FAKULTI PENDIDIKAN DAN BAHASA

SEMESTER SEPTEMBER / 2015

OUMH 2203

ENGLISH FOR WORKPLACE COMMUNICATION

NAMA PELAJAR

NO. MATRIKULASI

NO. KAD PENGNEALAN

NO. TELEFON

E-MEL

PUSAT PEMBELAJARAN

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CONTENT

1.0

Introduction

2.0

Content

4-6

2.1 Present Situation

6-7

2.2 Problem

7-9

2.3 Solution

9-12

3.0

Conclusion

12

4.0

References

13-14

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Justification Report on a topic

Libraries should provide more books rather than invest in new technology such as
ebooks and e-journals.

1.0 INTRODUCTION

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People always say that Technology kills humanity. This statement could be true if we
are thinking and seeing problems with one side only. We can make biased judgment. If
we really look through in our lives, we, humans are the living things, we created
technology and we use them. Thus, who to be blamed? Human or Technology? But this
report does not argue about Human versus Technology but the purpose of writing this
report is as justification of this hypothesis Libraries should provide more books rather
than invest in new technology such as e-books and e-journals in the perspective of a
Librarian. Due to the rapid growth of Internet and the rapid changes in technologies
supporting tools invented, have raised communitys interest in finding ways to harness
this new, almost unlimited and powerful sources. We can say that all consumer
communities have signed on to this Internet phenomenon which this phenomenon been
linked to professional and academic communities. The growth and high valuation of the
dot.com companies in within 2004-2005 make us the librarians have found our fiscal
woes. In library, most of the librarians are working and selling products, but the end
users acceptance of the Internet has become universal. Thus, libraries in all sizes are
being pressured to more of this services available and efficient. In campus, faculty and
students are looking forward for a library that are leading towards Internet revolution.
More access to the sources is now the cry and pressure by the end user to the library.
Library played as a centre role whereas the filter by supporting public access to the
internet via OPAC by arranging and at the same time paying for a vast range of
information services. The problems in campus that regardless of who you are, all wants
a desktop access with an easy and fast access but have great difficulty in understanding
why that is not as immediately as possible. But, since almost everything is on the line
and available over the Internet, why do we need to invest in print publications?
Meanwhile, in some campuses, the question being asked is; Why traditional campus is
still relevant and why we still investing in the traditional library? The understanding of
the difficulty that the librarians faced is very little regarding of library tried to get the
access rights to many of the popular publisher services such as Academic Presss Ideal
or Link from SpringerVerlag. This would have involved a very long process with a long
negotiation. Which by the end of negotiation, access to an electronic format is not free.
This cost were often paid by the library. Even with explanation during induction, faculty
as well as the students having trouble in understanding that is everything on the Net is
not free and also the reason why they are not free. Faculties are not the only parties that
confused about e-journals as well as e-books and also the access process but literally in
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hundreds of meetings regarding e-journals and e-books in the past two years; the
amount of misinformation received and given of those meetings is embarrassing. Only
in the last five to six years has the eBook trend grown significantly in the scholarly
market, with Springer as the first to market with an STM eBooks product in 2006.
However, eBooks are anticipated to become as hugely influential over print publications
as e-Journals have been in the last decade. In fact, the Middle East Technical University
Library in Turkey, early adopters of the format, boasts a collection of more than 120,000
eBooks since beginning their collection in 2003. During the annual Library Budget
survey conducted in 2011 by Publishers Communication Group, 509 institutions were
surveyed worldwide to uncover trends and make predictions for the future of
institutional library budgets. Academic, medical, governmental and corporate libraries
were included in the survey.

Figure 1: e-Book spending as part of the overall book budget has been trending upward
over the last year, most significantly in the academic and medical markets.
Source: 2012 Annual Library Budget Survey, Publishers Communication Group
By looking at the figure above, it shows that e-Book has experienced general upward.
This shows that this statistics because the potential advantages of e-book technology are
likely to be realised day by day only to the extent that they advance the economic goals
of e-book suppliers and are consistent with the legal framework that has been negotiated
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by publishers, vendors, libraries, and readers. Many difficulties can be traced to a lack
of uniformity in license terms, access restrictions, and librarians expectations.
Likewise, sustainable access to e-books is hindered by impermanent physical media,
proprietary file formats and software, and restrictive license provisions. Although the
goals of e-book providers are sometimes inconsistent with those of universities,
librarians are well-positioned to guide vendors in the development of e-book licenses
and platforms.
2.0 CONTENT
2.1 Present Situation
In retrospect the procurement of library resources in the twentieth century was
relatively straightforward. The majority of resources were only available in print format
and acquired in perpetuity. Key library activities revolved around ensuring that
appropriate resources were acquired in time, on budget and that a robust collection
management policy was in place to ensure that shelf-space was available for new
acquisitions. Whilst similar activity related to print materials can be observed in
libraries today, the complete scenario for the twenty-first century librarian is very
different. Prospects for cost savings and technological advancement together signal a
relentless shift towards electronic resources and away from print (Spinella 2008). The
wealth of digital content increasingly being made available in a variety of forms and
under a range of business models provides great opportunities for libraries to grow and
develop their collections in ways previously not possible. However, there are so many
digital resources available that librarians require tools to ensure that they are able to
manage the procurement process effectively whilst ensuring the end-user is able to
enjoy the full potential of the digital world. It is also important that digital resources are
not considered in isolation and that the remaining print legacy that most libraries still
hold is exploited in a complementary way.

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From the above diagram we can say that printed books, people mostly use it for socially
reading it with others meanwhile for eBooks are mostly used for getting a quick book
from a wide selection of books or for traveling.
When mentioning aboaut sales of eBooks are selling more than printed books.In
the Pew Research Center, 61% of the people prefer to buy their own book copies on
eBooks while 54% of the people prefer their own copies on printed books. In
Amazon.com statistics eBooks are outselling the print books. This is because the price
of eBooks are low which makes it more affordable for everyone.

2.2 Problem and Challenges

Whilst the benefits of digital resources are self-evident, the challenges in ensuring their
provision, discovery and use are complex. The exponential shift towards digital content
requires library staff to adapt, take on new roles and acquire or develop new skills and
expertise in areas such as licence negotiation, IT applications deployment, budget
management and analysis, marketing and promotion and usage analysis and reporting.
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Negotiating contracts and licences for digital resources can be complex and time
consuming. Organisations such as Eduserv, JISC and consortia have gone some way
towards minimising the financial, consultation and legal burden by negotiating on
behalf of the academic community and by introducing model licences. Eduserv
estimated that their Chest agreements saved the UK academic community 28 million
on the cost of software and data products in the period from January to September 2009
(Eduserv, 2010). Shared E-resources Understanding (SERU), a US initiative, is a
document of understanding between libraries and publishers who have an established
history of cooperating in a non-litigious manner. Published in 2008 by NISO, the
document aims to minimise the effort and expense involved in licence negotiation.
Maintaining access and the preservation of digital content in perpetual usable formats
are a primary concern both in terms of immediacy of access and availability of a future
digital archive. As libraries subscribe to a large number of e-journals, maintaining
access can be problematic. Because of staffing constraints, many libraries will adopt a
fix upon failure approach to maintaining access. Collins and Murray (2009) describe a
proactive strategy (SEESAU) to access verification implemented by the University of
Georgias library. Initiatives such as LOCKSS (Lots of Copies Keep Stuff Safe);
CLOCKSS (Controlled LOCKSS) and more recently PeCAN (Pilot for Ensuring
Continuity of Access via NESLi2) aim to provide sustainable archives for the long-term
preservation of scholarly publications. Making users aware of the wide range of digital
resources will continue to be a challenge, especially as users expect a Google-like
experience. Lauridsen and Stone (2009) highlight the challenge and reflect on how
librarians might cope. Breeding (2009) stresses the need to maximise the impact of
libraries digital collections, especially rare, historic, or local material, to ensure
relevance of libraries in the future. Libraries should aim to remain uniquely relevant by
providing access to born-digital materials created by their own community e.g. research
papers, conference presentations, theses, audio files, streamed lectures, blogs, wikis etc.
Law (2009) highlighted this and other areas of strength and core activity that libraries
should be exploiting. Breeding (2009) suggests using next-gen discovery tools and
interfaces to improve the librarys standing in the community it serves. Publishers and
suppliers are increasingly eager to collaborate with librarians to build and supply the
content and systems that best meet library needs: however, there is a caveat; vendors
ultimate aim is to maximise profit which can conflict with library-driven innovation, the
open-access movement, institutional roles and perpetually challenging budgetary
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environments. Some publishers, concerned about a possible decline in sales of

textbooks to students, refuse to make library acquirable e-copies of their titles, whilst
attempting to sell interactive course cartridges (for VLEs) directly to lecturers on the
understanding that the book will be adopted as core reading. Alternatively an e-copy of
a book or access to an associated teaching resource site may be purchasable by an
individual, but not a library, causing discontentment for academics, librarians and
students alike. In 2009 Elsevier also caused outrage when it was reported that they had
been approaching university vice-chancellors directly about taking full text open access
research repositories out of universities hands (Corbyn 2009). A repository operated by
a journal publisher could set access conditions that undermine the needs of researchers
and make it hard to search the data. Periods of economic recession add significantly to
the challenges already highlighted, as does the continuing tax aberration whereby econtent procured by libraries incurs VAT, although print does not. A report by JISC
(2009c) documents the impacts that a recession might have on libraries , ranging from
budgetary cuts through to difficulty in retaining and recruiting staff.

2.3 Solution
During the last decade digital library issues have become part, probably the dominant
part, of strategic planning in higher education libraries, or perhaps more correctly, a
pervasive contextual issue that affects all our planning. In many universities the
strategic planning of library and information services is seen as mission-critical for
the institution and occurs within its overall strategic planning. In Britain an
important influence was the requirement on universities to produce an information
strategy. An example of a just one digital library strategy as part of an overall estrategy can be found at Warwick University (2006). There are many others, but
often not publicly available, presumably because they are regarded as commercially
confidential. A useful collection of approaches to and case studies of strategic
planning for digital libraries set in institutional contexts can be found in Andrews
and Law. (2004)
2.3.1 Alternative publishing

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Although the (academic) publishing industry and commercial information market has
undergone huge change over the last few years, making vast amounts of digital
publications available for libraries, criticisms still remain, primarily about the cost of
journals. Various initiatives have emerged in order to try to bring strategic change on the
supply side. These include the alternative publishing initiatives such as Highwire (2006)
and SPARC (2006), which aim to bring lower priced scientific journals to the market. A
review of these trends in the biomedical sciences appeared in Program. (2003)

Also academics and institutions are taking matters into their own hands and have been
doing so for some time. Probably the most famous example is the scientific pre-prints or
e-prints archive of Los Alamos. (LANL 2006) There is also a significant drive towards
research institutions making their output available through institutional repositories and
archives, stimulated to a large extent by the Open Archive Initiative. There are now
innumerable repository projects: see for instance the special issue of Program (2005)
devoted to repositories and digitization projects for historical research, and the article on
electronic theses at Cranfield (Bevan 2005). Perhaps the most co-ordinated national
programme in this sphere is the DARE (2006) programme in the Netherlands.

2.3.2 Consortia
Probably the most notable strategic response of libraries to developments in the
electronic publishing industry in recent years is the evolution of library consortia.
Consortia as such are not new, as libraries have co-operated formally and informally for
decades. But the perceived crisis in serials has led to the formation of purchasing
consortia which are now a major force in the market and theoretically advantageous to
both publishers and libraries.
There may be another paradox here. In the time of printed journals libraries were
accustomed to using serials agents to outsource the tedious work of managing serials
subscriptions. The cost of this work was met by the agents out of their operating
margins. Subscription agents have now to a large extent been squeezed out of the
market, leaving the substantial work of negotiation of deals and contracts to a new cadre
of specialized staff in libraries and consortia, paid for by the libraries. This looks like
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good news for publishers who no longer have to give discounts to the agents, but the
added costs may not always have been taken into account in library economics.
Furthermore, the strategy of certain publishers to maintain their income streams
when electronic publishing might be expected to reduce prices, has been to persuade
librarians to maintain or increase their expenditure on journals by offering vastly more
content. This is the so-called big deal. This was and can still be an attractive
proposition and has undoubtedly widened access and usage, but it can also be a honey
trap for library budgets. Publishers can demand yearly price increases way above
inflation, with restrictive contracts that limit the librarys scope to cancel journals. At
the end of the contract the only way that the library can reduce its costs by even a
modest amount is to cancel large amounts of journals to which its users have become
accustomed. This situation seems to be unsustainable. Indeed one Belgian university
library estimated that at the present rate of increase its entire budget would eventually
be spent on one publisher. For a review of the issues see the solution for orderly
withdrawal from the big deal proposed at OhioLINK. (Gatten 2004) Other drawbacks
are that the dominance in library budgets of the big publishers threatens to squeeze the
smaller but nonetheless valuable publishers and libraries are compelled to take titles that
they do not really want.

2.3.3 Digitization

The rapid development in ease of digitization, reduction in costs and improvement in

facilities for giving access has led to enormous numbers of digitization projects. Many
libraries, typically those that own significant heritage or primary research collections are
carrying out or have completed digitization projects. Further, national and regional
authorities or agencies too numerous to mention have stimulated the digitization of
content for a variety of strategic purposes. Digitization can be seen as an important
strategic tool for widening access to resources, some of which might be too precious or
fragile to allow usage. For full discussion of issues relating to digitization see another
article by Lynch. (2002).
The most newsworthy and potentially the most significant development of
strategic import is the programme announced by Google in which monographs in five
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major research libraries will be digitized. Such a programme raises many issues, which
are discussed by Lavoie and others. (Lavoie 2005) It has sparked further initiatives by
other industry players, and importantly by the European Commission perhaps in part in
response to concerns about English language domination.

2.3.4 Preservation

At the start of Programs fourth decade the problem of preservation of digital

information was just appearing on the agenda. The problem is two-fold. On the one
hand it is a major technical challenge and on the other a complex strategic and business
issue. On the technical front the properties of digital media for longevity were unknown
and strategies were only tentatively proposed. During the last decade much work has
been done. Schemas for preservation metadata have been established and in the context
of development of repositories and Open Archive Initiative standards many repositories
are being set up with the express aim of long-term preservation.
On the business and strategy front librarians still believe that it is their role to
preserve information for posterity, but now with the retention of the original version by
publishers this can only be done in close co-operation with them and within copyright
agreement. Perhaps the most productive example of such collaboration is that between
the Koninklijke Bibliotheek of the Netherlands, Elsevier and other publishers.
(Steenbakkers 2005) Furthermore, librarians are faced with the immense challenge of
selecting and preserving Internet information, much of which is essentially ephemeral.
(Arms 2006) This whole subject is far from resolved. (Keller 2003)

3.0 CONCLUSION
Printed books and eBooks both serve its purpose for entertaining reading lovers. They
are both tied when it comes to reasons why people chose them. eBooks wont replace
printed books because people love both. eBooks may be selling more than printed
books, but it wont ever replace printed books. Thus, this report is all about justification
whether we should invest more in digital version of books such as eBooks or eJournal
or we should invest more in printed books in libraries. In the perspective of a librarian, I
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see problems with investing more in digital books. But, we should take some
precautions so that the end user will not become abusive user of the digital resources.
REFERENCES
Andrews, J. and Law, D. (2004) Digital libraries, policy, planning and practice,
Ashgate, 2004 ISBN 0754634485
Andrews, N. Monday, J. and Williams, A., 2006. A study evaluating
bibliographic and citation databases in use in the UK Higher Education community.
London.
Anon, 2009. Amazon reports higher sales of e-books than physical books on
Christmas Day. Bath: Best Books (M2).
Arms, W.Y. et al (2006) A research library based on the historical collections
of the Internet archive. D-Lib magazine Vol 12 No. 3 http://www.dlib.org
Bevan, S.J.(2005) Electronic thesis development at Cranfield University.
Program Vol. 39 No.2 pp. 100-111
Breeding, M., 2009. Maximizing the impact of digital collections. Computers in
Libraries, 29 (4), 32-34. British Library, 2009. Secure Electronic Delivery. Available
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Collins, M., 2005. Electronic resource management systems: Understanding the
players and how to make the right choice for your library. Serials Review, 31 (2),
125-140.
Collins, M., 2008. Electronic resource management systems (ERMs) review.
Serials Review, 34 (4), 267-299.
Collins, M. and Murray, W. T., 2009. SEESAU: University of Georgias
electronic journal verification system. Serials Review, 35 (2), 80-87.
Corbyn, Z., 2009. Publisher threat to open access. Times Higher Education, 18
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2010.

What

are

Chest

agreements?

Available

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http://www.eduserv.org.uk/licence-negotiation/about (accessed 15 October 2015).

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Fidel, R., 2008. Are we there yet? Mixed methods research in library and
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Available

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game. Serials, 22 (2), 141-145. Law, D., 2009. Academic digital libraries of the
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NISO, 2009. Standardised usage statistics harvesting initiative. Available from:
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