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fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI
10.1109/TWC.2015.2404843, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS, PAPER-TW-JUL-14-0996.R1
AbstractWiFi effectively has two extremes: low power consumption and high latency, or low latency and high power
consumption. WiFi Power Save Mode saves energy by trading
added latency for less power consumption. Minimal latency but
maximum power on the other hand, is consumed with WiFi
Active Mode. While research has advanced in mitigating these
extremes, certain types of network traffic such as constant bitrate
streaming make the contrast unavoidable. We introduce Bluesaver which provides low latency and low energy by maintaining
a Bluetooth and WiFi connection simultaneously. Bluesaver is
designed at the MAC layer and is able to opportunistically select
the most efficient connection for packets while still assuring
acceptable latency. We implement Bluesaver on an Android
phone and Access Point, and show that we can save more than
25% energy over existing solutions and attain the capability of
quickly adapting to changes in network traffic.
Index TermsBluetooth, WiFi, Smartphone, Energy Savings.
I. I NTRODUCTION
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This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI
10.1109/TWC.2015.2404843, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS, PAPER-TW-JUL-14-0996.R1
1536-1276 (c) 2015 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See
http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI
10.1109/TWC.2015.2404843, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS, PAPER-TW-JUL-14-0996.R1
300
800
DataRate (Kb/sec)
4000
600
Power(mW)
200
Latency(ms)
Total DataRate
4500
700
250
150
500
400
300
100
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
200
02
02
01
01
01
:1
:0
:4
:3
:1
PSM
Active Mode
DataRate (Kb/sec)
Active Mode
0
PSM
:0
:4
:3
:1
:0
Time (min:sec)
100
01
00
00
00
00
50
Total DataRate
800
600
400
200
:0
03
:4
02
:3
02
:1
02
:0
02
:4
01
:3
01
:1
01
:0
01
:4
00
:3
00
:1
:0
00
00
Time (min:sec)
C. Motivation
In this subsection we investigate cases where WiFi alone
can use some improvement from an energy savings perspective
and look to see how prevalent such cases are. Specifically, we
examine cases where either bandwidth is limited, or streaming
applications such as video or audio are in use.
In Figure 2, we see the bandwidth required over time as
a Youtube video is watched on a recent Motorola Android
smartphone. As can be seen, the bandwidth tends to spike and
then quickly drop off. Static video content, typically delivered
in chunks can take advantage of the speed and efficiency of a
WiFi connection. In this case, WiFi handles the bursty nature
of static video content providers such as Youtube efficiently.
The WiFi driver is suited to quickly switch to Active Mode
and download the next available chunk of video. As can be
seen the broadband connection allows connections of up to
approximately 3Mb/sec, and so WiFi is a good fit.
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http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI
10.1109/TWC.2015.2404843, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS, PAPER-TW-JUL-14-0996.R1
DataRate (Kb/sec)
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
04
04
03
03
02
02
01
01
00
00
:3
:0
:3
:0
:3
:0
:3
:0
:3
:0
Time (min:sec)
1536-1276 (c) 2015 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See
http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI
10.1109/TWC.2015.2404843, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS, PAPER-TW-JUL-14-0996.R1
if packet
received over WiFi
//switch to WiFi
do
then UseBluetooth = false
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http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI
10.1109/TWC.2015.2404843, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS, PAPER-TW-JUL-14-0996.R1
IV. E VALUATION
We implement Bluesaver on the Motorola RAZR [16]
phone. The RAZR comes with Android version 2.3.5 and
Linux kernel version 2.6.35.7. The WiFi AP is implemented
on a PC equipped with Ubuntu 12.04, an ath9k WiFi driver
and an ath3k Bluetooth driver. The implementation consists
of a Linux kernel module on both the phone and the AP. The
workstation is equipped with a Qualcomm-Atheros reference
design PCI card [17] that includes both Bluetooth 4.0 and
WiFi capabilities. The Bluetooth Availability Manager (BAM)
is implemented as a user level daemon process. Further
implementation details are elaborated in Appendix.
To evaluate the system correctly, we must show that it first
saves energy over existing solutions. Second, we must show
that Bluesaver can adaptively switch between Bluetooth and
WiFi due to changing network conditions.
This section consists of our evaluation method followed
by the energy comparison section. We conclude with an
evaluation of how Bluesaver responds to dynamic network
conditions.
A. Evaluation Method
To measure the power consumption, we use the Monsoon
[18] power monitor as previously in [19], [20]. The Monsoon
bypasses the existing battery and provides power to the phone.
It measures the instantaneous voltage and current with a
sample rate of 5kHz. We can then determine the overall system
power draw over a given time interval. In order to isolate
the power consumption specifically to the test in process, we
enable Airplane mode which disables all PHY interfaces.
WiFi
BlueSaver
450
400
350
Power (mW)
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
50
122
240
515
1100
1308
1462
1536-1276 (c) 2015 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See
http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI
10.1109/TWC.2015.2404843, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS, PAPER-TW-JUL-14-0996.R1
240
WiFi
BlueSaver
230
220
Energy (J)
210
200
190
180
170
160
64
128
256
512
Video Bitrate(Kb/sec)
1000
WiFi
BlueSaver
950
900
Power (mW)
850
800
750
700
64
128
256
512
Video Bitrate(Kb/sec)
1536-1276 (c) 2015 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See
http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI
10.1109/TWC.2015.2404843, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS, PAPER-TW-JUL-14-0996.R1
10000
5000
8000
4000
6000
RTT (ms)
DataRate (Kb/sec)
PSM
Total DataRate
Bluetooth
4000
WiFi Only
Bluesaver Recovery
3000
Use WiFi
2000
2000
1000
WiFi
25
20
15
10
Fig. 12: Room Layout showing lab environment for connection adaptation
evaluation.
50
18
16
14
12
10
80
60
40
20
Time (sec)
Fig. 11: Rate Adaptation: Bluesaver switches from Bluetooth to WiFi while
sequentially downloading a 10MB file followed by a 100MB file without
interrupting the download.
Time (sec)
1536-1276 (c) 2015 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See
http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI
10.1109/TWC.2015.2404843, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS, PAPER-TW-JUL-14-0996.R1
1536-1276 (c) 2015 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See
http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI
10.1109/TWC.2015.2404843, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS, PAPER-TW-JUL-14-0996.R1
10
1536-1276 (c) 2015 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See
http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI
10.1109/TWC.2015.2404843, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS, PAPER-TW-JUL-14-0996.R1
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11
Andrew Pyles Andrew is a Cyber Security Researcher at MITRE Corporation. He received his
Ph.D. in Computer Science from William and Mary
in 2013. Wireless networking, smartphones, and
cyber security are among his research interests.
Gang Zhou Dr. Gang Zhou is an Associate Professor in the Computer Science Department at the
College of William and Mary. He received his Ph.D.
degree from the University of Virginia in 2007 under
Professor John A. Stankovic. He has published over
50 academic papers in the areas of smartphones and
ubiquitous computing, sensor networks, and wireless
communication and networking. The total citations
of his papers are more than 3700 according to
Google Scholar, among which three of them have
been transferred into patents and the MobiSys04
paper has been cited more than 700 times. Ten of his papers have each
attracted more than 100 citations since 2004. He is currently serving in the
Journal Editorial Board of IEEE Internet of Things and also Elsevier Computer
Networks. He received an award for his outstanding service to the IEEE
Instrumentation and Measurement Society in 2008. He also won the Best
Paper Award of IEEE ICNP 2010, which was given to only one paper from
among the 170 papers submitted (acceptance rate: 18%). He received NSF
CAREER Award in 2013. He is a Senior Member of ACM and IEEE.
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