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Fig. 1.1
IDTechEx Ltd
1.4.
Primary benefits
The benefits and challenges of structural electronics are compared below.
Benefits
Save space.
Save weight. Fiat believes that cars, with about half their
weight in bodywork and half in circuits and comfort
facilities could save about 20% in weight by merging some
of these into structural electronics. For a pure electric car
that means a precious increase in range of over 20% and
it does not stop there because new circuits such as
telematics and vibration harvesting can also be designed
into the structure saving even more weight.
Pervasive wide area electronics such as photovoltaics
over the whole airframe of an aircraft and sensing in
places previously inaccessible.
Systemic change such as providing a bridge or an aircraft
with a nervous system mimicking that in the human body.
Making large components vanish. For example,
supporting huge areas of photovoltaics has previously
been expensive and troublesome. The weakness of
supercapacitors that they have considerable weight and
size per unit of energy stored is overcome. This means
that they can replace more batteries because their other
properties are greatly superior such as life, reliability, fast
charge-discharge, ability to be fully discharged for safe
transit and in an accident. Harvesting small vibration over
a large area becomes feasible.
Replacing expensive, delicate, bulky and unreliable
components. For example, a typical car employs around
50 tactile switches and four rotary switches, both being
relatively unreliable. For example, the overhead console
of a car with switches, lighting etc. can be made much
thinner, shaped and solid state with a saving of up to 40%
in cost, weight and space and potentially an increase in
reliability, including better waterproofing.
New functionality
Challenges
For most of the benefits, SE needs to be designed
into a structure such as a bus or a train when it is
at the early conceptual stage. Often impracticable
or too expensive as retrofit
Thin film, printed and other flexible forms of
electronics are less efficient than bulk initially
making it impracticable or too expensive to add
more to compensate, for example with
photovoltaics, supercapacitors or lithium-ion
batteries.
Expense
Supercapacitors much less efficient when in the
new format.
IDTechEx Ltd
Source: IDTechEx
Fig. 1.6
Market forecast by component type for 2014-2024 in US $ billions, for printed and potentially
printed electronics including organic, inorganic and composites
80
Conductors (ink only) ^
Sensors`
70
Photovoltaics #
Battery "
60
Electroluminescent *
US$ Billion
Electrochromic *
50
Electrophoretic/E-wetting/BiStable LCD *
OLED light
OLED display ~
40
Logic/memory
30
20
10
0
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
IDTechEx Ltd
14
Table 1.9 IDTechEx WSN forecast 2014-2024 with RTLS for comparison
2014
90
2015
100
2016
103
2017
107
2018
115
2019
120
2020
125
2021
135
2022
150
2023
154.5
2024
163
7.8
702
5
63
315
1017
12
7.5
750
7
52
364
1114
20
6.8
700
8.2
50
410
1110
50
6.4
685
9
46
414
1099
100
5.9
679
12
35
420
1099
125
5.6
672
18
25
450
1122
150
5.3
663
25
20
500
1163
200
4.9
662
60
19
1140
1802
250
4.6
690
80
18
1440
2130
300
4.27
660
92.4
11.4
1053
1713
340
3.94
642
110.2
7.4
815
1458
385
1029
943
1134
1050
1160
1100
1199
1150
1224
1250
1272
1300
1363
1400
2052
1600
2430
1800
2053
1890
1843
2030
Fig. 1.7
Source: IDTechEx
IDTechEx Ltd
15
This is an extract from a 6-page table entitled Composites to electronic composites: objectives,
achievements, future prospects 1940-2030
Year
2030
Market
drivers
New matrices
Civil
engineering
The
unforeseen
serious
corrosion of
reinforced and
prestressed
structures is
causing grave
concern. They
were
constructed on
the
assumption
that they
would require
minimal
maintenance.
The
unbudgeted
remedial work
now required
may require
the wholesale
replacement of
some
structures and
innovative
technologies
retrofitted to
others with
sensing to
ensure there
are no
surprises in
future.
Advanced
composites
being high
strength and
potentially
greater
durability are
of great
interest. Labor
cost,
construction
safety,
reducing
pollution and
energy
consumption
are issues
where smart
construction
composites
can greatly
assist.
Lower cost,
longer
endurance
missions
through lighter
weight and
Aerospace
New
fillers
Unidirectional
Fiber content
advanced
% by weight
composite
materials
Glass Fiber
50-80
Reinforced
Plastic GFRP
glass fiber/
polyester
laminate
Carbon Fiber
65-75
Reinforced
Plastic CFRP
carbon/epoxy
laminate
Aramid Fiber
60-70
Reinforced
Plastic AFRP
aramid/epoxy
laminate
Source P Head G Maunsell & Partners
Integrated
electronics or
electrics
Examples
Application
Initially, sensor
networks are
simple
conventional
sensors buried
in the mix.
Earthquake
resistance is
addressed by
advanced
composites in
new structural
forms. For
example, the
Japanese are
spinning carbon
fiber around
old bridge
supports.
Retrofitting
advanced
composite skins
to reinforced
concrete
structures
considerably
increases their
ductility in
severe
earthquakes
New and
existing dams,
bridges,
highways and
buildings.
Company
Civil
engineers
Density kg/m3
Longitudinal
tensile
modulus GPa
Tensile
Strength MPa
1600-2000
20-55
400-1800
1600-1900
120-250
1200-2250
1050-1250
40-125
1000-1800
Unmanned
and manned
aircraft
including new
air taxis,
personal
Leading
aerospace
companies
67
IDTechEx Ltd
Applicational
sector
The publisher
Since 1999 IDTechEx has provided independent market research and business intelligence on emerging
technologies to companies across the value chain, supporting them in making essential strategic business
decisions. We have two core services:
IDTechEx Research: supplying market and technology intelligence in the form of reports, the market
intelligence portal, strategy sessions and bespoke consulting work.
IDTechEx Events: providing networking, state-of-play knowledge sharing and enabling industry sales
through global tradeshows and conferences, many of which are the largest in the world on the topic.
Key to providing these services are our business and technology experts (mostly PhD educated) who are
respected, high profile and well-connected in their fields, conducting interviews and exhaustive research
across supply chains from end to end. Learn more at www.IDTechEx.com
Raghu Das, CEO
+ 44 1223 813703
r.das@idtechex.com
The authors
Dr Peter Harrop, PhD, FIEE has followed the electric vehicle industry for 15
years and has written thirty reports on the subject. He is founder and
Chairman of IDTechEx Ltd. He was expert witness in an electric vehicles case in
the High Court in London which resulted in an $18 million settlement. He is
currently working on major electric vehicle research contracts for the
European Union and others. He was previously Chief Executive of Mars
Electronics, the $260 million electronics company and Chairman of Pinacl plc,
the $100m fibre optic company. He has been chairman of over 15 high tech
companies.
p.harrop@idtechex.com
Raghu Das MA (Cantab) is CEO of IDTechEx. He has an MA Natural Sciences
honours degree from Cambridge University, where he read physics, maths,
computer science and material science. He has carried out consultancy and
lectured at conferences across North America, Europe, the Middle East and
East Asia, and is author of several IDTechEx publications.
r.das@idtechex.com.
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Email: mayumi@IDTechEx.com
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IDTechEx Japan
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Email: research@IDTechEx.com
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