Introduction to Power Systems

Notes 13
Three-phase Systems

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1
 Three-phase Systems
• Electric power is generated in three-phase
• Three-phase power generation and transmission is more economical

Three-phase devices

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 Balanced Three-phase Circuit; Y-Connection
• A three-phase circuit comprise of three balanced single-phase circuits
• Ideally, generators supply balanced loads
• Three-phase circuits can be three-wire or four-wire circuits
• In the balanced three-phase circuit the ground connection can be
removed ( I  0)
n

Three-phase waveforms

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 Balanced Three-phase Circuit; Y-Connection

Three-phase waveforms

4
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 Three-phase Voltages and Currents
• Phase voltages examples

Eao  1000o ; Ebo  100  120 o ; Eco  100  240 o

• Phase (line) currents examples
I an  10   ; I bn  10    120 o ; Ecn  10    240 o
In  0

5
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 Three-phase Source
• Single-phase two-wire alternator

• Three-phase winding comprises of three sets of windings displaced by 120

mechanical degree, which gives three voltages Vaa' , Vbb' , Vcc ' each displaced
by 120 electrical degrees from each other.

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 Three-phase Source

Vaa' (t )  Vm cos t
Vbb' (t )  Vm cos(t  120)
Time domain
Vcc' (t )  Vm cos(t  240)
1
Vaa'  Vm0  Vrms0
2
1
Phasors Vbb'  Vm  120  Vrms  120
2
1
Vcc '  Vm  240  Vrms  240
2
• The voltages Vaa' , Vbb' and Vcc' are sinusoidal but displaced by 120 degrees.

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 Phase Sequence

Vaa'  Vrms
Positive or abc Vbb'  Vrms(  120)
Vcc'  Vrms(  240)

Vaa'  Vrms
Vcc'  Vrms(  120)
Negative or acb
Vbb'  Vrms(  240)

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 Example 14.3
For Vaa'  24030 , write positive and negative sequence voltages

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 Y-Connected Source
• If the terminals of a' , b' & c' are connected to a common point the three-
phase connection is called Y-connection
• Reduce the wiring costs
1
Van  Vaa'  Vm  Vrms
2
1
Vbn  Vbb'  Vm  120  Vrms  120
2
1
Vcn  Vcc '  Vm  240  Vrms  240
2

• The voltages Van , Vbn and Vcn are called phasor line-to-neutral voltages or
1
phase voltages VLN  Vm  Vrms
2

• The voltages Vab ,Vbc and Vca are called line-to-line or just line voltages
Vab  Van  Vbn  Van  Vbn(1  120)

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 Y-Connected Source
• Positive Sequence.

• Note that ,for balanced three-phase voltages

     
V an V bn V cn  0 V ab V bc V ca  0
• By convention, the voltage in a three-phase system is the line-to-line
voltage and is given as rms value.

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 Example 14.4
A voltage of 480 V is available at a factory. Find
a) Line-to line rms voltage
b) Line-to neutral rms voltage
c) Peak value of line voltage
d) Phase different between VLL and VLN

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 Delta Connection

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 Delta Connection

• Line voltages are equal to phase voltages

1
Vab Vaa'  Vm 
2
1
Vbc Vbb'  Vm  120
2
1
Vca Vcc'  Vm   240
2

• Vab  Vbc  Vca  0

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 Three-phase Load; Y-connected Load
• Y-connected load voltage
Vab  3Van  30
 
VAN  Van  VLN 
Vab
   30
3
• Y-connected load current
I aA , I bB , I cC are line currents. For simplicity they are shown as I , I , and IC
A B
I AN , I BN , I CN
are phase currents or line-to neutral currents

• In Y-connected source/load: Line current=Phase Current

• Line voltage= 3 (Phase Voltage) 30
• Impedance Z LN  Z LN  
  V AN
• Current calculation I aA  I aN  Z 
LN

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 Y-Connected Load
• With balanced Load
  
   V AN VBN VCN
I AN  I BN  I CN      
Z LN Z LN Z LN

• Complex Power
*
S  S A  S B  S C  3V AN I AN

 3VLN I LN  VA

• Complex power in terms of line values

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 Y-Connected Load
• Complex power in terms of load values
*
S  3V AN I AN 

1 2
S  VL
Z *LN

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 Y-Connected Load
• Assume a Y-connected balanced load comprised of three 1mH inductors is
connected to a 480V three-phase system.
• Find the impedance of the inductors

• Answer: +j0.377 Ohm

1 2
• Using the three-phase power relationshipS  VL , find the complex and
Z *LN
reactive powers consumed by each inductor

• Answer: +j203713 VA and 203713 VAR

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 Example 14.5
• Using a (line-to-line) voltage of 440V and load impedance of Z LN  536.87

find
IL  ?

S  ?

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 Three-phase Load; Delta-connected Load
• Phase current
I LL  I AB

V
I AB  AB
Z LL
VBC
I BC 
Z LL
VCA
I CA 
Z LL

• Phase voltage
Van  Van   V AB  V AB   30

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 Delta-connected Load
• Line currents
I aA , I bB , I cC are line currents
and
I aA  I AB  I CA

• Find I aA , I bB , I cC

• For simplicity, the line currents are shown as I A, IB , and IC

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 Delta-connected Load

• Complex Power in terms of line values

*
S  3S a  3V AB I AB

• Complex power in terms of load values

*
S  3V AB I AB

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 Y-Delta Power Comparison
• If a balanced Y-connected load consumes the same power as a Delta-
connected load:
1
Z LN  Z
3 LL

• For equal power consumption, we have:

SY  S 
1 2
SY  V
Z Y* L
1 2
S  3 V
Z * L

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 Delta Connected Generation
• There is a Y-connected generation equivalent to the Delta-connected one
• Convert Delat-connection to Y-connection

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 Delta-connected Generation
In a balanced system :
I ac  I cb  I ba  0

Now,

I a  I ba  I ac

I b  I cb  I ba

I c  I ac  I cb

Ia  Ib 

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 Example 14.6
• In an abc (positive) sequence, Y-connected system
Z LN  2015

VLL  V AB  2080

• Find
VBC  ?

VCA  ?

V AN  ?

VBN  ?

VCN  ?
I AN  ?

I BN  ?

I CN  ?
S total  ?

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 Examples 14.6
• In an abc sequence Delta-Connected load
Z LL  2015

VL  V AB  2080

• Find
I AB , I BC , I CA  ?

I aA , I bB , I cC  ?

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 Summery of Y- and Delta- connected
Generations

Phase voltage  
Van  Vph  Vaa'  Vph 
(line-to-neutral)
   
Line voltage Vab  3Van  30 Vab  Vaa '  V ph 
(line-line volt)  3V ph   30  VL   30  VL 
 
Phase current I na  I ph  I ba  I ph 
   
Line current I a  I na  I ph   I L  Ia  3I ba  30

 3I ph   30  I L   30

Power S  3VL I L    S  3VL I L   

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 Summery of Y- and Delta- connected
Generations

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 Summery of Y- and Delta- connected Loads

 
Phase voltage VAN  VZ  VAB  VZ 
(line-to-neutral)
 
Line voltage VAB  3VAN  30 
VAB  VZ 
(line-to-neutral)  3VZ   30
 
Phase current I AN  I Z    I AB  I Z   
 
Line current   I aA  3I AB   30
I aA  I AN  I Z     
 3I Z     30

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 Summery of Y- and Delta- connected Loads

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