Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
PART-A
1)
i.
P LAN
Indicated power, IP m
26.57kW
60
ii.
Brake Power, BP
iii.
iv.
2NT
21.195kW
60
BP
79.77%
IP
IP
21.59%
m f * CV
2)FOUR-STROKE PETROL ENGINE:The four stroke petrol engine works on the principle of Theoretical Otto Cycle, which is also
known as Constant Volume Cycle. Here the piston performs the four strokes to complete one
working cycle.
The four different strokes performed by piston are:[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
Suction Stroke
Compression Stroke
Working or Power Stroke
Exhaust Stroke
2nd
rotation
First
rotation
***
The four stroke petrol engine consists of a Cylinder with one end fitted with a cover
and other end open.
Cover provides the Inlet & Outlet (Exhaust) apertures or ports.
The apertures or ports are opened and closed by mechanical operated valves
Inlet Valve is used for Inlet aperture (port) and Exhaust Valve is used for Exhaust
aperture (port).
Spark Plug is fitted at the top of the cover and it initiates the ignition of the fuel.
A Piston reciprocates inside the cylinder and the Connecting Rod and Crank converts
the Reciprocating Motion of the Piston into Rotary Motion of the Crankshaft.
Just before the piston reaches the top of the cylinder a spark from the spark plug
ignites the gas mixture.
The high pressure from the rapidly expanding gas pushes the piston down and causes
the crankshaft to rotate and also rotate the flywheel that it is connected to the
crankshaft.
It is this rotation that is used to drive the wheels of the vehicle.
During this Expansion stroke, there will be a drop in the pressure and increase in the
volume and it is shown in the P-V diagram by the curve D-E which is Reversible
Adiabatic.
At the end of this stroke the exhaust valve opens and there will be a sudden drop in
the pressure and it is denoted by the vertical line E-B in P-V diagram which is
Constant Volume Exhaust.
In this stroke the Crankshaft revolves by half rotation.
[4]
EXHAUST STROKE:- During the Exhaust Stroke,
Inlet valve is closed & Exhaust valve is opened.
Piston moves from Crank End (BDC) to Cover End (TDC).
Energy is supplied by the flywheel which stores the energy during power stroke.
The piston moves upwards in the cylinder again to push out the gases through the
exhaust valve into the exhaust system of the vehicle.
There will be high pressure inside the cylinder and low pressure outside the cylinder
and this pressure differential inside the cylinder and the atmosphere will push the
exhaust gases out of the cylinder.
It is shown in the P-V diagram by the line B-A.
In this stroke the Crankshaft revolves by half rotation.
And once again as the piston moves down, it sucks more fuel/air mixture in to begin
the next new cycle.
(Drawings -2 marks, P-V diagram 2 marks, theory 4 marks)
3)PELTON WHEEL
Some liquids like water have great affinity for absorbing large quantities of certain
vapours (NH3) and reduce the total volume greatly. The absorption refrigeration
system differs fundamentally from vapour compression system only in the method of
compressing the refrigerant. An absorber, generator and pump in the absorption
refrigerating system replace the compressor of a vapour compression system.
Ammonia vapour is produced in the generator at high pressure from the strong
solution of NH3 by an external heating source. The water vapour carried with
ammonia is removed in the rectifier and only the dehydrated ammonia gas enters into
the condenser. High pressure NH3 vapour is condensed in the condenser. The cooled
NH3 solution is passed through a throttle valve and the pressure and temperature of
the refrigerant are reduced below the temperature to be maintained in the evaporator.
The low temperature refrigerant enters the evaporator and absorbs the required heat
from the evaporator and leaves the evaporator as saturated vapour. Slightly
superheated, low pressure NH3 vapour is absorbed by the weak solution of NH3
which is sprayed in the absorber. Weak NH3 solution (aquaammonia) entering the
absorber becomes strong solution after absorbing NH3 vapour and then it is pumped
to the generator through the heat exchanger. The pump increases the pressure of the
strong solution to generator pressure. The strong NH3 solution coming from the
absorber absorbs heat form high temperature weak NH3 solution in the heat
exchanger. The solution in the generator becomes weak as NH3 vapour comes out of
it. The weak high temperature ammonia solution from the generator is passed to the
heat exchanger through the throttle valve. The pressure of the liquid is reduced to the
absorber pressure by the throttle valve.
(Drawings 3 marks, theory 5 marks)
Boiling point
Freezing point
Evaporator and condenser pressure
Latent heat of evaporation
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Specific volume
Specific heat
Viscosity
SAFE WORKING PROPERTIES
Toxity
Flammability
Corrosiveness
Chemical stability
OTHER PROPERTIES
COP
Odour
Leak
Action with lubricating oil
(Theory 8 marks)
7)ICE MAKING CAPACITY
Ice making capacity is defined as the capacity of the refrigeration system to make ice
beginning from water at room temperature to solid ice. Specified by kg/min
TON OF REFRIGERATION
A ton of refrigeration is defined as the quantity of heat absorbed in order to form one ton of
ice in 24 hours when the initial temperature of water is 0*C.
COP
The COP of a refrigeration system is defined as the ratio of heat absorbed in a system to the
work supplied.
REFRIGERATION
Refrigeration is defined as a method of reducing the temperature of a system below that of
the surroundings and maintains it at the lower temperature by continuously abstracting the
heat from it.
(Theory 8 marks)