Available online at www.sciencedirect.

com

CERAMICS
INTERNATIONAL

Ceramics International 41 (2015) 1168711692

www.elsevier.com/locate/ceramint

Structural and vibrational studies of NiAlxFe2
xO4 ferrites (0 r xr 1)

N. Bouhadouzaa, A. Raisa,n, S. Kaouab, M. Moreauc, K. Taibib, A. Addoua
a

Laboratoire des Sciences et technique de lEnvironnement et de la Valorisation, dpartement de Gnie des Procds, Universit de Mostaganem, Mostaganem,
Algeria
b
Laboratoire de Science et Gnie des Matriaux, USTHB, Alger, Algria
c
Laboratory of LASIR Spectrochemistry, University of Science and Technology, 59650 Villeneuve dAscq, France
Received 27 April 2015; received in revised form 22 May 2015; accepted 23 May 2015
Available online 5 June 2015

Abstract
NickelAluminium ferrites with the general formula NiAlxFe2
xO4 (0 r x r1) were synthesized using the solid-state reaction technique and
characterized using X-ray diffraction, FT-Infra Red and Raman spectroscopy. XRD diffraction patterns show that all samples have a pure singlephase cubic spinel structure over the whole composition range. From these patterns, the lattice parameter, bonds length, crystallite size, density
and porosity have been calculated. Infra Red spectra showed two signicant absorption bands, the high band corresponds to tetrahedral (A) sites
and the lower band to octahedral [B] sites, thus conrming the single phase spinel structure. The force constants Kt and Ko for the two sites have
been deduced from IR band frequencies and compared with the trend of bond lengths. For all compositions, Raman spectra show the ve active
modes A1g E1g 3 T2g of the motion of O2
ions and both the A-site and B-site ions. The Raman frequencies trend with aluminium content
show a blue shift for all modes consistent with the replacement of Fe3 by lower mass Al3 .
& 2015 Elsevier Ltd and Techna Group S.r.l. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Ni
Al ferrites; Spinel structure; XRD; FT-IR; Raman

1. Introduction
Because of their electrical and magnetic properties, soft
spinel ferrites are widely used for several kinds of industrial
applications such as information storage systems, cores for
high-frequency transformers, inductors, and antennas for radio
receivers. Various substitutions have been incorporated in
these materials to achieve the desired characteristics and
investigations are focused on Ni
Al mixed spinel ferrites
because they have interesting structural, electrical and magnetic properties [18]. Moreover, Ni
Al spinel ferrites are
very popular in microwave applications because of their high
saturation magnetization and very low losses [9].
The application of Infra Red and Raman spectroscopy to
ferrite materials can be utilized to observe the achievement of
the solid-state reaction as well as the purity of the spinel
n

Corresponding author. Tel./fax: 213 771 244 466.

E-mail address: amrais@yahoo.com (A. Rais).

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2015.05.132
0272-8842/& 2015 Elsevier Ltd and Techna Group S.r.l. All rights reserved.

structure phase. IR spectra provide important information on

the deformation of the spinel structure and various ordering
problems [10,11]. Raman spectroscopy is a non-destructive
material characterization technique and is very sensitive to
structural disorder [12,13]. Furthermore, the concentration of
metal cations in some mixed ferrites may lead to change of
structure within the unit cell without affecting the spinel
structure as a whole. These structural changes due to the metal
cations that are either lighter or heavier in the ferrites strongly
inuence the lattice vibrations. The IR and Raman spectra
absorption bands mainly appear to be due to the vibrations of
the oxygen ions with the cations producing various frequencies
of the unit cell [14].
It is essential for industrial applications of aluminium-nickel
ferrites to study their structural and vibrational properties. To
the best of our knowledge, no vibrational study using both FTIR and Raman spectroscopy of the Al-substituted Ni ferrites
has been reported. The present work is concerned mainly with
the analysis of experimental results of X-ray diffraction, FT-IR

11688

N. Bouhadouza et al. / Ceramics International 41 (2015) 1168711692

and Raman spectra in NiAlxFe2
xO4 over the composition

range from x 0 to x 1.

ionic radius of the Al3 (0.56 ) at the octahedral sites [B].

Fig.2 shows a straight line through the experimental data which
is a linear least square t. Hence, within systematic error

2. Experimental

3. Results and discussion

311

--- x=0
--- x=0.5
--- x=1

Intensity (a.u)

The conventional double sintering technique [15] was

utilized to prepare samples of NiAlxFe2
xO4 (x 0; 0.3; 0.5;
0.8; 1). The ingredient materials were analytical high purity
grade NiCO3, Fe2O3 and Al2O3 (BDH). These were weighed
stoichiometrically as per chemical formula unit and the details
of samples preparation are described in a previous publication
[16]. Sample pellets were rst sintered at 1000 1C for 12 h then
they were sintered a second time at 1100 1C for 24 h. The
single-phase spinel structure was conrmed by the X-ray
diffraction spectrum of these samples obtained with a Panalytical XPert Pro diffractometer using CuK radiation
( 1.5406 ). The scan's range was kept the same for all
samples 2 2011001 using a step size of 0.011 with sample
time of 10 s. For recording IR spectra, samples were prepared
by mixing small quantity of the powdered ferrites with KBr.
Then, the samples mixed powder was pressed in a cylindrical
disc at 10 tons/cm2 by hydraulic press. The IR measurements
of the prepared samples were recorded at room temperature in
the range from 400 cm
1 up to 1000 cm
1 using a PerkinElmer 783 FT-IR spectrophotometer. The Raman spectra were
recorded using a commercial LABRAM-HR equipped with a
CCD detector having 1024  256 pixels Chip MPP back
illuminated and liquid nitrogen cooled. This system has
800 mm focal length and is equipped with a grid of 600 t/
mm enabling a spectral resolution of 1 cm
1/pixel. The
measurements were carried out using a laser excitation source
of 632.8 nm and the optical intensity at the sample surface was
kept at 0.1 mW so to avoid damaging. The laser having a
100  objective was focused on a spot of approximately
0.9 m2.

35,5

35,6

35,7

35,8

35,9

36

2 (degree)

440

220
511

400

422

222

553

533
620

25

35

45

55

65

75

85

95

2 (degree)
Fig. 1. Typical X-ray diffraction pattern for Ni Alx Fe2
xO4 of sample x 0.5.
Inset shows the shifting of peak (311) of samples x 0; 0.5; 1.
Table 1
Lattice parameters aexp, bond lengths RA and RB at (A) and [B] sites, FTIR
vibrational bands, force constants Kt and Ko of Ni Alx Fe2
x O4 ferrites.
x

aexp () RA
70.03% ()

RB
()

v1
v2
v3
Kt  105

1

1

1
(cm ) (cm ) (cm ) (dyne/
cm)

Ko  105
(dyne/
cm)

0
0.3
0.5
0.8
1

8.331
8.319
8.313
8.296
8.280

1.982
1.979
1.978
1.974
1.970

620
615
610
610
615

1.628
1.551
1.551
1.514
1.514

1.890
1.888
1.886
1.883
1.879

420
410
410
405
405

3.548
3.491
4707 5 3.434
500
3.434
500
3.491

3.1. X-ray diffraction analysis

8,35

Lattice parameter ()

Specimen spectra of X-ray diffraction for the Ni Alx Fe2
x O4

samples at compositions of x 0; 0.5; and 1 are shown in Fig.1.
As can be seen, the XRD patterns present peaks at reection
planes indexed (220), (311), (222), (400), (422), (511), (440),
(620), (533) and (553) for all samples, thus proving the
formation of the single phase cubic spinel structure. The inset
of Fig.1 shows the shifting of peak (311) with Al content at
x 0; 0.5 and 1, indicating clearly the lattice parameter variation.
The lattice parameters aexp for all samples have been calculated
using the Nelson
Riley extrapolation method [17]. Values of
aexp are tabulated in Table 1 and their variations with Al content
are shown in Fig. 2. Values of the lattice parameter aexp for
NiFe2O4 and NiAlFeO4 samples have been found equal to
8.331 and 8.280 , which agrees reasonably well with the
literature values for NiFe2O4 [1820] and for NiAlFeO4 [7]
respectively. The decreasing trend of aexp with Al content is
attributed to the replacement of Fe3 ions (0.67 ) by a smaller

8,33

8,31

8,29

8,27

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

Al(x)
Fig. 2. Lattice parameter aexp as function of Al content of Ni Alx Fe2
xO4
ferrites. Straight line is a linear least square t.

N. Bouhadouza et al. / Ceramics International 41 (2015) 1168711692

estimated at 70.03%, we may assert that Vegard's law is

obeyed in this system. This linear behavior of aexp with Al
content was reported for other similar ferrites systems passing
from partially to completely inverse spinel type structure [18].
Nickel ferrite, NiFe2O4 has totally inverse spinel structure with
half of the Fe3 ions in B sites and the other half in A sites and
all the Ni2 ions in octahedral sites [16]. In the NiAlxFe2
xO4
ferrites, the Ni2 ions exclusively occupy the octahedral sites,
while some of the Al3 ions prefer to occupy the tetrahedral
sites and the rest are stable in the octahedral sites [21].
For the cubic spinel structure, the inter-ionic
cations
anions distances (bond lengths) at A-sites, RA and
B-sites, RB can be evaluated using the relations [22]:


p
1
RA a 3
8

due to more covalent bonding in A-sites than in B-sites [7]. In

addition, both lengths show a decreasing trend with Al content,
this may be attributed to the decrease of the lattice parameter
due to replacement of Fe ions by smaller size Al ions.
The X-ray density dx for each sample is calculated according
to the relation [17]:
dx

U
0:375
where U represents the oxygen positional parameter taken as
0.381 for Nickel ferrite and represents the deviation from the
ideal value Uideal ( 0.375). Values of RA and RB are shown in
Table 1. It is clear that the bond length of A-site RA is less than
that of B-site RB at any composition. This can be interpreted as

P 1

dx (g/cm3)

P (%)

L (nm) 71

0
0.3
0.5
0.8
1

4.41
4.53
4.42
4.05
3.50

5.387
5.211
5.066
4.918
4.812

18.1
13.1
12.9
19.1
27.3

143
124
146
115
150

dexp
dx

The values of P (%) are shown in Table 2 and their variation

with Al content is shown in the inset of Fig.3. P appears to
have a minimum of 13% around the aluminium concentration
x 0.4. Similar values of P and behavior have been reported
for Ni
Co ferrites [20].
The average crystallite size, L, of all samples was evaluated
from the reected diffraction peaks using Scherrer's equation
[17]:

Table 2
Bulk and XRD densities dexp, dx, porosity P and crystallite size L of Ni Alx
Fe2
x O4 ferrites.
dexp (g/cm3) 70.01

ZM
Na3

where Z, M, N and a3 represent the number of molecules per

unit cell ( 8), molecular weight, Avogadro's number and
volume of the unit cell, respectively. The bulk densities dexp
( mass/volume) of the samples were measured using a
pycnometer. Values of the calculated dx and measured dexp
are shown in Table 2 and plotted in Fig. 3 as function of Al
content. X-ray density dx decreases linearly while dexp
decreases non-linearly with Al content, these trends support
the lattice parameter variation. The true density, dx, is higher
than the bulk density dexp for all samples. This is due to the
existence of pores appearing during the preparation. Hence, the
porosity P can be calculated using the following relation:

1
RB a 32

2 16

11689

k
cos

where the constant k 0.89, is the wavelength of the X-ray

radiation ( 1.5406 ), is the diffraction angle of the most
5,5

5,5

Density (g/ cc)

dX

dexp

4,5
30

P%

4
4,5

20

3,5
10

0,5

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

Al (x)
Fig. 3. Bulk and DRX densities as function of Al content. Inset shows porosity P (%) with Al content.

11690

N. Bouhadouza et al. / Ceramics International 41 (2015) 1168711692

frequencies 1 and 2 using the following formula [25]:

x=1

Relative Transmittance

K t=o 4 2 c2 21=2
x=0.8

x=0.5

x=0.3
x=0

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

Wavenumber (cm-1)
Fig. 4. FT-IR spectra of Ni AlxFe2
xO4 (x 0; 0.3; 0.5; 0.8; 1) ferrite samples.

where c is the light speed ( E2.99  1010 cm/s), is the

vibration frequency of the A- and B-sites and is the reduced
mass of the Fe3 and O2
ions ( E2.601  10
23 g). Table 1
shows variation of Kt and Ko with Al content. It can be seen
that the trend of both Kt and Ko is decreasing with Al content.
One may interpret this behavior as due to the decrease in bond
lengths of both A and B-sites, RA and RB with Al content.
Since for a given x, the increase in bond length tends to
decrease the force constant, one may attribute this to the fact
that oxygen can form under favorable conditions, strong bonds
with the metal ions even at large inter-ionic separations.
Similar behavior has been reported for other metal oxides like
Mg
Zn ferrites [25].
3.3. Raman scattering analysis

intense peak (311) and is its full width at half maximum

(FWHM) in radian. Values of the crystallite size are given in
Table 2. The average value of L was observed to be 130 nm.
Comparable results have been reported for Ni
Cr ferrites
[23].

3.2. Infra Red analysis

The infrared spectra measurements of the NiAlxFe2
xO4 in
the range 400950 cm
1 indicate the presence of two strong
absorption bands 1 (610620 cm
1) and 2 (405420 cm
1).
Fig.4 shows the IR spectra of NiAlxFe2
xO4 ferrites at
compositions x 0; 0.3; 0.5 0.8; 1. The band positions are
listed in Table 1 as function of Al content. The observed
absorption bands within this limit reveal and conrm the
formation of single-phase spinel structure having two sublattices: tetrahedral (A) site and octahedral (B) site [11]. The
absorption band 1 observed around 615 cm
1 is attributed to
the stretching vibration mode of metal-oxygen in the tetrahedral sites, whereas 2 observed around 410 cm
1 is assigned
to octahedral group complexes. The difference in the position
of the two strong bonds can be related to the differences in the
Fe
O bond lengths at A-sites and B-sites. It is clear that
shorter Fe-O bond length at A-sites (1.8901.879 ) than that
of the B-sites (1.9821.970 ) would lead to higher frequency
band 1 than 2.
In the present system, the IR spectra for x 0.5; 0.8 and 1,
show an additional peak around 500 cm
1. Similar behavior
has been reported for the same system [7]. The intensity of 3
vanishes completely at x 0 and 0.3. Thus, appearance of 3
band in IR spectra of Ni
Al ferrite may be due to divalent
metal ion oxygen complexes in B-sites. The presence of Fe2
ion induces the splitting of absorption possibly because of
local lattice deformation known as Jahn
Teller effect [24].
The force constants of the ions at the tetrahedral site (Kt) and
octahedral site (Ko) have been calculated for the IR band

Raman spectra performed at room temperature in the

frequency range of 150850 cm
1 of as synthesized NiAlx
Fe2
x O4 (0 r xr 1) ferrites samples are shown in Fig.5.
These ferrites have cubic inverse spinel structure of type
AB2O4 belonging to Fd-3m (O7h) space group with eight
formula units per unit cell. Although the full unit cell contains
56 atoms (8 molecules per unit cell), only 14 atoms are in the
asymmetric unit and therefore 42 vibrational modes are
expected. According to group theory, the irreducible representations for the studied systems are as follows:
irred A1g R Eg R T1g 3T2g R 2A2u 2Eu
5T1u IR 2T2u
The presence of an inversion center in the centrosymmetrical space group Fd3m implies mutual exclusion of
Raman and IR activities for the same vibrational mode. There
are ve rst-order Raman active modes A1g Eg 3T2g and all
these modes were observed at ambient conditions whereas
only the T1u type normal vibrations modes are infrared-active.
T1g, A2u, Eu and T2u symmetry vibrations are the silent ones.
All the IR-active vibrations are triply degenerated. A is for one
dimensional representation, E for two and T for three dimensional representations, g denotes the symmetry with respect to
the center of inversion. A1g describes symmetric stretch of
oxygen atoms along FeO (or M
O) tetrahedral bonds,
T2g (1): translatory movement of the whole tetrahedron
(FeO4), T2g (2): asymmetric stretch of Fe(M)
O bond,
T2g (3) and Eg: asymmetric and symmetric bends of oxygen
with respect to Fe, respectively. In order to determine the
natural frequency of the Raman active modes of each sample, a
least square t with Lorentzian line shape was used to t the
Raman spectra. The thick smooth lines are ts to the
Lorentzian functions. The bands corresponding to these modes
are observed at ambient conditions in Raman spectrum of
NiFe2O4 whose values are
T2g 1 213 cm
1 ; Eg 337 cm
1 ; T2g 2 488 cm
1 ;
T2g 3 574 cm
1 ; A1g 702 cm
1

N. Bouhadouza et al. / Ceramics International 41 (2015) 1168711692

A1g

Table 3
Raman parameters of NiAlx Fe2
x O4 (x 0; 0.3; 0.5; 0.8; 1) ferrite samples.

Lorentz Fit

Ni Fe2 O4

T2g (2)

Assignment

T2g(3)

Eg

T2g(1)

T2g (1)
Eg
T2g (2)
T2g (3)
A1g

A1g
Ni Al0.3 Fe1.7 O4

11691

NiAlx Fe2
x O4 Raman shift (cm
1 )

x 0

x 0.3

x 0.5

x 0.8

x 1

213
337
488
574
702

213
337
490
572
702

216
343
489
580
714

218
345
492
584
715

220
347
494
586
717

T2g (2)
T2g (3)

compared to Fe ion. Similar behavior has been reported for Mg

and Zn substituted Ni-ferrites [29] as well as for Mn
substituted Zn ferrites [30].
Furthermore, it is observed for NiFe2 O4 spectrum that
Raman band at 702 cm
1 shows a shoulder like feature at
lower wave number side (665 cm
1). This band is assigned to
A1g(1) mode reecting the stretching vibration of Fe
O
bonds in tetrahedral site. According to Singh et al. [31] for
inverse spinels such as MFe2O4 (M Mg, Ni, Fe), A1g(1)
band in the 670710 cm
1 region in their Raman spectra
corresponds to stretching modes of tetrahedral units, while
Raman modes present in the 450620 cm
1 ferrite spectra are
dominated by octahedral groups. However, A1g mode at about
615 cm
1 observed in MFe2O4 (M Mn, Zn) might be
assigned to the motion of an octahedron [29]. Thus, a possible
interpretation for this shoulder like feature at 665 cm
1
might be due to the bonds distribution among the A-sites
and B-sites since it is outside the 670710 cm
1 region. Note
also that this feature is present in the spectrum of samples
x 0.3; 0.5 and is less pronounced in sample x 0.8. It almost
vanishes for sample x 1, this may be interpreted as a border
line between two different distribution of cations among A and
B-sites.

Eg

T2g(1)

Intensity (a.u)

A1g
Ni Al0.5 Fe1.5 O4

T2g (2)
T2g (3)
Eg

T2g(1)

A1g
Ni Al0.8 Fe1.2 O4

T2g(2)
Eg

T2g(1)

T2g (3)

A1g

Ni Al1 Fe1 O4

T2g (2)

T2g(3)

Eg

T2g (1)

4. Conclusion
200

300

400

500

600

700

800

Raman Shift (cm-1)

Fig. 5. Room temperature Raman scattering spectra of NiAlxFe2
xO4 (x 0.0,
0.3, 0.5, 0.8, 1.0) ferrite samples.

These results are in good agreement with earlier reported data

on NiFe2O4 spinel [26].
The Raman shifts and their assignment for the ve samples
of NiAlx Fe2
xO4 (x 0; 0.1; 0.3; 0.5; 0.8; 1) are shown in
Table 3. In Raman spectrum of any ferrite (cubic spinels),
shifts above 600 cm
1 correspond mostly to the motion of
oxygen in tetrahedral AO4 group (A- site) [27,28] and the
other low frequency bands represent the characteristics of
octahedral BO6 group (B-site). It is clear from Table 3 that all
modes of the Ni Alx Fe2
x O4 ferrites are shifting toward the
higher wave number side as the aluminium content increases.
This blue shift is attributed to lower atomic mass of Al ion as

The characterization of NiAlxFe2
xO4 ferrites system prepared by the conventional solid state reaction with double
sintering around 1050 1C shows that:
1. The crystalline structure is a pure single phase cubic spinel
over the whole composition range from x 0 to x 1.
2. The measured lattice constant aexp decreases with increasing Al(x) content and appears to obey Vegard's law.
3. The IR spectra indicate two main absorption bands, a high
band (580610 cm
1) for tetrahedral (A) sites and a lower
band (400410 cm
1) for octahedral [B] sites, thus conrming the single phase spinel structure.
4. The Raman spectra show the ve active modes
A1g+E1g+3T2g of the motion of O2- ions and both the
A-site and B-site ions for all compositions. The Raman
frequencies trend with aluminium content show a blue shift
for all modes consistent with the replacement of Fe3+ by
lower mass Al3+.

11692

N. Bouhadouza et al. / Ceramics International 41 (2015) 1168711692

Acknowledgments
This work was supported by a grant from the Directorate
General for Scientic Research and Technological Development (DG-SRTD), Ministry of Higher Education and Scientic
Research of Algeria.
References
[1] I. Maghsoudi, H. Shokrollahi, M.J. Hadianfard, J. Amighian, Synthesis
and characterization of NiAlxFe2
xO4 magnetic spinel ferrites produced
by conventional method, Powder Technol. 235 (2013) 110114.
[2] S.M. Patange, Sagar E. Shirsath, S.P. Jadhav, V.S. Hogade, S.R. Kamble,
K.M. Jadhav, Elastic properties of nanocrystalline aluminum substituted
nickel ferrites prepared by co-precipitation method, J. Molec. Struct. 1038
(2013) 4044.
[3] L. Wang, H.B. Li, J. Li, M. Liu, Y.M. Zhang, J.B. Lu, Magnetic
properties of NiAlxFe2
xO4 nanocomposites prepared by sol
gel
method, Hyperne Interact., 222, , 2013, p. S37S43.
[4] N.M. Deraz, A. Alari, Processing and evaluation of alumina doped
nickel ferrite nano-particles, Int. J. Electrochem. Sci. 7 (2012)
45854595.
[5] A.D. Lehlooh, J. Amighian, S.H. Mahmood, Mssbauer spectroscopy
study of aluminium substituted nickel-ferrites, Hyperne Interact. 183
(2008) 193198.
[6] M. Al-Haj, Microstructure characterization and magnetic behavior of
NiAlxFe2
xO4 ferrites, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 311 (2007) 517522.
[7] A.G. Bhosale, B.K. Chougule, X-ray, infrared and magnetic studies of
Al-substituted Ni ferrites, Mater. Chem. Phys. 97 (2006) 273276.
[8] M. Mozaffari, J. Amighian, Preparation of Al-substituted Ni ferrite
powders via mechanochemical processing, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 260
(2003) 244249.
[9] B.K. Datta, Powder metallurgy, Adv. Tech. Proc. Eng. Mater., PHI
Learning Pvt. Ltd. USA, 2011, p. 176.
[10] R.D. Waldron, Infrared spectral studies in spinnel structure ferrites, Phys.
Rev. 99 (1955) 1727.
[11] W.B. White, B.A. DeAngelis, Interpretation of the vibrational spectra of
spinels, Spectrochim. Acta A 23 (1967) 985.
[12] R. Gupta, A.K. Sood, P. Metcalf, J.M. Honig, Raman study of
stoichiometric and Zn-doped Fe2 O4, Phys. Rev. B65 (104430) (2002).
[13] P.R. Grave, C. Johnston, J.J. Campaniello, Raman scattering in spinel
structure ferrites, Mater. Res. Bull. 23 (1988) 16501660.
[14] K.J. Standley, Oxide Magnetic Materials, Claredon Press, Oxford, 1990.
[15] M.N. Rahaman, in: Ceramic Processing and Sintering, 2nd edition, CRC
Press, USA, 2003 Chapter 7.
[16] A. Rais, K. Taibi, A. Addou, A. Zanoun, Y. Al-Douri, Copper
substitution effect on the structural properties of nickel ferrites, Ceram.
Int. 40 (2014) 1441314419.

[17] B.D. Cullity, Elements of X-Ray Diffraction, Addison-Wesley Publishing

Company, Inc., second ed., , 1978, p. 338.
[18] A. Rais, A.M. Gismelseed, I.A. Al-Omari, Cation distribution and
magnetic properties of nickelchromium ferrites NiCrx Fe2
x O4, Phys.
Stat. Sol. (b) 242 (2006) 14971503.
[19] S. Manjura Hoque, Md. Amanullah Choudhury, M.d. Fakhrul Islam,
Characterization of NiCu mixed spinel ferrite, J. Magn. Magn. Mater.
251 (2002) 292303.
[20] R.C. Kambale, P.A. Shaikh, S.S. Kamble, Y.D. Kolekar, Effect of cobalt
substitution on structural, magnetic and electric properties of nickel
ferrite, J. Alloys Compd. 478 (2009) 599603.
[21] A.M. Abdeena, O.M. Hemedaa, E.E. Assem, M.M. El-Sehlya, Structural,
electrical and transport phenomena of Co ferrite substituted by Cd,
J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 238 (2002) 7583.
[22] P.A. Shaikh, R.C. Kambale, A.V. Rao, Y.D. Kolekar, Structural,
magnetic and electrical properties of CoNiMn ferrites, J. Alloys
Compd. 492 (2010) 590.
[23] M.A. Gabal, Y.M. Al Angari, Effect of chromium ion substitution on the
electromagnetic properties of nickel ferrite, Mater. Chem. Phys. 118
(2009) 153160.
[24] E. Pavarini:Crystal-Field Theory, Tight-Binding Method and Jahn
Teller Effect. Modeling and Simulation 2, Forschungszentrum Jlich, 2012.
[25] K.A. Mohammed, A.D. Al-Rawas, A.M. Gismelseed, A. Sellai, H.
M. Widatallah, A. Yousif, M.E. Elzain, M. Shongwe, Infrared and
structural studies of Mg1
xZnxFe2O4 ferrites, Physica B 407 (2012)
795804.
[26] A. Kumar, P. Sharma, D. Varshney, Structural, vibrational and dielectric
study of Ni doped spinel Co ferrites Co1
xNixFe2O4, Ceram. Int. 40
(2014) 1285512860.
[27] A. Ahlawat, V.G. Sathe, V.R. Reddy, A. Gupta, Mossbauer, Raman and
X-ray diffraction studies of superparamagnetic NiFe2O4 nanoparticles
prepared by solgel auto-combustion method, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 323
(2011) 20492054.
[28] S.E. Shirsath, S.M. Patange, R.H. Kadam, M.L. Mane, K.M. Jadhav,
Structure renement, cation site location, spectral and elastic properties of
Zn substituted NiFe2 O4, J. Mol. Struct. 1024 (2012) 7783.
[29] D. Varshney, K. Verma, Substitutional effect on structural and dielectric
properties ofNi1
xAxFe2O4 (A Mg, Zn) mixed spinel ferrites, Mater.
Chem. Phys. 140 (2013) 412418.
[30] D. Varshney, K. Verma, A. Kumar, Structural and vibrational properties
of ZnxMn1
xFe2O4 mixed ferrites, Mater. Chem. Phys. 131 (2011)
413419.
[31] J.P. Singh, G. Dixit, R.C. Srivastava, H.M. Agrawal, RaviKumar, Raman,
and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopic study of nano-sized zinc
ferrite irradiated with 200 MeV Ag15 beam, J. Alloys Compd. 551
(2013) 370375.