Lecture 1A - Horizontal and Vertical Positioning

Review of Horizontal and Vertical
Positioning
Lecture 1
GE 12 General Surveying II
Department of Geodetic Engineering

Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry
Objectives
By the end of the class, the students must be
able to:
Recall survey operations for determining
horizontal positions.
Recall the various levelling techniques for
determining vertical positions

HORIZONTAL POSITIONING
Survey Operations for Horizontal

Positioning
Intersection
Resection
Traverse
Triangulation
Trilateration

Survey Operations
LOCATION BY INTERSECTION
Operation employed if the
coordinates are given for
two ends of a line and
directions are observed
from each end of this line
to a third point not on the
line in order to calculate
the coordinates of the
third point.

Survey Operations RESECTION

Operation employed when angles between lines to three
points of known position are observed from a point of
unknown position in order to calculate the coordinates of
the unknown point.

Survey Operations TRIANGULATION

Triangulation System - consists of a series of joined or
overlapping triangles in which an occasional line is measured
and the balance of the sides are calculated from angles
measured at the vertices of the triangles.

Survey Operations TRILATERATION

Trilateration System - also
consists also of a series of
joined or overlapping triangles
but the lengths of the triangles
sides are measured and few
directions or angles are
observed (only those required
to establish azimuth); same
idea as in triangulation.

Survey Operations - TRAVERSE

Consists of a series of straight lines connecting successive
points whose lengths and directions have been determined
from field observations.
Currently the most common of several possible methods for
establishing a series or network of monuments with known
positions on the ground.
Procedures will vary depending on the type of field angles
measured and whether bearings or azimuths are used to
describe directions.

Closed Traverse
Closed Loop Traverse

Survey Operations - TRAVERSE

Types of Traverse According to Method of Turning the Angles
1.
2.
3.
4.
Interior-angle Traverse
Deflection-angle Traverse
Traverse by Angle to the Right
Azimuth Traverse

11
In dealing with a closed traverse, we have computations in:

1) Determining latitudes and departures
2) Calculating total error of closure
3) Balancing the survey

4) Determining adjusted positions of traverse stations
5) Area computation
6) Area subdivision
Projection of a line onto a reference

meridian or North-South line
Lines with Northerly bearings (+) LAT

Lines with Southerly bearings (-) LAT
Equal to distance*cosine of bearing angle
Latitude = d*Cosb
Projection of a line onto a reference parallel

or East-West line
Lines with Easterly bearings (+) DEP
Lines with Westerly bearings (-) DEP
Equal to distance*sine of bearing angle
Departure = d*Sineb
Is usually a short line of unknown length and direction connecting the initial
and final traverse stations
LEC (Dep) (Lat )

2
Dep
Tan
Lat
Note:
In computing for , use the absolute values for Dep and Lat. Determine
the quadrant where the line lies using corresponding signs of the 2 sums.
Ratio of the linear error of closure to the perimeter

or total length of the traverse
LEC
REC
D
REC = Relative Error of Closure
LEC = Linear Error of Closure
D = Total Length or perimeter of the traverse

clat
cdep
d
CL
D
d
CD
D

clat = correction to latitude

cdep= correction to departure
CL= total closure in lat = Lat
CD= total closure in dep= Dep
d = length of any course
D = total length of the traverse
clat
Lat (CL )
Lat
Where:
clat = correction to latitude
cdep= correction to departure
CL= total closure in lat = Lat
cdep
Dep(CD )
Dep

CD= total closure in dep= Dep
Line
Length(m)
Azimuth
(from South)
Line
Length
(m)
Azimuth from
(South)
AB
495.85
185o30
DE
1020.87
347o35
BC
850.62
226o02
EF
1117.26
83o44
CD
855.45
292o22
FA
660.08
124o51
Compute for:
1. Latitude and Departure of each line
2. Bearing of the side error, LEC, REC
3. Adjust the traverse using Compass Rule

1. Latitude and Departure of each line

Line
Distance (m)
Bearing
Lat
(N+, S-)
Dep
(E+, W-)
AB
495.85
N 05o30' E
+493.57
+47.53
BC
850.62
N 46o02' E
+590.53
+612.23
CD
855.45
S 67o38' E
-325.53
+791.09
DE
1020.87
S 12o25' E
-996.99
+219.51
EF
1117.26
S 83o44' W
-121.96
-1110.58
FA
660.08
N 55o09' W
+377.19
-541.70
Lat=+16.81
Dep=+18.08
=5000.13

Bearing of the side error:
tan b 18.08
16.81
1.075550268
b 47 0 05'
Bearing of the side error is S 47o05 W


Linear Error of Closure (LEC):
(16.81) 2 (18.08) 2
24.687
LEC = 24.69 m
Relative Error of Closure (REC):
24.69
5000.13
1
1
say
202.52
200
REC = 1/200
3. Traverse Adjustment by Compass Rule
Line
Distance
(m)
Latitude
Departure
Correction
(by Compass Rule)
dLat
dDep
Lat_adj
Dep_lat
AB
495.85
493.57
47.53
-1.667
-1.793
491.903
45.737
BC
850.62
590.53
612.23
-2.860
-3.076
587.670
609.154
CD
855.45
-325.53
791.09
-2.876
-3.093
-328.406
787.997
DE
1020.87
-996.99
219.51
-3.432
-3.691
-1000.422
215.819
EF
1117.26
-121.96
-1110.58
-3.756
-4.040
-125.716
-1114.620
FA
660.08
377.19
-541.7
-2.219
-2.387
374.971
-544.087
Sum:
5000.13
16.81
18.08
-16.810
-18.080
0.000
0.000
3. Traverse Adjustment by Compass Rule
Adjusted Values (By Compass Rule)
Line
Latitude
Departure
Distance
(m)
Bearing
Azimuth (from
South)
AB
491.903
45.737
494.025
N 5o19' E
185o19'
BC
587.670
609.154
846.419
N 46o02' E
226o02'
CD
-328.406
787.997
853.692
S 67o23' E
292o37'
DE
-1000.422
215.819
1023.436
S 12o10' E
347o50'
EF
-125.716
-1114.620 1121.687
S 83o34' W
83o34'
FA
374.971
-544.087
N 55o26' W
124o34'
660.783
4. Traverse Adjustment by Transit Rule
Line
Lat
Dep
|Lat|
|Dep|
Correction by
Transit Rule
Adjusted Lat/Dep
dLat
dDep
Lat_adj
Dep_adj
AB
493.57
47.53
493.57
47.53
-2.855
-0.259
490.715
47.271
BC
590.53
612.23
590.53
612.23
-3.416
-3.331
587.114
608.899
CD
-325.53
791.09
325.53
791.09
-1.883
-4.305
-327.413
786.785
DE
-996.99
219.51
996.99
219.51
-5.768
-1.194
-1002.758
218.316
EF
-121.96
-1110.58
121.96
1110.58
-0.706
-6.043
-122.666 -1116.623
FA
377.19
-541.7
377.19
541.70
-2.182
-2.948
375.008
-544.648
Sum:
16.81
18.08
2905.77 3322.64 -16.810
-18.080
0.000
0.000
4. Traverse Adjustment by Transit Rule
Adjusted Values (By Transit Rule)

Departure Distance
Bearing
Azimuth (from
(m)
South)
Line
Latitude
AB
490.715
47.271
492.987
N 5o30' E
185o30'
BC
587.114
608.899
845.849
N 46o03' E
226o03'
CD
-327.413
786.785
852.191
S 67o24' E
292o36'
DE
-1002.758
218.316
1026.248
S 12o17' E
347o43'
EF
-122.666
-1116.623 1123.340
S 83o44' W
83o44'
FA
375.008
-544.648
N 55o27' W
124o33'
661.266
VERTICAL POSITIONING
Leveling
Operation of measuring vertical distances,
either directly or indirectly, to determine the
elevation of points or their differences in
elevation.
Used for topographic mapping, suitability
analysis, and design, layout and construction of
structures to best conform to the configuration
of the ground.
Vertical Line
Horizontal Line
Level Surface
Diff in Elev.
(Level Line)
Elevation
Mean Sea Level (MSL)

(Vertical Datum)

Orthometric
Height (H)
Ellipsoidal
Height (h)

30
Terms
Mean Sea Level - arithmetic mean of water elevations over a
specific 19-year cycle; close approximation of the Geoid;
conforms to the earths gravitational field

31
Terms
Bench Mark (B.M.) - a definite point on an object, the elevation
and location of which are known; serves as point of
reference for levels; may be permanent (P.B.M.) or
temporary (T.B.M.)

Terms
Set-up - consists of a point supporting a backsight rod, a point supporting the
foresight rod, and a leveling instrument positioned between them
Section - an unbroken series of set-ups, made between two (2) permanent
control points.
Level Loop / Circuit - a line of levels that ends at the same point of its beginning
Level Network - consists of a number of intersecting lines of levels that are tied
into known benchmarks
Section
33
B.S.
B.S.
Terms
F.S.
F.S.
T.P. 2
T.P. 1
B.M.
Turning point - a fixed point or object, often temporary in character,

between two bench marks upon which foresight and backsight rod
readings are taken; a B.M. may be used as a T.P.
Terms
Backsight
Distance
B.S.
B.S.
Backsight
Distance
F.S.
F.S.
T.P. 2
T.P. 1
B.M.
Backsight (B.S.) - a rod reading taken on a point of known elevation (BM or TP)
usually taken with the level sighting back along the line
Backsight distance - horizontal distance from level to rod on a B.S.

Terms
Foresight
Distance
B.S.
B.S.
Foresight
Distance
F.S.
F.S.
T.P. 2
T.P. 1
B.M.
Foresight (F.S.) - a rod reading taken on a point of unknown elevation

Foresight distance - horizontal distance from level to rod on a F.S.
Intermediate Foresight (I.F.S.) - other staff reading between the backsight and
foresight in the same set-up of the instrument.
Terms
B.S.
B.S.
F.S.
T.P. 2
T.P. 1
B.M.
F.S.
H.I.1
H.I.2
Datum
Height of the instrument (H.I.) - elevation of the line of sight of the telescope
above the datum when the instrument is leveled
Basic Equation in Leveling

Elev B = Elev A + BS - FS
Known Elev + BS = HI
HI FS = New Elev
STA.
BM1
B.S.
8.46
H.I.
F.S
ELEV.
755.11
1.23
762.34
763.57
TP1

38
Sample Computation Differential Leveling

PROCEDURES:
1. A line of levels is run from BMA to BMB
2. Leveling instrument is set-up at any convenient
location along the level route and backsight is taken on
a rod held vertically on BMA.
3. The rodman moves forward along the general direction
of BMB and hold the rod at a convenient turning point
(TP1). (Making sure that the backsight distance is
approximately equal to the foresight distance.)
4. Then, the level is transferred again and a backsight is
taken at (TP1) and foresight at (TP2). Repeat
procedures until foresight is taken on BMB.
Line of Sight
BS
FS
BM1
H.I. = ELEVBM1 + BS
H.I.
ELEV BM1
TP1
Elevi = H.I. - F.S.
MSL

Sta.
B.S.
F.S.
3.251
H.I
75.356
________
B.M. 1
T.P.1
2.539
________
0.012
______
T.P.2
3.572
________
0.338
______
B.M.2
0.933
________
3.112
______
T.P.3
0.317
________
3.306
______
T.P.4
0.835
________
2.716
______
T.P.5
0.247
________
3.542
______
3.786
______
B.M.3
Elev
72.105
H.I. = B.S. + ElevBM


Sta.
B.S.
F.S.
Elev
3.251
H.I
75.356
________
B.M. 1
T.P.1
2.539
________
0.012
72.105
75.344
______
T.P.2
3.572
________
0.338
______
B.M.2
0.933
________
3.112
______
T.P.3
0.317
________
3.306
______
T.P.4
0.835
________
2.716
______
T.P.5
0.247
________
3.542
______
3.786
______
B.M.3
Elevi = H.I. - F.S.


Sta.
B.S.
F.S.
3.251
H.I
75.356
________
B.M. 1
T.P.1
2.539
77.883
________
0.012
75.344
______
T.P.2
3.572
81.117
________
0.338
77.545
______
B.M.2
0.933
3.112
78.005
______
T.P.3
0.317
78.938
________
75.949
________
3.306
75.632
______
T.P.4
0.835
2.716
T.P.5
0.247
74.068
________
70.773
________
3.542
73.233
______
70.526
______
3.786
66.987
______
B.M.3
B.S. =
11.694
F.S. =
Elev
Arithmetic Check:
72.105
16.812
H.I. = B.S. + ElevBM

72.105
+
11.694
16.812
_______
66.987
BM1elev
+
B.S.
F.S.
=
BM3elev
OK!
Elevi = H.I. - F.S.

Sources of Errors in Leveling

Personal Errors Unequal Backsight & Foresight Distances
Ghilani, et. al.

Sources of Errors in Leveling

Errors due to the Curvature of the Earth
http://www.oregon.gov/ODOT/HWY/GEOMETRONICS/docs/Leveling_Errors.pdf
Error of Closure
When a line of level makes a complete circuit, almost invariably the
BMelevinitial Bmelevfinal
This difference is the error of running the circuit and is called the Error
of Closure.
Result intermediate BMs are also in error
Problems:
Determining the error for intermediate points
Adjusting their corresponding elevations
Corrections to the Observed Elevations

The appropriate correction to the observed elevation of a given bench
mark in the circuit is directly proportional to the distance of the BM
from the point of beginning.
d
C EC
L
C = correction to be applied to a BM
d = distance of a BM from the point of beginning
L = length of the circuit
EC = error of closure of the level circuit = Elevobserved - Elevtheoretical

Sample Problem:
Solve for the adjusted

elevations of the intermediate
points based on the given
leveling data on the table.
Point
Distance from
B.M.1
(km)
Observed
elevation
(m)
B.M.1
150.92
B.M.2
0.35
238.45
B.M.3
0.89
203.3
B.M.4
1.24
165.81
B.M.1
1.78
151.04

EC = Elevobs - Elevtheo = 151.04 150.92 = 0.12 m
d
C EC
L
L = 1.78 km
C = - d (in km) * 0.12 m
1.78 km
Point
Distance from
B.M.1
(km)
Observed
elevation
(m)
Corrections
(m)
Adjusted
Elevation
(m)
B.M.1
150.92
0.00
B.M.2
0.35
238.45
-0.02
238.43
B.M.3
0.89
203.3
-0.06
203.24
B.M.4
1.24
165.81
-0.08
165.73
B.M.1
1.78
151.04
-0.12
150.92
Methods in Leveling
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Direct or Spirit Leveling (Differential, Double Rod, Three Wire)

Indirect or Trigonometric Leveling
Reciprocal Leveling
Stadia Leveling
Barometric Leveling
Profile Leveling
Borrow-Pit Leveling
Gravimetric Leveling
Inertial Positioning System
GPS Survey

50
Methods in Leveling Direct/Spirit
The operation of determining the elevation of

points some distance apart by a series of setups of a leveling instrument along a designated
route.
Measure vertical distances directly
Most precise method of determining elevations
Forms of direct leveling include:
Differential, Double Rod and Three Wire Leveling

Methods in Leveling Differential

Requires a series of set ups of the instrument along the general
route and, for each set up, a rod reading back to a point of known
elevation and forward to a point of unknown elevation.
Determining the elevation of points some distance apart.
CHECKS:
1. Rerunning levels on the same route
2. Tying on to a previously established BM near the end of the
level line
3. Returning to the initial BM level loop

52
BM1
BM2
Note: effect of earths curvature and refraction is reduced to negligible amount

53
TP2
BM2
(known)
TP1
BM1
(known)

54

Sta.
B.S.
H.I
B.M. 1
3.251
________
T.P.1
2.539
________
0.012
______
T.P.2
3.572
________
0.338
______
B.M.2
0.933
________
3.112
______
T.P.3
0.317
________
3.306
______
T.P.4
0.835
________
2.716
______
T.P.5
0.247
________
3.542
______
3.786
______
B.M.3

F.S.
Elev
72.105
55

LEVELS FOR BENCHMARKS ALONG RIDGE ROAD
Sta.
B.S.
H.I
B.M. 1
3.251
75.356
T.P.1
2.539
77.883
0.012
75.344
T.P.2
3.572
81.117
0.338
77.545
B.M.2
0.933
78.938
3.112
78.005
T.P.3
0.317
75.949
3.306
75.632
T.P.4
0.835
74.068
2.716
73.233
T.P.5
0.247
70.773
3.542
70.526
3.786
66.987
B.M.3
B.S.=
11.694
F.S.= -
F.S.
Elev
72.105
16.812
11.694
B.M. 1
72.105 -
5.118
66.987
Error of Closure = 66.987-66.980 = +0.007 m
[ 66.980]
Methods in Leveling Double Rod
TP2 H
TP1 H
BM2
(unknown)
TP2 L
TP1 L
BM1
(known)

57
Methods in Leveling Double

Rod
Arithmetic Check:
Mean Elev BM = 149.246
(149.149 + 149.343)/2
BS = +19.838
FS = - 15.126
Sum = (+ 4.714)/2 = + 2.356
Elev BMA = + 146.890
Sum/2
= + 2.356
BMB elev = + 149.246
TRAINING CENTER FOR APPLIED GEODESY AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES, DILIMAN
Methods in Leveling Three Wire
Ghilani, et. al.

59
Methods in Leveling Three Wire

(Homework)
BACKSIGHT
STA.
HAIR RDGS
1.152
BM1
0.935
MEAN RDG
FORESIGHT
H.I.
F.S.
________ ________ ________
MEAN RDG
________ ________
ELEV.
444.242
0.718
2.784
TP1
TP2
2.420
1.117
________ ________ ________
0.899
2.057
0.682
1.713
1.900
1.440
________ ________ ________
1.166
1.537
________ ________ ________
________ ________ ________
1.172
1.450
BM2
1.177
________ ________ ________
0.904
60
Methods in Leveling Trigonometric
Ghilani, et. al.

Methods in Leveling Reciprocal
Ghilani, et. al.

Methods in Leveling Stadia

Trigonometric + Direct leveling
Vertical distances are determined by tacheometry by using transit
and level rod.
Process of taking stadia measurements consists of observing,
through the telescope, the apparent locations of the two stadia
hairs, which is held in a vertical position.
BACKSIGHT
STA.
INTERVAL
VERT.
ANGLE
ROD RDG
FORESIGHT
VD

INTERVAL
VERT.
ANGLE
ROD
RDG
VD
ELEV
ELEV
Methods in Leveling Stadia

H = Ks cos2 + C cos
V = Ks sin2 + C sin
V
K = (f/i) = stadia interval factor

C = f + c = stadia constant
s = stadia interval
= vertical angle

Methods in Leveling Profile

Operation of determining elevations of points at short measured
intervals along a definitely located line, such as the center line for a
highway, railroad, canal or a sewer. (usually by direct leveling)
Stakes or other marks are placed at regular intervals along the line;
the intervals between stakes usually is 100m, 50m, 20m and 10m.

Ghilani, et.al.
Ghilani, et.al.


STA.
B.S.
H.I
BM 30
3.478
33.478
F.S.
I.F.S
30.000
0 + 00
3.617
0 + 05
5.141
+ 10
TP 1
ELEV.
1.720
3.314
0.913
+ 20
2.860
+ 29.5
1.852
+ 30
1.805
TP 3
0.081
2.289
TP 4
0.333
3.661
BM 30

1.974
References
Davis, R.E., et. al (1981). Surveying: Theory and Practice. USA: McGraw-Hill, Inc.
Ghilani, C.D., et.al. (2008). Elementary Surveying: an Introduction to Geomatics. USA:
Pearson Education, Inc.
La Putt, J.P. (2007). Elementary Surveying. Philippines: National Book Store.
Schofield, W.. Et. Al (2007). Engineering Surveying. UK: Elsevier Ltd.
Anderson, James & E. Mikhail (1998), Surveying: Theory and Practice 7th Edition,
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
GE 10 Leveling Principles and Operations/ Leveling Errors and Adjustments Lecture

Notes prepared by Engr. Jeark A. Principe.
* GE 10 Triangulation and Trilateration Lecture Notes prepared by Engr. Jeark A.

Principe.

Lecture 1A - Horizontal and Vertical Positioning

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Lecture 1A - Horizontal and Vertical Positioning

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Review of Horizontal and Vertical

Department of Geodetic Engineering

Department of Geodetic Engineering

Survey Operations for Horizontal

Department of Geodetic Engineering

Department of Geodetic Engineering

Survey Operations RESECTION

Department of Geodetic Engineering

Survey Operations TRIANGULATION

Department of Geodetic Engineering

Survey Operations TRILATERATION

Department of Geodetic Engineering

Survey Operations - TRAVERSE

Department of Geodetic Engineering

Closed Loop Traverse

Department of Geodetic Engineering

Survey Operations - TRAVERSE

Department of Geodetic Engineering

In dealing with a closed traverse, we have computations in:

3) Balancing the survey

Projection of a line onto a reference

Lines with Northerly bearings (+) LAT

Equal to distance*cosine of bearing angle

Projection of a line onto a reference parallel

LEC (Dep) (Lat )

Ratio of the linear error of closure to the perimeter

Department of Geodetic Engineering

Department of Geodetic Engineering

clat = correction to latitude

CL= total closure in lat = Lat

Department of Geodetic Engineering

CD= total closure in dep= Dep

Department of Geodetic Engineering

1. Latitude and Departure of each line

2. Bearing of the side error, LEC, REC

Department of Geodetic Engineering

2. Bearing of the side error, LEC, REC

Relative Error of Closure (REC):

3. Traverse Adjustment by Compass Rule

3. Traverse Adjustment by Compass Rule

Adjusted Values (By Compass Rule)

4. Traverse Adjustment by Transit Rule

2905.77 3322.64 -16.810

4. Traverse Adjustment by Transit Rule

Adjusted Values (By Transit Rule)

Mean Sea Level (MSL)

Department of Geodetic Engineering

Department of Geodetic Engineering

Department of Geodetic Engineering

Department of Geodetic Engineering

Turning point - a fixed point or object, often temporary in character,

Department of Geodetic Engineering

Foresight (F.S.) - a rod reading taken on a point of unknown elevation

Basic Equation in Leveling

Department of Geodetic Engineering

Sample Computation Differential Leveling

Sample Computation Differential Leveling

Sample Computation Differential Leveling

H.I. = B.S. + ElevBM

Sample Computation Differential Leveling

Elevi = H.I. - F.S.

Sample Computation Differential Leveling

H.I. = B.S. + ElevBM

Elevi = H.I. - F.S.