Waste Water Quantity Estimation

WasteWaterQuantityEstimation
Typesofsystems
Types of systems combined,separate,dual
combined separate dual
RecentTrends:
d

SeparationofGreywater Dualplumbing
O i
Onsitetreatmentandreuseofgreywater
d
f
Reuseoftreatedwater
Rain water Harvesting
RainwaterHarvesting

Combined system
Combinedsystem
Advantages
g
Bothrainwaterandwastewater
Sewerslargeinsize,easytoclean,doesnotchoke
Dilutionofwastewaterandgases

Disadvantages
Costishigh,Constructioniscumbersome
Cost is high Construction is cumbersome
Loadontreatmentplantincreases
Overflowduringstorms,siltationindryseasons
Choiceisbasedonfunds,rainfallpattern,topography,soil
conditions extent of development etc
conditions,extentofdevelopment,etc.

Quantity of WW discharge
QuantityofWWdischarge

80%ofwatersuppliedprovidednoadditionalsourceofwater
Minimum 150lpcd
Minimum
150 lpcd

Infiltration
AreaBasis 0.2to28m3/ha/day
LengthBasis
h
i 10,000to50,000l/km/day
0 000
0 000 l/k /d
DiameterlengthBasis

DesignPeriod
g
Sewers 30years
Pumpingstations 5to10years
Treatmentplants
Treatment plants 10to30years
10 to 30 years

PopulationForecast
Arithmeticmeanmethod
Geometricmeanmethod
Geometric mean method
LogisticCurvemethod

Rate of WW flow
RateofWWflow
Varieseveryhour,everyday,everyseason
y
,
y y,
y
Bothmaximumandminimumrateofflowis
vital
Flowvariationsaffectperformanceofsewer,
Flow variations affect performance of sewer
pumpingstationandtreatmentplants
MaximumFlow
Peakfactorsaredecidedbasedonthe
componentdesigned.
MinimumFlow lateralsarelargelyimpacted

Seasonal Variation in wastewater flow

SeasonalVariationinwastewaterflow

Peak Factors
PeakFactors
1. domestic sewer

Factor to multiply
rate
of annular flow
6

2.lateral sewer

4 _6

3.branch sewer

4.main sewer

2.5

Sewer

5.trunk or outfall

Peak factors based on population

Contributory population

Peak factor

1.

Up to 20,
20,000

3.5

2.

20,,000 to 50,
20
50,000'
000'

2.5

3.

50,,000 to
50
t 700
700,,000

2.25

4.

above

S No

750,
750,000

2.0

Introduction

Waste water Characteristics

D fi iti = physical,
Definition
h i l chemical,
h i l bi
biological
l i l
Types
ypes::
Infectious Agents
OxygenOxygen
-Demanding Wastes
Nutrients
Inorganic Pollutants
Organic Chemicals
Sediment (Particulates)
(
)
Thermal Pollution

InfectiousAgents
Infectious
Agents
Each person discharges about 100 to 400 billion coliform
bacteria per day
Infectious Agents = pathogenic organisms.
organisms. Water
Water-borne
diseases from infectious agents include typhoid,
typhoid
cholera, bacterial and amoebic dysentery, polio,
infectious
hepatitis,
guinea
worm
and
schistosomiasis.
schistosomiasis
hi
i i .

Analyze
coliform
bacteria (E. coli).
Presume if coliform
bacteria are present,
present
infectious pathogens
are also present
present..

Bacterial contamination
Bacterialcontamination
SeparatedeterminationofTotalColiform
p
((TC),Fecal
),
Coliform (FC)andFecalStreptococci(FS)isnow
possible.
PresenceofFCandpathogenicorganismtogetheris
P
f FC d th
i
i t th i
wellestablishedandFCisthewidelyusedbacterial
p
parameterasindicatoroffecalpollution.
p
FC/FSratioforhumanbeingsismorethan4,whereas
FC/FSratiofordomesticanimalsislessthan1.
ThusFC/FSratiocanbeusedtofindwhethersuspected
/
contaminationofwaterisderivedfromhumanor
animal waste.
animalwaste.

O
OxygenOxygen
-Demanding
D
di W
Wastes
Oxygen dissolved in water is indicator of water
quality.
quality
li . 6 ppm O2 or more supports desirable
d i bl aquatic
i
life..
life
BOD (biochemical
(bi h i l oxygen demand)
d
d) measures
r
th
the
amount of dissolved oxygen consumed by aquatic
microorganisms.. Sewage, paper pulp, or food wastes
microorganisms
can cause an Oxygen sag, where few fish survive.
survive.

Oxygen sag curve

Oxygensagcurve

Nutrients
Eutrophication is the natural process by which waters (lakes,
rivers etc)) become excessivelyy enriched with nutrients,,
typically nitrogen and phosphorus.
Human activities often enhance the rate of change due to
activities such as farming,
g, forestry,
y, industryy and waste
treatment that cause nutrients to enter watercourses.

I
Inorganic
i P
Pollutants
ll
Heavy metals, like mercury, lead, tin, cadmium,
selenium, and arsenic
arsenic-batteries, paints,
electronics

MotherandSon
MinamataBay,Japan

I
Inorganic
i P
Pollutants
ll
Mercury poisoning
Causes:: - damage to the nervous system
Causes
metal retardation,cerebral
,
palsy,
p
y,
development delays, kidney disorders
Lead poisoning
Causes: - miscarriages
- hearing loss
- learning disabilities

I
Inorganic
i P
Pollutants
ll
N
Nonmetallic
t lli S
Salts:
lt
Arsenic

Causes::
Causes

- anemia
- cancer
- death.

Sodium Chloride: Salinization

Sulfur and nitrogen compounds
C
Causes:
Causes
:
- pH
H changes
h
which
hi h affect
ff t species
i
- leaches aluminum

POPs
Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) are chemical
substances that persist in the environment,
bioa m late through
bioaccumulate
thro h the food web,
eb and pose a risk of
causing adverse effects to human health and the
environment.
environment
The "dirty dozen" includes:
includes: PCBs, aldrin, chlordane, DDT,
dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor, hexachlorbenzene, mirex,
polychlorinated dibenzo
dibenzopdioxins, polychlorinated
dib
dibenzofurans,
f
and
d toxaphene.
toxaphene
h
.

Organic Pollutants - Effects

They are not metabolized very rapidly by
animals
animals;
i l ; instead,
i
d it
i is
i deposited
d
i d and
d stored
d in
i
the fatty tissues biomagnification

MAJORCONSTITUENTSOFTYPICALDOMESTICWASTEWATER

TypicalwastewaterCharacteristics
All Concentrations in mg/l
Strong

Medium

Weak

Total solids

1200

700

350

Dissolved solids (TDS)1

850

500

250

Suspended solids

350

200

100

Nitrogen (as N)

85

40

20

Phosphorus (as P)

Constituent
20

Concentration, mg/l
10

Chloride

100

50

30

Alkalinity (as CaCO3)

200

100

50

Grease

150

100

50

BOD52

300

200

100

COD

400

250

175

POSSIBLELEVELSOFPATHOGENSINWASTEWATER

Pathogens in Waste Water

PathogensinWasteWater
Type of pathogen

Possible concentration in Nos per

litre in municipal
wastewater(Basedon100lpcd of
municipalsewageand90%inactivation
ofexcretedpathogens)

Viruses:

Enteroviruses

Bacteria:

Pathogenic E. col

5000
Uncertain

Salmonella spp.
spp

7000

Shigella spp.

7000

Vibrio cholerae

1000

Protozoa:

Entamoeba histolytica

4500

Helminths:

Ascaris Lumbricoides

600

Hookworms

32

Schistosoma mansoni

Taenia saginata

10

Trichuris trichiura

120

Grey Water Black water concepts

GreyWaterBlackwaterconcepts

Grey Water Concepts

GreyWaterConcepts
Primaryy p
pollution- BOD,, COD,, N,, P,, K
from wastewater
Secondary pollution Eutrophication,
resultant decomposition of plants and
the oxygen demand caused by it
Combined sewage has high values of all nutrients
Soil infiltration locks phosporus by
ionexchange and hence prevents eutrophication

Decomposition
rates
Readily available organic matter is
less since they have gone through
the digestive process
Hence do not rapidlyy decompose
% Nitrogen compounds high in urine
Nitrification takes along time to pick up

Rapid decay due to readily available

Organics kitchen waste, etc

Wastewater Reuse Options

WastewaterReuseOptions

Toiletflushing
Toilet
flushing
Agriculture
Landscaping
d
i
Aquiferrecharge
Surfacewaterrecharge
Industrial water supply
Industrialwatersupply
Domesticwatersupply