PROTIST

1.PLANT-LIKE PROTIST
Alga that covers the surface of ricefield or pond water so it has green colour is Euglena
Viridis.
Alga that covers the surface of ricefield or pond water so it has red colour is Euglena
Sanginea.
Alga have no root, stem, leaves, nor vascular tissue. Therefore, algae are not included into
plant kingdom.
Alga bersel satu are the simplest form, and in general live in colony.
Alga bersel banyak have shape of filament or like thread
Green algae chlorophyll pigment
Brown algae fucoxanthin
Yellow-green algae xantophyll
Happen in VULVA,,,through:
Asexual Reproduction : Binary fission
the phase of gametophyte
Bud formation
(the formation of haploid cell)
(Pembentukan kuncup) the phase of sporofit cell
Spore formation
(the union of haploid cell into diploid cell)
Sexual Reproduction : conjugation

Algae are grouped into 11 phyum,they are :

1. Chlorophyte phylum,,,,,general characteristic: (ALGA HIJAU)
have green colour coz they contain chloroplast with pyrenoid grains in the centre
(butir2pirenoid dtghx).some chloroplast have the shape of
spiral,net(jala),star,horseshoe(ladam),and irregular shape
have eukaryotic property. Some are unicellular, multicellularforming
thread,sheet(lmbran),and like grass.
asexual reproduction
forming zoospore
fragmentation
Sexual reproduction
conjugation
plasmogamy
oogamy(pmbuahn sel tlur oleh spermatozoid)
Found in : fresh water(air tawar), sea water and humid(lembab) places.
EX:
a) Chlorella
has one cell,shaped like a small ball with chloroplast like a bowl
Asexual Reproduction by dividing it self
by spore formation
Nutrition content found : protein
vitamint B12
lipid (lemak) riboflavin carotene
lives in fresh water,sea water, salty water(air payau),on terrestrial land
b) Chlamydomonas
has one cell,can move
Its body has oval shapewith 2 flagellas,contains chloroplast and pyrenoid for
photosynthesis
Asexual Reproduction by producing flagellum zoospore
Sexual Reproduction y producing zygospore

c) Spirogyra
Green algae that has a shape of partitioned thread
has no branch with choloroplast twisted like a spiral
has no gamete yet
can be found in pools, ricefield, in still waters
Asexual Reproduction its thallus fragmentation
Sexual Reproduction conjugation to produce zygospore
CONJUGATION
2 benang spirogyra berbeda berdekatan(approach),make bumps that approach
one another.
those 2 bumps unite(brgabung) make a vessel(pmbuluh)
that connected protoplasm of cell content as gamete, gamet from one cell moves
to another cell so fissions happen between those 2 gamete to make zygospore
Zygospore then grows to be new thread
d) Chara
is a green alga the shape of which is similar to higher plant.,beruas-ruas,berbukubuku,bercabang-cabang (segmented,and jointed plant,and also has branches)
Sexual Reproduction making zygospore
2. Chrysophtye Phylum,,,general characteristic : (ALGA KEEMASAN)
Has pigment golden-yellow(chrysos)
Has no pyrenoid and its chloroplast are small
its main food reserve consistof oil or lipid and a little of essence
(makanan cadangan utamanya minyak atau lemak n sdkit pati)
Golden algae can be found in fresh water n sea water
Its reproduction is in general asexually
some golden algae have no cell wall so they can move like Amoeba or animal cell.
EX Golden algae:
a) Vaucheria
It has many nuclei and already has antheridium n oogonium
Asexual Reproduction formation of acinets
zoospores
aplanospores
Sexual Reproduction formation of zygospores

3. Phaeophyte Phylum,,,,general characteristic: (ALGA COKELAT)

Have brown pigment(fucoxanthin),chlorophyll a n c , carotene, and xantophyll
contain food substance of laminarin oil and alginatic acid
(mgndg zat mkanan cdgan brupa mxk laminarin n asam alginate)
live in the sea
Thew body is almost like a tall plant and some kinds have air bags (gelembung udara) as
floating organ(alat pengapungnya)
Asexual Reproduction fragmentation
Sexual Reproduction isogamy or oogamy
have life cycle between gametophyte phase and sporophyte
According hereditary cycle brown algae are divide into 3 groups,are:
a. Isogeneratae, alga coklat yg ktrunan fase gametofit n sporofitnya sama.
Ex,Ectocarpus
b. Heterogenerate, brown alga whose hereditary cycle form of gametophyte phase
has small dimension, while sporophyte phase has large dimension. Ex,Laminaria

c. Cyclesporae, that is brown alga whose its dominant asexual shape is its
sporophyte (diploid generation), and it has no haploid asexual shape. Haploid
generation is only in the form of gamet cell. Ex, fucus,sargassum, n turbinaria
EX:
a) Fucus, focus has thallus of thin shape whose its color is reddish brown and it
has wings. Its reproduction organ is formed at the end of its thallus branching
b) Sargassum,Reproduction organ and air bag are formed in the part of branch
armpit of leaves
c) Turbinaria, Its reproduction organ (reseptacles) is formed in its branch armpit.
4. Rhodophyte Phylum,,,,,general characteristic: (ALGA MERAH)
This alga has red colour coz of phycoerythrin pigment. Other pigment are chlorophyll a
en d, carotene, and phycocyanine
Live in sea water, and fresh water
some of its thallus consist of 1 cell,but some also have the shape of thread
Asexual reproduction by spore hasa life cycle between gametophyte phase and
sporophtye phase
EX:
a) Gelidium
b) Euchema
c) Gracilaria
d) Chondrus
5. Euglenophyte phylum,,,general characteristic :
It is autotrophic,only a small part is heterotrophic
Its body consist of 1 cell and has light green colour
Shaped is oval
Has no cell wall so it can move freely
Exchages water with to its environment osmotically using contractile vacuole
(mlakukan prtkaran air dgn lngkgan scra osmosis mggnkn vakuola kontrkatil)
has eye spotthat can be used to regulate cell movement to the light
photosynthesis produces carbohydrate which is stored(disimpan) as substance of
paramylum
EX :
a) Euglena Varidis
Asexual Reproduction mitosis
6. Pyrrophyte (Dinoflagelata) Phylum,,,,general characteristic :
Contains a lot of caretenoid
has chloroplast(chlorophyll a & b) and vacuole contractile
In general has autotrophic, some have heterotrophic
Asexual Reproduction dividing itself
7. Bacilariophyte (diatom)Phylum,,,general classification : (DIATOM)
Has 1 cell or makes colony where each cell has 1 nucleus and 1 or 2 chloroplast
Chloplast contains chlorophyll a and c also various yellow n brown pigment.
Cell wall cinsist of 2 parts. Its cell wall composes of pectin n silicate.
can be found in the pool, lake, river,ditches(selokan).akuarium,ricefield,
dam(tambak),and sea
Asexual Reproduction dividing it self
Sexual reproduction conjugation
EX:

a)
b)
c)
d)

Pinnularia
Navicula
Melosira
cyclotella

THE ROLE OF GREEN ALGAE :

a. Green algae which live as phytoplankton are an important component in food chain in
fresh water coz they acts as producers.
b. Several kinds of green algae can be used as food source.
c. Green algae also produce 02 from photosynthesis process which is required by water
animals to breath
THE ROLE OF BROWN ALGAE:
a. Several kinds of brown algae produce alginic acid. Alginic acid is used in some industries.
b. Can also be used as the source of yodium and kalium
c. Can be used as the food for cattle and fertilizers
THE ROLE OF DIATOM:
a. Diatom forms 90% of phytoplankton in the sea, therefore it is often called grass of the
sea
b. Diatom is the supplier of carbohydrate,lipid and protein for small sea animal
c. Diatomic soil can be used are as rubber material

2.ANIMAL-LIKE PROTIST
Animal-like protest are ofter called Protozoa.
Protozoa bersel 1
Protozoan is heterotrophic.
Organels found in Protozoan are,
Reticulum Endoplasm
Golgy complex
mithocondria
plastide

vakuole

Protozoa act as an important link in food chain mainly in waters environment coz of heir
role as zooplankton
Protozoa can cause disease in animal and humans. Several Protozoa which live as
parasite can cause acute and chronic disease in humans, such as malaria, sleeping
disease and dysentery.
Asexual Reproduction binary fission
Sexual Reproduction conjugation

According to their movement organ, protozoa are grouped into 4 phylums,that is :

1. Rhizopod(sarcodina)Phylum, the movement organ are false feet

Its digestion process(pencernaan) is by using food vacuole.
EX:

a)Amoeba
Moves by using false feet
Amoeba can also swallow then digest trapped food particles through its cell
membrane
(Amoeba dpt menelan kmdian mencerna partikel 2 makanan yg terprangkap mlalui
membrane sel)
Reproduction binary fission
Some kinds of Amoeba which live as parasite can cause disease,particularly
infection in digestion duct of vertebrates including human. Example, Entamoeba
histolytica causes amoeba dysentry.
b) Foraminifera
Has a shell(rumah bercangkang),lives in the sea
When it moves,its false feet come out through the pores of its shell(pori-pori
rumahnya)
2. Cilliate Phylum,the movement organs are cilia
Its body is equipped with cilia(hairlike projection)
Asexual Reproductionbinary fission
Sexual Reproductionconjugation
Lives in fresh water or humid places
Has 2 kinds of nucleus, that is macronucleus(to observe(mengawasi) the activity of
metabolism) and micronucleus(to control(mengendalikan) the activity of
reproduction)
EX:
a) Paramaecium
Asexual Reproductiontransverse binary fission
Sexual Reproduction conjugation
Conjugation in Paramaecium:
Conjugation in Paramaecium begin with paramaecium sticking to each other near
the cell mouth, the cell membrane is broken so it makes cytoplasmic relation.
Macronucleus dissolved,while micronucleus splits(membelah) by meiosis so each cell
have 4 micronuclei,three micronuclei dissolve, so one micronucleus remains. That one
micronucleus divides itself by mitosis to produce 2 micronuclei. Then, the
exchange(pertukaran) micronucleus between those 2 cell happens. After that,the nuclei
that make nucleus of the identical gamets join to make the nucleus of zygote.
Paramaecium that makes conjugation then split again. Each nucleus from every cell
splits by mitosis for three times so it produces eight descendant(inti anak). Four nucleic
become macronuclei and another four nuclei become micronuclei. Of those four
micronuclei formed, three macronuclei dissolve so every cell has four macronuclei and
one micronucleus. Every conjugate divides itself into two macronuclei and one
micronucleus. Micronucleus comes from mitosis division. Then each of them divides
again into one macronucleus and one micronucleus. Micronucleus comes from mitosis
division.
3. Flagellate Phylum,the movement organs are flagella

They are or more have flagella(movements organ and foodcacthing organ)

Asexual Reproduction self division in cross section
Sexual Reproduction

Several Flagellates can cause disease in humans.

Example:
~ Trypanosoma causes slepping disease.
~Trichomonas vaginalis causes inflammation in vagina
~Leishmania Causes leismaniasis

4. Sporozoa Phylum,have no movement organs, so they move by changing

their cell shape
one of its life phases is the spores formation
lives as parasite
Example :
a) Plasmodium
Causes Malaria disease
Has parasitic property,
Has two hosts that is Anopheles mosquito(definite host) and
human(intermediate host).
Definit host inang tempat parasit(plasmodium) mengalami reprodusi
seksual
(The host acting as the place for parasite to make sexual
reproduction)
Intermediate hostinang tempat parasit(plasmodium) mengalami reproduksi
seksual
(The host acting as the place for parasite to make asexual
reproduction)

FUNGI
GENERAL CHARACTERISTIC :
1. Have no chlorophyll, so they cannot do photosynthesis
2. Heterotrophic,that is cannot make food by themselves, so the food comes fron other
organism
3. Have a cell wall consisting of chitin and celullose
4. Their cell have the nucleic membrane, so that eukaryotic
5. Their life is saprophytic,parasitic, or symbiotic
6. The body of unicellular fungus only consist of one cell,,,,
The body of multicellular fungus consist of a number of branched thread called hypha.