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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Introduction
Caryophyllaceae, a dicotyledonous family belonging to
order Caryophyllales comprises wide range of important
ornamentals. Among these, Dianthus chinensis is grown
throughout the world as an ornamental plant and has a vast
potential in global cut flower industry. The vase life of
various species of Dianthus varies greatly not only among
each other but also with the growing season and it has been
reported that the same Dianthus species grown in two
different seasons showed a significant difference in the
vase life varying from 8 to 10 days in FebMar to 45 days
in AprilMay [1]. Dianthus chinensis blooms from May to
August in Kashmir valley and possesses flowers of various
hues (from pink to white) borne on medium sized sprays
(3040 cm). Each individual spray bears about 45 flowers. The average field life of an individual flower is about
4 days. However the sprays held in distilled water (DW)
last for 7 days after harvesting with the oldest bud at paint
brush stage.
Flower senescence in plants is chiefly regulated by an
interaction between various growth regulators like ethylene, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid and auxins.
Ethylene is the main candidate for senescence in ethylene
sensitive flowers while as in ethylene insensitive flowers it
has little or no role to play [25]. The genus Dianthus falls
under the ethylene sensitive group as the senescence is
chiefly governed by ethylene [6, 7]. Factors like pollination, drought and temperature also influence senescence by
altering the balance of hormones produced by the flowers
[8]. Temperature affects rate of respiration, response to
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as day zero (D0). The average vase life of the cut sprays
was counted from day 1 and was assessed to be terminated
when the final flower lost its ornamental value. Fresh and
dry mass, floral diameter, number of blooms, volume of
holding solution absorbed per spray, soluble proteins, aamino acids, phenols and sugar fractions were estimated on
day 4 and 12 of transfer to holding solutions. Estimation of
dry mass was done by drying the material in an oven for
48 h at 70 C.
Protein extraction was performed on 1 g petal tissue
drawn separately from ten different flowers. The tissue was
homogenized in 5 ml of 5 % sodium sulphite (w/v) adding
100 mg of polyvinylpyrrolidone and centrifuged. Proteins
were precipitated from a suitable volume of cleared
supernatant with equal volume of 20 % trichloroacetic
acid, centrifuged at 20009g for 15 min and the pellet redissolved in 0.1 N NaOH. Proteins were estimated by the
method of Lowry et al. [16] from suitable aliquot using
BSA as the standard. Reducing sugars were estimated by
Nelsons method [17] using glucose as standard. Total
sugars were estimated as reducing sugars by conversion of
non-reducing sugars to reducing sugars by using invertase.
Non-reducing sugars were computed as the difference
between total and reducing sugars.
For the estimation of specific protease activity, 1 g of
prechilled petal tissue was homogenized in 15 ml cold
0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 6.5) in a pre-cooled glass
pestle and mortar. Protease activity was determined by the
modification of the method as described by Tayyab and
Qamar [18]. One ml of reaction mixture (0.1 % BSA dissolved in 0.1 M phosphate buffer, pH 6.5) was mixed with
25
20
15
10
0
Control
CHI
BWS
CHI
DWS
DW
CHI
DWS
SUC
CHI
AWS
LSD
P 0.05
Treatments
with CHI after storage, the sprays are kept at room temperature and as such pulse of CHI solution gets transported
up to xylem which becomes quickly available in eliciting
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Set B (SUC)
Control CHI
(-CHI) (BWS)
CHI
(DWS)
CHI
(AWS)
Control
(-CHI)
CHI
(BWS)
CHI
(DWS)
CHI
(AWS)
LSD
P B 0.05
0.228
0.228
0.235
0.298
0.232
0.226
0.237
0.301
0.05
D12
0.212
0.215
0.229
0.29
0.228
0.224
0.234
0.301
0.054
0.042
0.045
0.056
0.061
0.045
0.04
0.043
0.063
0.02
D12
0.032
0.034
0.039
0.053
0.041
0.038
0.038
0.059
0.01
2.685
3.83
4.1
4.2
3.86
4.06
4.16
4.5
0.41
D12
2.693
3.87
4.11
3.231
3.86
4.07
4.16
4.52
0.17
4.62 (43)
5.42 (49.4)
5.14 (42.5)
4.62 (42.2)
4.62 (48.92)
6.01 (63)
4.09 (55.2)
5.33 (64.2)
7.04 (92)
0.28
Blooms/spray
D4
D12
0.66
6.78
6.98
5.45
0.33
5.54
5.67
4.93
0.51
D12
11
14.54
12.89
9.66
10.83
12.98
11.49
11.04
0.42
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soluble protein content, a-amino acids, total phenols, reducing, nonreducing and total sugars at day 4 and 12 (D4 and D12) of transfer in
samples from cut sprays of Dianthus chinensis
Set B (SUC)
CHI
(BWS)
CHI
(DWS)
CHI
(AWS)
Control
(-CHI)
CHI
(BWS)
CHI
(DWS)
CHI
(AWS)
LSD
P B 0.05
2.08 (0.56)
1.86 (0.53)
1.36 (0.32)
1.04 (0.31)
2.12 (0.49)
1.2 (0.27)
0.78 (0.18)
D12
1.96 (0.41)
1.82 (0.39)
1.29 (0.29)
0.98 (0.28)
2.21 (0.50)
1.27 (0.28)
0.98 (0.23)
0.45
0.44
0.42
0.40
0.43
0.43
0.39
0.38
0.07
D12
0.57
0.55
0.54
0.55
0.54
0.52
0.51
0.49
0.04
2.1
3.451
4.107
5.751
5.1
5.54
5.422
6.572
0.1
D12
2.18
3.54
4.97
6.32
6.43
6.64
6.03
7.36
0.25
1.44
1.975
1.22
2.03
1.388
1.98
1.6
2.13
1.611
2.1
1.611
2.43
1.444
2.38
0.1
0.11
1.60
2.09
11.25
20.53
22.32
31.4
30.23
27.68
34.02
40.53
0.32
D12
9.87
18.09
15.04
27.54
28.09
24.43
29.76
37.89
0.42
6.26
7.15
13.39
15.63
6.49
12.17
13.48
17.65
0.54
D12
5.39
6.76
16.03
26.5
3.34
26.77
11.91
13.51
0.32
17.71
27.68
35.71
47.5
36.72
39.85
47.5
57.65
0.41
D12
14.65
24.85
31.07
42.13
31.43
35.98
41.67
51.4
0.65
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Conclusion
The results suggest that the cut sprays of D. chinensis
picked at the appropriate stage (paint brush stage) can
prove to be a good model for market supply for export of
this cut flower. The sprays may be pulse treated with
0.1 mM CHI for 1 h after cool wet storage for 72 h at 5 C
and then transferred to vase solution without interfering
with their postharvest life. As such, it can be used as an
effective protocol for storage treatment of this beautiful cut
flower. Moreover, senescence in D. chinensis has been
shown to be governed by a turnover and interplay between
various biomolecules like proteins, carbohydrates, phenols
and amino acids. In addition, specific protease activity was
found to slow down under cool wet storage at near freezing
temperature.
Future Perspectives
Studying the role of CHI in flower senescence at molecular
level can open new vistas in this field. Maintaining lower
content of proteins by the application of CHI by monitoring the expression of so called death proteins can
open a new window for unraveling this fascinating
mechanism of flower senescence. Besides such biotechnological approaches can help in future to target death
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