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ACADEMIC ENGLISH

Yonatan Tri Oktavianus


0113u026
kelas B

STRUCTURE

Types of Sentences

What is Sentence?
A sentence is a grammatical unit that is composed of one or more clauses.
Grammar . a grammatical unit of one or more words, bearing minimal syntactic relation to
the words that precede or follow it, often preceded and followed in speech by pauses, having
one of a small number of characteristic intonation patterns, and typically expressing an
independent statement, question, request, command, etc., as Summer is here. or Who is it?
or Stop!
Simple Sentences
A simple sentence, also called an independent clause, contains a subject and a verb, and it
expresses a complete thought.
Simple sentence (kalimat sederhana), juga disebut independent clause, adalah kalimat yang
memiliki satu subject dan satu verb (predicate), dan sudah dapat mengekspresikan suatu
kejadian/aktivitas secara utuh.
Independent clause and dependent clause.
A group of words made up of a subject and a predicate. An independent clause (unlike a
dependent clause) can stand alone as a sentence.
Independent clause, atau bisa juga disebut main clause, adalah kalimat yang mempunyai
gagasan atau pokok pikiran yang lengkap (complete thought). Dan memiliki subjek dan
predikat (verb) dalam struktur kalimatnya.
Sentence in Bahasa and English
S+V = complete thought (independent clause)
S+Predicate
Why in English uses Verb?
She cries.
They spoke.
*Verb: main and linking verb!
Simple Sentences
The president spoke. (S-V)
Betty made some iced tea. (S-V-O)
They arrived at 2:00. (S-V-Comp)
I was there. (S-V-Comp)
That he was a criminal surprised me. (noun clause)
I dont know the lady who lives next door. (adj. clause)
I will help you when I have time. (adverbial clause)

Independent clause and dependent clause.


A group of words that has both a subject and a verb but (unlike an independent clause)
cannot stand alone as a sentence. Also known as a subordinate clause.
Dependent clause adalah klausa yang memberikan informasi tambahan kepada independent
clause atau main clause, tetapi keberadaannya tidak menjadi keharusan dalam melengkapi
pokok pikiran kalimat.
Meskipun dependent clause mempunyai subjek dan predikat, tetapi ia tidak dapat berdiri
sendiri sebagai kalimat lengkap.
Dependent clause
Wherever she goes, she leaves a piece of luggage behind.
No one understands why experience is something you don't get until just after you need it.
When she gets here, all will be explained.
Compound Sentences
Compound sentence contains two or more main clauses and no subordinate clauses.
Compound sentence (kalimat majemuk) adalah kalimat yang mengandung sekurangkurangnya dua independent clause yang dihubungkan oleh coordinating conjunctions,
correlative conjunctions, atau semicolon (i.e. ; ).
Compound Sentences
The clauses may be linked by:
A semi-colon (;)
The batter swung at the ball; he missed.
Coordinating conjunction (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so)
The batter swung at the ball, but he missed.
Complex Sentences
Complex sentence (kalimat kompleks) adalah kalimat yang memiliki satu main
clause/independent clause dan sekurang-kurangnya satu anak kalimat/dependent clause
(subordinating clause). Anak kalimat biasanya berupa adverbial clause (i.e. clause yang diawali
oleh subordinating conjunction (i.e. although, because, ect.) atau berupa adjective clause (i.e.
clause yang diawali oleh relative pronoun (i.e. who, that, which, ect.). Pada kalimat kompleks,
jika kalimat pokoknya (main clause) dihilangkan, anak kalimat akan memiliki makna yang
belum lengkap.
Complex Sentences
While you were watching the baboon, he was watching you.
When I was young, I enjoyed the circus because the clowns made me laugh.
Subordinate clause: klausa bawahan

Compound-complex Sentences
Jika sebuah kalimat mengandung sekurang-kurangnya dua independent clause dan sekurangkurangnya satu dependent clause, kalimat tersebut disebut compound-complex sentence.
Please try to make at least 3 compound-complex sentences!
When the police arrived, he attempted to escape, but he was captured as he tried to enter a
car.

NOUN CLAUSE (NOMINAL GROUP)

Noun and Noun Phrase


A noun is a word used to name a person, animal, place, thing, and abstract idea. Nouns are
usually the first words which small children learn.
Proper Nouns & Common Noun
You always write a proper noun with a capital letter, since the noun represents the name of a specific
person, place, or thing.
A common noun is a noun referring to a person, place, or thing in a general sense -- usually, you
should write it with a capital letter only when it begins a sentence.
Noun and Noun Phrase
Concrete Nouns & Abstract Nouns
A concrete noun is a noun which names anything (or anyone) that you can perceive through your
physical senses: touch, sight, taste, hearing, or smell.
An abstract noun is a noun which names anything which you can not perceive through your five
physical senses, and is the opposite of a concrete noun.
Some scientists believe that schizophrenia is transmitted genetically.
Tillie is amused by people who are nostalgic about childhood.
Noun and Noun Phrase
Noun phrases atau frase nomina adalah frase yang terdiri dari nomina atau pronomina (sebagai
head) dan modifiers.
Modifiers yang biasanya menyertai nomina adalah:
- determiners (articles, demonstratives, numbers, possessives, quantifiers)
- adjectives, adjective phrases, adjective clauses
- relative clauses
Noun and Noun Phrase
My coach is happy.
I like the cars over there.
The woman who lives there is my aunt.
the children
happy children
the happy children

articles: a, an, the and


NOUN CLAUSE
a subordinate clause that functions as a noun within a main clause.
A noun clause does the work of a noun in a sentence or phrase. It is a group of words containing a
subject and a finite verb of its own.
A noun clause is an entire clause which takes the place of a noun in another clause or phrase.
clause (i.e. subject dan verb) yang difungsikan sebagai noun. Noun clause dalam kalimat pada
umumnya digunakan sebagai subject dan object kalimat.

If a clause can stand alone as a sentence, it is an independent clause, as in the following


example:
Independent : The Prime Minister is in Ottawa Some clauses, however, cannot stand alone as
sentences: in this case, they are dependent clauses or subordinate clauses.
Consider the same clause with the subordinating conjunction "because" added to the beginning:
Dependent: When the Prime Minister is in Ottawa,
Some Rules
noun clauses usually begin with words like: how, why, what, where, when, who, that, which, whose,
whether, etc.
Also words like: whoever, whenever, whatever and wherever.
Positioning:
Noun clause adalah klausa yang berfungsi sebagai nomina. Karena fungsinya sebagai nomina,
maka noun clause dapat menduduki posisi-posisi berikut:
Subjek kalimat (subject of a sentence)
Objek verba transitif (object of a transitive verb)
Objek preposisi (object of a preposition)
Pelengkap (complement)
Pemberi keterangan tambahan (noun in apposition)
Subjek kalimat (subject of a sentence)
What you said doesnt convince me at all.
How he becomes so rich makes people curious.
What the salesman has said is untrue.
That the world is round is a fact.
1

Objek verba transitif


(object of a transitive verb)

I know what you mean.


I know that.
I dont understand what he is talking about.
He said that his son would study in Australia.
2

Objek preposisi
(object of a preposition)

Please listen to what your teacher is saying.


Budi pays full attention to how the native speaker is pronouncing the English word.
Be careful of what youre doing.
3

Pelengkap (complement)

The good news is that the culprit has been put into the jail.
This is what I want.
That is what you need.
Pemberi keterangan tambahan
(noun in apposition)
The idea that people can live without oxygen is unreasonable.
The fact that Rudi always comes late doesnt surprise me.

ADJECKTIVE CLAUSE

What is Adjective Clause?


An adjective clause is a dependent clause that modifies a noun.
Adjective Clause dinamakan juga RELATIVE CLAUSE yaitu Clause (anak kalimat) yang berfungsi
sebagai adjective yang menerangkan noun atau pronoun.
Describing a noun
An adjective clause is used to describe a noun:
The car, which was red, belonged to Albert.
I have read the book (that) you just mentioned.
Describing a noun
I have read the book (that) you just mentioned.
Main Clause: I have read the book.
Subordinate Clause: (that) you just mentioned
Anak kalimat menerangkan kata benda the book,
disebut dengan Adjective Clause.
Describing a noun
The car, which was red, belonged to Albert.
Main Clause: The car belonged to Albert.
Subordinate Clause: which was red
Anak kalimat menerangkan kata benda the car,
disebut dengan Adjective Clause.
Relative Pronoun/Clause
A relative pronoun is usually used to introduce an adjective clause.
A clause that generally modifies a noun or noun phrase and is introduced by a relative pronoun
(which, that, who, whom, whose), a relative adverb (where, when, why).
Pada intinya: menerangkan kata benda.
The main relative pronouns are,Which used for things and animals in subject or object position.
Example: Daisy has a dog which follows her everywhere. That used for humans, animals and
things, in subject or object position (but see below).
Example: Vina is decorating a house that Hans designed.
The main relative pronouns are,Who used for humans in subject position.
example: Hans, who is an architect, lives in Berlin.
Whom used for humans in object position.
example: Maria, whom Hans knows well, is an interior decorator.
Subject Pronoun or Object Pronoun

If the relative pronoun is followed by a verb, the relative pronoun is a subject pronoun. Subject
pronouns must always be used.
The apple which is lying on the table is being eaten.
The bike (which / that) I loved was stolen.
The university (which / that) she likes is famous.
The woman (who / that) my brother loves is from Mexico.
The doctor (who / that) my grandmother liked lives in New York.
Subject Pronoun or Object Pronoun
If the relative pronoun is not followed by a verb (but by a noun or pronoun), the relative pronoun is
an object pronoun.
Example:
She loves the chocolate (which / that) I bought.
John met a woman (who / that) I had been to school with.
The police arrested a man (who / that) Jill worked with.
1 Relative Pronouns
Who
This is for subject or object pronoun and for describing people only.
Example: I told you about the woman who lives next door.
2 Relative Pronouns
Which
it is for: subject or object pronoun for animals and things.
example: Do you see the cat which is lying on the roof?
3 Relative Pronouns
That
It is for subject or object pronoun for people, animals and things in defining relative clauses (who or
which are also possible).
example: I dont like the table that stands in the kitchen.
4 Relative Pronouns
Whom
object pronoun for people, especially in non-defining relative clauses (in defining relative clauses we
colloquially prefer who)
example: I was invited by the professor whom I met at the conference.
5 Relative Pronouns
Whose
Is used to express POSSESSION:
example: Anne is moving to London. Her husband is working in England.
"Anne, whose husband is working in England, is moving to London."
WHOSE refers to HER HUSBAND

ADVERBIAL CLAUSE

What is Adverb?
An adverb is a word that tells us more about a verb.
It "qualifies" or "modifies" a verb.
Adverbs answer the questions "How?", "When?", "Where?", "Why?", "In what way?", "How much?",
"How often?", "Under what condition", "To what degree?"
Adverb
The easiest adverbs to recognize are those that end in -ly.
Some adjectives end with -ly also but remember that adjectives can modify only nouns and pronouns.
Adverbs modify everything else.
KINDS OF ADVERBS
There are several classes or 'kinds' of adverbs that we use for specific functions:
Adverbs of manner
Adverbs of place
Adverbs of time
Adverbs of certainty
Adverbs of degree
Adverbs of manner
He swims well, (after the main verb)
He ran... rapidly, slowly, quickly..
She spoke... softly, loudly, aggressively..
James coughed loudly to attract her attention.
Adverbs of place
I looked everywhere
John looked away, up, down, around...
I'm going home, out, back
Come in!
Adverbs of time
When: today, yesterday, later, now, last year
For how long: all day, not long, for a while, since last year
How often: sometimes, frequently, never, often, yearly
Adverbs of degree
Common adverbs of degree:
Almost, nearly, quite, just, too, enough, hardly, scarcely, completely, very, extremely.
The water was extremely cold.
hey are completely exhausted from the trip.

Adverbs of certainty
express how certain or sure we feel about an action or event.
Common adverbs of certainty:
certainly, definitely, probably, undoubtedly, surely
He definitely left the house this morning.
He is probably in the park.
Adverbs as modifiers
An adverb modifies a verb
He walked quickly.
An adverb modifies an adjective
I know she is very careful.
An adverb modifies an adverb
He is almost always hungry.
Adverbial Clause
Time:
After, before, when, while, as by the time (that), whenever, since, until, as soon as, once, as so long
as.
Cause and effect:
Because, since, now that, as so long as, inasmuch as, so (that), in order that.
Opposition:
Even though, although, though, whereas, while.
Condition:
If, unless, only if, whether or not, even if, providing (that), Provided (that), in case (that), in the event
(that).
Adverbial Clause
When she was in Bandung, she visited many friends.
Since she never heard about cloning, she decided to not speak about it.
I couldnt feel anger against him because I like Him too much.

CLAUSE REDUCING

Adjective clause & Adjective phrase:


An adjective phrase may be a word or a group of words that modifies noun. (adjective phrase)
broken cars.
An adjective clause is a dependent clause that modifies a noun. (adjective clause)
The children who are on the bus are going to visit the museum.
Adjective clause
Adjective phrase:
Only adjective clauses that have a subject pronoun (who, which, that) are reduced to modify an
adjective clause.
In this case, there is no difference in meaning between the adjective clause and adjective phrase.
Adjective clause adjective phrase:
There are two ways to change an adjective clause to an adjective phrase.
Both the subject pronoun and the be form of the verb are omitted:
The car which is left on the street is broken. (Adjective clause)
The car left on the street is broken. (Adjective phrase)
Adjective clause adjective phrase
If there is no be form of a verb in the adjective clause, it is sometimes possible to omit the subject
pronoun and change the verb to its -ing form:
The man who came yesterday knows how to repair the faucet.
The man coming yesterday knows how to repair the faucet.
The rules:
The subject pronoun and the be form are omitted.
clause: The woman who is speaking with the principal is from the Ministry of Education.
Phrase: The woman speaking with the principle is from the Ministry of Education
The rules:
Omit the subject pronoun and change the verbs to the ing form (if there is no be form of a verb in the
adjective clause).
Clause: English has an alphabet that consists of 26 letters.
Phrase: English has an alphabet consisting of 26 letters.
Adverb Clause Adverb Phrase
An adverbial phrase is a group of related words which play the role of an adverb. Like all phrases, an
adverbial phrase does not include a subject and a verb.
Daisy decided to move to Bandung in June last year. (phrase)
Daisy watched the movies yesterday. (normal)
How is an adverb clause reduced to a phrase?
Only sentences in which the main (independent) clause and the adverb (dependent) clause have the
same subject can be reduced.
For example:
While I was sleeping, my wife was watching television.

This sentence cannot be reduced. The subject of the main clause is my wife. The subject of the
adverb clause is I.
How is an adverb clause reduced to a phrase?
If the adverb clause is in the past progressive, drop the subject and to be verb.
While he was watching television, he fell asleep.
While watching television, he fell asleep.
While she was studying, she called her mother.
While studying, she called her mother.
How is an adverb clause reduced to a phrase?
If the adverb clause is in the simple past tense, drop the subject and change the verb to the gerund
(ing form).
After he ate dinner, he watched television.
After eating, he watched television.
Before she left for school, she brushed her teeth.
Before leaving for school, she brushed her teeth.

LISTENING
The first section of the TOEFL test is listening comprehension in which participants will listen to
some brief dialogues, long dialogues, and the long speech followed by a question that the answer
lies in the choice of paper matter.
For most people listeing part is the most difficult in the test toefl. Because people speak in
conversation or Didato are native speakers is very much different than delivery by the Indonesian
people that we often hear disekolahan or courses. They talk fast and sometimes the participants
did not understand what was said.
Walaupu difficult should not give up because the actual TOEFL test in addition to requiring
English language support capabilities are also related to the strategy used when answering such
questions:
Here are some strategies to answer toefl listening test you can try:
General Strategy
1. Understand forms of command (Direction on each section (part) well before D-day)
2. Read the answer choices each question when the narrator is reading direction and example
problems (Directio already read before the day H)
3. Listen to the full concentration and focus your attention on listening to conversations that are
being anada
4. Maximize the ability listeing the first issues of each part
Special strategies
PART A: Short Conversations
5. Focus heard the second speaker
6. Janganpanik if they do not understand it word for word in a conversation kompliy, just need
meangkap ideas and contents of the conversation
7. If you can not understand what diucapakan second speaker, choose the best answer is different
from what you hear
8. Understand the functional forms of expression (agreement, suggestion, suprice, etc.),
idiomatic expressions and situations when the conversation is done
PART B: Longer Conversation
9. When the narrator talked direction par B should read the answer choices at a glance and then
record it and predict what will be discussed themes
10. When listening to the conversation, you must know the theme / topic being discussed
11. Beware on each question
12. Pay attention to the conditions and circumstances that occurred during the conversation that
is concerned with the place and time pembicaraaan, what and who discussed
PART C: TALK
13. If you have plenty of time, take a look at the answer choices listed in the booklet and find the
key word

14. Be wary talks in sentences first because it usually becomes the topic for the next sentences
15. Focus listen on matters related to the 5-WH questions (What, Why, Who, When, Where) and
How
16. Draw conclusions on the situation that occurs when the conversation is done.

READING
This section is the last section in the TOEFL test. The longest and most time consuming.
In this section, test takers must work 50 items in 55 minutes. So that the average time it takes to
do one question is one minute. It is certainly much longer if we compare it with the average time
to work on one question SWE (Structure & Written Expressions) is less than 45 seconds.
In this section, there are five readings (passage), with a number of questions (between 7-13
questions) below. The questions asked of the information contained in the text, either explicit
information (explicit) or implicit (implied). So, in fact this part marupakan easiest part because
all the answers are found in the literature SURE. The important thing is where the answers we
are looking for it. If we are people who read a hobby, then there is a tendency to get a better
score. In fact, this section can be used as "mine value 'to cover the shortfall in Section Listening
and Structure.
To do this part well, then we must have the ability to read a good technique. Two of the
techniques that must be mastered is skimming and scanning.
Skimming is a quick read a text to get the main idea, the main idea, or the contents of
literature in general. At this skill we are not looking for specific information, only the basic idea
of reading that we seek. So it does not need to read the entire passage.
Scanning is fast memaca FIND a text for specific information. Thus we have the questions in
advance and look for answers in a manner to be scanned. On scanning, information that is not
relevant to what we were looking for were ignored. So in a scanning, we must have the words
that we want to find in the literature. In general, this scanning skills that we use in working on
the problems Reading Comprehension.
In the Reading Comprehension section, participants tend to read the text first and then try to
answer the question. It is highly not recommended. SCAN START OF QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS IN READING. So, read the text first becomes ineffective in the context of scanning
strategies. If we read the text first and answer questions later, then we will go back again to the
reading to answer this question INEFFECTIVE!
There are 4 types of questions in Section Reading Comprehension:
MAIN IDEA question: namely the question asked yan main idea, main idea, theme or title of
the reading (reading TOEFL is not accompanied by the title!). The number of these questions
there is only ONE and generally placed as the first question in a single text.
DETAILS question: namely the question asking specific information in the text. Answers to
questions of this type are found in the literature EXPRESS (EXPRESS). This question number at
most in each reading.
Implied question: is similar questions as the question detail, by way of answering that is also
equal to answer detailed questions. However, the answer to the question of this kind is found in
the reading IMPLIED (IMPLIED). The number of questions is not as much a question Details.
Vocabulary question: is the question that asks synonyms or search for the meaning equivalent
word closest to the word in question. Answering this question must be guessed BASED context
of the sentence. Avoid guess just by relying on our knowledge without checking it in the sentence
reading. Always read the sentence in which a word asked intact, then guess based on the context

of the sentence. There is no other way to answer this kind of question except by guessing based
on context.
question then is: what if the first question is the Main Idea reading? Question asking the content
of reading, or reading the basic idea. The answer is: drive through ANSWERING QUESTIONS
MAIN IDEA, BUT DO NOT ANSWER THE QUESTIONS THAN PAST THE MAIN IDEA.
This is because LAY THAN ANSWERS FROM THE MAIN IDEA SORTED DOWN IN
READING. For example, question No. 1 is the Main Idea, but question No. Detail 2 is a
question, then the answer to question No. 2 found in reading the first lines. If question No. 3, for
example, is Implied, then the answer to this question is located under the previous question.
Continue as such until the last question. If we go back again to question 1 on Main Idea, so now
we can definitely answer it, because we've been reading passages from the top to finish. But at
the same time we also finished answering questions in addition to the main idea because the
answer lies in the text sequences. Well, if you start working on the third section of this by reading
the text, now start working on this section of questions and then scan was the answer in the text.
Now we can estimate the location of the answer because it is sorted in the text. Easy, right?
Here is a detailed strategy to answer any kind of questions on Reading Comprehension Section:
MAIN IDEA QUESTION
Editors sentence questions Main Idea of which is: What is the topic of the passage? / What is
the subject of the passage? / What is the main idea of the passage? / What is the author's main
point in the passage? / With what topic is the primary author concerned? / Which of the
following would be the best title of the passage?
If you want to answer this question without a pass, read the first sentence in each paragraph.
Think of a theme readings that can be inferred from the first sentences in each paragraph.
Eliminate answer choices: too general, too specific, or not related at all to the topic of reading.
The answer to the question the main idea should be fit to explain the content of the readings,
should not exceed (its scope is too general / broad) or less (scope is too narrow).
Note: the question of 'main idea' is not to be immediately answered. Leave it blank in the answer
sheet to be filled later after completing the questions afterwards. However, be careful when
marking answers on the answer sheet. Not to discolor the option to answer that we pass. In
practice, we are more likely to be passed to answer this type of question than answer directly.
Read and find the ultimate mind (main idea) in each paragraph and conclude then selecting the
same answer with our conclusions will be much longer than we do the questions that can be
answered directly by means of scanning.

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