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There are few things more confusing for beginning Spanish students, at least those who have English as their first language, than learning the
differences between ser and estar. After all, they both mean "to be" in English.
And since both verbs are frequently used, they are as irregular as can be. Who would think that fue would be the third-person preterite of ser? (On the
other hand, you've got to have sympathy with those learning English. Who would think "am," "is," "was," and "are" are all forms of "to be"?)
In this lesson, we'll concern ourselves only with the present tense. After all, by the time you're learning other tenses you'll have the two verbs mastered.
They really aren't that difficult. Just remember when learning a foreign language that we don't translate words from one language to another, we
translate meanings. And many of our English verbs, "to be" among them, have a multitude of meanings.
When I think of the differences between ser andestar, I like to think of ser as the passive verb andestar as the active one. (I'm not using the terms in a
grammatical sense here.) Ser tells you what something is, the nature of its being, while estarrefers more to what something does. I might use soy(the
first-person present of ser) to tell you what I am, but I'd use estoy (the first-person present ofestar) to tell you what I am being.
Now that's probably as clear as a politician's equivocation, but let me give you a few examples. I might say, "Estoy enfermo." That would tell you that I
am being sick, that I am sick at the moment. But it doesn't tell you what I am. Now if I were to say, "Soy enfermo," that would have a different meaning
entirely. That would refer to who I am, to the nature of my being. We might translate that as "I am a sick person" or "I am sickly."
Note similar differences in these examples:
Ser
soy
eres
es
somos
sois
son
Estar
estoy
ests
est
estamos
estis
estn
SER: to be
yo soy (soy)
t eres (EH-rehs)
l, ella, usted es (ehs)
nosotros somos (SOH-mohs)
vosotros sois (soys)
ellos, ellas, ustedes son (sohn)
ESTAR: to be (located)
yo estoy (ehs-TOY)
t ests (ehs-TAHS)
l, ella, usted est (ehs-TAH)
nosotros estamos (ehs-TAH-mohs)
vosotros estis (ehs-TAHYS)
ellos, ellas, ustedes estn (ehs-TAHN)
Choosing between ser and estar trips up a lot of people, but it doesn't have to be complicated if you know the basics. The verb ser is used to express the
following:
Nationality, origin, or a permanent characteristic:
Soy americana. I'm American.
Jennifer es de Inglaterra. Jennifer is from England.
Juan es bajo. Juan is short.
A characteristic or condition that will probably be the same for a long period of time:
Ellos son abogados. They are lawyers.
Date and time:
Mi cumpleaos es el veinte de agosto. My birthday is August 20th.
Son las dos. It's two o'clock.
The verb estar is used to express the following:
Location:
Estoy aqu. I'm here.
El coche est en el garaje. The car is in the garage.
A temporary condition:
Linda est cansada. Linda is tired.
goodbye
well, thanks / very well
welcome
good evening, good night
good afternoon
good morning
goodbye
how are you? (formal)
how are you? (familiar)
whats your name? (formal)
whats your name? (familiar)
pardon me, excuse me
conversation
where are you from? (familiar)
where are you from? (formal)
youre welcome
the pleasure is mine
pleased to meet you
thank you / thank you very much
see you later, until we see one another again
hasta luego
hasta maana
hasta pronto
hola
igualmente
le presento a
lo siento
me llamo
mucho gusto
no hay de qu
no muy bien
nos vemos
perdn
qu hay de nuevo?
qu hora es?
qu pasa?
qu tal?
saludos
seor, Sr. (el)
seora, Sra. (la)
seorita, Srta. (la)
soy de
te presento a
y t?
y Ud.?
los nmeros
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
cero
uno
dos
tres
cuatro
cinco
seis
siete
ocho
nueve
diez
Cuntos quiere?
Quiero uno.
two. )
1.5 (one point five)
diez
veinte
treinta
cuarenta
cincuenta
sesenta
setenta
ochenta
noventa
cien
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
once
doce
trece
catorce
quince
diecisis
diecisiete
dieciocho
diecinueve
Im 21 years old.
How much does it cost?
It costs twenty dollars.
dollars
cents
It costs $19.95.
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
1,000,000
cien
doscientos
trescientos
cuatrocientos
quinientos
seiscientos
setecientos
ochocientos
novecientos
mil
dos mil
tres mil
cuatro mil
cinco mil
seis mil
siete mil
ocho mil
nueve mil
un milln
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at what time?
before
in the morning
in the evening, at night
in the afternoon
afterwards, then
after
during
on the dot, exactly, sharp
then
its one oclock
hour
never, not ever
afterwards, then
later
midnight
noon (literally, midday)
quarter to
never, not ever
finally
what time is it?
always
its oclock
afternoon, late
time
quarter after
thirty (minutes past the hour)
Spanish words for seasons, days of the week and periods of time
anoche
anteayer
ao pasado (el)
ayer
da (el)
poca (la)
estacin (la)
fin de semana (el)
futuro (el)
hoy
hoy es
maana (la)
mes (el)
pasado (el)
presente (el)
semana (la)
semana pasada (la)
last night
day before yesterday
last year
yesterday
day
period, time, season
season
weekend
future
today
today is
tomorrow, morning
month
past
present
week
last week
lunes
martes
mircoles
jueves
viernes
sbado
domingo
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Saturday
Sunday
primavera (la)
otoo (el)
verano (el)
invierno (el)
spring
autumn, fall
summer
winter
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German
Canadian
Chinese
Ecuadorian
Spanish
American (from the U.S.)
French
English
Italian
Japanese
Mexican
nationality
North American (from the U.S.)
Puerto Rican
Russian
Germany
North America
South America
Canada
Scotland
Espaa
Estados Unidos (Los), also EE.UU.
Europa
Francia
Gran Bretaa
Inglaterra
Irlanda
Italia
Mxico
Nueva Zelanda
pas (el)
Rusia
Spain
United States
Europe
France
Great Britain
England
Ireland
Italy
Mexico
New Zealand
country
Russia
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tall
friendly
unpleasant
short
pretty
bright
married
funny
happy
thin, slender
sick
ugly
strong
gordo
guapo
hermoso
inteligente
joven
loco
pobre
rico
rubio
saludable
simptico
soltero
tonto
viejo
fat
handsome, good-looking
beautiful
intelligent
young
crazy
poor
rich
blond
healthy
nice, likeable
single
silly, foolish
old
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Directions in Spanish
a la derecha
a la izquierda
al lado
atrs
cerca
debajo
delante de
desde a
detrs
dnde est?
en
to the right
to the left
beside
behind, ago
near
below, under
in front of
from to
behind
where is?
in, on
encima
entre
lejos
sobre
on top
between, among
far away, distant
on, over
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climate, weather
hows the weather?
smoggy
its clear
its fresh/cool
its raining
its snowing
its cloudy
its nice/bad weather
its hot
its cold
its sunny
its windy
icy, frozen
ice
rain
fog
snow
whats the weather like?
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travel agency
department store
bank
public bathrooms
caf
currency exchange
butcher
mall, shopping center
historic district
tourist center
police station
post office
embassy
train station
pharmacy
hospital
church
laundromat
bookstore
market
museum
royal palace
bakery
bus stop
taxi stop
park
swimming pool
el restaurante
los servicios higinicos
el supermercado
la tienda
restaurant
restrooms
supermarket
store, shop
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to camp
travel agency
travel agent
elevator
bus
cabin
bed
to cancel
tent
to confirm
to rest
employee
luggage
station, season
bus, subway, train station
stay
to be on vacation
single, double room
to pack ones suitcases
to go sightseeing
to take a trip
to go on a hike, to go on a tour
guest
customs inspector
to go shopping
to go fishing
to go on vacation
to go by bus, car, plane, boat, motorcycle, taxi
to play cards
key
arrival
suitcase
to ride a horse
(round-trip) ticket
passport
to go through customs
to fish
floor (of a building)
ground floor
to tour an area
reservation
to take photos
departure, exit
touristy
to travel
traveler
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yellow
orange
rainbow
blue
white
light
color
gray
brown
purple
black
dark
red
pink
green
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coat
department store
cheap
blouse
purse; bag
boot
good
box, cash register
shirt, blouse
caro
cartera (la)
centro comercial (el)
chaqueta (la)
cinturn (el)
cliente (el)
comprar
compras (las)
corbata (la)
corto
costar
de segunda mano
dinero (el)
elegante
falda (la)
gafas (las)
gastar
guantes (l0s)
impermeable (el)
juego (el)
largo
lentes (los)
lentes de contacto (los)
llevar
medias (las)
mercado (el)
nuevo
pagar
pantalones (los)
expensive
wallet, handbag
shopping mall, commercial center
jacket
belt
customer, client
to buy
shopping (the things you buy)
tie
short (in length)
to cost
secondhand
money
elegant
skirt
glasses (such as sunglasses)
to spend (money)
gloves
raincoat
set (as in a set of sheets), game
long (in length)
glasses (such as corrective lenses)
contact lenses
to wear, to carry
socks, pantyhose
market
new
to pay
pants, trousers
shorts
pair
(fixed or set) price
to lend, to loan
sale
gift
to bargain
clothing, clothes
underwear
sandals
hat
sweater
credit card
shop, store
dry cleaners
(bathing) suit
suit
salesperson
to sell
dress
(tennis) shoes
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olive oil
(mineral) water
garlic
to have lunch
almuerzo (el)
arroz (el)
arvejas (las)
atn (el)
azcar (el)
beber
bebida (la)
bistec (el)
caf (el)
camarero (el), mesero (el)
camarones (los)
caracol del mar (el)
carne (la)
carne de res (la)
cebolla (la)
cena (la)
cenar
cereales (los)
cerveza (la)
champin (el)
chuleta (de cerdo) (la)
comer
comida (la)
delicioso
desayunar
desayuno (el)
ensalada (la)
esprragos (los)
frijoles (los)
lunch
rice
peas
tuna
sugar
to drink
drink
steak
coffee
waiter
shrimp
sea snail
meat
beef
onion
meal, dinner
to have dinner, to have a meal
cereal, grains
beer
mushroom
(pork) chop
to eat
food, meal
delicious
to have breakfast
breakfast
salad
asparagus
beans
frutas (las)
hamburguesa (la)
huevo (el)
jamn (el)
jugo (el)
langosta (la)
leche (la)
lechuga (la)
limn (el)
maz (el)
mantequilla (la)
manzana (la)
margarina (la)
mariscos (los)
mariscos (los)
mayonesa (la)
me gustara
melocotn (el)
men (el)
naranja (la)
pan (tostado) (el)
papas/patatas (fritas) (las)
pavo (el)
pedir
pera (la)
pescado (el)
pimienta (la)
pltano (el)
plato (principal) (el)
fruits
hamburger
egg
ham
juice
lobster
milk
lettuce
lemon
corn
butter
apple
margarine
seafood
shellfish
mayonnaise
I would like
peach
menu
orange
(toasted) bread
(fried) potatoes; French fries
turkey
to order (food)
pear
fish
black pepper
banana
(main) dish
(roast) chicken
to taste, to try
cheese
to recommend
soft drink
delicious, yummy
tasty, delicious
salt
sausage
sandwich
smoking section
to serve
soup
(iced) tea
tomato
grape
vegetables
vinegar
(white/red) wine
yogurt
carrot
"Hola, puedo hacer algo por ustd?" Pregunt "Hello, can I help you?" Daisy asked the lady.
Daisy a la seora.
"Please come and sit down."
"Entre, por favor, y tome asiento."
qu hacer. "
La seora gorda se sent pesadamente y puso The fat lady sat down heavily and put her large
su gran bolso de cuero rojo sobre la mesa de
red leather handbag on Daisy's desk.
Daisy.
"Es terrible Sra. Humphries. Piensa tambin el "That's terrible, Mrs. Humphries. Does Mr.
Sr. Humphries que Lorna ha sido
Humphries, too, think Lorna has been
secuestrada?"
kidnapped?"
"No, no lo es en la India!"
"Por supuesto! Y siempre me ha hecho mucha Yes indeed! And she always keeps me great
compaa, sabe?".
LA SORPRESA
THE SURPRISE
Daisy haba descubierto dnde estaba viviendo Daisy had managed to discover where Mr.
el socio deshonesto del Sr. Baccini y estaba
Baccini's dishonest partner was now living and
esperando ansiosamente el cheque.
was anxiously expecting her cheque.
"Podra decirle que ha llamado Daisy Hamilton "Will you tell him Daisy Hamilton telephoned
y que me gustara hablar con l
and would like to talk to him urgently."
urgentemente?."
"I know what I'll do," she thought, "I'll stop off at
Luigi's for a nice banana split."
A Daisy le gustaba sentarse en la heladera de Daisy liked sitting in Luigi's ice-cream parlour
Luigi y charlar un poco con el dueo, un italiano and having a little chat with the owner, a
optimista.
positive-thinking Italian.
Cuando Daisy subi las escaleras de su oficina As Daisy walked up the stairs to her office she
se senta un poco menos decepcionada por la felt a little less sore about human beings.
humanidad.
Cuando Daisy estaba cambindose los zapatos Just as Daisy was changing her shoes to a
por un par ms cmodo, alguien llam a la
more comfortable pair, someone knocked on
puerta y entr.
the door and walked in.
"Yo no he pedido nada de eso," exclam Daisy. "I haven't ordered either of these," exclaimed
Daisy.
Espero que no le importe pero me he enterado I do hope you don't mind but I had noticed you
de que no tena frigorfico en su oficina y... esta didn't have a fridge in your office and... this
cafetera de capuchino es una pequea
cappuccino-making machine is a little speciality.
especialidad de la casa.
"Espero que le llamase mi secretaria. He estado "My secretary did phone you, I hope? I've been
un par de semanas fuera por mi luna de miel." away for a couple of weeks on honeymoon."
Daisy recovered herself, "Well, no, she didn't but that's quite all right Mr. Baccini!"
EL RATN DE BIBLIOTECA
por Crystal Jones
1999
THE BOOKWORM
by Crystal Jones
1999
Afortunadamente Daisy vio que llevaba ms de Luckily Daisy found that she had more than
cuarenta libras.
forty pounds with her.
-Como quiera-, contest el indiferente joven sin If you like, replied the indifferent young man
ni siquiera mirar a Daisy.
without even looking up at Daisy.
-Mmm, no veo nada que me interese por aqu,pens mientras se mova hacia la izquierda
cada vez que terminaba de leer los ttulos de
esa seccin determinada de la estantera.
Daisy entr andando en la tienda de al lado tan Daisy walked into the shop next door as calmly
calmada como pudo, aparentemente con la
as possible, apparently with her head in her
mente en el libro de antigedades.
antiques book.
window.
immediately.
Daisy recogi el libro de antigedades y sugiri Daisy picked up the antiques book and
tomar una taza de t caliente en la tahona que suggested having a hot cup of tea in the
haba unas puertas ms abajo del centro
bakers a few doors down the arcade.
comercial.
-Te gusta?-
l apenas la mir.
Un trozo de uno de los marcos se desprendi y A piece of a picture frame came away in my
Descubr que haba otro cuadro debajo!
hands and I discovered that there was a
second picture underneath!
Daisy se sent.
Tena las mejillas altas y posea ciertamente un She had high cheek bones and certainly
life.
Un momento? pregunt Daisy, detestando
la idea de traer a la memoria ms recuerdos
tristes.
translators in London.
It is but Ive had to come back here principally to sell Green Lodge. You see, I have
to pay off some old debts.
Sabes lo que es eso? El Sr. Winter pregunt Do you know what that is? Mr. Winter asked
a Daisy.
No, no lo s. Tiene Daisy.
Es una Apple Tea Caddy! Una caja con forma Its an Apple Tea Caddy!
de manzana, que serva para guardar el t.
S, es de cuando el t era muy caro, explic
Elodira, dndosela a Daisy para que la mirara.
Usted se parece a una mujer veneciana que vi "You look like a Venetian woman I saw in a
en un retrato, dijo Daisy.
portrait. revealed Daisy.
Oh, de verdad? Todo el mundo deca que mi
madre y yo nos parecamos mucho.
Elodira remembered, There was the gamekeeper, Mr. Clayton, but he died years ago.
primavera.
very spring.
Canaletto.
comprendo.
Tres semanas ms tarde, el Sr. Winter entr en Three weeks later Mr. Winter called in at
la oficina de Daisy.
Daisys office.
Oh, Sr. Winter! Que agradable verle.
Tomemos unos cafs y unos bollos.
Es para t, Daisy!
Daisy concluy, Por otra parte, probablemente Daisy concluded, On the other hand, she was
ella estara encantada con el dinero, ya que
probably glad of the money as her husband
parece que su marido no tena muchos fondos. didnt seem to have many funds.
Cada vez que reciba un cuadro, llevaba la
cuenta de las transacciones que se llevaban a
cabo, en su diario secreto.