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6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
Introduction
Electromagnetic Voltage Transfomers
Capacitor Voltage Transfomers
Current Transfomers
Non-Conventional Instrument Transformers
6.1
INTRODUCTION
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6-1
IpXp
6.2.1 Errors
The ratio and phase errors of the transformer can be calculated
using the vector diagram of Figure 6.2.
IpRp
Ep
K V
n s
Vp
Vp
T
-Vs
Ie
u 100%
where:
Ip
IpL
Im
Is
Vs
IsXs
Es
IsRs
6-2
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Accuracy
Class
phase displacement
(minutes)
+/- 0.1
+/- 5
0.2
+/- 0.2
+/- 10
0.5
+/- 0.5
+/- 20
1.0
+/- 1.0
+/- 40
3.0
+/- 3.0
not specified
Accuracy
Class
Phase displacement
(minutes)
3P
+/- 3.0
+/- 120
6P
+/- 6.0
+/- 240
1.2
continuous
Between transformer star point and earth in any network
1.2
continuous
Between line and earth in an effectively earthed network
1.5
30 sec
1.2
continuous
1.9
30 sec
1.2
continuous
1.9
8 hours
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6-3
9
1 - Expansion bellow
2 - Primary terminal H1
3 - Capacitive grading layers
4 - Secondary terminal box
5 - Core / coil assembly
6 - Oil-level indicator
7 - Porcelain or composite
insulator
8 - Secondary terminal box
9 - Expansion chamber
10 - Lifting eye
11 - Primary terminal
12 - Post type porcelain insulator
13 - Capacitive grading layers
14 - Two coil and core
assembly
15 - Transformer tank
16 - Post type porcelain insulator
17 - Oil to air seal bock
18 - Secondary terminal box
10
11
12
13
7
3
14
15
8
4
16
5
17
18
6-4
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6.3
C
P
P - primary winding
C - coupling windings
S - secondary winding
n
S
a
N
C1
C1
L
C2
Zb
C2
Zb
C1
T
L
C2
Zb
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6-5
The main difference between Figure 6.7 and Figure 6.1 is the
presence of C and L. At normal frequency when C and L
resonate and therefore cancel, the circuit behaves in a similar
way to a conventional VT. However, at other frequencies a
reactive component exists which modifies the errors.
6-6
6.3.3 Ferro-Resonance
The exciting impedance Ze of the auxiliary transformer T and
the capacitance of the potential divider together form a
resonant circuit that usually oscillates at a sub-normal
frequency. If this circuit is subjected to a voltage impulse, the
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Burden
10VA
300/ 5A
E 6350V
Z 21.2 :
E 6350V
'Ideal'
CT
300/ 5
j 50 :
150 :
0.4 :
Amplitude
Er
6 3 5 0V u 6 0
381kV
Figure 6.9: Typical secondary voltage waveform with third subharmonic oscillation
Such oscillations are less likely to occur when the circuit losses
are high, as is the case with a resistive burden, and can be
prevented by increasing the resistive burden. Special antiferro-resonance devices that use a parallel-tuned circuit are
sometimes built into the VT. Although such arrangements
help to suppress ferro-resonance, they tend to impair the
transient response, so that the design is a matter of
compromise.
Correct design prevents a CVT that supplies a resistive burden
from exhibiting this effect, but it is possible for non-linear
inductive burdens, such as auxiliary voltage transformers, to
induce ferro-resonance. Auxiliary voltage transformers for use
with capacitor voltage transformers should be designed with a
low value of flux density that prevents transient voltages from
causing core saturation, which in turn would bring high
exciting currents.
6.4
CURRENT TRANSFOMERS
j 50 :
0.2 :
150 :
0.4 :
6.4.1 Errors
The general vector diagram shown in Figure 6.2 can be
simplified by omitting details that are not of interest in current
measurement; see Figure 6.11. Errors arise because of the
shunting of the burden by the exciting impedance. This uses a
small portion of the input current for exciting the core,
reducing the amount passed to the burden. So Is = Ip - Ie,
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6-7
Zb =
IsRs
IsXs
Es
Iq
Ir
Ip
Vs
Is
Ie
)
Accuracy
Class
% current
6-8
20
100
120
(minutes)
5
20
100
120
0.1
0.4
0.2
0.1
0.1
15
0.2
0.75
0.35
0.2
0.2
30
15
10
10
0.5
1.5
0.75
0.5
0.5
90
45
30
30
1.5
1.0
1.0
180
90
60
60
50
120
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Class
Current error at
rated primary
current (%)
Phase displacement at
rated current
(minutes)
Composite error at
rated accuracy limit
primary current (%)
5P
+/-1
+/-60
10P
+/-3
10
VK
+10% Vk
+50%IeK
IeK
Exciting current (Ie)
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6-9
6-10
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4
1. Diaphragm bellows
2. CT cores and secondary windings
3. Primary terminal
4. Primary conductor assembly
5. Head housing
6. Core housing
7. Porcelain or composite insulator
8. Bushing tube
9. Capacitive grading layers
10 . Secondary terminal blocks
11 . Fault current carrying connector to ground
12 . Ground pad
13 . Secondary terminal box
14 . Mounting base
15 . Oil/Air block
10
11
12
14
13
15
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6-11
So:
S
I p sin Zt e R L t
2
ip
Equation 6.2
K vdt
t1
Equation 6.3
Ep
ip
>sinZt E D sinD E e
R / L )t
R Z L
2
3S 2Z
IA
KRb I s
Equation 6.1
where:
S Z
sin Zt dt
2
KRb I s
Equation 6.4
L = system inductance
1
ZL R
Ep
R 2 Z 2 L2
6-12
KRb I s e R L t dt
IB
KRb I s L
R
Equation 6.5
Hence, the ratio of the transient flux to the steady state value
is:
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IB
IA
ZL
X
R
IC
I A I B I A 1
Equation 6.6
The term (1+X/R) has been called the 'transient factor' (TF),
the core flux being increased by this factor during the transient
asymmetric current period. From this it can be seen that the
ratio of reactance to resistance of the power system is an
important feature in the study of the behaviour of protection
relays.
Alternatively, L/R is the primary system time constant T, so
that the transient factor TF can be written:
TF 1
ZL
R
1 ZT
TF 1 2SfT
1 2ST '
0.9
0.8
t
T1
0.7
0.6
t
T
ie
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
i's
0
-0.1
Time (secs)
Let
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6-13
chord.
The above theory is sufficient to give a good insight
into the problem and to allow most practical issues
to be decided.
is = ie + is
Equation 6.7
also,
die
dt
Le
Rbi 's
Equation 6.8
where:
die
dt
Rbie
Le
Rbis
Le
Equation 6.9
ie
I1
T
e t T1 e t T
T1 T
where:
T = primary system time constant L/R
6-14
b.
c.
Time
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copyright notice but may not be copied or displayed for commercial purposes without the prior written permission of Alstom Grid.
Current
Vc
where:
Vc
VkIEC
In
RCT
ALF
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6-15
Input
polariser
Optical
fibre
Light
source
45
90
Optical
sensing
medium
1.0
Reference
light input
intensity
Insulating
function
Sensor
E/O converter
+
Communication
Sensing
function
Instrument
Transformer
Optical link
(fibre optics)
Communication
+
O/E converter
Secondary
output
6-16
Zero field
level
1.0
0.5
0.5
HV
Bus
Sensing
light
detector
Out
In
Electronic
interface
'Odd' polariser
Output
polariser
Optical
fibre
t
Modulated
light input
intensity
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copyright notice but may not be copied or displayed for commercial purposes without the prior written permission of Alstom Grid.
Optical fibre
Magneto-optic sensor
Magnetic
field
Optical fibre
Magnetic field
Optical fibres
Gapped
Magneto-optic sensor
magnetic core
Electro-optic
sensor
A.C. line
voltage
Optical fibres
Reference
electrode
Reference
electrode
A.C. line
voltage
Light
path
Electro-optic
sensor
Reference
electrode
Optical fibres
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6-17
AC line current
Bulk glass
sensing
element
Light in
Light in
Optical fibres
Light out
Fibre
sensing element
Light out
Conductor
(b) 'All-fibre' sensor concept
Dome
Electro-optic sensor
(Bulk-glass transducer)
Electro-optic sensor
('All-fibre' transducer)
AC
H1
line
current
Fibre optic
cable conduit
H2
Insulator
column
Fibre junction box
Sensor #1 Fibre
optic
Sensor #2 cables
6-18
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6-19
Magnetic concentrator
(gapped magnetic core)
Air core
toroidal coil
Electrical to optical
converter
Optical
fibres
i
V
i
Current carrying
conductor
Sensing current
Sensing element
Figure 6.27: Conceptual design of a Hall-effect current sensing
element fitted in a field-shaping gap
Optical
fibres
Current transformer
6-20
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