Assignment

in
Chemistry

Mark Jairo G. Paderogao

Engr. Efren Chavez

MT12KA1
Definition of Chemistry

- Chemistry is a branch of physical science that studies

the composition, structure, properties and change of matter. Chemistry deals with such topics
as the properties of individual atoms, how atoms form chemical bonds to create chemical
compounds, the interactions of substances through intermolecular forces that give matter its
general properties, and the interactions between substances through chemical reactions to
form different substances.Chemistry is sometimes called the central science because it bridges

other natural sciences, including physics, geology and biology. For the differences between
chemistry and physics see Comparison of chemistry and physics.

History of Chemistry

- The earliest practical knowledge of chemistry was concerned

with metallurgy, pottery, and dyes; these crafts were developed with considerable skill, but with no
understanding of the principles involved, as early as 3500 B.C. in Egypt and Mesopotamia. The basic ideas of
element and compound were first formulated by the Greek philosophers during the period from 500 to 300 B.C.
Opinion varied, but it was generally believed that four elements (fire, air, water, and earth) combined to form
all things. Aristotle's definition of a simple body as "one into which other bodies can be decomposed and which
itself is not capable of being divided" is close to the modern definition of element.
About the beginning of the Christian era in Alexandria, the ancient Egyptian industrial arts and Greek
philosophical speculations were fused into a new science. The beginnings of chemistry, or alchemy, as it was
first known, are mingled with occultism and magic. Interests of the period were the transmutation of base
metals into gold, the imitation of precious gems, and the search for the elixir of life, thought to grant
immortality. Muslim conquests in the 7th cent. A.D. diffused the remains of Hellenistic civilization to the Arab
world. The first chemical treatises to become well known in Europe were Latin translations of Arabic works,
made in Spain c.A.D. 1100; hence it is often erroneously supposed that chemistry originated among the Arabs.
Alchemy developed extensively during the Middle Ages, cultivated largely by itinerant scholars who wandered
over Europe looking for patrons.

The history of chemistry represents a time span from ancient history to the present. By 1000 BC, civilizations
used technologies that would eventually form the basis to the various branches of chemistry. Examples
include extracting metals from ores, making pottery and glazes, fermenting beer and wine, extracting
chemicals from plants for medicine and perfume, rendering fat into soap, making glass, and
making alloys like bronze.
The protoscience of chemistry, alchemy, was unsuccessful in explaining the nature of matter and its
transformations. However, by performing experiments and recording the results, alchemists set the stage
for modern chemistry. The distinction began to emerge when a clear differentiation was made between
chemistry and alchemy by Robert Boyle in his work The Sceptical Chymist (1661). While both alchemy and
chemistry are concerned with matter and its transformations, chemists are seen as applying scientific
method to their work.
Chemistry is considered to have become an established science with the work of Antoine Lavoisier, who
developed a law of conservation of mass that demanded careful measurement and quantitative observations
of chemical phenomena. The history of chemistry is intertwined with the history of thermodynamics,
especially through the work of Willard Gibbs

Branches of Chemistry - There are many branches of chemistry or chemistry

disciplines. The 5 main major branches of chemistry are considered to be organic chemistry,
inorganic chemistry, analytical chemistry, physical chemistry and biochemistry.
Organic Chemistry - the study of carbon and its compounds; the study of the chemistry of life.
Inorganic Chemistry - the study of compounds not-covered by organic chemistry; the study of
inorganic compounds or compounds which do not contain a C-H bond. Many inorganic
compounds are those which contain metals.
Analytical Chemistry - the study of the chemistry of matter and the development of tools used
to measure properties of matter.

Physical Chemistry - the branch of chemistry that applies physics to the study of chemistry.
Commonly this includes the applications of thermodynamics and quantum mechanics to
chemistry.
Biochemistry - the study of chemical processes that occur inside of living organisms.

Why do we need to study Chemistry in Marine Transportation

course?
Marine transportation programs teach navigation and business skills. Further education and
experience can lead to more responsibility and pay on a boat crew. Read on to learn about
relevant educational programs and career opportunities. This course is an introduction to
chemical oceanography. It describes reservoir models and residence time, major ion
composition of seawater, inputs to and outputs from the ocean via rivers, the atmosphere,
and the sea floor. Biogeochemical cycling within the oceanic water column and sediments,
emphasizing the roles played by the formation, transport, and alteration of oceanic particles
and the effects that these processes have on seawater composition. Cycles of carbon,
nitrogen, phosphorus, oxygen, and sulfur. Uptake of anthropogenic carbon dioxide by the
ocean. Material presented through lectures and student-led presentation and discussion of
recent papers.