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FUNCTIONS
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Functions

CHAPTER 1 : FUNCTIONS
SET NOTATION
The notation of set is {

}.

Examples.
1. A is the set of even numbers less than 12 .
A = { 2 , 4 , 6 , 8 , 10 }
2. B = { violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow , orange , red }
B is ..
3. We can also use Venn Diagram to represent a set .

RELATION
A relation from set A to set B is the linking (or pairing) of the elements of set A to the
elements of set B .
1.1 Represent a relation
A relation between two sets can be represented by :(a) arrow diagram
(b) ordered pairs
(c) graphs
Example.
A relation from set A = { - 3 , 1 , 2 , 3 ) to set B = { 1 , 4 , 9 } is given by power of 2
for . Represent the relation using
(a) arrow diagram

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Functions

(b) ordered pairs

(c) graph

Activity 1
1. Given that set C = { 2 , 4 , 5 } and set D = { 4 , 16, 18 , 25 } . Represent the relation
multiple of between set C to set D using
(a) arrow diagram
(b) ordered pairs
2. Represent the given relation using ordered pairs and graph.
(a)
child of
A
B
Chandra
Aisya

Hasnul
Lee

Razif
Chong

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Siva

Functions

(b)
M
4

has factor

N
2
3

10
4
15
5
M

1.2 Identify domain, codomain , object , image and range of a relation .

Definition
Domain - First set
Codomain Second set
Object Elements in the domain
Image Elements in the codomain that are linked to the objects.
Range set of images
Example 1
Draw an arrow diagram to show a relation power of 2 for from set A = { - 4 , - 3, - 2 ,
2 , 3 } to set B = { - 9 , - 4 , 4 , 9 } . Then , identify the
(a) image for number 3
(b) image for number 2
(c) object for number 4
(d) object for number 9
(e) domain
(f) codomain
(g) range
of the relation .

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Functions

Solution

Example 2
A relation is given in the form of ordered pairs , H = { (2 , 6) , (2 , 8) , (2,10) , (4,8),
(5,10) , (5,15) } . Identify the
(a) image of 5
(b) object of 8
(c) domain
(d) range
(e) codomain

Example 3
The relation below is shown in the graph .
Set B
25
5
20
15
10
5

Identify the
(a) image of 4
(b) object of 15
(c) domain
(d) range
(e) codomain

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Set A

Functions

Activity 2
1. Draw an arrow diagram to show a relation add 3 to from set P = { 1 , 2, 3 , 4 , 5 }
to set Q = { 1 , 2, 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 } . From the diagram , state the
(a) image of 3
(b) object which its image is 6
(c) domain
(d) codomain
(e) range
for the relation.
2. The relation that mapped set A = { 2 , 3 , 4 , 5} onto set B = { 6 , 8 , 9 } is factor of .
(a) Represent the relation using
(i) arrow diagram
(ii) ordered pairs
(iii) graph
(c) State the
(i) domain
(ii) codomain

(iii) range
(iv) image of 8

(v) object of 3

1.3 Classifying the types of relation

Type of relation
1. One to one relation
Each object in the domain has only one
image in the codomain

2. One to many relation

Each object in the domain has more
than one image in the range

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Example of Arrow diagram

Functions

3. Many to one relation

Each image in the range has more than
one object in the domain but each object
has only one image.

4. Many to many relation

Each object in the domain has more
than one image in the range and each
image in the range has more than one
object in the domain.

State the type of relation shown by each of the following relation.

Question
1.
A

Type of relation
B

element of
Metane
Ozone

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen

2. R = { (1,1) , (2,8) , (3,27) , (4,64) , (5,25) }

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Functions

3.

power of 2

3
2
-2

-3

4. B = { (3,7) , (3,9) , (3,11) , (5,9) , (6,11) }

5.

Set B

5
4
1

4
4
1

3
4
1

2
4
1

1
4
1

Set A
1

4
1

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Functions

2
2.1

. FUNCTIONS
Definition of a functions
A functions is a special relation whereby for EVERY object in the domain ,
there is ONE AND ONLY ONE image in the codomain.
Hence , the type of relations that are considered as a functions are
(i) one to one relation
(ii) many to one relation

Examples
Identify which of the following relations are functions. Give reason for your answer.
Question
(a) R = { (1,2) , (3,4) , (5,6) , (7,8) }

(b)
A multiple of

8
9

10

(c)
M
1
2
3

three times

N
3
6
9

(d) K = { (May,31 days),(June,30 days),

(July, 31 days),(Feb,28 days)}

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Answer / Reason

Functions

Activity 4
Determine whether each of the following relation are considered as a function or not .
Question

Function / not a function

1. H = { (1,4) , (3,4) , (5,7) , (8,9) }

2.

March

28 days

April

30 days

May

31 days

3.

B
C
D

4.

Y
Z

Set B
8
6
4
2

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Set A

Functions

2.2 Express functions using function notation

(1) A function can be represented using small letter such as f ,g , h and etc .
(2) (a) f : x
y ( is read as function f maps x to y ) can also be written as
f(x) = y .
(b) g : x
5x - 3 , hence g(x) = 5x - 3 ( is read as 5x 3 is the image of x
under the function g )
4 2m , hence h(m) = 4 2m .

(c) h : m
(d)

Square of
2

16

36

domain

f: x

x2

or f(x) = x 2

codomain

2.3 Domain , object , image and range of a function

Example 1
x

x2 - 3
1
-2
-3
4

2
1
0

Domain = { 0 , 1 , 2 }
Objects = ., ., ..
Images = . , . , ..

Range = { .,..,..}

Example 2
Find the image of f : x
and range .

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x + 4 given that x = { - 1 , 1 , 3 } . State the domain , object

Functions

2.4 Determine the image of a function given the object or vice versa .
Example 1
(a) Given that f(x) = 4x 1 . Find the
image of x = 3 .

(b) Given that f ( x) x 2 4 . Evaluate

the value of f ( 4 ) .

(c) A function h is defined as

h : x 2 5x. Find the image for
x = -2 .

(d) Given the function m(x) = x 3 . Find

the image for x = - 8 .

Example 2
A function g is defined as g : x
(a) g(0) , g(- 2) , g(5) , g(8)

2
, find the value of
x3
(b) State the value of x such that
the function is not defined .

Example 3
Given that f : x 2x + 5 . Find the object for which the image is 9 .

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Functions

Example 4
Given the function g(x) = 2x 9 . Find the value of the object that maps onto itself .

Example 5
Given that function f(x) =

x4
. Find the value of x such that f(x) = 2x .
3

Activity 5
1. A function f is defined as f : x 3x + 2 . Find
a. f(2)
b. f(3)
c. f(x + 1)
.
2. A function f is defined by f : x 4x 3 . Find
(a) the object that has 9 as its image.
(b) the object that is mapped onto itself .
3. A function f is defined as f : x 2 x2 1 .
(a) Find the image of - 3 , -1 , 0 , 1 , 3 .
(b) Find the objects that has 49 as it image .

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Functions

3 . COMPOSITE FUNCTION
3.1 Composition of two functions

B
f(x)

C
g(x)

gf
(1) The figure above shows a function f that maps elements in set A to those in set
B and the function g that maps set B to set C . The combined effect of the two
functions can be represented by the function gf which is called the composite
function of g and f.
(2) fg = fg(x) = f[g(x)]
(3) f 2 = ff , f 3 = fff or ff 2 or f 2f

and so on .

Example
For each pair of the following given function, find the composite function fg and gf .
(a) f(x) = 5x , g(x) = x + 3

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(b) f(x) = 5x 1 , g(x) = 2x + 3

Functions

(c) f : x 3x 2 , g :x x 4

(d) f : x

5
, g : x 1 2x
x

3.2 Determine the image or object of a composite function

Examples;
1. Given, f : x 5x and g : x 2x 4 . Find
(a) fg(x)

(c) gf(x)

(b) fg(4)

(d) gf(- 1)

2. Given that f : x
(a) fg(x)

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2
, x 0 and g :x 3x + 1 . Find
x
(b) gf(x)

Functions

(c) fg(4)

3. Given that f : x 3 + 2x and g : x

(d) gf(4)

8
, x 0 . Find the value of fg(2) .
x

4. Functions f and g are defined as f :x x + 2 and g : x 3x 4 respectively . Find

(a) f 2

(b) g 2

(c) f 2(2)

(d) g 2 ( 3 )

5. Functions f and g are defined as f(x) = 3x and g(x) = 2x 1 respectively. Find the
value of x if gf(x) = 11 .

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Functions

Activity 6
1. Given f : x 3x + 2 and g : x 4x 6. Find
(a) fg ( x )
(b) gf ( x )
(c) gf ( 2 )

3
2. Functions f and g are defined as f : x 4x - 5 , g : x , x 0 respectively .
x
(a) Find the composite function gf and the value of gf(4) .
(b) Determine f 2(x)
3. Given f : x px + q and f 2 : x 25x 8 . Find the value of p and q ( p > 0) .

4. INVERSE FUNCTION
4.1 Find the object, given its image and function by inverse mapping .
f

f(x)

f -1
If f represent a function, the inverse function of f is denoted by f 1.
1
( take note that f 1
)
f
Therefore , if f : x y then f(x) = y
if f 1 : y x then f 1(y ) = x

Example
Function f is defined by f : x 2x 1 .Find the value of
a. f 1(5)
b. f 1(- 3)
c. f 1(3) ?

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Functions

4.2 Determining the inverse function

Examples
1. Given f(x) = 2x + 1 . Determine the inverse function f 1 .

2. A function g is defined as g ( x ) = 5x - 8, determine g 1(x) .

3. Given that f : x

3x 1
, find the inverse function f 1(x) .
5

4. A function g is defined as g : x 3 2x . Determine

(a) g 1(x)

(c) the value of k if g 1(k)= k

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(b) the value of g 1(2)

(d) g 1h(x) if given h : x

4
.
x

Functions

5. Given that f : x

3
, x 2 and g : x 4x 3 . Find
x2

(a) f 1(x) and state the value of x such

that f 1 is not defined .

(b) the value of f 1g(3)

6. Given f : x 2x + k and its inverse function f 1 : x nx +

3
. Find
2

(b) the value of f 1f(4)

(a) the value of k and n

7. Given f(x) = 4x + 7 and g(x) = 2x + 1 . Find

(a) fg 1(x)

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(b) the value of x such that gf(- x) = - 9

Functions

8. Given f : x p qx . determine
(a) f 1(x) in terms of p and q

(b) the value of p and q if

f 1(8) = -1 and f(2) = - 7 .

Activity 8
1. Find the inverse function for each of the following
(a) f : x 3x + 4
(b) g : x 2x 7
2
(c) f : x , x 0
x
2x 3
(d) g : x
2
2
(e) f : x
, x4
x4
2. Given the function f : x 3x+ 2 , find the value of f 1(5) .
3. A function f is defined as f : x

4. Given that f : x

2x 5
, x 5 . Find the value of f 1(1)
x 5

xa
, x 4 and f(7) = 4 . Find
x4

(a) the value of a

(b) the value of f 1(- 2)
5. Given the function f : x mx + n and its inverse function f
value of m and n.

-1
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:x

x 8
. Find the
3

Functions

4.3 The condition for the existence of an inverse function

There are two types of relation that are considered as a functions that is
(i)
one to one
(ii)
many to one
The reverse mapping for one to one relation is still one to one but the reverse
mapping for many to one relation is not a function because it is one to many relation.
Example
Determine whether each of the following functions has inverse functions. Explain your
answer .
Question
Answer
(a)
f

1
3
1
5
1
9

3
5
9
(b)

g
2
3
4

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4.6
5.2

Functions

Topical Test
1.

Express the relation factor for between Set A = {4, 6, 10, 15} and Set B = {2, 3, 5}
in the form of
(a) graphs
(b) ordered pairs

2.

The arrow diagram shows the relation between Set A and Set B.
r .

. 2

s .

3
.

t .

5
7

11

State the
(a)
domain
(b)
codomain
(c)
range
(d)
image for s
(e)
object for image 1
f

3.

4
1
-1

-1

The figure above shows a function f : x ax 2 bx . Find

(a) the value of a and b
(b) the image for x = 3.
4. Given the function f ( x) 4 x 1 and g ( x) 2 x 3 . Find the composite functions
(a) fg
(b) gf
(c) f 2 ( x)
(d) g 2 (1)

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Functions

5.

Given f ( x)
(a)
(b)

3
, x 2 and g ( x) 4 x 1 . Find the value of
x2

fg (1)
g 2 (2)

6.

Sketch the graph for the absolute function f ( x) 5 2 x in the domain 1 x 3 .

Hence, state the range of the function.

7.

Given the function f : x x 4 and the function g : x

(a)
(b)

8.

the inverse function f

the value of f 1 g (3)

Given the function f : x

10
hx k

2
, x 0 . Find
x

( x)

, where f (1) 5 and f (2) 10 .

Find
(a)
(b)

10.

Functions f and g are defined as f : x

(a)
(b)
(c)

11.

the value of h and k

the values of x such that f(x) = x

State the value of h.

Express the functions gf and
Find the value of f 1 g (3)

3
, x h and g : x 4 x 1
2x 3
1

( x)

Given f(x) = px + q, f(0) = -5 and f(3) = 7. Find the value of p and q

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