Académique Documents
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to express our profound sense of deepest gratitude to our guide and motivator
Prof. U.K. Mishra, professor, Civil Engineering Department, National Institute of
Technology, Rourkela for his valuable guidance, sympathy and co-operation for providing
necessary facilities and sources during the entire period of this project.
We wish to convey our sincere gratitude to all the faculties of Civil Engineering Department
who have enlightened us during our studies. The facilities and co-operation received from the
technical staff of Civil Engineering Department is thankfully acknowledged.
We express our thanks to all those who helped us in one way or other.
Last, but not least, we would like to thank the authors of various research articles and books
that were referred to.
CO N T E N T S
ChapterNo.
Title
Page No.
CERTIFICATE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ii
CONTENTS
iii
ABSTRACT
LIST OF FIGURES
vii
LIST OF TABLES
vii
INTRODUCTION
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
LOADS CONSIDERED
DEAD LOAD
IMPOSED LOAD
WIND LOAD
SEISMIC LOAD
4
5
5
5
7
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
3.10
3.11
3.12
3.13
10
11
11
12
12
13
13
16
16
16
17
18
18
19
21
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
34
1
2
iii
23
24
24
25
25
ChapterNo.
6
Title
Page No.
36
42
43
46
47
48
49
49
50
CONCLUSION
54
7
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
REFERENCE
56
iv
ABSTRACT
The principle objective of this project is to analyse and design a multi-storeyed building [G +
21 (3 dimensional frame)] using STAAD Pro. The design involves load calculations manually
and analyzing the whole structure by STAAD Pro. The design methods used in STAAD-Pro
analysis are Limit State Design conforming to Indian Standard Code of Practice. STAAD.Pro
features a state-of-the-art user interface, visualization tools, powerful analysis and design
engines with advanced finite element and dynamic analysis capabilities. From model
generation, analysis and design to visualization and result verification, STAAD.Pro is the
professionals choice. Initially we started with the analysis of simple 2 dimensional frames
and manually checked the accuracy of the software with our results. The results proved to be
very accurate. We analysed and designed a G + 7 storey building [2-D Frame] initially for all
possible load combinations [dead, live, wind and seismic loads].
STAAD.Pro has a very interactive user interface which allows the users to draw the frame and
input the load values and dimensions. Then according to the specified criteria assigned it
analyses the structure and designs the members with reinforcement details for RCC frames.
We continued with our work with some more multi-storeyed 2-D and 3-D frames under
various load combinations. Our final work was the proper analysis and design of a G + 21 3D RCC frame under various load combinations.
We considered a 3-D RCC frame with the dimensions of 4 bays @5m in x-axis and 3 bays
@5m in z-axis. The y-axis consisted of G + 21 floors. The total numbers of beams in each
floor were 28 and the numbers of columns were 16. The ground floor height was 4m and rest
of the 21 floors had a height of 3.3m.The structure was subjected to self weight, dead load,
live load, wind load and seismic loads under the load case details of STAAD.Pro. The wind
load values were generated by STAAD.Pro considering the given wind intensities at different
heights and strictly abiding by the specifications of IS 875. Seismic load calculations were
done following IS 1893-2000. The materials were specified and cross-sections of the beam
and column members were assigned. The supports at the base of the structure were also
specified as fixed. The codes of practise to be followed were also specified for design purpose
with other important details. Then STAAD.Pro was used to analyse the structure and design
the members. In the post-processing mode, after completion of the design, we can work on
the structure and study the bending moment and shear force values with the
v
generated diagrams. We may also check the deflection of various members under the given
loading combinations. The design of the building is dependent upon the minimum
requirements as prescribed in the Indian Standard Codes. The minimum requirements
pertaining to the structural safety of buildings are being covered by way of laying down
minimum design loads which have to be assumed for dead loads, imposed loads, and other
external loads, the structure would be required to bear. Strict conformity to loading standards
recommended in this code, it is hoped, will ensure the structural safety of the buildings which
are being designed. Structure and structural elements were normally designed by Limit State
Method.
Complicated and high-rise structures need very time taking and cumbersome calculations
using conventional manual methods. STAAD.Pro provides us a fast, efficient, easy to use and
accurate platform for analysing and designing structures.
vi
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No.
3.1
3.2
3.3
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
4.10
4.11
4.12
4.13
4.14
4.15
4.16
5.1
5.2
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
Title
Page No.
vii
LIST OF TABLES
Table no.
Topic
Page No.
4.1
4.2
viii
28
31
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
Our project involves analysis and design of multi-storeyed [G + 21] using a very popular
designing software STAAD Pro. We have chosen STAAD Pro because of its following
advantages:
easy to use interface,
conformation with the Indian Standard Codes,
versatile nature of solving any type of problem,
Accuracy of the solution.
STAAD.Pro features a state-of-the-art user interface, visualization tools, powerful analysis
and design engines with advanced finite element and dynamic analysis capabilities. From
model generation, analysis and design to visualization and result verification, STAAD.Pro is
the professionals choice for steel, concrete, timber, aluminium and cold-formed steel design
of low and high-rise buildings, culverts, petrochemical plants, tunnels, bridges, piles and
much more.
Structural analysis comprises the set of physical laws and mathematics required to study and
predicts the behaviour of structures. Structural analysis can be viewed more abstractly as a
method to drive the engineering design process or prove the soundness of a design without a
dependence on directly testing it.
CHAPTER 2
LOADS CONSIDERED
LOADS CONSIDERED
2.1 DEAD LOADS:
All permanent constructions of the structure form the dead loads. The dead load comprises of
the weights of walls, partitions floor finishes, false ceilings, false floors and the other
permanent constructions in the buildings. The dead load loads may be calculated from the
dimensions of various members and their unit weights. the unit weights of plain concrete and
reinforced concrete made with sand and gravel or crushed natural stone aggregate may be
taken as 24 kN/m and 25 kN/m respectively.
a) Risk level;
b) Terrain roughness, height and size of structure; and
c) Local topography.
It can be mathematically expressed as follows:
Where:
V = Vb * kl * k* ks
Vb = design wind speed at any height z in
m/s; kl = probability factor (risk coefficient)
k = terrain, height and structure size factor
and ks = topography factor
Risk Coefficient (kI Factor) gives basic wind speeds for terrain Category 2 as applicable at
10 m above ground level based on 50 years mean return period. In the design of all buildings
and structures, a regional basic wind speed having a mean return period of 50 years shall be
used.
Terrain, Height and Structure Size Factor (k, Factor)
Terrain - Selection of terrain categories shall be made with due regard to the effect of
obstructions which constitute the ground surface roughness. The terrain category used in the
design of a structure may vary depending on the direction of wind under consideration.
Wherever sufficient meteorological information is available about the nature of wind
direction, the orientation of any building or structure may be suitably planned.
Topography (ks Factor) - The basic wind speed Vb takes account of the general level of site
above sea level. This does not allow for local topographic features such as hills, valleys,
cliffs, escarpments, or ridges which can significantly affect wind speed in their vicinity. The
effect of topography is to accelerate wind near the summits of hills or crests of cliffs,
escarpments or ridges and decelerate the wind in valleys or near the foot of cliff, steep
escarpments, or ridges.
Pressure Coefficients - The pressure coefficients are always given for a particular surface or
part of the surface of a building. The wind load acting normal to a surface is obtained by
multiplying the area of that surface or its appropriate portion by the pressure coefficient (C,)
and the design wind pressure at the height of the surface from the ground. The average values
of these pressure coefficients for some building shapes Average values of pressure
coefficients are given for critical wind directions in one or more quadrants. In order to
determine the maximum wind load on the building, the total load should be calculated for
each of the critical directions shown from all quadrants. Where considerable variation of
pressure occurs over a surface, it has been subdivided and mean pressure coefficients given
for each of its several parts.
Then the wind load, F, acting in a direction normal to the individual structural element or
Cladding unit is:
F= (Cpe Cpi) A Pd
Where,
Cpe = external pressure coefficient,
Cpi = internal pressure- coefficient,
A = surface area of structural or cladding unit, and
Pd = design wind pressure element
Where,
Ah = horizontal acceleration spectrum
W = seismic weight of all the floors
0.75
0.75
for
steel
frame
building Where,
h = Height of building, in m. This excludes the basement storeys, where basement walls are
connected with the ground floor deck or fitted between the building columns. But it includes
the basement storeys, when they are not so connected. The approximate fundamental natural
period of vibration (T,), in seconds, of all other buildings, including moment-resisting frame
buildings with brick lintel panels, may be estimated by the empirical Expression:
T=.09H/D
Where,
h= Height of building
d= Base dimension of the building at the plinth level, in m, along the considered direction of
the lateral force.
n=Number of storeys in the building is the number of levels at which the masses are located.
Distribution of Horizontal Design Lateral Force to Different Lateral Force Resisting Elements
in case of buildings whose floors are capable of providing rigid horizontal diaphragm action,
the total shear in any horizontal plane shall be distributed to the various vertical elements of
lateral force resisting system, assuming the floors to be infinitely rigid in the horizontal plane.
In case of building whose floor diaphragms can not be treated as infinitely rigid in their own
plane, the lateral shear at each floor shall be distributed to the vertical elements resisting the
lateral forces, considering the in-plane flexibility of the diagram.
Dynamic AnalysisDynamic analysis shall be performed to obtain the design seismic force, and its distribution to
different levels along the height of the building and to the various lateral load resisting
elements, for the following
Buildings:
a) Regular buildings -Those greater than 40 m in height in Zones IV and V and those Greater
than 90 m in height in Zones II and 111.
b) Irregular buildings All framed buildings higher than 12m in Zones IV and V and those
greater than 40m in height in Zones 11 and III.
The analytical model for dynamic analysis of buildings with unusual configuration should be
such that it adequately models the types of irregularities present in the building configuration.
Buildings with plan irregularities cannot be modelled for dynamic analysis.
For irregular buildings, lesser than 40 m in height in Zones 11and III, dynamic analysis, even
though not mandatory, is recommended. Dynamic analysis may be performed either by the
Time History Method or by the Response Spectrum Method. However, in either method, the
design base shear (VB) shall be compared with abase shear (VB)
Time History MethodTime history method of analysis shall be based on an appropriate ground motion and shall be
performed using accepted principles of dynamics.
Response Spectrum MethodResponse spectrum method of analysis shall be performed using the design spectrum
specified, or by a site-specific design spectrum mentioned.
9
CHAPTER 3
10
angle (BETA) or coordinates for any reference (REF) point. E value for members must be
provided or the analysis will not be performed. Weight density (DEN) is used only when self
weight of the structure is to be taken into account. Poisson's ratio (POISS) is used to calculate
the shear modulus (commonly known as G) by the formula,
G = 0.5 x E/ (1 + POISS)
If Poisson's ratio is not provided, STAAD will assume a value for this quantity based on the
value of E. Coefficient of thermal expansion (ALPHA) is used to calculate the expansion of
the members if temperature loads are applied. The temperature unit for temperature load and
ALPHA has to be the same.
3.5 Supports:
Supports are specified as PINNED, FIXED, or FIXED with different releases (known as
FIXED BUT). A pinned support has restraints against all translational movement and none
against rotational movement. In other words, a pinned support will have reactions for all
forces but will resist no moments. A fixed support has restraints against all directions of
movement. Translational and rotational springs can also be specified. The springs are
represented in terms of their spring constants. A translational spring constant is defined as the
force to displace a support joint one length unit in the specified global direction. Similarly, a
rotational spring constant is defined as the force to rotate the support joint one degree around
the specified global direction.
3.6 Loads:
Loads in a structure can be specified as joint load, member load, temperature load and fixedend member load. STAAD can also generate the self-weight of the structure and use it as
uniformly distributed member loads in analysis. Any fraction of this self weight can also be
applied in any desired direction.
Joint loads:
Joint loads, both forces and moments, may be applied to any free joint of a structure. These
loads act in the global coordinate system of the structure. Positive forces act in the positive
coordinate directions. Any number of loads may be applied on a single joint, in which case
the loads will be additive on that joint.
13
Member load:
Three types of member loads may be applied directly to a member of a structure. These loads
are uniformly distributed loads, concentrated loads, and linearly varying loads (including
trapezoidal). Uniform loads act on the full or partial length of a member. Concentrated loads
act at any intermediate, specified point. Linearly varying loads act over the full length of a
member. Trapezoidal linearly varying loads act over the full or partial length of a member.
Trapezoidal loads are converted into a uniform load and several concentrated loads. Any
number of loads may be specified to act upon a member in any independent loading
condition. Member loads can be specified in the member coordinate system or the global
coordinate system. Uniformly distributed member loads provided in the global coordinate
system may be specified to act along the full or projected member length.
Area/floor load:
Many times a floor (bound by X-Z plane) is subjected to a uniformly distributed load. It could
require a lot of work to calculate the member load for individual members in that floor.
However, with the AREA or FLOOR LOAD command, the user can specify the area loads
(unit load per unit square area) for members. The program will calculate the tributary area for
14
these members and provide the proper member loads. The Area Load is used for one way
distributions and the Floor Load is used for two way distributions.
15
16
0.24fck/fy
The maximum steel ratio on any face, at any section, is given by max = 0.025
4. The positive steel ratio at a joint face must be at least equal to half the negative steel
at that face.
5. The steel provided at each of the top and bottom face, at any section, shall at least be
equal to one-fourth of the maximum negative moment steel provided at the face of either
joint.
5. The spacing of hoops shall not exceed half the least lateral dimension of the column,
except where special confining reinforcement is provided.
6. Special confining reinforcement shall be provided over a length lo from each joint face,
towards mid span, and on either side of any section, where flexural yielding may occur. The
length lo shall not be less than a) larger lateral dimension of the member at the section where
yielding occurs, b) 1/6 of clear span of the member, and c) 450 mm.
7. The spacing of hoops used as special confining reinforcement shall not exceed of
minimum member dimension but need not be less than 75 mm nor more than 100 mm.
overstressing, and failure by stability considerations. The flowing sections describe the salient
features of the allowable stresses being calculated and the stability criteria being used.
Members are proportioned to resist the design loads without exceeding the allowable stresses
and the most economic section is selected on the basis of least weight criteria. The code
checking part of the program checks stability and strength requirements and reports the
critical loading condition and the governing code criteria. It is generally assumed that the user
will take care of the detailing requirements like provision of stiffeners and check the local
effects such as flange buckling and web crippling.
Allowable Stresses:
The member design and code checking in STAAD are based upon the allowable stress design
method as per IS: 800 (1984). It is a method for proportioning structural members using
design loads and forces, allowable stresses, and design limitations for the appropriate material
under service conditions. It would not be possible to describe every aspect of IS: 800 in this
manual. This section, however, will discuss the salient features of the allowable stresses
specified by IS: 800 and implemented in STAAD. Appropriate sections of IS: 800 will be
referenced during the discussion of various types of allowable stresses.
Multiple Analyses:
Structural analysis/design may require multiple analyses in the same run. STAAD allows the
user to change input such as member properties, support conditions etc. in an input file to
facilitate multiple analyses in the same run. Results from different analyses may be combined
for design purposes. For structures with bracing, it may be necessary to make certain
members inactive for a particular load case and subsequently activate them for another.
STAAD provides an INACTIVE facility for this type of analysis.
Stability Requirements:
Slenderness ratios are calculated for all members and checked against the appropriate
maximum values. IS: 800 summarize the maximum slenderness ratios for different types of
members. In STAAD implementation of IS: 800, appropriate maximum slenderness ratio can
be provided for each member. If no maximum slenderness ratio is provided, compression
19
members will be checked against a maximum value of 180 and tension members will be
checked against a maximum value of 400.
Deflection Check:
This facility allows the user to consider deflection as criteria in the CODE CHECK and
MEMBER SELECTION processes. The deflection check may be controlled using three
parameters. Deflection is used in addition to other strength and stability related criteria. The
local deflection calculation is based on the latest analysis results.
Code Checking:
The purpose of code checking is to verify whether the specified section is capable of
satisfying applicable design code requirements. The code checking is based on the IS: 800
(1984) requirements. Forces and moments at specified sections of the members are utilized
for the code checking calculations. Sections may be specified using the BEAM parameter or
the SECTION command. If no sections are specified, the code checking is based on forces
and moments at the member ends.
20
CHAPTER 4
21
22
23
4.3 Supports:
The base supports of the structure were assigned as fixed. The
supports were generated using the STAAD.Pro support generator.
4.5 Loading:
The loadings were calculated partially manually and rest was generated using STAAD.Pro
load generator. The loading cases were categorized as:
Self-weight
Dead load from slab
Live load
Wind load
Seismic load Load
combinations
Self-weight
The self weight of the structure can be generated by STAAD.Pro itself with the self weight
command in the load case column.
weight of beam, weight of column, weight of RCC slab, weight of terracing, external walls,
internal walls and parapet over roof.
The load was found to be:
14.482 KN/sq m [terrace]
13.5 KN/sq m [typical floor]
14.37 KN/sq m [first floor]
26
Live load:
The live load considered in each floor was 2.5 KN/sq m and for the terrace level it
was considered to be 0.75 KN/sq m. The live loads were generated in a similar manner as
done in the earlier case for dead load in each floor. This may be done from the member load
button from the load case column.
Wind load:
The wind load values were generated by the software itself in accordance with IS 875.
Under the define load command section, in the wind load category, the definition of wind
load was supplied. The wind intensities at various heights were calculated manually and feed
to the software. Based on those values it generates the wind load at different floors.
Height [h]
Design wind
Design wind
speed [Vz]
pressure [Pz]
Up to 10 m
36.379 m/s
0.793 KN/sq m
15 m
38.85 m/s
0.905 KN/sq m
20 m
40.51 m/s
0.984 KN/sq m
30 m
42.58 m/s
1.087 KN/sq m
28
Seismic load:
The seismic load values were calculated as per IS 1893-2002. STAAD.Pro has a seismic load
generator in accordance with the IS code mentioned.
Description:
The seismic load generator can be used to generate lateral loads in the X and Z directions
only. Y is the direction of gravity loads. This facility has not been developed for cases where
the Z axis is set to be the vertical direction using the SET Z UP command.
Methodology:
The design base shear is computed by STAAD in accordance with the IS: 1893(Part 1)-2002.
V = Ah*W
Where, Ah = (Z*I*Sa)/ (2*R*g)
29
STAAD utilizes the following procedure to generate the lateral seismic loads.
User provides seismic zone co-efficient and desired "1893(Part 1)-2002 specs"
through the DEFINE 1893 LOAD command.
Program calculates the structure period (T).
Program calculates Sa/g utilizing T.
Program calculates V from the above equation. W is obtained from the weight data
provided by the user through the DEFINE 1893 LOAD command.
The total lateral seismic load (base shear) is then distributed by the program among
different levels of the structure per the IS: 1893(Part 1)-2002 procedures.
General format:
DEFINE 1893 LOAD
ZONE f1 1893-spec
SELFWEIGHT
JOINT WEIGHT
Joint-list WEIGHT w
1893-Spec= {RF f2, I f3, SS f4, (ST f5), DM f6, (PX
f7), (PZ f8), (DT f9)}
Where,
Zone f1 = Seismic zone coefficient.
RF f2 = Response reduction factor.
I f3 = Importance factor depending upon the functional use. of the structures,
characterized by hazardous consequences of its failure, post-earthquake functional
needs, historical value, or economic importance.
SS f4 = Rock or soil sites factor (=1 for hard soil, 2 for medium soil, 3 for soft soil).
Depending on type of soil, average response acceleration coefficient Sa/g is calculated
corresponding to 5% damping
ST f5 = Optional value for type of structure (=1 for RC frame building, 2 for Steel
frame building, 3 for all other buildings).
DM f6 = Damping ratio to obtain multiplying factor for calculating Sa/g for different
damping. If no damping is specified 5% damping (default value 0.05) will be
considered corresponding to which multiplying factor is 1.0.
PX f7 = Optional period of structure (in sec) in X direction. If this is defined this
value will be used to calculate Sa/g for generation of seismic load along X direction.
30
PZ f8 = Optional period of structure (in sec) in Z direction. If this is defined this value
will be used to calculate Sa/g for generation of seismic load along Z direction.
DT f9 = Depth of foundation below ground level. It should be defined in current unit.
If the depth of foundation is 30 m or below, the value of Ah is taken as half the value
obtained. If the foundation is placed between then ground level and 30 m depth, this
value is linearly interpolated between Ah and 0.5Ah.
Floor
level
Wi (KN)
Hi(m)
Hi2
Wi hi2 *103
(Wi hi2
)
/(Wi
hi2)
Along x direction
Along Y direction
Qix
Qiy
Storey
shear
Storey
shear
22
4129
73.3
5372.89
22184662.81
.123
426.309
21
4252
70
4900
20834800
.115
398.58
824
347.95
372.1
20
4252
66.7
4448.89
18916680.28
.105
363.9
1188
317.69
720.1
19
4252
63.4
4019.56
17091169.12
.0949
328.91
1517
272.3
1037
18
4252
60.1
3612.01
15358266.52
.085
294.60
1812
257.18
1310
17
4252
56.8
3226.24
13717972.48
.076
263.41
2075
229.95
1567
16
4252
53.5
2862.25
12170287
.067
232.2
2307
202.7
1797
15
4252
50.2
2520.04
10717972.18
.059
204.48
2512
178.5
1999
14
4252
46.9
2199.61
9352741.72
.0519
179.88
2692
157.03
2178
13
4252
43.6
1900.26
8082881.92
.044
152.50
2844
133.12
2335
12
4252
40.3
1624.09
6905630.68
.0383
132.74
2977
115.88
2468
11
4252
37
1369
5820988
.032
110.90
3110
96.82
2584
10
4252
33.7
1135.69
4828953.88
.0268
92.80
3221
81.08
2665
4252
30.4
924.16
3929528.32
.021
72.78
3314
63.53
2729
4252
27.1
734.41
3122711.32
.017
58.92
3386
51.43
2780
4252
23.8
566.41
2408502.88
.013
45.05
3445
39.33
2831
4252
20.5
420.25
1786903
.0099
34.31
3490
29.95
2871
4252
17.2
295.84
1257911.68
.0069
23.91
3525
20.87
2901
4252
13.9
193.21
821528.92
.0045
15.59
3549
13.61
2922
4252
10.6
112.36
477754.72
.0026
9.01
3564
7.866
2935
4252
7.3
53.29
226589.08
.00125
4.33
3573
3.782
2943
4505
16
72080
.0004
1.38
3577
1.210
2947
total
372.15
3579
31
2948
Load combination:
The structure has been analyzed for load combinations considering all the previous loads in
proper ratio. In the first case a combination of self-weight, dead load, live load and wind load
was taken in to consideration. In the second combination case instead of wind load seismic
load was taken into consideration.
CHAPTER 5
34
CHAPTER 6
36
2112 449 450; 2113 446 451; 2114 447 452; 2115 448 453; 2116 449 454;
2117 450 455; 2118 451 452; 2119 452 453; 2120 453 454; 2121 454 455;
2122 451 456; 2123 452 457; 2124 453 458; 2125 454 459; 2126 455 460;
2127 456 457; 2128 457 458; 2129 458 459; 2130 459 460;
DEFINE MATERIAL START
ISOTROPIC
CONCRETE E
2.17185e+007 POISSON
0.17 DENSITY 23.5616
ALPHA 1e-005
DAMP 0.05
END DEFINE MATERIAL
CONSTANTS
MATERIAL CONCRETE MEMB 1 TO 51 101 TO 171 200 TO 250 300 TO 350 400 TO
450 500 TO 550 600 TO 650 700 TO 750 800 TO 850 900 TO 950 1000 TO 1050 1100 1101 TO 1150 1200 TO 1250 1300 TO 1350 1400 TO 1450 1500 TO 1550 1600 TO 1650 1700 TO 1750 1800 TO 1850 1900 TO 1950 2000 TO 2050 2100 TO 2130
37
* dead load [slab load + wall load + floor finishes] at 21th floor level (roof):
YRANGE 73.2 73.4 FLOAD -14.48 XRANGE 0 5 ZRANGE 0 5
YRANGE 73.2 73.4 FLOAD -14.48 XRANGE 0 5 ZRANGE 5 10
YRANGE 73.2 73.4 FLOAD -14.48 XRANGE 0 5 ZRANGE 10 15
YRANGE 73.2 73.4 FLOAD -14.48 XRANGE 5 10 ZRANGE 0 5
YRANGE 73.2 73.4 FLOAD -14.48 XRANGE 5 10 ZRANGE 5 10
YRANGE 73.2 73.4 FLOAD -14.48 XRANGE 5 10 ZRANGE 10 15
YRANGE 73.2 73.4 FLOAD -14.48 XRANGE 10 15 ZRANGE 0 5
YRANGE 73.2 73.4 FLOAD -14.48 XRANGE 10 15 ZRANGE 5 10
YRANGE 73.2 73.4 FLOAD -14.48 XRANGE 10 15 ZRANGE 10 15
YRANGE 73.2 73.4 FLOAD -14.48 XRANGE 15 20 ZRANGE 0 5
YRANGE 73.2 73.4 FLOAD -14.48 XRANGE 15 20 ZRANGE 5 10
YRANGE 73.2 73.4 FLOAD -14.48 XRANGE 15 20 ZRANGE 10 15
LOAD 3 LIVE LOAD
FLOOR LOAD
* live load @ ground floor:
YRANGE 3.9 4.1 FLOAD -2.5 XRANGE 0 5 ZRANGE 0 5
YRANGE 3.9 4.1 FLOAD -2.5 XRANGE 0 5 ZRANGE 5 10
YRANGE 3.9 4.1 FLOAD -2.5 XRANGE 0 5 ZRANGE 10 15
YRANGE 3.9 4.1 FLOAD -2.5 XRANGE 5 10 ZRANGE 0 5
YRANGE 3.9 4.1 FLOAD -2.5 XRANGE 5 10 ZRANGE 5 10
YRANGE 3.9 4.1 FLOAD -2.5 XRANGE 5 10 ZRANGE 10 15
YRANGE 3.9 4.1 FLOAD -2.5 XRANGE 10 15 ZRANGE 0 5
YRANGE 3.9 4.1 FLOAD -2.5 XRANGE 10 15 ZRANGE 5 10
YRANGE 3.9 4.1 FLOAD -2.5 XRANGE 10 15 ZRANGE 10 15
YRANGE 3.9 4.1 FLOAD -2.5 XRANGE 15 20 ZRANGE 0 5
YRANGE 3.9 4.1 FLOAD -2.5 XRANGE 15 20 ZRANGE 5 10
YRANGE 3.9 4.1 FLOAD -2.5 XRANGE 15 20 ZRANGE 10 15
* live load @ 1st floor:
YRANGE 7.2 7.4 FLOAD -2.5 XRANGE 0 5 ZRANGE 0 5
YRANGE 7.2 7.4 FLOAD -2.5 XRANGE 0 5 ZRANGE 5 10
YRANGE 7.2 7.4 FLOAD -2.5 XRANGE 0 5 ZRANGE 10 15
YRANGE 7.2 7.4 FLOAD -2.5 XRANGE 5 10 ZRANGE 0 5
YRANGE 7.2 7.4 FLOAD -2.5 XRANGE 5 10 ZRANGE 5 10
YRANGE 7.2 7.4 FLOAD -2.5 XRANGE 5 10 ZRANGE 10 15
39
2031 TO 2050
CLEAR 0.025 MEMB 1 TO 51 101 TO 171 200 TO 250 300 TO 350 400 TO 450 500 TO 550 600 TO 650 700 TO 750 800 TO 850 900 TO 950 1000 TO 1050 1100 1101 TO 1150 1200 TO 1250 1300 TO 1350 1400 TO 1450 1500 TO 1550 1600 TO 1650 1700 TO 1750 1800 TO 1850 1900 TO 1950 2000 TO 2050 2100 TO 2130
END CONCRETE DESIGN
FINISH
41
CHAPTER 7
42
7.1 B E A M N O.
149 D E S I G N R E S U L T S
M30
LENGTH: 5000.0 mm
Fe415 (Main)
Fe415 (Sec.)
4-16
9-16
1 layer(s) 1 layer(s)
SHEAR 2 legged 8
2 legged 8
2 legged 8
2 legged 8 2 legged 8
REINF. @ 170 mm c/c @ 170 mm c/c @ 170 mm c/c @ 170 mm c/c @ 170 mm c/c
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
43
44
7.2 C O L U M N
N O.
M30
3 D E S I G N R E S U LTS
Fe415 (Main)
Fe415 (Sec.)
5 SHORT COLUMN
7.3 B E A M N O.
1527 D E S I G N R E S U L T S
M30
LENGTH: 5000.0 mm
Fe415 (Main)
Fe415 (Sec.)
STAAD SPACE
47
5-16
1 layer(s)
SHEAR 2 legged 8
2 legged 8
2 legged 8 2 legged 8
2 legged 8
REINF. @ 170 mm c/c @ 170 mm c/c @ 170 mm c/c @ 170 mm c/c @ 170 mm c/c
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7.4 B E A M N O.
2108 D E S I G N R E S U L T S
M30
LENGTH: 5000.0 mm
Fe415 (Main)
Fe415 (Sec.)
4-16
1 layer(s)
4-16
1 layer(s)
4-16
1 layer(s)
4-16
1 layer(s)
4-16
1 layer(s)
SHEAR 2 legged 8
2 legged 8
2 legged 8
2 legged 8
2 legged 8
REINF. @ 170 mm c/c @ 170 mm c/c @ 170 mm c/c @ 170 mm c/c @ 170 mm
4
8
7.5 C O L U M N N O.
1237 D E S I G N R E S U L T S
M30
LENGTH: 3300.0 mm
Fe415 (Main)
Fe415 (Sec.)
7.6 C O L U M N
N O. 2050 D E S I G N R E S U L T S
M30
Fe415 (Main)
Fe415 (Sec.)
49
CHAPTER 8
50
The stress at any point of any member can be found out in this mode. The figure below
depicts a particular case.
Fig 8.4: graph for shear force and bending moment for a beam
52
The above figure shows that the bending moment and the shear force can be studied from the
graphs generated by STAAD.Pro. The whole structure is shown in the screen and we may
select any member and at the right side we will get the BMD and SFD for that member. The
above figure shows the diagrams for member beam 1402.
Fig 8.5: graph for shear force and bending moment for a column
53
CHAPTER 8
CONCLUSION
54
CONCLUSION
STAAD PRO has the capability to calculate the reinforcement needed for any concrete
section. The program contains a number of parameters which are designed as per IS:
456(2000). Beams are designed for flexure, shear and torsion.
Design for Flexure:
Maximum sagging (creating tensile stress at the bottom face of the beam) and hogging
(creating tensile stress at the top face) moments are calculated for all active load cases at each
of the above mentioned sections. Each of these sections are designed to resist both of these
critical sagging and hogging moments. Where ever the rectangular section is inadequate as
singly reinforced section, doubly reinforced section is tried.
Design for Shear:
Shear reinforcement is calculated to resist both shear forces and torsional moments. Shear
capacity calculation at different sections without the shear reinforcement is based on the
actual tensile reinforcement provided by STAAD program. Two-legged stirrups are provided
to take care of the balance shear forces acting on these sections.
Beam Design Output:
The default design output of the beam contains flexural and shear reinforcement provided
along the length of the beam.
Column Design:
Columns are designed for axial forces and biaxial moments at the ends. All active load cases
are tested to calculate reinforcement. The loading which yield maximum reinforcement is
called the critical load. Column design is done for square section. Square columns are
designed with reinforcement distributed on each side equally for the sections under biaxial
moments and with reinforcement distributed equally in two faces for sections under uni-axial
moment. All major criteria for selecting longitudinal and transverse reinforcement as
stipulated by IS: 456 have been taken care of in the column design of STAAD.
55
REFERENCE
Dr. S.R. Karve & Dr. V.L. Shah - Illustrated design of Reinforced
concrete Buildings
N. Krishna Raju - Advanced Reinforced Concrete design
STAAD Pro 2004 Getting started & tutorials
- Published by: R .E. I.
STAAD Pro 2004 Technical reference manual
- Published by: R.E.I.
IS 875 - BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002
56