Human Development Index

Human Development Index
World map indicating the category of Human Development Index

by country (based on 2013 data; published July 24, 2014).
The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and income
per capita indicators, which are used to rank countries
into four tiers of human development. A country scores
higher HDI when the life expectancy at birth is longer, the
education period is longer, and the income per capita is
higher. The HDI was developed by Pakistani economist
Mahbub ul Haq, often framed in terms of whether people Mahbub ul Haq
are able to be and do desirable things in their life,[1]
and was published by the United Nations Development
evaluate development not only by economic advances but
Programme.[2]
also improvements in human well-being. Sen initially opThe 2010 Human Development Report introduced an posed this idea, but he soon went on to help Haq develop
Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI). the Index. Sen was worried that it was going to be diWhile the simple HDI remains useful, it stated that the cult to capture the full complexity of human capabilities
IHDI is the actual level of human development (account- in a single index, but Haq persuaded him that only a single
ing for inequality), and the HDI can be viewed as an in- number would shift the immediate attention of politicians
dex of 'potential' human development (or the maximum from economic to human well-being.[3][4]
IHDI that could be achieved if there were no inequality).
2 Dimensions and calculation
Origins
2.1 New method (2010 Report onwards)
The origins of the HDI are found in the annual Development Reports of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). These were devised and launched by
Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq in 1990 and had
the explicit purpose to shift the focus of development
economics from national income accounting to peoplecentered policies. To produce the Human Development Reports, Mahbub ul Haq formed a group of development economists including Paul Streeten, Frances
Stewart, Gustav Ranis, Keith Grin, Sudhir Anand,
and Meghnad Desai. Working alongside Nobel laureate Amartya Sen, they worked on capabilities and functions that provided the underlying conceptual framework.
Haq was sure that a simple composite measure of human
development was needed in order to convince the public, academics, and politicians that they can and should
Published on 4 November 2010 (and updated on 10 June

2011), the 2010 Human Development Report(HDI) combines three dimensions:[5][6]
A long and healthy life: Life expectancy at birth
Education index: Mean years of schooling and Expected years of schooling
A decent standard of living: GNI per capita (PPP
US$)
In its 2010 Human Development Report, the UNDP began using a new method of calculating the HDI. The following three indices are used:
1
2 DIMENSIONS AND CALCULATION

Finally, the HDI is the geometric mean of the previous
three normalized
indices:
HDI = 3 LEI EI II.

LE: Life expectancy at birth
MYS: Mean years of schooling (Years that a person 25 yearsof-age or older has spent in schools)
EYS: Expected years of schooling (Years that a 5-year-old child
will spend in schools throughout his life)
GNIpc: Gross national income at purchasing power parity per
capita
2.2 Old method (before 2010 Report)

The HDI combined three dimensions last used in its 2009
Report:
Life expectancy at birth, as an index of population
health and longevity to HDI
Knowledge and education, as measured by the adult
literacy rate (with two-thirds weighting) and the
combined primary, secondary, and tertiary gross enrollment ratio (with one-third weighting).
Standard of living, as indicated by the natural logarithm of gross domestic product per capita at
purchasing power parity.
Amartya Sen
1.0
1. Life Expectancy Index (LEI) =
LE20
8520
LEI is 1 when Life expectancy at

birth is 85 and 0 when Life expectancy at birth is 20.
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
2. Education Index (EI) =
MYSI+EYSI
2
2.1 Mean Years of Schooling Index (MYSI) =

MYS [7]
15
0.4
0.3
Fifteen is the projected maximum

of this indicator for 2025.
2.2 Expected Years of Schooling Index (EYSI)
[8]
= EYS
18
Eighteen is equivalent to achieving
a masters degree in most countries.
3. Income Index (II) =
0.5
ln(GNIpc)ln(100)
ln(75,000)ln(100)
II is 1 when GNI per capita is

$75,000 and 0 when GNI per capita
is $100.
0.2
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2004
HDI trends between 1975 and 2004
This methodology was used by the UNDP until their 2011

report.
The formula dening the HDI is promulgated by the
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).[9] In
general, to transform a raw variable, say x , into a unitfree index between 0 and 1 (which allows dierent indices to be added together), the following formula is used:
xindex =
xmin(x)
max(x)min(x)
4.1
Inequality-adjusted HDI
where min (x) and max (x) are the lowest and highest values the variable x can attain, respectively.
The Human Development Index (HDI) then represents
the uniformly weighted sum with contributed by each
of the following factor indices:
Life Expectancy Index =
Education Index =
2
3
1
3
GEI
Adult Literacy Index (ALI) =
ALR0
1000
Gross Enrollment Index (GEI) =

GDP =
= decrease.
The number in brackets represents the number of

ranks the country has climbed (up or down) relative
to the ranking in 2013 report.
4.1 Inequality-adjusted HDI
LE25
8525
ALI +
CGER0
1000
log(GDP pc)log(100)
log(40000)log(100)
Main article: List of countries by inequality-adjusted

HDI
The Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index
(IHDI)[12] is a measure of the average level of human development of people in a society once inequality is taken
into account.
Other organizations/companies may include other fac- Note: The green arrows ( ), red arrows ( ), and blue dashes
tors, such as infant mortality, which produces a dierent ( ) represent changes in rank. The changes in rank are not
HDI.
relative to the HDI list above, but are according to the source
(p. 168) calculated with the exclusion of countries which are
missing IHDI data.
2015 report
Main article: List of countries by Human Development

Index
The 2015 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Program was released on December
14, 2015, and calculates HDI values based on estimates
for 2014. Below is the list of the very high human development countries:[10]
= increase.
= steady.
= decrease.
The number in brackets represents the number of

ranks the country has climbed (up or down) relative
to the ranking in 2014 report.
2014 report

Index
The 2014 Human Development Report by the United
Nations Development Program was released on July 24,
2014, and calculates HDI values based on estimates for
2013. Below is the list of the very high human development countries:[12]
1.
Norway 0.891 ( )
2.
Australia 0.860 ( )
3.
Netherlands 0.854 (
4.
Switzerland 0.847 (
1)
3)
5.
Germany 0.846 ( )
6.
Iceland 0.843 (
7.
Sweden 0.840 (
8.
Denmark 0.838 (
9.
Canada 0.833 (
4)
10.
Ireland 0.832 (
4)
11.
Finland 0.830 ( )
12.
Slovenia 0.824 (
13.
Austria 0.818 (
14.
Luxembourg 0.814 (
15.
Czech Republic 0.813 (
16.
United Kingdom 0.812 (
17.
Belgium 0.806 (
18.
France 0.804 ( )
2)
4)
1)
2)
1)
2)
= increase.
19.
Israel 0.793 (
1)
= steady.
20.
Japan 0.779 (New)
3)
1)
3)
5 2013 REPORT
21.
Slovakia 0.778 (
22.
Spain 0.775 (
23.
Italy 0.768 (
24.
Estonia 0.767 (
25.
Greece 0.762 (
26.
Malta 0.760 (
27.
Hungary 0.757 (
28.
United States 0.755 (
29.
Poland 0.751 (
30.
Cyprus 0.752 (
31.
Lithuania 0.746 (
32.
Portugal 0.739 ( )
33.
South Korea 0.736 (
34.
Latvia 0.725 (
35.
Croatia 0.721 (
36.
Argentina 0.680 (
37.
Chile 0.661 (
Note: The green arrows ( ), red arrows ( ), and blue dashes

( ) represent changes in rank when compared to the new 2012
data HDI for 2011 published in the 2012 report.
1)
2)
1)
1.
Norway 0.955 ( )
1)
2.
Australia 0.938 ( )
2)
3.
4.
Netherlands 0.921 (
5.
Germany 0.920 (
6.
New Zealand 0.919 (
1)
7.
Ireland 0.916 ( )
1)
8.
Sweden 0.916 (
9.
Switzerland 0.913 (
3)
1)
12)
2)
5)
1)
4)
7)
4)
Countries in the top quartile of HDI (very high human

development group) with a missing IHDI: New Zealand,
Singapore, Hong Kong, Liechtenstein, Brunei, Qatar,
Saudi Arabia, Andorra, United Arab Emirates, Bahrain,
Cuba, and Kuwait.
4.2
Countries not included
Some countries were not included for various reasons,

primarily the lack of necessary data. The following
United Nations Member States were not included in the
2014 report:[12] North Korea, Marshall Islands, Monaco,
Nauru, San Marino, Somalia, India, Pakistan, South Sudan, and Tuvalu.
2013 report

Index
The 2013 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Program was released on March 14,
2013, and calculates HDI values based on estimates for
1)
1)
4)
1)
3)
2)
10.
Japan 0.912 (
2)
11.
Canada 0.911 (
12.
South Korea 0.909 (
13.
Hong Kong 0.906 ( )
14.
Iceland 0.906 ( )
15.
Denmark 0.901 (
16.
Israel 0.900 (
17.
Belgium 0.897 (
18.
Austria 0.895 (
19.
Singapore 0.895 (
20.
France 0.893 ( )
21.
Finland 0.892 (
22.
Slovenia 0.892 (
23.
Spain 0.885 ( )
24.
Liechtenstein 0.883 (
25.
Italy 0.881 (
26.
Luxembourg 0.875 (
27.
28.
29.
Greece 0.860 ( )
30.
Brunei 0.855 (
1)
31.
Cyprus 0.848 (
1)
5)
3)
1)
1)
1)
1)
7)
1)
1)
16)
1)
1)
1)
1)
5.1
32.
Malta 0.847 (
4)
9.
Denmark 0.845 (
3)
33.
Estonia 0.846 ( )
10.
Slovenia 0.840 (
7)
34.
Andorra 0.846 (
11.
Finland 0.839 (
6)
35.
Slovakia 0.840 ( )
12.
Austria 0.837 (
3)
36.
Qatar 0.834 (
13.
Canada 0.832 (
4)
37.
Hungary 0.831 (
1)
14.
38.
Barbados 0.825 (
9)
15.
Belgium 0.825 (
39.
Poland 0.821 ( )
16.
13)
40.
Chile 0.819 (
17.
Luxembourg 0.813 (
4)
41.
Lithuania 0.818 (
42.
United Arab Emirates 0.818 (
18.
France 0.812 (
43.
Portugal 0.816 (
19.
44.
Latvia 0.814 (
20.
Spain 0.796 (
1)
45.
Argentina 0.811 ( )
21.
Israel 0.790 (
8)
46.
Seychelles 0.806 (
22.
Slovakia 0.788 (
47.
Croatia 0.805 (
23.
Malta 0.778 (
24.
Italy 0.776 (
25.
Estonia 0.770 (
26.
Hungary 0.769 (
27.
Greece 0.760 (
28.
South Korea 0.758 (
29.
Cyprus 0.751 (
30.
Poland 0.740 ( )
31.
Montenegro 0.733 (
32.
Portugal 0.729 (
33.
Lithuania 0.727 (
34.
Belarus 0.727 (
35.
Latvia 0.726 (
36.
Bulgaria 0.704 (
5.1
1)
1)
4)
12)
2)
1)
6)
1)
The Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index

(IHDI)[14] is a measure of the average level of human development of people in a society once inequality is taken
into account.
( ) represent changes in rank. The changes in rank are not
relative to the HDI list above, but are according to the source
(p. 152) calculated with the exclusion of countries which are
missing IHDI data.
1.
Norway 0.894 ( )
2.
Australia 0.864 ( )
3.
Sweden 0.859 (
4.
Netherlands 0.857 ( )
5.
Germany 0.856 ( )
6.
Ireland 0.850 ( )
7.
Switzerland 0.849 (
Iceland 0.848 (
1)
1)

HDI
8.
9)
3)
3)
1)
2)
2)
6)
3)
4)
2)
3)
3)
18)
4)
8)
1)
1)
3)
1)
5)
Countries in the top quartile of HDI (very high human development group) with a missing IHDI: New
Zealand, Chile, Japan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan,
Liechtenstein, Brunei, Andorra, Qatar, Barbados, United
Arab Emirates, and Seychelles.
6 2011 REPORT
2011 report
The 2011 Human Development Report was released on

2 November 2011, and calculated HDI values based
on estimates for 2011. Below is the list of the very
high human development countries (equal to the top
quartile):[15]
( ) represent changes in rank when compared to the 2011 HDI
data for 2010 published in the 2011 report (p. 131).
1.
Norway 0.943 ( )
2.
Australia 0.929 ( )
3.
4.
United States 0.910 ( )
5.
New Zealand 0.908 ( )
6.
Canada 0.908 ( )
7.
Ireland 0.908 ( )
8.
Liechtenstein 0.905 ( )
9.
Germany 0.905 ( )
10.
Sweden 0.904 ( )
11.
Switzerland 0.903 ( )
27.
Czech Republic 0.865 ( )
28.
United Kingdom 0.863 ( )
29.
Greece 0.861 ( )
30.
United Arab Emirates 0.846 ( )
31.
Cyprus 0.840 ( )
32.
Andorra 0.838 ( )
33.
Brunei 0.838 ( )
34.
Estonia 0.835 ( )
35.
Slovakia 0.834 ( )
36.
Malta 0.832 ( )
37.
Qatar 0.831 ( )
38.
Hungary 0.816 ( )
39.
Poland 0.813 ( )
40.
Lithuania 0.810 (
41.
Portugal 0.809 (
42.
Bahrain 0.806 ( )
43.
Latvia 0.805 ( )
44.
Chile 0.805 ( )
45.
Argentina 0.797 (
46.
Croatia 0.796 (
47.
Barbados 0.793 ( )
1)
1)
12.
Japan 0.901 ( )
13.
Hong Kong 0.898 (
14.
Iceland 0.898 (
15.
South Korea 0.897 ( )
16.
Denmark 0.895 ( )
6.1 Inequality-adjusted HDI
17.
Israel 0.888 ( )

HDI
18.
Belgium 0.886 ( )
19.
Austria 0.885 ( )
20.
France 0.884 ( )
21.
Slovenia 0.884 ( )
22.
Finland 0.882 ( )
23.
Spain 0.878 ( )
24.
Italy 0.874 ( )
1.
Norway 0.890 ( )
25.
Luxembourg 0.867 ( )
2.
Australia 0.856 ( )
26.
Singapore 0.866 ( )
3.
Sweden 0.851 (
1)
1)
1)
1)
Below is a list of countries in the top quartile by

Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index
(IHDI).[16] According to the report, the IHDI is a
measure of the average level of human development of
people in a society once inequality is taken into account.
list, for countries listed in both rankings.
5)
6.2
4.
Netherlands 0.846 (
5.
Iceland 0.845 (
6.
Ireland 0.843 ( )
7.
Germany 0.842 (
1)
8.
Denmark 0.842 (
4)
9.
6.2 Countries not included
1)
5)

mainly the unavailability of certain crucial data. The following United Nations Member States were not included
in the 2011 report:[17] North Korea, Marshall Islands,
Monaco, Nauru, San Marino, South Sudan, Somalia and
Tuvalu.
7 2010 report
10.
Slovenia 0.837 (
7)
11.
Finland 0.833 (
7)
12.
Canada 0.829 (
7)
13.
14.
Austria 0.820 (
15.
Belgium 0.819 (
16.
France 0.804 ( )
17.
Spain 0.799 (
18.
Luxembourg 0.799 (
19.
20.
Slovakia 0.787 (
21.
Israel 0.779 (
8)
22.
Italy 0.779 (
2)
23.
24.
Estonia 0.769 (
25.
Hungary 0.759 (
26.
Greece 0.756 (
27.
Cyprus 0.755 (
28.
South Korea 0.749 (
29.
Poland 0.734 ( )
30.
Lithuania 0.730 ( )
31.
Portugal 0.726 ( )
32.
Montenegro 0.718 (
33.
Latvia 0.717 (
34.
Serbia 0.694 (
35.
Belarus 0.693 (
9)
1)
The 2010 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Program was released on November
4, 2010, and calculates HDI values based on estimates for
published in the 2010 report.
1)
2)
1.
Norway 0.938 ( )
2.
Australia 0.937 ( )
3.
4.
United States 0.902 ( )
5.
Ireland 0.895 ( )
6.
Liechtenstein 0.891 ( )
7.
8.
Canada 0.888 ( )
2)
9.
Sweden 0.885 ( )
2)
10.
Germany 0.885 (
11.
Japan 0.884 ( )
12.
3)
4)
7)
19)
2)
3)
17)
13.
12)
14.
France 0.872 (
1)
15.
Israel 0.872 (
9)
16.
Finland 0.871 (
17.
Iceland 0.869 ( )
18.
Belgium 0.867 ( )
19.
Denmark 0.866 ( )
20.
Spain 0.863 ( )
7)
10)

development group) with a missing IHDI include: New
Zealand, Liechtenstein, Japan, Hong Kong, Singapore,
Taiwan, United Arab Emirates, Andorra, Brunei, Malta,
Qatar, Bahrain, Chile, Argentina and Barbados.
2)
1)
1)
7 2010 REPORT
21.
Hong Kong 0.862 ( )
4.
Netherlands 0.818 (
22.
Greece 0.855 ( )
5.
Germany 0.814 (
23.
Italy 0.854 ( )
6.
Switzerland 0.813 (
24.
Luxembourg 0.852 ( )
25.
Austria 0.851 ( )
26.
27.
Singapore 0.846 ( )
28.
1)
3)
4)
7.
Ireland 0.813 (
3)
8.
Canada 0.812 (
2)
9.
Iceland 0.811 (
5)
10.
Denmark 0.810 (
11.
Finland 0.806 (
12.
29.
Slovenia 0.828 ( )
13.
Belgium 0.794 (
30.
Andorra 0.824 ( )
14.
France 0.792 (
31.
Slovakia 0.818 ( )
15.
32.
16.
Austria 0.787 (
33.
Malta 0.815 (
17.
Spain 0.779 ( )
34.
Estonia 0.812 ( )
18.
Luxembourg 0.775 (
35.
Cyprus 0.810 ( )
19.
Slovenia 0.771 (
36.
Hungary 0.805 (
20.
Greece 0.768 (
21.
37.
Brunei 0.805 (
22.
Slovakia 0.764 (
38.
Qatar 0.803 ( )
23.
Israel 0.763 (
11)
39.
Bahrain 0.801 ( )
24.
Italy 0.752 (
5)
40.
Portugal 0.795 (
25.
Hungary 0.736 (
41.
Poland 0.795 ( )
26.
Estonia 0.733 ( )
42.
Barbados 0.788 (
27.
South Korea 0.731 (
28.
Cyprus 0.716 (
1)
29.
Poland 0.709 (
1)
30.
Portugal 0.700 (
31.
Lithuania 0.693 (
32.
Montenegro 0.693 (
33.
Latvia 0.684 (
34.
Romania 0.675 (
35.
The Bahamas 0.671 (
7.1
1)
1)
1)
1)
6)
5)
The 2010 Human Development Report was the rst to

calculate an Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI), which factors in inequalities in the three basic dimensions of human development (income, life expectancy, and education). Below is a list of countries in
the top quartile by IHDI:[19]
list, for countries listed in both rankings.
1.
Norway 0.876 ( )
2.
Australia 0.864 ( )
3.
Sweden 0.824 (
4)
6)
2)
9)
2)
3)
8)
5)
2)
5)
2)
1)
3)
3)
18)
1)
1)
4)[20]
2)
3)
4)

development group) with a missing IHDI include: New
Zealand, Liechtenstein, Japan, Hong Kong, Singapore,
Republic of China (Taiwan), Andorra, United Arab Emirates, Malta, Brunei, Qatar, Bahrain and Barbados.
8.1
7.2

mainly the unavailability of certain crucial data. The following United Nations Member States were not included
in the 2010 report.[17] Cuba lodged a formal protest at its
lack of inclusion. The UNDP explained that Cuba had
been excluded due to the lack of an internationally reported gure for Cubas Gross National Income adjusted
for Purchasing Power Parity. All other indicators for
Cuba were available, and reported by the UNDP, but the
lack of one indicator meant that no ranking could be attributed to the country.[21][22] The situation has been addressed and, in later years, Cuba has ranked as a High
Human Development country.
2009 report
The 2009 Human Development Report by UNDP was released on October 5, 2009, and covers the period up to
2007. It was titled Overcoming barriers: Human mobility and development. The top countries by HDI were
grouped in a new category called very high human development. The report refers to these countries as developed countries. They are:[23]
18.
Italy 0.951 (
1)
19.
Liechtenstein 0.951 (
20.
21.
22.
Germany 0.947 ( )
23.
Singapore 0.944 (
24.
Hong Kong 0.944 (
25.
Greece 0.942 ( )
26.
27.
Israel 0.935 (
28.
Andorra 0.934 (
29.
Slovenia 0.929 ( )
30.
Brunei 0.920 ( )
31.
Kuwait 0.916 ( )
32.
Cyprus 0.914 ( )
33.
Qatar 0.910 (
34.
Portugal 0.909 (
35.
36.
37.
Barbados 0.903 (
38.
Malta 0.902 (
1)
1)
1)
1)
1)
1)
1.
Norway 0.971 (
2.
Australia 0.970 (
3.
Iceland 0.969 (
1)
4.
Canada 0.966 (
1)
5.
Ireland 0.965 ( )
6.
7.
Sweden 0.963 ( )
8.
France 0.961 (

such as being a non-UN member or unable or unwilling
to provide the necessary data at the time of publication.
Besides the states with limited recognition, the following
states were also not included.
9.
0)
2)
3)
Switzerland 0.960 (
1)
10.
Japan 0.960 (
2)
11.
Luxembourg 0.960 (
12.
Finland 0.959 ( )
13.
14.
Austria 0.955 ( )
15.
Spain 0.955 (
16.
Denmark 0.955 (
17.
Belgium 0.953 ( )
1)
2)
2)
3)
2)
9 2008 statistical update
1)
2)
2)
A new index was released on December 18, 2008. This

so-called statistical update covered the period up to
2006 and was published without an accompanying Human Development Report. The update is relevant due
to newly released estimates of purchasing power parities
(PPP), implying substantial adjustments for many countries, resulting in changes in HDI values and, in many
cases, HDI ranks.[24]
10
10
2007/2008 REPORT
1.
Iceland 0.968 ( )
2.
Norway 0.968 ( )
3.
Canada 0.967 (
4.
Australia 0.965 (

such as being a non-UN member, unable, or unwilling
to provide the necessary data at the time of publication.
Besides the states with limited recognition, the following
states were also not included.[26]
5.
Ireland 0.960 ( )
6.
Netherlands 0.958 (
7.
Sweden 0.958 (
8.
Japan 0.956 ( )
9.
Luxembourg 0.956 (
10.
1)
1)
3)
10 2007/2008 report
1)
Switzerland 0.955 (
The Human Development Report for 2007/2008 was

launched in Brasilia, Brazil, on November 27, 2007. Its
focus was on Fighting climate change: Human solidarity in a divided world.[27] Most of the data used for the
report are derived largely from 2005 or earlier, thus indicating an HDI for 2005. Not all UN member states
choose to or are able to provide the necessary statistics.
9)
3)
11.
France 0.955 (
1)
12.
Finland 0.954 (
1)
13.
Denmark 0.952 (
14.
Austria 0.951 (
15.
16.
Spain 0.949 (
17.
Belgium 0.948 (
18.
Greece 0.947 (
19.
Italy 0.945 (
20.
New Zealand 0.944 (
21.
22.
Hong Kong 0.942 (
23.
Germany 0.940 (
24.
Israel 0.930 (
25.
South Korea 0.928 (
26.
Slovenia 0.923 (
27.
Brunei 0.919 (
28.
Singapore 0.918 (
29.
Kuwait 0.912 (
4)
1.
Iceland 0.968 (
1)
30.
Cyprus 0.912 (
2)
2.
Norway 0.968 (
1)
31.
3.
Australia 0.962 ( )
32.
Bahrain 0.902 (
9)[25]
4.
Canada 0.961 (
2)
33.
Portugal 0.900 (
4)
5.
Ireland 0.959 (
1)
The report showed a small increase in world HDI in comparison with last years report. This rise was fueled by a
general improvement in the developing world, especially
of the least developed countries group. This marked improvement at the bottom was oset with a decrease in
HDI of high income countries.
1)
1)
3)
A HDI below 0.5 is considered to represent low development. All 22 countries in that category are located
in Africa. The highest-scoring Sub-Saharan countries,
Gabon and South Africa, are ranked 119th and 121st, respectively. Nine countries departed from this category
this year and joined the medium development group.
3)
1)
6)
A HDI of 0.8 or more is considered to represent high development. This includes all developed countries, such
as those in North America, Western Europe, Oceania,
and Eastern Asia, as well as some developing countries in
Eastern Europe, Central and South America, Southeast
Asia, the Caribbean, and the oil-rich Arabian Peninsula. Seven countries were promoted to this category this
year, leaving the medium development group: Albania,
Belarus, Brazil, Libya, Macedonia, Russia and Saudi Arabia.
1)
1)
4)
1)
1)
1)
On the following table, green arrows ( ) represent an increase in ranking over the previous study, while red arrows ( ) represent a decrease in ranking. They are followed by the number of spaces they moved. Blue dashes
( ) represent a nation that did not move in the rankings
since the previous study.
1)
1)
3)
3)
8)
11.1
In each original report
6.
Sweden 0.956 (
7.
Switzerland 0.955 (
11
11.1 In each original report
1)
The year represents when the report was published. In

parentheses is the year for which the index was calculated.
2)
8.
Japan 0.953 (
1)
9.
Netherlands 0.953 (
1)
Norway
2013 (2012):
Norway
2011 (2011):
Norway
2010 (2010):
Norway
2009 (2007):
Norway
2008 (2006):
Iceland
2007 (2005):
Iceland
2006 (2004):
Norway
2005 (2003):
Norway
2004 (2002):
Norway
2003 (2001):
Norway
2002 (2000):
Norway
10.
France 0.952 (
11.
Finland 0.952 ( )
12.
13.
Spain 0.949 (
14.
Denmark 0.949 (
15.
Austria 0.948 (
16.
Belgium 0.946 (
17.
18.
Luxembourg 0.944 (
6)
19.
New Zealand 0.943 (
1)
20.
Italy 0.941 (
21.
Hong Kong 0.937 (
22.
Germany 0.935 (
23.
Israel 0.932 ( )
2001 (1999):
Norway
24.
Greece 0.926 ( )
2000 (1998):
Canada
25.
Singapore 0.922 ( )
1999 (1997):
Canada
26.
1998 (1995):
Canada
27.
Slovenia 0.917 ( )
1997 (1994):
Canada
28.
Cyprus 0.903 (
1996 (1993):
Canada
29.
Portugal 0.897 (
1995 (1992):
Canada
1994 (????):
Canada
1993 (????):
Japan
1992 (1990):
Canada
1991 (1990):
Japan
1990 (????):
Japan
30.
11
Brunei 0.894 (
6)
2014 (2013):
4)
6)
1)
1)
4)
1)
3)
1)
1)
1)
1)
4)
[28]
Past top countries
The list below displays the top-ranked country from each

year of the Human Development Index. Norway has
been ranked the highest eleven times, Canada eight times,
followed by Japan which has been ranked highest three
times. Iceland has been ranked highest twice.
12
12
15
Criticism
The Human Development Index has been criticized on a

number of grounds including alleged ideological biases
towards egalitarianism and so-called "Western models of
development", failure to include any ecological considerations, lack of consideration of technological development or contributions to the human civilization, focusing exclusively on national performance and ranking, lack
of attention to development from a global perspective,
measurement error of the underlying statistics, and on
the UNDPs changes in formula which can lead to severe
misclassication in the categorisation of 'low', 'medium',
'high' or 'very high' human development countries.[29]
SEE ALSO
14 Country/region specic HDI

lists
African countries
Argentine provinces
Australian states and territories
Brazilian states
Chilean regions
Chinese administrative divisions
European countries
Economists Hendrik Wol, Howard Chong and

Indian states
Maximilian Auhammer discuss the HDI from the
Indonesian provinces
perspective of data error in the underlying health,
education and income statistics used to construct the
Latin American countries
HDI.[29] They identied three sources of data error
which are due to (i) data updating, (ii) formula revisions
Mexican states
and (iii) thresholds to classify a countrys development
Pakistani districts
status and conclude that 11%, 21% and 34% of all
countries can be interpreted as currently misclassied in
Philippine provinces
the development bins due to the three sources of data
error, respectively. The authors suggest that the United
Russian federal subjects
Nations should discontinue the practice of classifying
South African provinces
countries into development bins because - they claim the cut-o values seem arbitrary, can provide incentives
U.S. states (American Human Development Report)
for strategic behavior in reporting ocial statistics, and
have the potential to misguide politicians, investors,
Venezuelan states
charity donors and the public who use the HDI at large.
In 2010 the UNDP reacted to the criticism and updated
the thresholds to classify nations as low, medium, and 15 See also
high human development countries. In a comment
to The Economist in early January 2011, the Human
Indices
Development Report Oce responded[30] to a January
6, 2011 article in the magazine[31] which discusses the
List of countries by Human Development Index
Wol et al. paper. The Human Development Report
Oce states that they undertook a systematic revision of
Bhutan GNH Index
the methods used for the calculation of the HDI and that
the new methodology directly addresses the critique by
Broad measures of economic progress
Wol et al. in that it generates a system for continuous
Disability-adjusted life year
updating of the human development categories whenever
formula or data revisions take place.
Full cost accounting
Green national product
Green gross domestic product (Green GDP)
13
Geographical coverage
The HDI has extended its geographical coverage: David

Hastings, of the United Nations Economic and Social
Commission for Asia and the Pacic, published a report
geographically extending the HDI to 230+ economies,
whereas the UNDP HDI for 2009 enumerates 182
economies and coverage for the 2010 HDI dropped to
169 countries.[32][33]
Gender-related Development Index

Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI)
Global Peace Index
Gross National Happiness
Gross National Well-being (GNW)
Happiness economics
13
Happy Planet Index (HPI)
Human Development Index (HDI)
ISEW (Index of sustainable economic welfare)
Legatum Prosperity Index
Leisure satisfaction
Least developed country
Living planet index
Law of Social Cycle
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)
Money-rich, time-poor
OECD Better Life Index BLI
16 Notes and references

[1] The Human Development concept. UNDP. Retrieved 7
April 2012.
[2] United Nations Development Programme. Undp.org.
2013-05-26. Retrieved 2013-05-30.
[3] Fukuda-Parr, Sakiko (2003). The Human Development Paradigm: operationalizing Sens ideas on capabilities. Feminist Economics 9 (23): 301317.
doi:10.1080/1354570022000077980.
[4] United Nations Development Programme (1999). Human
Development Report 1999. New York: Oxford University
Press.
[5] Human Development Report 2010. UNDP. 4 November 2010.
Social Progress Index
[6] Technical notes (PDF). UNDP. 2013.
Subjective life satisfaction
[7] Mean years of schooling (of adults) (years) is a calculation

of the average number of years of education received by
people ages 25 and older in their lifetime based on education attainment levels of the population converted into
years of schooling based on theoretical duration of each
level of education attended. Source: Barro, R. J.; Lee,
J.-W. (2010). A New Data Set of Educational Attainment in the World, 19502010. NBER Working Paper
No. 15902.
Where-to-be-born Index
Wikiprogress
World Happiness Report (WHR)
World Values Survey (WVS)
Other
Economics
Democracy Ranking
Demographic economics
Economic development
Ethics of care
Human Development and Capability Association
Human Poverty Index
Progress (history)
Progressive utilization theory
Post-materialism
Psychometrics
International Association for Feminist Economics
International development
Right to an adequate standard of living
Sustainable development
System of National Accounts
Welfare economics
[8] (ESYI is a calculation of the number of years a child is expected to attend school, or university, including the years
spent on repetition. It is the sum of the age-specic enrollment ratios for primary, secondary, post-secondary nontertiary and tertiary education and is calculated assuming the prevailing patterns of age-specic enrollment rates
were to stay the same throughout the childs life. Expected
years of schooling is capped at 18 years. (Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2010). Correspondence on
education indicators. March. Montreal.)
[9] Denition, Calculator, etc. at UNDP site Archived December 20, 2007 at the Wayback Machine
[10] http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr_2015_
statistical_annex.pdf
[11] Human Development Report 2015 Sustaining Human Progress: Reducing Vulnerabilities and Building Resilience"" (PDF). HDRO (Human Development Report
Oce) United Nations Development Programme. Retrieved 14 December 2015.
[12] http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/
hdr14-report-en-1.pdf
[13] Human Development Report 2014 Sustaining Human Progress: Reducing Vulnerabilities and Building Resilience"". HDRO (Human Development Report Oce)
United Nations Development Programme. Retrieved 25
July 2014.
[14] http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/14/
hdr2013_en_complete.pdf
14
[15] 2011 Human Development Index (PDF). Retrieved

2013-05-30.
[16] 2011 Human Development Complete Report (PDF).
Retrieved 2013-05-30.
[17] International Human Rights Development Indicators,
UNDP
17
EXTERNAL LINKS
17 External links
Human Development Report
2010 Human Development Index Update
Human Development Interactive Map
Human Development Tools and Rankings
[18] 2010 Human Development Index trends, 19802010

(PDF). Retrieved 2013-05-30.
Technical note explaining the denition of the HDI

PDF (5.54 MB)
[19] 2010 Human Development Complete Report (PDF).

Retrieved 2013-05-30.
An independent HDI covering 232 countries, formulated along lines of the traditional (pre-2010) approach.
[20] Human Development Report 2010 (PDF). UNDP. pp.

152155. Retrieved 2014-08-03.
[21] Samoa left out of UNDP index, Samoa Observer, January 22, 2010
[22] Cuba country prole, UNDP
[23] Human Development Report 2009 (PDF). UNDP. pp.
167174. Retrieved 2014-08-03.
[24] News Human Development Reports (UNDP)".
Hdr.undp.org. 2008-12-18. Retrieved 2013-05-30.
[25] Human Development Indices: A statistical update 2008.
UNDP. p. 29. Retrieved 2014-08-03.
[26] Human Development Indices: A statistical update 2008.
[27] Human Development Report 2007/2008 (PDF).
UNDP. Retrieved 2014-08-03.
[28] Human Development Report 2007/2008 (PDF).
[29] Wol, Hendrik; Chong, Howard; Auhammer, Maximilian (2011). Classication, Detection and Consequences of Data Error: Evidence from the Human Development Index. Economic Journal 121 (553): 843870.
doi:10.1111/j.1468-0297.2010.02408.x.
[30] UNDP Human Development Report Oces comments. The Economist. January 2011.
[31] The Economist (pages 6061 in the issue of Jan 8,
2011)". January 6, 2011.
[32] Hastings, David A. (2009). Filling Gaps in the Human
Development Index. United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacic, Working Paper
WP/09/02.
[33] Hastings, David A. (2011). A Classic Human Development Index with 232 Countries. HumanSecurityIndex.org. Information Note linked to data
List of countries by HDI at NationMaster.com

America Is # ... 15? by Dalton Conley, The Nation,
March 4, 2009
Human Development Index (HDI) by countries at
world-statistics.org
15
18
18.1
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Dadaist6174, Ajraddatz, Zollerriia, ScottyBerg, Giornorosso, MikeAn, Passionless, Wikipelli, K6ka, P. S. F. Freitas, Anirudh Emani, Ponydepression, Nentrex, Drazsika, MithrandirAgain, Mar4d, Kirbyn Joel Berrios, Hennesisveryweird, Thefellowship3, AvicAWB, Battoe19,
Bentrebs, Metlx01, Thine Antique Pen, Rcsprinter123, Egtj, Avionics1980, L Kensington, Dan56789, Zoaran18, Ktrinko, Palosirkka, Donner60, CocoaPu310, ElockidAlternate, Orange Suede Sofa, ChuispastonBot, Jcaraballo, Lijah9, Kiddie Techie, Raiderfun, Iketsi, DASHBotAV, Budavari1970, Mikanz001, Applesort, Sonicyouth86, Petrb, ClueBot NG, Cohneli, Dreamxxtraveller, Somedierentstu, Idealoony, Hieikoya, CocuBot, Ypnypn, MelbourneStar, Jscottg, Frietjes, Arthaus Mouse, Edgesonic, Marosvari.gergo, Darlough, Caquita21,
HMSSolent, Naman297, Frank.manus, Saron Blaze, Zedzed1, Lowercase sigmabot, BG19bot, Dabix, Sockerkorn, Wiki.damsel, Nochoje, M0rphzone, HIDECCHI001, MusikAnimal, Geraldo Perez, Tincanmansiimon, Mark Arsten, Isksin, Emma May Smith, Yerevantsi,
Boilpoil, Meclee, Cryptaker, NorskBrannmann, Insidiae, Himanshukun, DrCruse, Iryna Harpy, Czarccc, Lebanon2011, Klilidiplomus,
En.gravious, Ido47, Mun Wizard, Exerman, Teashias, Ajajajhehe, Ethraen, Liam987, Inivisiblee, Pratyya Ghosh, Cyberbot II, The Illusive Man, ChrisGualtieri, Mediran, SNAAAAKE!!, Ducknish, Bausinboss, 15dawsonp, Waylesange, Charles Essie, The Vintage Feminist,
Lugia2453, Spicyitalianmeatball, YvelinesFrance, Graphium, W0rldp34c3l0v3r, Lachalan smyt5h, Sriharsh1234, Athomeinkobe, Waveclaira, ZX95, Hhsmith5, Bontairo, Peacenil, C editor720, Faizan, Epicgenius, GuiQi, Jmdurr, Vertawes, Eyesnore, Jakec, EvergreenFir,
AnthonyJ Lock, MRRT21, Ehhetv, RubleuleR, Cizlini, Szqecs, SergeiBlakz, Ginsuloft, Son ravi, Haylee Meldrum, Whizz40, Noyster,
6it4pq, Lakun.patra, CLWKevin, Keijhae, Massyparcer, LifaxofGhana123, Riepoit, Apipia, Jerry the panda, YJAX, Demquad2014, UsmanKhan, Rda8, Mexico2017, Ram.karan.b, Rubbish computer, Godsy, GeneralizationsAreBad, Prinsgezinde, KasparBot, Professordata,
XXthe dragon balz slayaXx, Marianavegeta353, Nikita Tanwar and Anonymous: 1664
18.2
Images
File:2014_UN_Human_Development_Report_Quartiles.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/2014_

UN_Human_Development_Report_Quartiles.svg License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors:
File:BlankMap-World6.svg Original artist: BlankMap-World6,_compact.svg: Canuckguy et al.
File:Amartya_Sen_NIH.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Amartya_Sen_NIH.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://dir.niehs.nih.gov/ethics/past.htm
Original artist: NIH (according to picture caption)
File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Decrease2.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Decrease2.svg License: Public domain Contributors:
Own work Original artist: Sarang
File:Flag_of_Afghanistan.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Flag_of_Afghanistan.svg License: CC0
Contributors: http://openclipart.org/detail/24112/flag-of-afghanistan-by-anonymous-24112 Original artist:
User:Zscout370
File:Flag_of_Andorra.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Flag_of_Andorra.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Llibre de normes grques per a la reproducci i aplicaci dels signes d'Estat per als quals el Govern s autoritat
competent (Aprovat pel Govern en la sessi del dia 5 de maig de 1999) Original artist: HansenBCN
File:Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Flag_of_Antigua_and_
Barbuda.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Argentina.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Here, based on: http://manuelbelgrano.gov.ar/bandera/creacion-de-la-bandera-nacional/ Original artist: Government
of Argentina
File:Flag_of_Australia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Austria.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work, http://www.bmlv.gv.at/abzeichen/dekorationen.shtml Original artist: User:SKopp
File:Flag_of_Bahrain.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: http://www.moci.gov.bh/en/KingdomofBahrain/BahrainFlag/ Original artist: Source: Drawn by User:SKopp, rewritten by
User:Zscout370
File:Flag_of_Barbados.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/Flag_of_Barbados.svg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.gov.bb/bigportal/big/articles/showArticle.php?file=National_Flag.xml&ag=big Original artist: User:
Denelson83
File:Flag_of_Belarus.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: http://www.tnpa.by/ViewFileText.php?UrlRid=52178&UrlOnd=%D1%D2%C1%20911-2008 Original artist: Zscout370
File:Flag_of_Belgium_(civil).svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg
License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Bhutan.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Flag_of_Bhutan.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Originally from the Open Clip Art website, then replaced with an improved version. Original artist: w:en:User:Nightstallion
(original uploader), the author of xrmap (improved version)
18.2
Images
17
File:Flag_of_Brunei.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg License: CC0 Contributors: From the Open Clip Art website. Original artist: User:Nightstallion
File:Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg License: Public domain Contributors: The ag of Bulgaria. The colors are specied at http://www.government.bg/cgi-bin/e-cms/vis/vis.pl?s=001&p=0034&
n=000005&g= as: Original artist: SKopp
File:Flag_of_Canada.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg License: PD Contributors: ?
Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Chile.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: SKopp
File:Flag_of_Croatia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: http://www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?sec=4317 Original artist: Nightstallion, Elephantus, Neoneo13, Denelson83, Rainman,
R-41, Minestrone, Lupo, Zscout370,
<a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:MaGa' title='User:MaGa'>Ma</a><a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:
Croatian_squares_Ljubicic.png' class='image'><img alt='Croatian squares Ljubicic.png' src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/thumb/7/7f/Croatian_squares_Ljubicic.png/15px-Croatian_squares_Ljubicic.png' width='15' height='15' srcset='https:
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Croatian_squares_Ljubicic.png/23px-Croatian_squares_Ljubicic.png
1.5x,
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Croatian_squares_Ljubicic.png/30px-Croatian_squares_Ljubicic.png
2x' data-le-width='202' data-le-height='202' /></a><a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User_talk:MaGa' title='User
talk:MaGa'>Ga</a> (based on Decision of the Parliament)
File:Flag_of_Cuba.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Drawn by User:Madden Original artist: see below
File:Flag_of_Cyprus.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:Vzb83
File:Flag_of_Denmark.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:Madden
File:Flag_of_Dominica.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Flag_of_Dominica.svg License: CC0 Contributors: Own work: Flag of Dominica originally from the Open Clip Art website. Redrawn by User:Vzb83 except for the parrot. Colours
are adapted from FOTW Flags Of The World website because of the currentness (refreshed 2001). The colour sceme is found at the
government website of the Commonwealth of Dominica and THE WORLD FACTBOOK of the CIA. Original artist: User:Nightstallion
File:Flag_of_Eritrea.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg License: CC0 Contributors: From the Open Clip Art website. Original artist: user:
File:Flag_of_Estonia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: http://www.riigikantselei.ee/?id=73847 Original artist: Originally drawn by User:SKopp. Blue colour changed by User:PeepP
to match the image at [1].
File:Flag_of_Federated_States_of_Micronesia.svg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Flag_of_the_
Federated_States_of_Micronesia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Finland.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: http://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/ajantasa/1978/19780380 Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp
File:Flag_of_France.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Germany.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg License: PD Contributors: ?
Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Greece.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: own code Original artist: (of code) cs:User:-xfi- (talk)
File:Flag_of_Grenada.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Flag_of_Grenada.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp
File:Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: http://www.protocol.gov.hk/flags/chi/r_flag/index.html Original artist: Tao Ho
File:Flag_of_Hungary.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg License: Public domain Contributors:
Flags of the World Hungary Original artist: SKopp
File:Flag_of_Iceland.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Islandic National Flag Original artist: var Arnfjr Bjarmason, Zscout370 and others
File:Flag_of_Iraq.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg License: Public domain Contributors:
This image is based on the CIA Factbook, and the website of Oce of the President of Iraq, vectorized by User:Militaryace Original artist:
Unknown, published by Iraqi governemt, vectorized by User:Militaryace based on the work of User:Hoshie
File:Flag_of_Ireland.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Drawn by User:SKopp Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Israel.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/History/Modern%20History/Israel%20at%2050/The%20Flag%20and%20the%20Emblem Original artist: The Provisional Council of State Proclamation of the Flag of the State of Israel of 25 Tishrei 5709 (28 October 1948) provides
the ocial specication for the design of the Israeli ag.
18
18
File:Flag_of_Italy.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original

artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Japan.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Kiribati.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Flag_of_Kiribati.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Kuwait.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work Original artist: SKopp
File:Flag_of_Latvia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work Original artist: SKopp
File:Flag_of_Lebanon.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: Traced based on the CIA World Factbook with some modication done to the colours based on
information at Vexilla mundi.
File:Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Lithuania.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: SuKopp
File:Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/1972/0051/a051.pdf#page=2, colors from http://www.
legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/1993/0731609/0731609.pdf Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp
File:Flag_of_Malta.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg License: CC0 Contributors:
? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Monaco.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg License: Public domain
File:Flag_of_Montenegro.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: B1mbo, Froztbyte
File:Flag_of_Nauru.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Flag_of_Nauru.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: ? Original artist: Source: Drawn by User:SKopp
File:Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: http://www.mch.govt.nz/files/NZ%20Flag%20-%20proportions.JPG Original artist: Zscout370, Hugh Jass
and many others
File:Flag_of_North_Korea.svg Source:
Public domain Contributors: Template:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg License:
Original artist: Zscout370
File:Flag_of_Norway.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg License: Public domain

Contributors: Own work Original artist: Dbenbenn
File:Flag_of_Oman.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg License: CC0 Contributors:
? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Palau.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Flag_of_Palau.svg License: Public domain Contributors: No machine-readable source provided. Own work assumed (based on copyright claims). Original artist: No machine-readable
author provided. Nightstallion assumed (based on copyright claims).
File:Flag_of_Poland.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Portugal.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg License: Public domain Contributors: http://jorgesampaio.arquivo.presidencia.pt/pt/republica/simbolos/bandeiras/index.html#imgs Original artist: Columbano Bordalo Pinheiro (1910; generic design); Vtor Lus Rodrigues; Antnio Martins-Tuvlkin (2004; this specic vector set: see sources)
File:Flag_of_Qatar.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Drawn by User:SKopp Original artist: (of code) cs:User:-xfi File:Flag_of_Romania.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: AdiJapan
File:Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_
Nevis.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work in accordance with http://www.vexilla-mundi.com/saint_kitts_and_nevis.htm
Original artist: User:Pumbaa80
File:Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: Own work, Government of Saint Lucia Original artist: SKopp
File:Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Flag_of_
Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg License: Public domain Contributors: No machine-readable source provided. Own work assumed
(based on copyright claims). Original artist: No machine-readable author provided. SKopp assumed (based on copyright claims).
File:Flag_of_Samoa.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Flag_of_Samoa.svg License: Public domain
File:Flag_of_San_Marino.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work: [/Users/bicio/Desktop/Cailungo logo 40.jpg] Original artist: Zscout370
18.2
Images
19
File:Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg License: CC0 Contributors: the actual ag Original artist: Unknown<a href='//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4233718' title='wikidata:
Q4233718'><img
alt='wikidata:Q4233718'
src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.
svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png'
width='20'
height='11'
srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/
Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/
40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x' data-le-width='1050' data-le-height='590' /></a>
File:Flag_of_Serbia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: From http://www.parlament.gov.rs/content/cir/o_skupstini/simboli/simboli.asp. Original artist: sodipodi.com
File:Flag_of_Singapore.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg License: Public domain Contributors: The drawing was based from http://app.www.sg/who/42/National-Flag.aspx. Colors from the book: (2001). The
National Symbols Kit. Singapore: Ministry of Information, Communications and the Arts. pp. 5. ISBN 8880968010 Pantone 032 shade from
http://www.pantone.com/pages/pantone/colorfinder.aspx?c_id=13050 Original artist: Various
File:Flag_of_Slovakia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work; here, colors Original artist: SKopp
File:Flag_of_Slovenia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work construction sheet from http://flagspot.net/flags/si%27.html#coa Original artist: User:Achim1999
File:Flag_of_Somalia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: see below Original artist: see upload history
File:Flag_of_South_Korea.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: Ordinance Act of the Law concerning the National Flag of the Republic of Korea, Construction and color
guidelines (Russian/English) This site is not exist now.(2012.06.05) Original artist: Various
File:Flag_of_Spain.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Sweden.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg License: PD Contributors: ?
Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Switzerland.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: PDF Colors Construction sheet Original artist: User:Marc Mongenet
Credits:
File:Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg License: CC0 Contributors: See URL [6] for ocially credibility and correctness of precise star-positions Original artist: User:Zscout370
File:Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: Own work after www.flag.de Original artist: User:Madden
File:Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Bahamas government
File:Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.
svg License: Public domain Contributors:
-x-'s le
-x-'s code
Zirlands codes of colors
Original artist:
(of code): SVG version by cs:-x-.
File:Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Flag_of_the_Marshall_
Islands.svg License: Public domain Contributors: No machine-readable source provided. Own work assumed (based on copyright claims).
Original artist: No machine-readable author provided. SKopp assumed (based on copyright claims).
File:Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Zscout370
File:Flag_of_the_Seychelles.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Flag_of_Seychelles.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: [1], for the RGB approximations [2] Original artist: User:Vxb83
File:Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_
Arab_Emirates.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg License:
PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_the_Vatican_City.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Flag_of_the_Vatican_City.svg
License: CC0 Contributors: http://files.mojeeuro.meu.zoznam.sk/200000288-390ab3a04d/2_Commemorative_coin_Vatican_city_2010.
jpg labelbasis Original artist: Unknown<a href='//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4233718' title='wikidata:Q4233718'><img alt='wikidata:
Q4233718'
src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png'
width='20' height='11' srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.
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Human Development Index

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Human Development Index

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Human Development Index

World map indicating the category of Human Development Index

2 Dimensions and calculation

2.1 New method (2010 Report onwards)

Published on 4 November 2010 (and updated on 10 June

2 DIMENSIONS AND CALCULATION

HDI = 3 LEI EI II.

2.2 Old method (before 2010 Report)

1. Life Expectancy Index (LEI) =

LEI is 1 when Life expectancy at

2. Education Index (EI) =

2.1 Mean Years of Schooling Index (MYSI) =

Fifteen is the projected maximum

II is 1 when GNI per capita is

HDI trends between 1975 and 2004

This methodology was used by the UNDP until their 2011

Adult Literacy Index (ALI) =

Gross Enrollment Index (GEI) =

The number in brackets represents the number of

4.1 Inequality-adjusted HDI

Main article: List of countries by inequality-adjusted

Main article: List of countries by Human Development

The number in brackets represents the number of

Main article: List of countries by Human Development

Czech Republic 0.813 (

United Kingdom 0.812 (

Japan 0.779 (New)

United States 0.755 (

South Korea 0.736 (

Note: The green arrows ( ), red arrows ( ), and blue dashes

United States 0.937 (

New Zealand 0.919 (

Countries in the top quartile of HDI (very high human

Countries not included

Some countries were not included for various reasons,

Main article: List of countries by Human Development

South Korea 0.909 (

Hong Kong 0.906 ( )

United Kingdom 0.875 (

Czech Republic 0.873 (

Czech Republic 0.826 (

United States 0.821 (

United Arab Emirates 0.818 (

United Kingdom 0.802 (

South Korea 0.758 (

The Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index

Main article: List of countries by inequality-adjusted

The 2011 Human Development Report was released on

United States 0.910 ( )

New Zealand 0.908 ( )

Czech Republic 0.865 ( )

United Kingdom 0.863 ( )

United Arab Emirates 0.846 ( )

Hong Kong 0.898 (

South Korea 0.897 ( )

6.1 Inequality-adjusted HDI

Main article: List of countries by inequality-adjusted

Below is a list of countries in the top quartile by

Countries not included

6.2 Countries not included

Some countries were not included for various reasons,

Czech Republic 0.821 (

United Kingdom 0.791 (

United States 0.771 (