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WasteWaterQuantityEstimation
Typesofsystems
Types of systems combined,separate,dual
combined separate dual
RecentTrends:
d
SeparationofGreywater Dualplumbing
O i
Onsitetreatmentandreuseofgreywater
d
f
Reuseoftreatedwater
Rain water Harvesting
RainwaterHarvesting
Combined system
Combinedsystem
Advantages
g
Bothrainwaterandwastewater
Sewerslargeinsize,easytoclean,doesnotchoke
Dilutionofwastewaterandgases
Disadvantages
Costishigh,Constructioniscumbersome
Cost is high Construction is cumbersome
Loadontreatmentplantincreases
Overflowduringstorms,siltationindryseasons
Choiceisbasedonfunds,rainfallpattern,topography,soil
conditions extent of development etc
conditions,extentofdevelopment,etc.
Quantity of WW discharge
QuantityofWWdischarge
80%ofwatersuppliedprovidednoadditionalsourceofwater
Minimum 150lpcd
Minimum
150 lpcd
Infiltration
AreaBasis 0.2to28m3/ha/day
LengthBasis
h
i 10,000to50,000l/km/day
0 000
0 000 l/k /d
DiameterlengthBasis
DesignPeriod
g
Sewers 30years
Pumpingstations 5to10years
Treatmentplants
Treatment plants 10to30years
10 to 30 years
PopulationForecast
Arithmeticmeanmethod
Geometricmeanmethod
Geometric mean method
LogisticCurvemethod
Rate of WW flow
RateofWWflow
Varieseveryhour,everyday,everyseason
y
,
y y,
y
Bothmaximumandminimumrateofflowis
vital
Flowvariationsaffectperformanceofsewer,
Flow variations affect performance of sewer
pumpingstationandtreatmentplants
MaximumFlow
Peakfactorsaredecidedbasedonthe
componentdesigned.
MinimumFlow lateralsarelargelyimpacted
Peak Factors
PeakFactors
1. domestic sewer
Factor to multiply
rate
of annular flow
6
2.lateral sewer
4 _6
3.branch sewer
4.main sewer
2.5
Sewer
5.trunk or outfall
Peak factor
1.
Up to 20,
20,000
3.5
2.
20,,000 to 50,
20
50,000'
000'
2.5
3.
50,,000 to
50
t 700
700,,000
2.25
4.
above
S No
750,
750,000
2.0
Introduction
InfectiousAgents
Infectious
Agents
Each person discharges about 100 to 400 billion coliform
bacteria per day
Infectious Agents = pathogenic organisms.
organisms. Water
Water-borne
diseases from infectious agents include typhoid,
typhoid
cholera, bacterial and amoebic dysentery, polio,
infectious
hepatitis,
guinea
worm
and
schistosomiasis.
schistosomiasis
hi
i i .
Analyze
coliform
bacteria (E. coli).
Presume if coliform
bacteria are present,
present
infectious pathogens
are also present
present..
Bacterial contamination
Bacterialcontamination
SeparatedeterminationofTotalColiform
p
((TC),Fecal
),
Coliform (FC)andFecalStreptococci(FS)isnow
possible.
PresenceofFCandpathogenicorganismtogetheris
P
f FC d th
i
i t th i
wellestablishedandFCisthewidelyusedbacterial
p
parameterasindicatoroffecalpollution.
p
FC/FSratioforhumanbeingsismorethan4,whereas
FC/FSratiofordomesticanimalsislessthan1.
ThusFC/FSratiocanbeusedtofindwhethersuspected
/
contaminationofwaterisderivedfromhumanor
animal waste.
animalwaste.
O
OxygenOxygen
-Demanding
D
di W
Wastes
Oxygen dissolved in water is indicator of water
quality.
quality
li . 6 ppm O2 or more supports desirable
d i bl aquatic
i
life..
life
BOD (biochemical
(bi h i l oxygen demand)
d
d) measures
r
th
the
amount of dissolved oxygen consumed by aquatic
microorganisms.. Sewage, paper pulp, or food wastes
microorganisms
can cause an Oxygen sag, where few fish survive.
survive.
Nutrients
Eutrophication is the natural process by which waters (lakes,
rivers etc)) become excessivelyy enriched with nutrients,,
typically nitrogen and phosphorus.
Human activities often enhance the rate of change due to
activities such as farming,
g, forestry,
y, industryy and waste
treatment that cause nutrients to enter watercourses.
I
Inorganic
i P
Pollutants
ll
Heavy metals, like mercury, lead, tin, cadmium,
selenium, and arsenic
arsenic-batteries, paints,
electronics
MotherandSon
MinamataBay,Japan
I
Inorganic
i P
Pollutants
ll
Mercury poisoning
Causes:: - damage to the nervous system
Causes
metal retardation,cerebral
,
palsy,
p
y,
development delays, kidney disorders
Lead poisoning
Causes: - miscarriages
- hearing loss
- learning disabilities
I
Inorganic
i P
Pollutants
ll
N
Nonmetallic
t lli S
Salts:
lt
Arsenic
Causes::
Causes
- anemia
- cancer
- death.
POPs
Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) are chemical
substances that persist in the environment,
bioa m late through
bioaccumulate
thro h the food web,
eb and pose a risk of
causing adverse effects to human health and the
environment.
environment
The "dirty dozen" includes:
includes: PCBs, aldrin, chlordane, DDT,
dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor, hexachlorbenzene, mirex,
polychlorinated dibenzo
dibenzopdioxins, polychlorinated
dib
dibenzofurans,
f
and
d toxaphene.
toxaphene
h
.
MAJORCONSTITUENTSOFTYPICALDOMESTICWASTEWATER
TypicalwastewaterCharacteristics
All Concentrations in mg/l
Strong
Medium
Weak
Total solids
1200
700
350
850
500
250
Suspended solids
350
200
100
Nitrogen (as N)
85
40
20
Phosphorus (as P)
Constituent
20
Concentration, mg/l
10
Chloride
100
50
30
200
100
50
Grease
150
100
50
BOD52
300
200
100
COD
400
250
175
POSSIBLELEVELSOFPATHOGENSINWASTEWATER
Viruses:
Enteroviruses
Bacteria:
Pathogenic E. col
5000
Uncertain
Salmonella spp.
spp
7000
Shigella spp.
7000
Vibrio cholerae
1000
Protozoa:
Entamoeba histolytica
4500
Helminths:
Ascaris Lumbricoides
600
Hookworms
32
Schistosoma mansoni
Taenia saginata
10
Trichuris trichiura
120
Decomposition
rates
Readily available organic matter is
less since they have gone through
the digestive process
Hence do not rapidlyy decompose
% Nitrogen compounds high in urine
Nitrification takes along time to pick up
Toiletflushing
Toilet
flushing
Agriculture
Landscaping
d
i
Aquiferrecharge
Surfacewaterrecharge
Industrial water supply
Industrialwatersupply
Domesticwatersupply