Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Q.1
(Ans) Heat
It can be defined as "the sum of kinetic energy of the molecules present in
a substance is called heat". Heat is a form of energy. It is denoted by "Q".
Its SI unit is joule "j".
Temperature
The degree of hotness or coldness of a body is called temperature. OR
It can be defined as "the average kinetic energy of the molecules present
in a substance is called temperature". It is denoted by "T". Its SI unit is
Kelvin "K".
Q.2
100
212
373
100
Equal parts
180
Equal
parts
100
Equal
parts
32
273
(1)
(2)
(3)
Scales of temperature
There are three scales of temperature.
Celsius or Centigrade scale
This scale was introduced by a Swedish Astronomer Celsius.
It is denoted by C.
Its ice point is 0C and steam point is 100C.
The interval between ice point and steam point is divided into 100 equal
parts, each part is called a degree centigrade.
Fahrenheit scale
This scale was introduced by Fahrenheit.
It is denoted by F.
Its ice point is 32F and steam point is 212F.
The interval between ice point and steam point is divided into 180 equal
parts, each part is called a degree Fahrenheit.
Kelvin or Absolute scale
This scale was introduced by Lord Kelvin.
It is denoted by K.
Its ice point is 273K and steam point is 373K.
The interval between ice point and steam point is divided into 100 equal
parts, each part is called one Kelvin.
Relationship between different scales of temperature.
5
( F 32)
9
9
F ( C ) 32
5
K C 273
Q.3
C K 273
(Ans) Thermometer
An instrument used for measuring temperature is called thermometer.
Construction
A thermometer consists of a narrow glass tube having one end closed and
the other contains a metallic bulb. The tube is filled with a specific liquid.
Calibrations are placed on the glass tube on suitable scale which can be
read easily.
Working
It works on the principle that matter expands on heating and contract on
cooling. Thus the degree of expansion and contraction of matter can be
recorded by the calibration on the tube.
Q.4
LO
L
L
Change in length = L = L - Lo
Change in temperature = T = T2 T1
As from linear thermal expansion the change in length is directly
proportional to the original length and change in temperature.
Mathematically
L L
L T
L L T
L Const( L T )
L L T
Where is constant of proportionality and are called coefficient of linear
thermal expansion. Mathematically
L
L T
To find the final length of the rod we have;
L L L
L L L T
L L L T
L L (1 T )
Q.6
Change in Volume = V = V - Vo
Change in temperature = T = T2 T1
As from Volumetric thermal expansion the change in Volume is directly
proportional to the original Volume and change in temperature.
Mathematically
V V
V T
V V T
V Const(V T )
V V T
3
To find the final volume of the rod we have;
V V V
V V V T
V V V T
V V (1 T )
Q.7
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
Bimetallic strip
Two metallic strips whose co-efficient of expansion are different welded
together to form a bimetallic strip.
In a brass, iron strip brass expands more rapidly than iron. Thus the strip
bends as shown below.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
Example
The amount of heat required to transfer one kilogram water into steam at
100C is known as latent heat of vaporization of water. Its value has been
found to be 2 26 105 J / Kg .
Explanation
When heat is supplied to a liquid, then the K-E of the molecules of the
body increases and the intermolecular attractive forces between the
molecules of the liquid becomes weaker. As a result the liquid begins to
boil. This process continues until the whole liquid is converted into steam.
During boiling process the temperature of the liquid remains constant. This
heat is called latent heat of vaporization of the liquid.
Q.14 Define the evaporation of liquids. On what factors does it depend?
(Ans) Evaporation
The process in which a liquid slowly change to vapours at any
temperature (below its boiling point) is called evaporation.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS
1.
A.
Why are small gaps left behind the girders mounted in walls?
See questions No.7 part (iv)
2.
A.
3.
A.
4.
A.
5.
A.
6.
A.
7.
A.
Why steam at 100C produce more severe burns than boiling water at
100C?
When the temperature of water reaches to 100C, it is converted to steam.
At this time the temperature remains constant. Although heat is being
given to water which is absorbed as latent heat of vaporization
2 26 105 J / Kg . Therefore steam at 100C produce more severe burns
than boiling water at 100C.
8.
A.
9.
A.
10.
A.
11.
A.
12.
A.
13.
A.
14.
A.
15.
A.
Numerical Problems
1.
2.
LW LT
LW 1200000 12 106 10
LW 144000000 106 144m
To calculate the expansion in summer
T T TW 40 25 15 C
LS LT
LS 1200000 12 106 15
3.
Given data
V 800cm 3
T 20 C
T 52 C
57 106 C 1 .
V ?
Solution
T T T 52 20 32 C
V V T
V 800 57 10 6 32
4.
V 1459200 10 6 1 46cm 3
New volume of ball = 800+1 46 =801 46cm 3
A brass disc at 293K has a diameter of 0 30m and a hole of diameter
010m is cut in the centre. Calculate the diameter of the hole when
the temperature of the disc is raised to 323K? Coefficient of linear
expansion of brass is 19 10 6 K 1 .
Given data
Diameter of disc = D = 0 30m
Diameter of hole = D = 010m
T 293K
T 323K
19 10 6 K 1
Diameter of the hole =?
T T T 323 293 30 K
Solution
D DT
D 0 10 19 10 6 30
5.
D 57 10 6
D 0 000057m
Diameter of the hole = 0 10 0 000057 0 100057m
0 5 Kg of copper needs 1950J of heat to raise its temperature
through 10C. Calculate the heat capacity of sample?
Given data
m = 0 5 Kg
Q = 1950J
T 10 C
C ?
Solution
Q
C
T
1950
C
10
C 195JK-1