Journal of Constructional Steel Research 67 (2011) 15671577

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Journal of Constructional Steel Research

Elasto-plastic analysis of circular concrete-lled steel tube stub columns

Fa-xing Ding a, Zhi-wu Yu a, Yu Bai b, Yong-zhi Gong a,
a
b

School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410075, P. R. China
Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia

a r t i c l e

i n f o

Article history:
Received 14 December 2010
Accepted 4 April 2011
Available online 5 May 2011
Keywords:
Concrete-lled steel tube
Axial loading behavior
Elasto-plastic analysis
Stressstrain relationship
Ultimate capacity
Connement effect

a b s t r a c t
This paper presents a full-range elasto-plastic analysis using continuum mechanics on circular concrete-lled
steel tube (CFT) stub columns under concentric loading condition, covering concrete strengths from 30 to
120 MPa and diameter-to-wall thickness ratio (D/t) greater than 20. Firstly, a constitutive model was
employed for laterally-conned concrete under axial compression. A continuum mechanics model was then
established and the corresponding elasto-plastic analysis was performed through a FORTRAN program. This
model is able to present full-range stress-strain developments in axial, radial and perimeter directions and
further clarify the load sharing pattern between the steel tube and the concrete core. Based on the proposed
model, parametric analysis was conducted to investigate the effects of material strengths and sectional steel
ratio on the triaxial stressstrain developments and the load sharing pattern. In addition, the model was
simplied to predict the ultimate capacity and the load-axial strain relationship of CFT composite sections and
the results are in good agreement with experiments. Further comparisons were made of the approach
developed by Han et al. 2004 and the existing international standards.
Crown Copyright 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
Concrete-lled steel tube (CFT) columns provide excellent structural
benets for seismic resistance such as high ductility and large energy
absorption capacity. In addition, construction time can be considerably
reduced due to the elimination of permanent formwork. As a result,
numerous studies on CFT columns with normal and high-strength
concrete have been conducted in recent years [17]. The enhancement
of CFT columns in structural properties is due to the composite action
between individual constituent elements. The steel tube acts as both
longitudinal and transverse reinforcement and also provides a conning
pressure to the concrete, which introduces the concrete core to a triaxial
stress state. On the other hand, the steel tube is stiffened by the concrete
core. The resulting ultimate strength of CFT columns is determined by
the constituent material properties such as the compressive strength of
concrete, the yield strength of steel, and the steel ratio.
Initially, focus was mainly given to the ultimate capacity estimation
of CFT stub columns under concentric compression [810]. Although
later on, analytic studies have included the connement effects on the
concrete core and the stress transfer between the steel tube and the
concrete core [35], the load sharing pattern has not been claried
between the steel tube and the concrete core for a full range of loading.
It appears that this load sharing pattern can be understood through an
elasto-plastic analysis based on continuum mechanics, and the triaxial

Corresponding author. Tel.: + 86 731 82656540; fax: + 86 731 82655536.

E-mail address: gyzh@yahoo.cn (Y. Gong).

stressstrain developments (axial, radial and perimeter directions)

can be further predicted in a full elasto-plastic range. A recent model
developed by Bai et al. [11] theoretically formulated the connement
effects provided by the steel tube and the improved load-carrying
capacity of concrete core through a continuum mechanics method,
only ultimate state was considered however.
The aim of this study is therefore to employ continuum mechanics to
achieve a full-range elasto-plastic analysis on circular CFT stub column
subjected to axial compressive loading. For this purpose, a proper
material constitutive model for concrete was adopted rst. Then a
continuum mechanics model was established for the entirely-loaded
CFT section. The modeling results were further veried against
experimental data. Finally the inuences of the compressive strength
of concrete, the yield strength of steel, and the steel ratio on the stressstrain development and load sharing pattern between steel tube and
concrete core were discussed. In addition, based on the elasto-plastic
analysis, a simplied model was developed for calculating the ultimate
capacity and the axial stressstrain relationship of circular CFT stub
columns and compared with the approach proposed by Han et al. (2004)
[12], and the existing standards such as AISC-360 (2005) [13] and
Eurocode 4 (2004) [14].
2. Material properties and constitutive models
The mechanical model for the circular stub column is established
based on the following assumptions: 1) there is no slip between the
steel tube and concrete core, and 2) the concrete core and steel tube
are in full contact with each other and there is no local buckling of the

0143-974X/$ see front matter. Crown Copyright 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.jcsr.2011.04.001

F. Ding et al. / Journal of Constructional Steel Research 67 (2011) 15671577

Nomenclature
Ac
As
Asc
D
Ec
E0
Ef
Es
Esc
fc
fcc
fcu
fcyl
fs
fsc
fsc,p
fsc,u
fsc,y
fu
J2
L
N
Nc
Ns
Nu
Ny
uL,c
uL,s
ur,c
ur,s
t
ya
L,c
L,s
r,c
r,s
,c
,s
i
c
cc
i
L,c
L,s
L
L,p
sc,0
,c
,s
r,c
r,s
y
,s
v0

Cross-sectional area of concrete core

Cross-sectional area of steel tube
Cross-sectional area of CFT stub column
Outer diameter of circular steel tube
Elastic modulus of concrete estimated
Secant modulus of concrete at the peak stress under
uniaxial compression
Secant modulus of concrete at the peak stress in the
major direction
Steel modulus of elasticity
Composite modulus of elasticity for CFT stub column
Uniaxial compressive strength of concrete
Axial compressive strength of concrete subjected to
lateral conning pressure
Cubic compressive strength of concrete
Compressive cylinder strength of concrete
Yield strength of steel
Composite stress of CFT stub column
Nominal axial limit stress of elasticity of CFT stub
column
Ultimate strength of CFT stub column
Residual capacity of CFT stub column
Tensile strength of steel
The second stress invariants
Length of CFT stub column
Axial load
External compressive load on concrete core
External compressive load on steel tube
Axial ultimate capacity
Residual capacity
Axial displacement of concrete core
Axial displacement of steel tube
Radial displacement of concrete core
Radial displacement of steel tube
Wall thickness of steel tube
Stress ratio in elastic limit of concrete
Axial stress of concrete subjected to lateral conning
pressure
Axial stress of steel tube
Conning pressure around the concrete
Radial stress of steel tube
Perimeter stress of concrete core
Perimeter stress of steel tube
Equivalent stress
Strain at peak uniaxial compression of concrete
Strain at peak axial compression of concrete subjected
to lateral conning pressure
Equivalent strain
Axial strain of concrete subjected to lateral conning
pressure
Axial strain of steel tube
Average axial strain of CFT stub column at mid-height
Nominal limit axial strain of elasticity of CFT stub
column
Strain at peak axial compression of CFT stub column
Perimeter strain of concrete core
Perimeter strain of steel tube
Radial strain of concrete core
Radial strain of steel tube
Yield strain of steel
Perimeter expansion strain
Initial Poisson's ratio of concrete

vc
vf
vs
vsc

Poisson's ratio of concrete

Peak Poisson's ratio of concrete
Poisson's ratio of steel
Strain ratio of steel tube
Cross-sectional steel ratio of CFT column
Connement index, = fsAs/(fcAc)

stub column taking place. Constitutive models of concrete and steel

tube were proposed and discussed as follows.
2.1. Concrete
The relationships between fc and fcu and between c and fcu were
estimated by the following equations in Yu and Ding (2003) [15]:
7=6

fc = 0:4fcu

7=18

c = 383fcu

10

It should be noted that different function forms of such relationships may exist, results from the adopted ones (Eqs. 1 and 2) are in
consistence with others.
When concrete was subjected to a lateral conning pressure, the
axial compressive strength fcc and the corresponding strain cc became
much higher than those of the unconned concrete. Based on the
experimental data of the laterally-conned normal strength concrete
(NC) and high-strength concrete (HSC) cylinders under axial
compressive loading [1621], the relationship between fcc and fc
was estimated as follows:
fcc = fc + 3:4 r;c :

Eq. (3) is applicable for concrete strength ranging from 30 to

l20 MPa. The comparison between the predicted and reported data is
shown in Fig. 1, a reasonable agreement can be found.
For concrete subjected to triaxial loading condition, Ottosen
(1979) [22] proposed the following equation to estimate the secant
modulus at the peak stress in the axial direction (Ef):
E0
4
1 + 4A1 1x
p 
p
where, x =
J2 =fc 1= 3, E0 = fc/c, A1 is the variable in the

Ef =

ascending branch of uniaxial stressstrain relationship. For the

fcc /fc

1568

Candappa et al. [18] 9 points

Sfer et al.

[20] 12 points

Ansari et al.

[16] 17 points

f cc
fc

0
0.0

1 3.4

r,c

fc

Xie et al. [21] 33 Points

Imran et al. [19] 42 points
Attard et al. [17] 38 points
0.4

0.8

r,c/fc

1.2

1.6

Fig. 1. Axial compressive strength of conned concrete.

2.0

F. Ding et al. / Journal of Constructional Steel Research 67 (2011) 15671577

140

laterally-conned concrete under axial compressive loading, Eq. (4)

was simplied as follows:
E0
1 + 5:54A1 1 r;c =fc :

However Eq. (5) could not satisfy the experimental data on the
triaxial compressive loading condition. When the conning pressure
is small, Eq. (5) overestimates the value of Ef in comparison with
experimental data. From the test results by Richart et al. (1929) [23],
Eq. (5) was modied as follows:

28.2MPa

120

Richart et al. [23]

Predicted curves

100

L,c (MPa)

Ef =

80

13.9MPa
60

7.52MPa

40

Lateral pressure 3.79MPa

20

Ef =

E0

0:5
1 + 4:8A1 1 r;c =fc

1569

0
0.00

fc=25.2MPa
0.01

0.02

0.03

L,c

0.04

0.05

0.06

where, A1 was estimated according to Yu and Ding (2003) [15]:

4 = 9

A1 = 9:1fcu

Fig. 2. Axial compressive stressaxial strain relationship for conned concrete.

In this way the relationship between cc and c can be estimated by




 
r;c
r;c 0:5
cc = c 1 + 3:4
1 + 4:8A1 1
:
fc
fc

When the laterally-conned concrete is subjected to an axial

compression, the axial stressstrain relationship could be described
by the following expressions:
8
>
>
>
<

A2 x + B2 1x2
x1
1 + A2 2x + B2 x2
y=
>
x
>
>
xN1
:
2 x12 + x

strength. In this study, Poisson's ratio of concrete vc was assumed as

follows:
8
v0
>
>
>
s
>
>


<


yya 2
vc = vf vf v0
1
>
1ya
>
>
>
>
:v
f

x1; yya
x1; ya by1

13

x N 1; yb1

where, vf = 10.0025(fcu20) and ya = 0.3 + 0.002(fcu20) based

on [22]. It can be seen that the expression of vf also reects the
inuence of concrete strength. One difference from [22] is that the
value of vf in this study could be continuously great than 0.5 because
of the connement effect on concrete core offered by steel tube.

where y = L,c/fcc, x = L,c/cc, and



 
r;c 0:5
A2 = A1 1 + 4:8A1 1
:
fc

2.2. Steel tube

10

A2 is determined by Eq. (10) for the ascending branch of the axial

stressstrain relationship of laterally-conned concrete. B2 is a
parameter to control the decrease of elastic modulus at the ascending
branch of the axial stress-strain relationship. According to the
denition of elastic modulus, when L,c is within the ascending
branch and less than 0.4 fc, the curve can be considered as a straight
line. Therefore, when x = 0.4 fc/(fccA3) and y = 0.4fc/fcc, the expression
for B2 can be obtained as
B2 =

y + A2 2xyA2 xx
1yx2

11

and
2 = 0:15

12

for the descending branch of the axial stressstrain relationship.

Comparison between the experimental results of axial stress
strain relationship for laterally-conned concrete under axial compression and the description using Eq. (9) is shown in Fig. 2. As can be
seen, the model gives a reasonable tting of the experimental curves.
A typical axial stressstrain relationship is given in Fig. 3 (a).
The secant value of Poisson's ratio of concrete (vc) under uniaxial
compression varies from 0.15 to 0.22 when concrete is in elastic stage,
and a representative value of 0.2 is adopted. Poisson's ratio of concrete
increases gradually as the axial strain increases, and vc could be
greater than 0.5 when the stress approaches the uniaxial compressive

Typical stressstrain relationship for steel consists of four stages as

shown in Fig. 3(b). Detailed expressions were given as:
8
E
>
>
< s i
fs
i =
>
> fs + Es i st
:
fu

i y
y bi st
st b i u
i N u

14

where Es = 206,000 MPa, fu = 1.5fs, Est = Es, u = st + 0.5fs/(Es), and

and st are two coefcients. In this paper, it was considered that
st = 12y and u = 120y, and the resulting value of is 1/216.
Poisson's ratio of steel denoted as vs was assumed as follows:
8
< 0:285
vs = 1:075 i =fs  0:8 + 0:285 0:8
: 0:5

i 0:8y
y bi y :
i N y

15

3. Mechanics model
3.1. Formulation in elastic stage
When a CFT stub column is subjected to the axial compressive
loading condition and the load is applied evenly across the crosssectional steel and concrete, the mechanics model of concentric cylinder
of steel tube and concrete core can be established. As shown in Fig. 4, in
case of small deformation, the axial strains were identical for concrete
core and steel tube (i.e. L,c = L,s = L), and the axial symmetric plane

1570

F. Ding et al. / Journal of Constructional Steel Research 67 (2011) 15671577

(a) concrete

(b) steel

Fig. 3. Material stressstain relationship.

strain simplication becomes applicable. According to Airy stress

function = C1lnr + C2r2lnr + C3r2 + C4 (where C1, C2, C3, and C4 are
coefcients) the following equations could be obtained:
(1) For concrete core section [0 b r(D/2-t)]:
Stress

Strain


2
r ;c = ;c = 2C3 1c 2c = Ec c L

18

Displacement

r ;c = ;c = 2C3

16

L;c = Ec L + 4c C3

17

h


i
2
ur ;c = r 2C3 1c 2c = Ec c L

19

uL;c = LL

20

(2) For steel tube section [(D/2t) r D/2]

Stress
0

r ;s = C1 = r + 2C3
0

21
0

;s = C1 = r + 2C3
0

L;s = Es L + 4s C3

22
23

Strain


8
0
2
0
>
2C3 1vs 2vs
>
1
+
v
C
>
s 1
>
+
vs L
>
< r;s =
Es
Es r 2


>
>
2C30 1vs 2v2s
>
>
1 + vs C10
>
: ;s =
+
vs L
Es
Es r 2

24

Displacement
8
>
>
>
<
>
>
>
:

ur;s


2 0
3
2C3 1vs 2v2s
1 + vs C10
4
=r
vs L 5
Es
r
Es

25

uL;s = LL

In Eqs. (16) (25), Ec is estimated by the equation Ec = 9500f1/3

cu
according to Yu and Ding (2003) [15] and C1 and C3 are coefcients.
When full contact between concrete core and steel tube is
assumed, according to Saint-Venant's principle, the stress condition
for the stub column at mid-height can be written as

Fig. 4. Mechanics model of CFT stub column.

L;c Ac + L;s As = N

26

F. Ding et al. / Journal of Constructional Steel Research 67 (2011) 15671577

Let fsc = N/Asc, where Asc = Ac + As, the following equation can be
obtained:
fsc = 1L;c + L;s

27

where = As/Asc 4 t/D.

Based on continuum mechanics, the following boundary conditions can be considered for axially-loaded cylinders of steel tube and
concrete core in the mid-height region:
(1) Stress boundary condition
r j r = D = 2 = 0

28

= r j r = D = 2t

3.2. Formulation in inelastic stage

For the steel tube subjected to both lateral pressure and axial
compression, its internal edge (where r = D/2t) would yield rst,
and the plastic region would expand rapidly to the whole section of
steel tube considering that t D . When analyzing the stress of the
steel tube in plastic stage, the radial stress of steel tube was ignored.
According to Eq. (34), the stresses of steel tube after yield can be
written as:
8
< ;s = 2vc vs 1Qt Est L
:

= 12vs vc vs 1Qt Est L

L;s

38

where

(2) Stress and displacement compatible condition

r j r = D = 2t

1571

29

Qt =

h


i1
1vc 2v2c nt + 22v2s + vs + 2v2s
;
t

nt = Es =Ec ; Ec = Et 2vc vc vs Qt Es :
ur j r = D = 2t

= ur j r = D = 2t

30

According to Eqs. (16) (25) and Eqs. (28) (30), the expressions
of C1, C3 and C3 can be obtained as:
8
2
>
D
>
>
vc vs 1Q Es L
C10 =
>
>
4
>
>
<
1
C30 = vc vs 1Q Es L
>
>
2
>
>
>
>
>
: C = 1 v v Q E
3
s
s L
2 c

31

where Q= [(1 vc 2v2c )n+ (2 2v2s + vs +2v2s )] 1 and n =

Es/Ec.
Substituting Eq. (31) for Eqs. (16) to (18) and Eqs. (21) to (24), the
following equations can be obtained:

r;c = ;c = vc vs Q Es L
L;c = Ec + 2vc vc vs QEs L

32

h 

i
2
r;c = ;c = 1vc 2vc vc vs Qnvc L

h
i
8
2
>
1 vc vs 1Q Es L
>
< r;s = D=2r
h
i
;s = D=2r 2 + 1 vc vs 1QEs L
>
>
:
L;s = 12vs vc vs 1Q Es L

33

35
Substituting the expressions of L,c in Eq. (32) and L,s in Eq. (34)
for Eq. (27), the composite stressstrain relationship of the stub
column in elastic stage can be written as:
36
2

Esc = 1Ec + Es + 2vc vs 1QEs :

h

i
8
< r;s = 1 + vs =1=4 1vs 2v2s 1vc vs Qt L vs L
h

i
: = 1 + v =1=4 + 1v 2v2 1v v Q v :
;s
s
s
c
s
t L
s L
s

39

The strains at external surface of steel tube can be calculated by

Eq. (34) just by replacing the symbol Q with Qt.
For the concrete core, the non-linear behavior appears as the load
increases. The equations for the stresses and strains of concrete core
in inelastic stage were in the same form as those in elastic stage,
while the symbols Ec, Es and Q should be replaced by Etc, Ets and Qt
respectively. As a result the composite stressstrain relationship of
the CFT stub column in inelastic stage can be written as:
t

fsc = Esc L

40

where Etsc = (1 )Etc + Ets + 2(vc vs)2(1 )Q tEts.

Therefore, the composite stress-axial strain relationship for the
stub column in the full elasto-plastic range can be written as:
(
fsc =

Esc L

L L;p

t
Esc
L

L N L;p :

41

3.3. Comparison with experimental data

34

h

i
8
< r;s = D=2r 2 1 + vs 1vs 2v2s 1vc vs Q L vs L
h

i
: = D=2r 2 1 + v + 1v 2v2 1v v Q v
;s
s
s
c
s
L
s L
s

fsc = Esc L

Ets is secant modulus of steel calculated by Eq. (14) and Et is secant

modulus of concrete calculated by Eq. (9).
The strains at mid-height of steel tube after yield were:

37

Based on the above formulations, an elasto-plastic analysis was

developed using a Fortran 90 computer program. The modeling
results are compared with experimental results in Fig. 5 for the loaddependent strain developments, where a satisfactory agreement can
be found. A divergence between the predicted and experimental
responses in the post-elastic region was noticed, which may be
contributed by the inaccurate representation of the material properties in the constitutive models. However the resulting difference in
load estimation is less than 9% and has no signicant consequence on
the overall performance of the proposed model.
Due to the planar stress state simplication, the external
compressive load (Ns) versus axial strain (L) relationship for the
steel tube was calculated by Wang et al. (2006) [6] based on the test
results, therefore the load on concrete core (Nc) can be separated from
the total load (N). These results from [6] are shown in Fig. 6 for a
comparison with the modeling results. Analytical results in Fig. 6

1572

F. Ding et al. / Journal of Constructional Steel Research 67 (2011) 15671577

3.5

1.8

3.0

1.5

M-C-1-120h

SZ5S4A1a

1.2

N (MN)

N (MN)

2.5

DtL=
2194.78650mm
fs=350MPa , fcu=50.5MPa

2.0
1.5
1.0

Wang et al. [6]

0.3

predicted curves

Predicted curves
0.0
-0.010

-0.005

,s

0.000

0.005

0.010

DtL=
140.33.62418mm
fs=325.3MPa
fcu=57.8MPa

0.6

Yu et al. [7]

0.5

0.9

0.0
-0.015

0.015

,s

-0.010

-0.005

0.000

0.005

0.010

0.015

Fig. 5. Comparisons between predicted curves and tested ones on axial loadstrains relationship.

(b) distribution of axial forces

(a) stresses-axial strain relationship

400

1800

M-C-1-120h

DtL=140.3 3.62418mm

1500

L,s

1200

N (kN)

(MPa)

300

200

,s
L,c

100

900

Wang et al. [6]

Predicted curves

600

Ns

300

Wang et al. [6]

Nc

Predicted curves

0.000

0.003

0.006

0.009

0
0.000

0.012

fs=325.3MPa , fcu=57.77MPa
0.003

0.006

0.009

0.012

Fig. 6. Comparisons between predicted curves and experimental ones.

loading process. For the concrete core conned by steel tube, the axial
stress of concrete core is improved greatly and the ductility is
enhanced. At the same time, the axial stress of steel tube is reduced
because of lateral stress. When other parameters were xed, the
connement effect of the column is strengthened with the steel ratio
and the strength of steel, and the ultimate strength and ductility of the
column improve as well; while with the increase of concrete strength,
connement effect and the ductility of the column decrease however
the ultimate strength of the column increases.

further demonstrated that for the concrete core conned by steel

tube, its axial stress and load-bearing capacity increase considerably
and the ductility improves as well, with the decrease of the axial stress
of steel tube; therefore load sharing mechanism is achieved through
the axial stress transferring from steel tube to concrete core.

3.4. Parametric analysis and discussion

Through the numerical analysis, the typical predicted composite
stress-axial strain relationship for the CFT stub column are summarized in Fig. 7 considering different steel ratios, concrete strength and
steel strength. The inuences of those parameters on stressaxial
strain relationships for the steel tube and concrete core are
summarized in Figs. 8 to 10. As seen in Figs. 7 to 10, the stresses in
steel tube and concrete core were signicantly inuenced during the

60

t=2mm, =0.676
t=1mm, =0.327

40

0.01

0.02

0.03

40

t=1mm, =0.201

120

D=100mm fs=235MPa fcu=40MPa

0
0.00

80

t=5mm, =1.143
t=4mm, =0.884
t=3mm, =0.642
t=2mm, =0.415

160

20

80

0.04

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

40
20
0
0.00

fs=600MPa
fs=420MPa
fs=390MPa
fs=345MPa
fs=235MPa

100

60

D=100mm fs=420MPa fcu=100MPa

0
0.00

120

fcu=60MPa
fcu=50MPa
fcu=40MPa
fcu=30MPa
D=100mm t=2mm
0.01

0.02

=0.421
=0.521
=0.676
=0.945
fs=235MPa
0.03

fsc (MPa)

t=3mm, =1.046

fsc (MPa)

80

fsc (MPa)

200

t=4mm, =1.441

(d) Strength of steel

(c) Strength of concrete

(b) Steel ratio (for HSC)

100

Fig. 11 shows a typical composite stress (fsc) and axial strain (L)
relationship for CFT stub columns under axial compression predicted
through the numerical elasto-plastic analysis above. Generally, the fsc-L

fsc (MPa)

(a) Steel ratio (for NC)

4. Simplied model

0.04

Fig. 7. Typical predicted composite stressaxial strain relationship for CFT stub columns.

80
60
40
20
0
0.00

=1.075
=0.752
=0.699
=0.618
=0.421

D=100mm t=2mm fcu=60MPa

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

F. Ding et al. / Journal of Constructional Steel Research 67 (2011) 15671577

(b) Radial stress of concrete (c) Axial stress of steel

80

t=4mm, =1.441

60

t=3mm, =1.046
t=2mm, =0.676
t=1mm, =0.327

20
0.01

0.02

0.03

t=3mm, =1.046

12

0
0.00

0.04

0.01

0.02

0.03

250

t=4mm, =1.441
t=3mm, =1.046

200
150

t=2mm, =0.676
t=1mm, =0.327

D=100mm fs=235MPa fcu=40MPa

0
0.00

t=4mm, =1.441

18

(d) Perimeter stress of steel

250

D=100mm fs=235MPa fcu=40MPa

100
50

t=2mm, =0.676
t=1mm, =0.327
D=100mm fs=235MPa fcu=40MPa

0
0.00

0.04

,s (MPa)

24

r,c (MPa)

L,c

(MPa)

100

L,s(MPa)

(a) Axial stress of concrete

40

1573

0.01

0.02

D=100mm fs=235MPa fcu=40MPa

200
150

t=1mm, =0.327
t=3mm, =1.046
t=4mm, =1.441
t=2mm, =0.676

100
50
0
0.00

0.03

0.01

0.02

0.03

Fig. 8. Inuence of steel ratio on stresses of the stub columns.

30
20
10
0
0.00

fcu=60MPa =0.421
fcu=50MPa =0.521
fcu=40MPa =0.676
fcu=30MPa =0.945
D=100mm t=2mm fs=235MPa
0.01

0.02

0.03

r,c (MPa)

50

L,c

(MPa)

60

fcu=60MPa
fcu=50MPa
fcu=40MPa
fcu=30MPa

200

9
6
3

0.04

250

D=100mm t=2mm fs=235MPa

0
0.00

0.01

fcu=30MPa
fcu=40MPa
fcu=50MPa
fcu=60MPa

0.02

0.03

=0.945
=0.676
=0.521
=0.421

150

=0.421
=0.521
=0.676
=0.945

100

250

,s (MPa)

12

L,s(MPa)

70

40

(d) Perimeter stress of steel

(b) Radial stress of concrete (c) Axial stress of steel

(a) Axial stress of concrete

150
100

50

50
D=100mm t=2mm fs=235MPa

0.04

D=100mm t=2mm fs=235MPa

200

0
0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0
0.00

fcu=30MPa
fcu=40MPa
fcu=50MPa
fcu=60MPa
0.01

=0.945
=0.676
=0.521
=0.421

0.02

0.03

Fig. 9. Inuence of strengths of concrete on stresses of the stub columns.

80
60
40
20

fs=600MPa =1.075
fs=420MPa =0.752
fs=390MPa =0.699
fs=345MPa =0.618
fs=235MPa =0.421
D=100mm t=2mm fcu=60MPa

0
0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

fs=600MPa
fs=420MPa
fs=390MPa
fs=345MPa
fs=235MPa

20

r,c (MPa)

L,c(MPa)

100

24

0.04

16
12
8
4

600

=1.075
=0.752
=0.699
=0.618
=0.421

500

L,s (MPa)

120

D=100mm t=2mm fcu=60MPa

0
0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

400
300
200

fs=600MPa
fs=420MPa
fs=390MPa
fs=345MPa
fs=235MPa

100

(d) Perimeter stress of steel

=1.075
=0.752
=0.699
=0.618
=0.421

600
500

,s (MPa)

(b) Radial stress of concrete (c) Axial stress of steel

(a) Axial stress of concrete

D=100mm t=2mm fcu=60MPa

0
0.03
0.00
0.01
0.02

400
300
200
100
0
0.00

fs=600MPa
fs=420MPa
fs=390MPa
fs=345MPa
fs=235MPa

=1.075
=0.752
=0.699
=0.618
=0.421

D=100mm t=2mm fcu=60MPa

0.01

0.02

0.03

Fig. 10. Inuence of strengths of steel on stresses of the stub columns.

relationship of the stub column appears to display strain-hardening,

elastic-perfectly plastic, and strain-softening behaviors, which are
dominated by the parameters such as strength of concrete, strength of

steel, and steel ratio. The effects of these parameters on the behavior of
CFT columns can be simplied for the ultimate capacity Nu (or ultimate
strength fsc,u), composite modulus of elasticity (Esc), nominal axial limit
stress of elasticity (fsc,p) the corresponding axial strain (L,p), strain at
peak axial compression (sc,0), and residual capacity Ny (or residual
strength fsc,y), as discussed below.
4.1. Ultimate capacity
The maximum load is dened as the ultimate capacity (Nu) or
ultimate strength (fsc,u) of the column, i.e. the point when dfsc/dL = 0
in the fsc-L relationship. Analytical results based on the elasto-plastic
model indicated that the ultimate capacity of CFT stub column could
be achieved when the concrete core reaches its ultimate strength at
axial direction. Meanwhile, the steel tube is within its elastic-perfectly
plastic or strain-hardening stage.
If the steel tube is at its perfectly plastic state and subjected to the
Von-Mises yield condition, the strength criterion for concrete core of
linear expression is given as:

Fig. 11. Typical composite stress (fsc) versus axial strain (L) relationship.

fcc = fc + k r;c

42

1574

F. Ding et al. / Journal of Constructional Steel Research 67 (2011) 15671577

Substituting Eq. (49) for Eq. (48), the maximum ultimate capacity of
the stub column Nu,2 can be expressed as:

Table 1
Inuence of k on Nu,2/Nu,3.
3

3.2

3.4

3.6

3.8

4.0

4.1

4.3

Nu,2/Nu,3

1.018

1.010

1.005

1.002

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

Nu;2

where k is a constant. According to Eqs. (32) and (38), the relationship

between r,c and ,s in inelastic stage can be expressed as:

:
21 ;s

43

According to the Von-Mises yield condition for steel tube, the

following equation was obtained:
2

L;s + L;s ;s + ;s = fs :

44

Substituting Eqs. (42) and (43) with Eq. (44), L,s was expressed as:
L;s
=
fs

s


3 r;c 2 1 r;c

1 2
fc
fc

45

where is the connement index and

=

fs As
fs
=
1 fc :
fc Ac

46

The ultimate capacity of the stub column in the mid-height region

can be written as
Nu = fcc Ac + L;s As

47

Nu;3 = fc Ac 1 + k=2:

Nu;1

3
s


r;c 2
r;c
2
5
+ k1
= Ac fc 41 + 3
fc
fc

48

and it can be found that

dNu;1
r;c
k1
= 0
= q
dr;c
fc
9 + 3k12 :

49

Nu = fc Ac 1 + 1:7

Fig. 12 shows the comparison between the predicted ultimate

capacities using the simplied equation (Eq. (52)) and the measured
ultimate capacities of 115 CFT stub columns obtained from 12
references. For all the measured ultimate capacities, the necessary
parameters of the specimens are diameter-to-tube wall thickness
ratio D/t ranging from 20 to 220, the length-to -diameter ratio L/D
ranging from 2 to 4.5, concrete cubic strength fcu between 30 and
120 MPa, and steel yield strength fs between 180 and 540 MPa. The
referred specimens were tested in a consistent condition with the one

(b)

Luksha and Nesterovich [25] 8 points

Giakoumelis and Lam [10] 8 points
O'Shea and Bridge [26] 15 points
Prion and Boehme [27] 4 points
Sakina and Hayashi [28] 9 point
Schneider [4] 3 points
Yu et al. [7] 6 points

Nu /fc Ac

52

fsc;u = 11 + 1:7fc :

(a) <5
10

51

According to the triaxial tests of laterally-conned concrete under

axial compression, the value of k was usually from 3 to 4.3. After
examination of different values of k, Nu,2 is found to be almost
identical to Nu,3 (see Table 1). If k = 3.4, numerical results through the
elasto-plastic analysis indicated that Nu,1 was usually less than Nu,3.
That is, the ultimate capacity of the CFT stub column could be usually
10% lower than its maximum value Nu,2 or the value Nu,3 of the CFT
stub column.
For a lower strength of concrete core, it can be identied that the
value of Nu,1/Nu,3 is almost equal to 1. With the strength of concrete and
steel ratio increase, the value of Nu,1/Nu,3 decreases and would be close to
0.9. However, such a decrease may not always be observed in the
experimental investigation, because of the strain-hardening of steel in
plastic stage and the resulting enhancement of the connement effect.
From this point of view, both the simplied limit equilibrium analysis
and the full elasto-plastic analysis method are able to predict the
ultimate capacity of CFT stub column reasonably. Thus the equation for
the ultimate capacity (Nu) or ultimate strength (fsc,u) of CFT stub column
can be expressed as:

Substituting Eqs. (45) and (42) with Eq. (47), the resulting ultimate
capacity of the stub column Nu,1 can be expressed as:
2

<1.5

3.6

Eq. (52)

3.0
Eq. (52)

2.4
4
Cai [8] 25 points
Cai and Gu [9] 4 points
Han and Yao [12] 4 points
Han et al. [24] 26 points
Huang et al. [2] 3 points

50

For the CFT stub column, when the load was applied to the
concrete section only, the corresponding ultimate capacity of the stub
column Nu,3 can be expressed as:

Nu /fc Ac

r;c =

s3
2
3 + k1 5
:
= Ac fc 41 +
3
2

1.8
1.2
0.6
0.0
0.0

0.3

0.6

0.9

Fig. 12. Comparisons between predicted results and experimental measurements for Nu/(fcAc).

1.2

1.5

F. Ding et al. / Journal of Constructional Steel Research 67 (2011) 15671577

1575

considered in the modeling (load was applied to both steel and

concrete section) and a good agreement was found, as shown in
Fig. 12.

where the parameter can be obtained by using a regression calculation

based on the elasto-plastic model as shown in the next equation:

4.2. Composite modulus of elasticity

= 0:48 + 3:91

1:62

For the composite modulus of elasticity given in Eq. (37), numerical

results indicated that the value of 2(vc vs)2(1 )QEs was very
small and therefore can be neglected (i.e. 0 b 2(vc vs)2(1 )QEs b b
(1 )Ec + Es), as a result Eq. (37) can be simplied as:
Esc = 1Ec + Es :

53

The composite stiffness dened as EscAsc can be written as:

Esc Asc = Ac Ec + As Es :

54

As shown in Table 3, the composite modulus of elasticity predicted

using Eqs. (37) and (53) are compared with the measured results
from three CFT stub columns presented in Yu et al. (2007). In Table 2,
Eosc and Ecsc are measured and predicted composite modulus of
elasticity, respectively. The results in Table 2 indicated that the
predicted results between Eqs. (37) and (52) are similar to each other,
while overestimations are noticed in comparison to experimental
results (about 4% to 13% respectively).

1:62

0:523:91
5:5 103 fs =fc 2:6 + 1:

60

4.5. Residual capacity

Similarly, the residual capacity (Ny) or residual capacity (fsc,y) in
the fsc-L relationship of the stub columns can be obtained by a
regression calculation based on the elasto-plastic model:
Ny = 0:3 + 2:2fc Ac

61

fsc;y = 10:3 + 2:2fc

62

or
Ny =

fsc;y =

0:32:2
N
11:7 u

63

0:32:2
f :
11:7 sc;u

64

4.3. Strain at peak axial compression

4.6. Axial loadaxial strain relationship
The strain corresponding to the ultimate capacity of the CFT stub
column is named as strain at peak axial compression (sc,0). When the
CFT stub column reaches its ultimate capacity, concrete core
approaches its ultimate strength, and sc,0 becomes cc, thus one has
sc;0 = cc




 
r;c
r;c 0:5
= c 1 + 3:4
1 + 4:8A1 1
:
fc
fc

55

Substituting Eqs. (42) and (45) with Eq. (54), sc,0 can be expressed as:


q
sc;0 = 1 + 1:7 1 + 3:4 A1 1 c

56

where = ,s/fs. is mainly a function of strength of concrete core, a

regression calculation based on the elasto-plastic model indicated
that = 0.9-0.005fcu.
4.4. Nominal limit capacity of elasticity and the corresponding strain
The nominal limit capacity of elasticity and the corresponding
strain in the fsc-L relationship of the stub columns are denoted as Np
(fsc,p) and L,p respectively, and we have
Np = Esc L;p Asc

57

fsc;p = Esc L;p

58

L;p = fs = Es

59

As seen in Fig. 11, the axial loadstrain relationship of the CFT stub
column can be categorized into several stages:
1) when L = 0, fsc = 0;
2) 0 L b L,p, dfsc/dL = Esc;
3) L,p L b sc,0, d2fsc/d2L b 0, and the slope of the curve decreases
monotonously and no inection point appears;
4) when L = sc,0, fsc = fsc,u, dfsc/dL = 0; e) at i L, d2fsc/d2L = 0, an
inection point results;
5) at L , fsc fsc,y, dfsc/dL 0.
Therefore, the following non-dimensional mathematical functions
for the axial loadstrain relationship of centrally-loaded CFT stub
columns can be proposed:
8
A x
>
>
> 3 q
>
>
< b3
2
2
y = a3 a3 1x b3 + 1
>
>
>
i
> 3h
>
: x x12 + x13 + x3 1
3
3

xxB
xB x1

65

xN1

where y = fsc/fsc,u(y = N/Nu), x = L/sc,0, xB = L,p/sc,0, variable A3 is

the ratio of the composite modulus of elasticity Esc to the secant
modulus at the ultimate strength (Esc,p = fsc,u/sc,0), i.e.

A3 = A1

h
i
p
1 + n1 + 1:7 1 + 3:4 A1 1
11 + 1:7

66

Table 2
Comparison of composite modulus of elasticity between test and predicted results.
Researchers

Specimen

Eosc(104MPa)

Ecsc(104MPa) by Eq. (37)

Ecsc(104MPa) by Eq. (53)

Eosc/Ecsc by Eq. (37)

Eosc/Ecsc by Eq. (53)

Yu et al. (2007)

SZ5S4A1a
SZ5S4A1b
SZ5S3A1

4.52
4.75
4.16

4.98
4.96
4.80

4.97
4.95
4.78

0.908
0.958
0.867

0.909
0.960
0.870

F. Ding et al. / Journal of Constructional Steel Research 67 (2011) 15671577

partial safety factors should be considered, and the relationship

between cylinder compressive strength of concrete (fcyl) and cubic
compressive strength fcu were according to CEB-FIP-1990 [32].
The ultimate capacities predicted using these methods are
compared in Fig. 12 and Table 3 with the test results of 115 CFT
stub columns from Cai (1988) [8], Cai and Gu (1996) [9], Giakoumelis
and Lam (2004) [10], Han and Yao (2004) [12], Han et al. (2005) [24],
Huang et al. (2002) [2], Luksha and Nesterovich (1991) [25], O'Shea
and Bridge (2000) [26], Prion and Boehme (1994) [27], Sakina and
Hayashi (1991) [28], Schneider (1998) [4], and Yu et al. (2007) [7].
Those experimental results were chosen based on the same loading
condition and boundary condition, comparable ranges of column
slenderness, fcu and D/t.
The ultimate capacities from literature are further compared with
the predicted results from Eurocode 4 (2004) [14], AISC-360 (2005)
[13], simplied model by Han et al. (2005) [24], and the proposed
methods in this paper as shown in Table 3. In Table 3, Nou and Ncu are
experimental and predicted ultimate capacity, respectively. For
Eq. (51) and Eurocode 4 (2004) [14], the predicted values are in
good agreement with the test results (the resulting ratio ranging from
1.008 to 1.065 with the standard deviations from 0.073 to 0.119). For
AISC-360 (2005) and the simplied model by Han et al. (2005) [24],
the predicted values are relatively conservative (the resulting ratio
ranging from 1.361 to 1.361 with the standard deviations from 0.173
to 0.115).

a3 and b3 are the parameters given by

s
1xB
A3 A3 xB + A3 2

67

a3 = A3 1

and a3 is valid only when A3xB + A32 N 0.

A3 xB + A3 A23 xB 1
A3 xB + A3 2

68

The parameter 3 was obtained according to Stage 5) as shown in

the next equation:
3 =

0:70:5
0:3 + 2:2

69

and 3 can be obtained through a regression analysis:

3 =

0:5 =
0:5

1
N 1:

70

Comparisons of N-L relationship among the tests, the elastoplastic model and the simplied model (Eq. (65)) are shown in Fig. 13.
A good agreement is achieved again.
5. Comparison with standard provisions and other
simplied methods

6. Conclusions
This paper presents a full elasto-plastic model and a simplied
model for CFT stub columns with concrete strengths ranging from 30
to 120 MPa and diameter-to-wall thickness ratio (D/t) greater than 20
when under concentrically loaded conditions. After the validation by a
large number of experimental results, the following conclusions may
be drawn:

3.0

2.0

2.5

0.8
0.4

N (MN)

0.0
0.00

DtL=2005600mm
fs=265.8MPa , fcu=33.94MPa
Huang et al. [2]
Theoretical model
Similified model
0.01

0.02

0.03

1.0
0.5

0.04

0.01

0.02

0.03

2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5

0.04

2.0

2.5

SZ5S4A1b
DtL=2194.72650mm
fs=350MPa , fcu=50.5MPa
Yu et al. [7]
Theoretical model
Similified model

0.0
0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

1.2
0.8

0.04

0.0
0.00

0.75

2.0

1.6

0.60

1.6

1.6

0.45
0.30
0.15
0.00
0.00

ca1,ca2

DtL=1003300mm
fs=303.5MPa , fcu=58.5MPa
Han and Yao [12]
Theoretical model
Similified model
0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

H-32-1,H-32-2
DtL=1795.5360mm
1.2
fs=249MPa , fcu=51.7MPa
0.8
Sakina and Hayashi [28]
Theoretical model
0.4
Similified model
0.0
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04

DtL=1652.73510mm
fs=350MPa , fcu=77.2MPa

0.4

2.0

2.0

SZ3S6A1

1.6

2.4

0.90

DtL=3002900mm
fs=341.7MPa , fcu=34.04MPa
Huang et al. [2]
Theoretical model
Similified model

0.0
0.00

2.4

scsc2-1,scsc2-2
1.2 DtL=2003600mm
f =303.5MPa , fcu=58.5MPa
0.8 s
Han and Yao [12]
Theoretical model
0.4
Similified model
0.0
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04

3.0

2.0
1.5

2.4

3.5

CU-150

N (MN)

1.2

CU-40

N (MN)

1.6

(1) Based on experimental results, a constitutive model for laterallyconned concrete under axial compression was proposed. The
predicted curves are in reasonable agreement with the experimental results and could be used in the numerical analysis to
investigate the behavior of CFT stub columns under concentric
loading condition.
(2) Based on continuum mechanics, a mechanical model was
established for the concentric cylinders of circular steel tube with

N (MN)

2.4

N (MN)

N (MN)

The approaches introduced in the international standards, such as

ACI (2005) [29], AIJ (2008) [30], AISC-360 (2005) [13], and Eurocode 4
(2004) [14], were applied to predict the ultimate capacity and the
results were compared with the experimental data in a number of
literature, such as Han and Yao (2004) [12], Han et al. (2005) [24], and
Giakoumelis and Lan (2004) [10]. A general conclusion has been made
by Lu and Zhao [31] that ACI (2005) [29], AIJ (2008) [30], and AISC360 (2005) [13] are relatively conservative for predicting the ultimate
capacities of specimens, while Eurocode 4 (2004) [14] normally gives
reasonable estimates. For a demonstration, the approaches in
Eurocode 4 (2004) [14] and AISC-360 (2005) [13], along with the
simplied model by Han et al. (2005) [24] and the proposed methods
in this paper were applied to predict the ultimate capacity of CFT
columns, and were compared with experimental results presented in
the literature. For comparison with standard approaches, no material

N (MN)

b3 =

N (MN)

1576

0.01

Yu et al. [7]
Theoretical model
Similified model
0.02
0.03
0.04

H-58-1,H-58-2

1.2

DtL=1743360mm
fs=266MPa , fcu=53.7MPa
Sakina and Hayashi [28]
0.4
Theoretical model
Similified model
0.0
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.8

Fig. 13. Comparisons among the theoretical model, simplied model and experimental measurements on axial loadaxial strain relationship.

F. Ding et al. / Journal of Constructional Steel Research 67 (2011) 15671577

1577

Table 3
Comparison between predicted ultimate capacities and test results.
No.

D(mm)

D/t

fs(MPa)

fcu(MPa)

Nou/Ncu
EC4
(2004)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Total range

96-273
166-219
114.3-115
100-200
60-250
200-300
159-1020
165-190
152
174-179
140-141.4
165-219
60-1020

34-102
28-37
23-31
33-67
32-125
40-150
31-92
58-221
92
20-58
21-47
45-61
20-221

240-419
280-377
343-365
303.5
282-404
265-341
291-382
185-363
270-328
249-283
285-537
350
185-537

32-47
75-85.5
31-105
38.5
85.2-90
34-39
36-54
49-116
81-93
29.8-53.7
30-35
42-77
30-116

AISC
(2005)

Han et al.
(2004)

Eq. (52)

Mean

S. D.

Mean

S. D.

Mean

S. D.

Mean

S. D.

1.218
1.071
1.024
1.016
1.018
0.991
1.012
1.022
1.014
0.959
1.169
1.071
1.065

0.144
0.058
0.092
0.062
0.040
0.045
0.030
0.047
0.061
0.041
0.160
0.037
0.119

1.577
1.370
1.386
1.308
1.261
1.295
1.312
1.235
1.221
1.324
1.478
1.390
1.361

0.200
0.082
0.173
0.087
0.066
0.077
0.060
0.063
0.062
0.044
0.200
0.081
0.173

1.287
1.156
1.132
1.134
1.121
1.118
1.150
1.118
1.106
1.114
1.177
1.216
1.167

0.163
0.048
0.128
0.068
0.040
0.052
0.029
0.061
0.058
0.079
0.110
0.053
0.115

1.053
1.009
0.955
0.984
1.001
0.945
0.982
1.032
1.010
0.960
0.961
1.030
1.008

0.105
0.031
0.073
0.062
0.034
0.023
0.016
0.069
0.043
0.065
0.083
0.023
0.073

Number
of tests

Reference

25
4
8
4
26
3
8
15
4
9
3
6
115

Cai (1988) [8]

Cai and Gu (1996) [9]
Giakoumelis and Lam (2004) [10]
Han and Yao (2004) [12]
Han et al. (2005) [24]
Huang et al. (2002) [2]
Luksha and Nesterovich (1991) [25]
O'Shea and Bridge (2000) [26]
Prion and Boehme (1994) [27]
Sakina and Hayashi (1991) [28]
Schneider (1998) [4]
Yu et al. (2007) [7]

Note: S. D. for standard deviation.

concrete core loaded in the entire section, and an elasto-plastic

analysis was developed using a Fortran program. The model
reasonably predicted the mechanical responses of CFT stub
columns.
(3) Analytical results indicated that the axial stress of concrete core
increases and the ductility is enhanced due to the concrete core
being conned by steel tube; at the same time, the axial stress of
steel tube decreases because of the connement effect and the
stresses transferred from steel tube to concrete core. The
connement effect, ultimate capacity and ductility of the column
improve with the increase of steel ratio and the strength of steel;
while with the increase of the strength of concrete, the
connement effect and the ductility of the column decrease,
the ultimate capacity of the column increases however.
(4) Based on the elasto-plastic analysis, a simplied model was
proposed using limit equilibrium method and regression
calculations. The simplied method provides a good prediction
for the load-bearing capacity of centrally-loaded CFT columns.
Acknowledgment
This research work was nancially supported by the National
Natural Science Foundation of China, Grant No. 50808180, and the Ph.
D. Programs Foundation of Ministry of Education of China, Grant No.
200805331064.
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