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1. INTRODUCTION
In recent decades, long span bridges such as
cable-stayed bridges have gained much popularity
due to their aesthetic appearance, efficient
utilization of structural materials, increase of the
horizontal navigation clearances and the economic
trade off of span length cost of deep water
foundation. The trend nowadays for cable-stayed
bridges is to use more shallow or slender stiffening
girders combined with increasing span lengths. This
structural synthesis provides a valuable environment
for the nonlinear behavior due to material
nonlinearities and geometrical nonlinearities of the
relatively large deflection of the structure on the
stresses and forces1) 3). The Hyogoken-Nanbu
earthquake of 17th January 1995, led to an increased
awareness concerning the response of highway
bridges subjected to earthquake ground motions, the
ductility design and dynamic analyses have been
reconsidered by Japan Road Association4). The
necessity has arisen to develop more efficient
analysis procedures that can lead to a through
understanding and a realistic prediction of the
precise three-dimensional nonlinear dynamic
response of bridge structural systems to improve the
bridges seismic performance, to provide damage
control and post-earthquake functionality.
In the analysis and design of earthquake
resistant structures, particularly bridge structures,
the vertical ground motion tends, in general, to be
26(26s)
PROCEDURES
The governing nonlinear dynamic equation of
the tower response can be derived by the principle
of energy that the external work is absorbed by the
work of internal, inertial and damping for any small
admissible motion that satisfies compatibility and
boundary conditions. By assembling the element
dynamic equilibrium equation for the time t+t over
all the elements, the incremental FEM dynamic
equilibrium equation1), 20) can be obtained as:
[M]{ u }t+t +[C]{ u }t+t +[K] t+t {u }t+t
= {F}t+t -{F}
(1)
where [M], [C] and [K] t+t are the system mass,
damping and tangent stiffness matrices at time t+t,
the tangent stiffness considers the material
nonlinearities through bilinear elastic-plastic
constitutive model incorporating a unaxial yield
criteria and kinematic strain hardening rule.
u, u and u are the accelerations, velocities, and
incremental
displacements
at
time
t+t,
respectively, {F}t+t-{F}t is the unbalanced force
vector. The dynamic equilibrium equation of motion
considers
both
geometrical
and
material
nonlinearities that affect the tangent stiffness and
internal forces calculation.
In this study, the Newmark step-by-step
integration method is used for the integration of
equation of motion, since it has been experienced
that the Newmarks method is the most suitable
for nonlinear analysis; it has the lowest period
elongation and has no amplitude decay or
amplifications. In addition, the stability concern is
not a problem with the variable ratio of time
increment to natural period. The algorithm is
unconditionally stable if ( + 0.5)2 /4. In this
study, the Newmarks of constant acceleration
scheme for the solution of the differential equation
27(27s)
13.00
3.50
20.00
24.00
14.504
48.00
37.50
1.50
36.50
68.00
II
14.50
IV
2.70
III
17.00
5.00
2.40
Y
18.00
z
1
t2
t11
y
ww
r2
t2
(2)
t22
68.00
t1
fw
240
350
2.2
3.2
25
22
3.6
3.0
II
240
350
2.2
3.2
22
20
3.2
2.8
III
240
350
2.2
2.8
20
20
2.8
2.2
IV
270
350
2.2
2.6
31
22
3.5
2.4
8
Mass proportional
Stiffness proportional
Rayleigh's damping
0
0
10
Frequency (rad./sec)
Acceleration (gal)
500
Acceleration (gal)
Acceleration (gal)
-500
E-W component
500
-500
U-D component
500
-500
10
20
Time (sec)
30
28(28s)
29(29s)
Force (MN)
40
20
200
10
Moment (MN.m)
-20
30
20
Time (sec)
100
0
-100
Force (MN)
40
-0.002
0.002
0.004 -0.002
Curvature (1/m)
0.002
0.004
Curvature (1/m)
-20
Moment (MN.m)
200
without vertical motion
40
Force (MN)
20
20
0
100
0
-100
-20
-0.002
10
30
20
0.002
0.004
Curvature (1/m)
Time (sec)
-0.002
0.002
0.004
Curvature (1/m)
2000
0
-2000
10
2000
Displacement change( %)
Accelerationt (gal)
0
-2000
2000
0
-5
10 -2
-2000
10
Shear
30
20
Time (sec)
-2000
Accelerationt (gal)
2000
Accelerationt (gal)
Accelerationt (gal)
Imperfection amplitude
with vertical motion
30
20
Time (sec)
5. EFFECTS
OF
CONSTRUCTION
INITIAL IMPERFECTIONS
(1) Initial geometric imperfections
10 -1
Imperfection (%)
10 0
Stress (MN/m.m)
Force change( %)
-5
400
200
0
-200
10
-2
10
-1
10
-400
Imperfection (%)
10
Time (sec)
0.002
Strain (m/m)
Moment change( %)
20
15
-1
-2
-0.002
-3
10 -2
10 -1
10 0
Imperfection (%)
-0.004
Curvature change( %)
10
15
20
Time (sec)
20
10
0
10 0
10 -1
10 -2
Imperfection (%)
cr/(2-cr/y)
: Tension
: Compression
cr
y
cr
-5
in-plnae curvature
out-plane curvature
-10
-20
-10
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.1
0.2
0.6
0.3
0.4
0.5
Residual stress level
0.6
Curvature (1/m)
0.002
2
in-plane force
out-plane force
-2
-4
0.001
-0.001
-0.002
-0.003
-6
-8
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
10
in-plane moment
out-plane moment
-5
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Total energy
Damping energy
Strain energy
-5
-10
0
20
0.6
-10
15
Time (sec)
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Residual stress level
0.6
Fig. 18 Total, damping and strain energies of the whole tower &
residual stress level relationship
33(33s)
34(34s)
Energy (MN.m)
Total energy
30
Strain energy
20
Damping energy
10
Kinematic energy
Energy (MN.m)
0
40
30
Strain energy
20
Damping energy
10
Kinematic energy
0
40
Energy (MN.m)
30
Total energy
20
Strain energy
10
Damping energy
Kinematic energy
10
20
Time (sec)
30
Moment (MN.m)
Moment (MN.m)
Moment (MN.m)
yield level = 1
40
100
0
-100
-0.01
-0.005
0.005
0.01 -0.01
Curvature (1/m)
-0.005
0.005
0.01
Curvature (1/m)
Force (MN)
-10
Force (MN)
10
-10
10
-10
10
20
30
Time (sec)
yield level = 1
20
-20
40
Force (MN)
Displacment (m)
yield level = 1
yield level = 1
-1
1
-1
1
20
-20
40
Force (MN)
Displacement (m)
10
Force (MN)
Displacment (m)
Force (MN)
20
-1
10
20
-20
30
Time (sec)
35(35s)
10
20
Time (sec)
30
Period (sec)
Moment ratio
yield level = 1
-1
3
2
1
Moment ratio
0.6
0
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
b/B
h/H
b/B = 13/18
h/H =1
-1
Total energy
Kinematic energy
Damping energy
Strain energy
A
Energy (MN.m)
Moment ratio
-1
0
10
30
20
30
20
10
Time (sec)
0.6
7. EFFECTS
SHAPES
40
OF
TOWER
MODAL
0.7
0.8
h/H
b/B = 13/18
0.9
1
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
b/B
h/H = 1
Fig. 26 Total, damping and strain energies of the whole tower &
horizontal beam height/length relationship
max. force
min. force
Force (MN)
10
-10
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0.7
0.6
h/H
b/B= 13/18
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
b/B
h/H = 1
Force (MN)
60
max. force
min. force
40
20
0
40
0.7
0.8
0.9
h/H
1
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
b/B
h/H= 1
b/B = 13/18
B = 18.0 m
B = 18.0 m
30
Damping energy
10
b = 3.0 m
Case II
Fig. 29 Tower modal shapes
Case II
30
Total energy
20
Damping energy
10
Strain energy
Kinematic energy
Energy (MN.m)
0
40
Case III
Total energy
30
20
Strain energy
Damping energy
10
B = 18.0 m
0
Case I
Strain energy
20
kinematic energy
H = h = 68.0 m
H = 68.0 m
h = 48.0 m
H = h = 68.0 m
b = 13.0 m
Case I
Total energy
0
40
Energy (MN.m)
0.6
Energy (MN.m)
-20
Case III
Kinematic energy
10
20
Time (sec)
30
37(37s)
Moment (MN.m)
Case I
Case II
Case III
100
-100
-0.002
0.002
-0.002
Curvature (1/m)
0.002
-0.002
Curvature (1/m)
0.002
Curvature (1/m)
Case II
Case III
-1
-0.5
0.5
-0.5
0.5
-0.5
0.5
Case II
Case III
40
-40
-40
40
-40
40
38(38s)
-40
40
Curvature (1/m)
Force (MN)
0.002
Case I
10
Case I
-0.002
-10
Curvature (1/m)
Force (MN)
0.002
Case II
10
Case II
-0.002
-10
Curvature (1/m)
Force (MN)
0.002
Case III
10
Case III
-0.002
-10
10
20
30
Time (sec)
Case I
Moment ratio
-1
Case II
Moment ratio
-1
Case III
Moment ratio
-1
10
30
20
10
30
20
Time (sec)
Time (sec)
8. CONCLUSIONS
Analytical parametric study on steel tower of
cable-stayed bridges is performed for investigation
the individual influence of different design aspects
on its dynamic characteristics, such as damping
scheme, input ground motion, allowable initial
imperfections, energy dissipation and tower modal
shapes. A finite element procedure based on total
Lagrangian formulation for the nonlinear dynamic
analysis of steel tower of cable-stayed bridge under
three dimensional great earthquake ground motion
is carried out. From the performed investigations
and discussions, the following conclusions can be
summarized:
(1) The effect of vertical ground motion has highly
dependence on damping scheme. The Rayleighs
damping is more effective in high frequency range,
which leads to slightly effects of the vertical ground
motion on tower dynamic response. The Rayleighs
damping could be recommended for conservative
nonlinear seismic response of high-rise towers.
(2) For mass proportional damping scheme, a
significant axial force fluctuations due to vertical
motion inertia forces affects the tower behavior and
as a consequence the global structural response.
The contribution of the vertical motion to extreme
compression and tension axial forces at tower base
reaches about 28% and 81% of that of horizontal
motions only, respectively. Moreover the tower
axial forces response is characterized by high
frequency. The consideration of horizontal
excitations only could underestimate the curvature
ductility demand.
(3) For Rayleighs damping scheme, the tower
response with vertical motion shows slightly effects
on its flexural behavior, but more growth of
inelastic behavior arises due to greater input energy.
The contribution of the vertical motion to extreme
compression and tension axial forces at tower base
reaches about 6% and 10% of that case of
horizontal motions only, respectively.
(4) The initial geometric imperfections of tower
fundamental vibration mode pattern, within its
design range of upper limit equal to 0.1%, slightly
affect the tower seismic response. But beyond this
range, these effects are characterized by rapidly and
nonlinearly increase and become significant as the
initial imperfections approach severe value (1%).
(5) The normal stress distribution is affected by the
residual stress; as a result, the tower load carrying
capacities and stiffness decease as the residual
stress level increases. Moreover, the residual stress
has detrimental effects on tower structural
performance, which can be characterized by
decreasing plastic deformation capability.
40(40s)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
12)
13)
14)
15)
41(41s)
16)
17)
18)
19)
20)
21)
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