins: Most animal products, such as fish, chicken, beef, pork, eggs, milk, cheese, yogurt, and
soy as well, contain all of the essential amino acids. (High quality proteins).
Incomplete proteins: Plant foods, such as rice, wheat, oats, corn, may be low or lacking in one or more of the
amino acids.

LONG ANSWERS:
Main indicators of physical growth
(a).Weight : Total weight of the organs, tissues (bones, muscles and fat) and body fluid.; To evaluate recent
nutritional status.;
----Normal term infant:
Age
Weight(kg)
Increment (kg)
Icrement (kg/y)
At birth
3
3m
6
3
12 m
9
3
6
24 m
12
3
3
>2y ~ Puberty
2
Growth Patterns of Weight : First growth spurt: first year of life.; Different growth rate in different age.;
Speed of weight increment is slowing down with age.;Formulae: 3~12months: weight(kg)=(age month
+9)/2
(b).Height(Length): < 3 years Supine Length.; >3 years Stand Height.
----Normal term infant :
Age
Weight(kg)
Increment (kg)
Increment (kg/y)
At birth
50
3m
61~62
11~12
12 m
75
12~13
25
24 m
85
10
10
>2y ~ Puberty
5~7
Growth Pattern of height/length: First growth spurt: first year of life.; Different growth rate in different age
(c).Crown-rump Length/Sitting height : < 3 years Supine Crown rump length.; > 3 years Sit Sitting
height
(d)Head Circumference : Is related with the growth of brain and skull
----Normal term infant :
Age
H.C(cm)
Increment (cm)
At birth
34
3m
40
6
12 m
46
6
24 m
48
2
5y
50
2
15y
53~54
3~4
Abnormality of H.C: Small ----- Cerebral dysplasia, Microcephaly.; Increase too fast ----- Hydrocephalus
(e).Chest Circumference: Be related with the development of the thorax and lungs.
----Normal term infant:
Age
C.C(cm)
H.C(cm)
At birth
32
34
1y
46
46
2y
49
48
>2y~Puberty :CC-HC(cm)=Age(year)-1
Summary:
New born
3m
12 m
24 m
2~10 years
Length (cm)
50
61~62
75
85
Age 7+70
Weight (kg)
3
6
9
12
Age 2+8
HC (cm)
34
36
46
48
15 y:53~54
CC (cm)
32
46
CC- HC=Age - 1

 Skeleton and dental development

Growth of the skeletal system : Cranial development.; Spinal development
--Cranial development : Anterior Fontanel : Size: 1.5~2cm at birth.; Closure Time: 12~18m.;
Abnormality of anterior fontanel :
Small size or early closure
<4m.; Microcephaly, etc
Large size or delayed closure :
>18m.; Hydrocephalus, Cretinism, etc
Bulging fontanel
Intracranial hypertension (Encephalitis,
Meningitis,etc)
Sunken fontanel
Dehydration
Posterior Fontanel : Size: 0~0.5cm at birth.; Closure Time: 1~2m
--- Spinal development :
Age
Motor
Spinal curvature
3m
Raised head
Cervical curvature
6m
Sit
Thoracic curvature
12 m
Walk
Lumbar curvature
Dental Growth: Primary or deciduous teeth.; Secondary or permanent teeth
Primary teeth: Total number: 20.; First eruption:4~10m.; Teething delay:>13m.; Last eruption:2~3y
Permanent teeth:Total number: 32 .; First eruption:6y .; Last eruption:>18y
Three main contents of growth assessment
Develomental level.; Growth Velocity .; Proportion of body
Development Level:Assess current size, using appropriate population standard.; Illustrates the amount of
growth.; Within different age groups .; At particular time
Reference standard : Cut-off points : 2SD.; P3 P97.
Results of growth Level:<P3(< -2SD) ------ Below normal.; P3-P97( 2SD) ----Normal.; >P97( +2SD) ---Above normal.
Limitation of development level: Development level cannot show the trend of growth.; Growth is a continuous
process, one measurement of weight can not estimate the process of weight growth directly, cannot confirm it is
abnormal growth within the normal range or low level of normal growth.
Growth velocity: Growth velocity is the rate of change in size over time.; Velocity is the speed the child travels
along the road.; How much a child grows within a specified period of time .; Every child has his/her own growth
potential and trajectory.; If the child grows with a regular growth velocity (same SDS), his/her growth is normal.;
Results:T2T1 Reference ( X2 X1) Normal.; T2T1 < 0 ----- Downward .; T2T1 = 0 --Unchanged.; T2T1 < Reference ---- Slowed.; T2T1 > Reference ---Upward .;
Proportion of body : Weight to stature(Weight for length (W/L) Body mass index (BMI)).; Trunk-leg ratio:
SH/H..; Weight for Length (W/L):It indicates the range of weight for definite length
W/L : <P3(< -2SD) --Below normal (wasting).; P3-P97( 2SD) --- Normal .; >P97( +2SD) ---Above normal
(obese)
Trunk-Leg ratio:A measure of the relative length of the trunks and legs.;Representing in: SH/H.; The ratio of SH/H
in different age .;
The ratio of SH/H in different age:
At birth
1y
2y
6y
10 y
14 y
SH(cm)
33.5
47.9
53.3
64.7
73.2
86.1
TH(cm)
50.2
76.5
87.9
116.2
136.6
162.5
SH/TH
0.67
0.63
0.61
0.56
0.54
0.53
Result:Ratio of SH/H Reference NormalProportionate.; Ratio of SH/H Reference
AbnormalDisproportinate)
Indicators of growth assessment: Growth level: W/A, H/A, HC/A.; Growth velocity
Proportion of body :(Weight to Stature.; Trunk Leg Ratio).

 Functional characteristics of the cerebral cortex and their health significance

Starting regulation: The working capacity of the cerebral cortex is at a low level at the beginning, then increase
gradually with processing.; Forming cause:Nerve cells need time to start work.; Nerve cells need time to regulate
functions of other organ systems.;Functions would disappear gradually as time goes on, but those functions would
increase gradually in the recovery process.; Health significance: Study (in a day, a week, a semester, a school
year) should be from simple to complex, and the degree of difficulty and intensity should also be increased
gradually.
Dominant rule.: Among a large number of stimulus in the environment, our nerve center would only focus on a
few stimulations (the strongest, most important stimulation which accord with our purposes and desires) and the
corresponding areas of brain would be excited.Those excited areas in brain are called dominant excited areas.
Health significance: Dominant excited areas are easy to disappear in childhood.; Be formed with biological
adaptability and teleonomy.; Related to interests.; Dominant excited areas are not easy to form in ADHD
(Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder)children because of the lack of adrenaline neurotransmitter in brain.
Dynamic stereotype.: When suffered conditioned stimulus inside or outside the body repeatedly, the related
neural circuits would fix relatively in the cerebral cortex. This process is called dynamic stereotype..; Health
significance: Regular lifestyle, correct motor skills, good study habits and health behaviors should be formed in
early childhood.; Cost a lot of nerve labors - work and rest regime should not be changed casually. ;Not all are
good.
Mosaic activities.: When we change the types of activities, excited areas of brain would change accordingly.
Excited or suppressed areas, work or rest areas in cerebral cortex would exchange in spatial structure, functional
orientation, and time allocation. Health significance: Conduct different kinds of activities alternately.; Do
mental and physical activities alternately .; Do static and dynamic activities (sitting and walking) alternately .;
work and rest alternately.; The younger children, the more frequent rotation should be.
Protective inhibition: Once the brain is overloaded, the cerebral cortex would enter into inhibition state as
feedback.; Health significance : Consumption Recovery working ability .; Consumption Recovery
working ability .; Early fatigue ( Working excessive fatigue.; Rest recovery).
Terminal motivation : After a long time work, the excitability in cerebral cortex reduces gradually. However,
when brain perceives the signal of coming to an end, the excitability of cerebral cortex would have a transient
increase reflexly.; Health significance : Terminal motivation may happen at the end of a class hour, a day, a
week, or a semester.; We can make use of this feature to improve learning efficiency.

The influencing factors of brainwork competence

Internal cause : Age.; Gender.; Health status.; Genetic factors.; Learning motivation and attitude .;
Emotion and interests.; External cause : Learning and living conditions
Age: Excitability in cerebral cortex is dominant in younger children, and have a weak inhibition function.
Attention cannot be sustained for a long time in younger children.; ApplicationAge limitation of entering
school, and different ages have different class hour.;Gender: No difference in brain working ability.;
Differences in timing of physical and mental development. Differences in cognitive abilities.; Health: (These
factors lead to Brain development and working ability).; Nutrition.; Sports.; Brain diseases others;.
Genetic factors: Good genetic quality is a necessary condition for intellectual development.; Good postnatal
environment is an important factor affecting the development of intellectual.; Learning motivation and
attitude : The most important motive power ----> Learning interests ----> Learning efficiency of cerebral cortex
(Example, encourage, ideals, briefs) ----> Awareness of learning ] cycling process.; Emotion and interests :
(Teacher-student relationship.; Relationship between students.; Family atmosphere)--------> Sentiment ---->
Learning efficiency of cerebral cortex.; Learning and living conditions : Lighting, temperature, ventilation,
stationery, noise, desks and chairs, blackboards, Dietary nutrition, rest system, sleep, Physical exercise).

 General variation laws of brainwork in a school day

In a day: Working ability is at a low level at the beginning.; Ascend gradually during the learning process.
Reach a peak after about 2 hours, and then go down gradually.; Rebound after a lunch break, but lower than the
peak. And then descend.; Descend straightly.; A slight rebound at the end, but still lower than the peak (terminal
motivation).--> General Laws: Not high at the beginning Ascend gradually with staring regulation until reach
peak Then drop down ( Descend straightly, and lower than the beginning level.; A slight rebound at the end
with terminal motivation).

The concepts, formation mechanisms, performance, and hygiene significance of fatigue,

defatigation, and tiredness
Fatigue: Concept: Its a protective inhibition phenomenon caused by function loss exceeding the limitation of
cerebral cortex cells with excessive stimulations or prolonged weak stimulations.; Cells can not work any more
unless a short rest.; Human organs, system functions and working ability are in a low level.; It is a physiological
phenomenon (Protective inhibition).
Performance : Differences.:
Early fatigue
Significant fatigue
Mechanism
Have barriers in excitatory
Have barriers or function Abated In both
process or inner inhibition
excitatory Process and inner inhibition
process.
process.
Behaviors
Hyperactivity
Yawning, sleepiness
Conditioned reflex test
Error increased OR Long
Error increased AND Long reaction
reaction time and reaction
time and reaction volumes decreased.
volumes decreased.
Dose-work test
Error increased OR Working Error increased ANDWorking speed
speed decreased.
decreased
Intensity rule of reaction
and stimulation

Equalization phase:
Give the same intensity
reaction to any stimulation

Paradoxical phase: Show a weak

reaction to a strong stimulation, and
a strong reaction to a weak one.

Hygience significance: Its a critical limit of learning load.; Take actions to relieve fatigue.; Prevent fatigue to
defatigation.
Defatiguation: Concept: It is also called chronic fatigue.; Its a pathological condition that caused by long time
overloading, and cant restore with a short break.; Mechanism: A long time overloading.
Performance : Appearance: pale skins, weakness, malaise, hesitant, hand tremor in sometimes. Working
ability: speed decline, and error increase.; Mental status: indifference, anxiety or depression, low mood, crying for
no reason.; Psychological function declined: inattention, bad memory, and obstacles in logical thinking,
imagination, judgment and reasoning analysis.; Academic record: decline.; Subjective feelings: dizziness,
headache, insomnia, lethargy, loss of appetite, indigestion and even neurastheni.
Hygiene significance
Defatigation can not be used as the basis hygiene standard to establish a learning load.
Prevent it.
Tiredness : Concept : Its a subjective feeling of fatigue or defatigation.; Mechanism: Protective inhibition.
Performance : Dizziness, brain swelling, malaise, lethargy, insomnia, irritability, muscle relaxants, feel cold in
head but hot in limbs.; Hygiene significance: Pay attention to:The tiredness subjective feelings are developing
into real fatigue.; Those who are fatigue without tiredness.

 Establishing principles of the work and rest regime

Concept : Generally refers to a time schedule and alternating sequence of daily life in work, study,
entertainment, sports, sleeping, diet, and rest.
Based on: characteristics of functional activities in cerebral cortex and variation of brain working ability.;
Establishing principles : Accord with characteristics of functional activities in cerebral cortex.; Meet needs of
children and adolescents in their different ages and physiological health status.; Taking into account the needs of
teaching.; Harmony with school and family.; Dont change freely when regime established.
Hygiene significance : Combine with work and rest to meet the physiological development of children and
adolescents.; Help to form dynamic stereotype by the regular activities.; Enhance learning efficiency, and
promote the all-round development of body and mind.

Science of doctor knowledge, disease natural evolution from Absent to present .

Science of doctor knowledge, disease evolution from Absent to present .

Conscience
Or patients
Feeling
Well Being
Feeling

Sick Feeling

I.
Primary Prevention
Action taken to avoid or remove the cause of
a health problem n an individual or a
population before it arises.Includes health
promotion and specific protection
(eg. Immunization)

II.
Secondary Prevention
Actionn taken to detect a health problem at an
early stage in an individual or a population,
thereby facilitating cure, or reducing or
preventing it spreading or its long- term effects
(eg. Methods, screening, case finding, and early
diagnosis)
IV.
III.
Quaternary Prevention
Tertiaruy Prevention
Quaternary Prevention: Action taken to
Action taken to reduce the chronic effects of a
Identify patient at a risk of overmedicalisation, Health problemin an individual or a population
To protect him from new medical invasion, and By minimizing the functional impairment
to suggest to him intervensions, which are
Consequent to the acute or chronic health
ethically acceptable.
Problems.
(eg: prevent complications of diabetes ).
Includes rehabilitation

Classification of fatty acids

Saturated fatty acid: fully loaded with hydrogen atoms and contains only single bonds between its carbon
atoms.
Monounsaturated fatty acid: with one double bond in the molecule.
Polyunsaturated fatty acid: has two or more carbon-to-carbon double bonds.

 Energy-Yielding Nutrients
A).Carbohydrates: C, H, O ; Categories: Sugar: simple sugars.; Starch: made from chains of small
sugars, when these chains are broken down during digestion, we get energy.;Fibers: do not provide calories
because human bodies do not break fiber down during digestion.; Functions: 4 kcal/gram.; Bodys primary
source of energy ( use as glucose in the blood).; Brains only source of energy.; Stores are limited ~12-24 hours
(in liver and muscle as glycogen).; Recommended carbohydrates intake : Energy provided by carbohydrates
should account for 55%~65% of total energy; Starchy foods and dietary fibers-rich foods are the better choices
rather than sugary foods.; Carbohydrates-rich foods: Sugary foods: candy, cake, sugary drinks; Plant foods
like cereals, bread, rice, pasta, potatoes and corn are good sources of starch. These starchy foods give us important
vitamins and minerals, too. ; Dietary fibers-rich foods: Whole grains, vegetables and fruits.
B).Fats: C, H, O.; Categories: Triglycerides (fats and oils): Every triglyceride contains one molecule of
glycerol and three fatty acids. Fatty acids may be saturated or unsaturated. Phospholipids: The best-known
phospholipid is lecithin.; Sterols: compounds with a multiple-ring structure, the most famous sterol is cholesterol.
Classifying by degree of unsaturation : Saturated fatty acid: fully loaded with hydrogen atoms and contains only
single bonds between its carbon atoms.; Monounsaturated fatty acid: with one double bond in the molecule.
Polyunsaturated fatty acid: has two or more carbon-to-carbon double bonds.; Functions : 9 kcal/gram.;
Bodys alternate source of energy.; Needed to carry and store essential fat-soluble vitamins, like vitamins A and
D .; Excess energy intake can be stored as fats in the body. Stores are unlimited!; Recommended fats intake:
Keep total fat intake between 25%~30% of total energy needs..; Make sure most fats coming from sources of
PUFAs and MUFAs, such as fish, nuts, and vegetable oils..; Fats food sources: Cooking oils and fats: vegetable
oils are more healthy than animal fats added in cooking.; Fats we cannot see: a lot of fat is hidden in foods that we
eat as snacks or prepared meals. Cholesterol (1): Cholesterol is needed by our bodies for our cells, nerves and
brain. It is also important in forming hormones and enzymes.; Non-essential: Our bodies can make cholesterol. We
get cholesterol from the foods we eat, too.; Cholesterol (2): Adverse effects of too much cholesterol: the blood
cholesterol level increases. The higher our blood cholesterol, the higher our chances of developing heart disease. ;
Food sources: animal products, e.g. fish, eggs, chicken, milk, beef or cheese. Animal brain tissue contains the
highest level.
C).Proteins: C, H, O, N ; What are proteins made of? : Amino acids: molecule with amine and acid
groups.
There are 20 amino acids making up most of the proteins of living tissues..; Essential amino acids: Those amino
acids we cannot make, so we must get them from the foods we eat, are known as essential amino acids.
Nonessential amino acids: The body can make about half of the amino acids for itself, when it has the needed
partsnitrogen to form the amine group and backbone fragments, which are derived from carbohydrate or fat.
Are all proteins the same for us? : Complete proteins: Most animal products, such as fish, chicken, beef, pork,
eggs, milk, cheese, yogurt, and soy as well, contain all of the essential amino acids. (High quality proteins).;
Incomplete proteins: Plant foods, such as rice, wheat, oats, corn, may be low or lacking in one or more of the
amino acids.; How vegetarians get high quality proteins?: Complimentary action*: Incomplete proteins can be
mixed together to make a complete protein. Cereal grains+legumes, legumes+seeds (nuts) .; Functions:
Building blocks of human body: It is needed for cells to grow. It also repairs or replaces healthy cells and tissues.
Needed for normal function: Enzymes, some hormones, antibodies, albumin, hemoglobin, transport proteins, are
all made from protein. ; 4 kcal/gram (same as carbohydrates ), But protein is used for energy only when there isnt
any carbohydrate available as an energy source.; Recommended protein intake: Protein provides 10%~15% of
total caloric intake.; RDA for adults: 0.8 gram per kg body weight.

Physiological functions of protein

Functions : Building blocks of human body: It is needed for cells to grow. It also repairs or replaces healthy
cells and tissues.; Needed for normal function: Enzymes, some hormones, antibodies, albumin, hemoglobin,

transport proteins, are all made from protein.; 4 kcal/gram ( same as carbohydrates ), But protein is used for
energy only when there isnt any carbohydrate available as an energy source.

Two forms of iron in the foods

Causes of IDAMalnutrition: Inadequate intake, either from limited access to food or from high consumption of
foods low in iron. Blood loss: Caused in many developing countries by parasitic infections of the digestive tract.
Iron occurs in two forms in foods.
Heme iron: bound into the iron-carrying proteins such as hemoglobin in meats, poultry, and fish.
Nonheme iron: ferric hydroxide (Fe(OH)3) in both plant and some animal foods (egg yolk).
Heme iron is much more reliably absorbed than nonheme iron.

Reproductive health in China

Experts identified the following topics as priorities : definition and development of reproductive health;
women's reproductive health and health care; women's premarital health care; women's prenatal health care;
sexually transmitted diseases and AIDS; family planning; women's rights and benefits; male participation in
family planning; the education on reproductive health.

Reproductive Health care

Reproductive health care : It is defined as the constellation of methods, techniques and services that contribute
to reproductive health and well-being by preventing and solving reproductive health problems.
Reproductive health care saves lives and prevents significant levels of morbidity through family planning
programs, antenatal, delivery and post-natal services, prevention and management programs for reproductive tract
infections (including STDs and HIV/AIDS), prevention of abortion and management of its complications, cancers
of the reproductive system, and harmful practices that impact on reproductive function.; Reproductive health
protects infant health by enabling birth spacing and birth limitation to be practiced through family planning. They
are also in addition to prenatal, delivery and postnatal services, positive determinants of low maternal mortality and
morbidity are integral to the promotion of reproductive health in women of child bearing age.

Adolescent reproductive health

Adolescent RH is becoming an important issue.; As they mature and become sexually active, more young
people face serious health risks.; The most of them face these risks with too little factual information, too little
guidance about sexual responsibility, and too little access to health care.; Meeting young adults' diverse needs
challenges parents, communities, health care providers and educators. ; Despite urgent needs, program efforts have
been slight and slowed by controversy.; In 2009 young people aged 15 to 19 years accounted for 41% of all new
HIV infections globally and more than half of other sexually transmitted infections (STIs).; It has also been
estimated worldwide that 11% of those who give birth each year are adolescents.; lead to a delay in initiation of
sexual intercourse, an increase in contraceptive usage, and an increase in sexual social action.

Smoking and female reproductive health

Epidemiological data shows that 9 millions of poles are in smokers group, 43% of them are women. Smoking
has significant negative impact on different fields of female sexual and reproductive life, like menstrual cycle,
fertility, gynecological cancers, contraceptives and early menopause (even premature ovarian failure, POF).

Smoking during pregnancy is an important cause of ill health for both mother and fetus.It increases risk of placental
complications, pregnancy induced hypertensionPIH, reduced fetal growth and perinatal death.Smoking causes
various health problems in women in relation to their life cycle. About the effects of smoking on obstetric and
gynecological disorders, it is clarified that smoking has adverse effects on menopausal disorders, miscarriage,
premature birth, low birth weight infant, breast cancer, uterine cancer and ovarian cancer. Smoking affects not only
the women themselves, but also the fetus. It is necessary to promote smoking prevention education to prevent
women from developing a smoking habit and to provide smoking cessation education and support for smokers.

Seven special physical periods

During their lives, women will experience seven special physical periods: Fetus period.; Newborn period and
infant.; Childhood.; Adolescence.; Reproductive period (pregnancy and childbirth period, puerperium, lactation
period, birth control).; Perimenopause (climacterium).; Postmenopause (senility).
In these periods women's various systems, especially the endocrine system, will change greatly and become easy to
get infectious and traumatic diseases, and sensitive to the environmental risk factors.;Women's health is relevant to
the development of population and only healthy mother can gestate healthy baby.

Physical and mental features and health problems of women

Physical and mental characteristics and health problems in pregnancy and delivery period: Women have
various characteristics and health problems in different physical periods. Especially in pregnancy and delivery
period, great physical and mental changes take place and result in some special health problems.; In gestation, a
series of adaptive physical changes take place as a result of the demands for fetus development, such as changes in
reproductive system, galactophore, cardiovascular system, blood system, respiration system, digestive system,
endocrine system, so on.; Even metabolism is likely to change.;Due to the increase of cortinsone (glucocorticoid)
in body, the pregnancy are easy to be emotion waving, dysphoria, anxiety and sadness.; During this period, all the
organs bear a heavier burden than before and the pregnancy are easy to get various complications, their primary
diseases relapse or they are aggravated.
Pregnancy complications: Gestational hypertension (pregnancy-induced hypertension, PIH) high pressure,
edema and protein urineIntrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) ; Placenta previa (It is a condition in which the
placenta is attached close to or covering the cervix).;Low amniotic fluid.; Excessive amniotic fluid
The common problems while delivering include birth canal trauma, postpartum hemorrhage and postpartum
infection, etc. Amniotic Fluid Embolismanaphylactoid syndrome of pregnancy).; In puerperium, mother takes
on the important task to feed and take care of the newborn, at the same time to recover herself.; Health problems
tend to appear due to the heavy physical and mental burdens, especially when she can't adapt the role transition as
soon as possible.; It's much easier to get mental disorder, such as postpartum depression.
Physical and mental characteristics and health problems in menopause (climacterium) : premenopause,
menopause, postmenopause.;As the endocrine function of ovary becomes weak step by step and this process is
different between individuals, perimenopause starts after 40 commonly and lasts for 2 ~ 4 years.; premature
ovarian failure ( POF ).; The average age of menopause is 49.5 year-old.; All the physical and anatomic changes
in menopause are relevant to the functional weakening of ovary.; Some organs function changes as a result of the
decreasing secretion of sex hormone, especially the decrease of estrogen. (progesterone, testosterone).; Organs of
reproductive system, breast, urinary tract, skin and hair, menstrual disorder.; Menopausal syndrome. Women will
have mental responses in different degrees such as dysphasia, sadness, characteristic and behavior changes, even
depression.; The increase of bone absorption can cause fracture of bone, even osteoporosis.; Hormone
replacement therapy (HRT).

 Community health care measures for women

Care the social problems influencing women's health : It needs the whole social participation to care all kinds of
social problems influencing womens health and take social health measures to improve women's health.; To make
girls and boys have equal educational opportunity,.; To provide more reproductive health service
( threeclass MCH net ).;
Focus on women's health problems and provide corresponding health care: Aim at the health status and existed
health problems to provide corresponding health care.; The service content is different in different communities,
but the main content includes: Health education and consultation aims to disseminate the importance of women's
health to the community residents.; women know the health problems in different periods and master the basic
health care methods, and to reply the questions they care much.; Reproductive health includes sexual health
education, popularizing the knowledge, carrying out the pre-gestational and gestational period education, birth
control, prevention for common female diseases (carcinoma mammae, myoma, cervical diseases) etc.;
Reproductive health refers to a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being.;All health events related
to reproduction in the life cycle.;Regular health examination mainly includes regular pelvic exam, cervical smear,
leucorrhea exam and breast exam and other special exams.
Emphasize the systematic management of gravidas and puerperants : The program of the systematic
management of gravidas and puerperants refers to the program that during the first three months gravida should
examine once and once per four weeks, seven months later once per two weeks and nine months later once per
week.; The gravida should fill in the systematic management of gravidas and puerperants health handbook as soon
as the pregnancy confirmed, and go to hospital or community health care facilities to receive prenatal exam. ;
After 36 weeks, the gravida should go to hospital to deliver her baby with health handbook.; When discharged,
mother and baby should go to the community health institute to carry out postpartum 3,7, 14, 28, 42 day follow-up
register and settle the problems in time. ; If the high risk factors are detected, a special file of higher risk
pregnancy should be set up..

Hygiene of mental work in learning

Biological mechanisms of learning and memory.; Functional characteristics of the cerebral cortex and their
health significances.; Variation and influence factors of mental work capacity.; Learning load evaluation.
Biological mechanisms of learning and memory
Learning and memory are the advanced features of the brain.; Learning and memory are the basic points of
the thinking activity, and constitute an important component of intelligence.;
Concepts : Learning:It is a process that human or animals receive information from the external environment via
their nervous system, which would affect their own behaviors.; Memory:It is a neural process that the obtained
information or experiences were stored and extracted in the brain.
Learning & Memory : Both are neurophysiological processes, but different.; Be closely related, and can not be
divided.; Information cannot be stored or recurred without learning.; Obtained information will disappear rapidly
without memory.; Important ways that body adapts to the environment.
The basic process of memory : It could be broadly divided into three stages: Acquisition ----> Consolidation

----> Retrieval.
Classification of memory : Instantaneous: several seconds.; Short-term: several minutes.; Long-term: several
minutes a few years.; From the Psychology:---Image memory.; ---Logical memory.; ---Emotional memory.;
---Motor memory.;

Variation laws of brainwork competence

In a school year : Not high in the first half of the first semester.; Reach the peak in the latter half of the first
semester.; Then descend gradually, and have a terminal motivation before winter vocation.; The second peak at
the beginning of the second semester, but lower than the first peak.; Drop down to the bottom at the end of school
year (before summer vocation).;General laws : Not high at the beginning ---> Ascend gradually with staring
regulation until reach peak ----> Then drop down.; (Descend straightly, and lower than the beginning level.;A
slight rebound at the end with terminal motivation).

Evaluation of learning load

Learning load : The intensity and duration of the brain work when learning.;
Evaluation index : (a).Work intensity: learning amount, degree of difficulty ( Difficult to quantify).; (b).Working
time: ( Easier to quantify). ( health standard to form a suitable learning load.;Evaluate work and rest regime.;
Prevent chronic fatigue as early as possible.)

Describe the main task and the aim of occupational health

Occupational health : Occupational Health is the promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of
physical, mental and social well-being of workers in all occupations by preventing departures from health,
controlling risks and the adaptation of work to people, and people to their jobs.
The Task : Identification and assessment of the risks from health hazards in the workplace.
This involves surveillance of the factors in the working environment and working practices which may affect
workers' health. It also requires a systematic approach to the analysis of occupational "accidents", and occupational
diseases.
Aim : The prevention of disease and maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental and social well-being of
workers in all occupations.

Describe some general difference between fat-soluble vitamins and water soluble vitamins.
General characteristics of water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins :
Characteristics
Water soluble vitamins
(B vitamins and Vitamin C)
Dietary intake
Excess intake usually detected and
excreated bt the kidneys.
Body stores
Only a short-term storage supply
Available;daily intake recommended.
Deficiency
Defitiency symptoms appear
Relatively quickly.
Toxicity
Lower risk of toxicity
Absorption and
Easily absorbed into blood;travel
Transport
Freely in blood.

Fat Soluble Vitamins

A, D, E, and K
Excess intake tends to be stored in
fat-storage sites.
Long-term storage available in body
tissues; regular intake recommended.
Deficiency symptoms are slow to
develop.
Higher rish of Toxicity.
Like lipids, absorbed into lymph; many
Require protein carriers to travel in the
blood

Solubility
Stability in food handling
And processing
Role(s) in
The body

Dissolves in water
Less stable

Dissolves in lipid
Stable

Most B vitamins share similar roles.

Vitamin C serves many different
roles in the body

Each has unique roles in the body

Whar is Receptor Antagonism?

Antagonism:occurs when two chemicals administered together interfere with each others action. Antagonistic
interactions are very often desirable in toxicology and are the basis of many antidotes. (2 + (-2) = 0). Receptoe
antagonism is a type of antagonism due to Effects of More Than One Chemical .
Receptor antagonism:occurs when two chemicals that bind to the same receptor produce less of an effect when
given together than the addition of their separate parts. Receptor antagonists are often termed blockers.
naloxone ---morphine .; [Morphine respiratory depressive effect.]

Compare the difference of chest X-ray between Silicosis and Asbestosis.

Silicosis : Silicosis is a lung disease caused by continued inhaling free crystalline silica and characterized by
progressive fibrosis and a chronic shortness of breath.
Silicosis X-ray-1 : Multiple small rounded opacities.; Usually in upper lobes .; May have ground glass
appearance .; May occasionally calcify centrally (20%).
Asbestosis : Asbestosis is caused by the inhalation of microscopic fibers of asbestos. The disease is progressive,
resulting in scarring of the lungs with fibrous tissue.
Asbestos-Related Disease Pathophysiology : Asbestos particles invoke a hemorrhagic response in lung.; Fibers
then coated with a ferritin-like material resulting in ferruginous bodies.(sputum,microscope); Damage to
respiratory bronchioles and alveoli.
AsbestosisX-ray : Opacities are small and irregularly shaped.; Not rounded as in silicosis. Prominent septal lines
around 2 lobules.; Cardiac silhouette may become shaggy.; Hilar lymph nodes rarely affected.; DDx from
silicosis

Describe methods to control silica esposure

Silicosis : Silicosis is a lung disease caused by continued inhaling free crystalline silica and characterized by
progressive fibrosis and a chronic shortness of breath.
Silicosis X-ray-1 : Multiple small rounded opacities.; Usually in upper lobes .; May have ground glass
appearance .; May occasionally calcify centrally (20%).
Methods to control silica exposure include: Elimination of the toxic material.; Substitution of a less toxic
material.; Isolation or enclosure of any dirty operations.; Installation of local exhaust ventilation.; Better
maintenance, housekeeping and hygiene practices.; Changes in work practices to avoid breathing in dust.

Carbohydrates-rich foods
Sugary foods: candy, cake, sugary drinks.; Plant foods like cereals, bread, rice, pasta, potatoes and corn are
good sources of starch. These starchy foods give us important vitamins and minerals, too. .; Dietary fibers-rich
foods: Whole grains, vegetables and fruits

How vegetarians get high quality proteins?

Complimentary action: Incomplete proteins can be mixed together to make a complete protein.; Cereal
grains+legumes, legumes+seeds (nuts) .; Examples: Corn and black eyed peas, peanut butter and wheat bread, tofu
and rice.